| a If it is required to calculate the thermal efficiency of an engine or vehicle, the calorific value of the fuel can be calculated from: Specific energy (calorific value)(net) in MJ/kg = (46,423 - 8,792d2 + 3,170d)(1 - (x + y + s)) + 9,420s - 2,499x where, d = the density at 15 °C x = the proportion by mass of water (% divided by 100) y = the proportion by mass of ash (% divided by 100) s = the proportion by mass of sulphur (% divided by 100). | |||||
| b The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO 4259, Petroleums products — Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test, have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R = reproducibility). Notwithstanding this measure, which is necessary for statistical reasons, the manufacturer of a fuel should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the question as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specification, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied. | |||||
| c The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the requirement of a minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms in ISO 4259 can be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to achieve the necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations. | |||||
| d The month of publication will be completed in due course. | |||||
| e The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the test shall be reported. In addition, the sulphur content of the reference fuel used to approve a vehicle or engine against the limit values set out in row B of the Table in Section 6.2.1. of Annex I to this Directive shall have a maximum sulphur content of 50 ppm. The Commission will as soon as possible bring forward a modification to this Annex reflecting the market average for fuel sulphur content in respect of the fuel defined in Annex IV to Directive 98/70/EC. | |||||
| f Even though oxidation stability is controlled, it is likely that shelf life will be limited. Advice should be sought from the supplier as to storage conditions and life. | |||||
| g New and better method for polycyclic aromatics under development | |||||
| Parameter | Unit | Limitsb | Test method | Publication | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | ||||
| Cetane numberc | 52 | 54 | EN-ISO 5165 | 1998d | |
| Density at 15 °C | kg/m3 | 833 | 837 | EN-ISO 3675 | 1995 |
| Distillation: | |||||
| — 50 % point | °C | 245 | — | EN-ISO 3405 | 1998 |
| — 95 % point | °C | 345 | 350 | EN-ISO 3405 | 1998 |
| — final boiling point | °C | — | 370 | EN-ISO 3405 | 1998 |
| Flash point | °C | 55 | — | EN 27719 | 1993 |
| CFPP | °C | — | - 5 | EN 116 | 1981 |
| Viscosity at 40 °C | mm2/s | 2,5 | 3,5 | EN-ISO 3104 | 1996 |
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | % m/m | 3,0 | 6,0 | IP 391g | 1995 |
| Sulphur contente | mg/kg | — | 300 | pr. EN-ISO/DIS 14596 | 1998d |
| Copper corrosion | — | 1 | EN-ISO 2160 | 1995 | |
| Conradson carbon residue (10 % DR) | % m/m | — | 0,2 | EN-ISO 10370 | |
| Ash content | % m/m | — | 0,01 | EN-ISO 6245 | 1995 |
| Water content | % m/m | — | 0,05 | EN-ISO 12937 | 1995 |
| Neutralisation (strong acid) number | mg KOH/g | — | 0,02 | ASTM D 974-95 | 1998d |
| Oxidation stabilityf | mg/ml | — | 0,025 | EN-ISO 12205 | 1996 |
| % m/m | — | — | EN 12916 | [2000]d | |
| a Cetane improver, as specified by the engine manufacturer, may be added to the ethanol fuel. The maximum allowed amount is 10 % m/m. | ||||
| b The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO 4259, Petroleum products — Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test, have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R – reproducibility). Notwithstanding this measure, which is necessary for statistical reasons, the manufacturer of a fuel should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the question as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specification, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied. | ||||
| c Equivalent ISO methods will be adopted when issued for all properties listed above. | ||||
| Parameter | Unit | Limitsb | Test methodc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | |||
| Alcohol, mass | % m/m | 92,4 | — | ASTM D 5501 |
| Other alcohol than ethanol contained in total alcohol, mass | % m/m | — | 2 | ADTM D 5501 |
| Density at 15 °C | kg/m3 | 795 | 815 | ASTM D 4052 |
| Ash content | % m/m | 0,001 | ISO 6245 | |
| Flash point | °C | 10 | ISO 2719 | |
| Acidity, calculated as acetic acid | % m/m | — | 0,0025 | ISO 1388-2 |
| Neutralisation (strong acid) number | KOH mg/l | — | 1 | |
| Colour | According to scale | — | 10 | ASTM D 1209 |
| Dry residue at 100 °C | mg/kg | 15 | ISO 759 | |
| Water content | % m/m | 6,5 | ISO 760 | |
| Aldehydes calculated as acetic acid | % m/m | 0,0025 | ISO 1388-4 | |
| Sulphur content | mg/kg | — | 10 | ASTM D 5453 |
| Esters, calculated as ethylacetate | % m/m | — | 0,1 | ASSTM D 1617 |
European market fuels are available in two ranges:
the H range, whose extreme reference fuels are GR and G23;
the L range, whose extreme reference fuels are G23 and G25.
The characteristics of GR, G23 and G25 reference fuels are summarised below:
| a Value to be determined at standard conditions 293,2 K (20 °C) and 101,3 kPa. | ||||||
| b This method may not accurately determine the presence of corrosive materials if the sample contains corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals which diminish the corrosivity of the sample to the copper strip. Therefore, the addition of such compounds for the sole purpose of biasing the test method is prohibited. | ||||||
| Parameter | Unit | Limits fuel A | Limits fuel B | Test method | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |||
| Motor octane number | 92,5a | 92,5 | EN 589 Annex B | |||
| Composition | ||||||
| C3 content | % vol | 48 | 52 | 83 | 87 | |
| C4 content | % vol | 48 | 52 | 13 | 17 | ISO 7941 |
| Olefins | % vol | 12 | 14 | |||
| Evaporation residue | mg/kg | 50 | 50 | NFM 41015 | ||
| Total sulphur content | ppm weighta | 50 | 50 | EN 24260 | ||
| Hydrogen sulphide | — | None | None | ISO 8819 | ||
| Copper strip corrosion | rating | class 1 | class 1 | ISO 6251b | ||
| Water at 0 °C | free | free | Visual inspection | |||