Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
2016 asp 2
An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision for the holding of public inquiries in respect of certain deaths.
Inquiries into certain deaths
I121Inquiries under this Act
1
Where an inquiry is to be held into the death of a person in accordance with sections 2 to 7, the procurator fiscal must—
a
investigate the circumstances of the death, and
b
arrange for the inquiry to be held.
2
An inquiry is to be conducted by a sheriff.
3
The purpose of an inquiry is to—
a
establish the circumstances of the death, and
b
consider what steps (if any) might be taken to prevent other deaths in similar circumstances.
4
But it is not the purpose of an inquiry to establish civil or criminal liability.
5
In this Act, unless the context requires otherwise—
a
“inquiry” means an inquiry held, or to be held, under this Act,
b
references to a “sheriff” in relation to an inquiry are to a sheriff of the sheriffdom in which the inquiry is, or is to be, held.
Inquiries into deaths occurring in Scotland
I132Mandatory inquiries
1
An inquiry is to be held into the death of a person which—
a
occurred in Scotland, and
b
is within subsection (3) or (4).
2
Subsection (1) is subject to section 3.
3
The death of a person is within this subsection if the death was the result of an accident which occurred—
a
in Scotland, and
b
while the person was acting in the course of the person's employment or occupation.
4
The death of a person is within this subsection if, at the time of death, the person was—
a
in legal custody, or
b
a child required to be kept or detained in secure accommodation.
5
For the purposes of subsection (4)(a), a person is in legal custody if the person is—
a
required to be imprisoned or detained in a penal institution,
b
in police custody, within the meaning of section 64 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2016 F2, or otherwise in custody at a police station,
c
otherwise held in custody on court premises,
d
required to be detained in service custody premises.
6
For the purposes of subsections (4)(b) and (5)(a) and (d), it does not matter whether the death occurred in secure accommodation, a penal institution or, as the case may be, service custody premises.
7
In this section—
“penal institution” means any—
- a
prison (including a legalised police cell within the meaning of section 14(1) of the Prisons (Scotland) Act 1989), other than a naval, military or air force prison,
- b
F5...
- c
young offenders institution, within the meaning of section 19(1)(b) of that Act,
- a
“secure accommodation” means accommodation provided in a residential establishment, approved in accordance with regulations made under section 78(2) of the Public Services Reform (Scotland) Act 2010, for the purpose of restricting the liberty of children,
“service custody premises” has the meaning given by section 300(7) of the Armed Forces Act 2006.
I143Mandatory inquiries: exceptions
C11
The Lord Advocate may decide that an inquiry is not to be held into the death of a person within section 2(3) or (4) if satisfied that the circumstances of the death have been sufficiently established during the course of proceedings of a kind mentioned in subsection (2).
2
The proceedings referred to in subsection (1) are—
a
criminal proceedings,
b
an inquiry under section 17(2) of the Gas Act 1965 (accidents),
c
an inquiry under section 14(2A) of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (power of the Health and Safety Executive to direct investigations and inquiries),
d
an inquiry under section 1 of the Inquiries Act 2005 (power to establish inquiry),
e
an inquiry under section 85(1) of the Energy Act 2013 (inquiries).
F13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I154Discretionary inquiries
1
An inquiry is to be held into the death of a person which occurred in Scotland if the Lord Advocate—
a
considers that the death—
i
was sudden, suspicious or unexplained, or
ii
occurred in circumstances giving rise to serious public concern, and
b
decides that it is in the public interest for an inquiry to be held into the circumstances of the death.
2
Subsection (1) does not apply to a death within section 2(3) or (4).
I165Certain deaths and accidents to be treated as occurring in Scotland
1
For the purposes of sections 2 and 4, the death of a person, or an accident, is to be treated as having occurred in Scotland if it occurred—
a
in connection with an activity falling within section 11(2) of the Petroleum Act 1998 (application of civil law to offshore activities), and
b
in a relevant area.
2
In subsection (1)(b), “relevant area” means an area in respect of which it is provided by Order in Council under section 11(1) of the Petroleum Act 1998 that questions arising out of acts or omissions taking place in the area are to be determined in accordance with the law in force in Scotland.
Inquiries into deaths occurring abroad
I176Inquiries into deaths occurring abroad: general
1
Subsection (3) applies to the death of a person if—
a
the death occurred outwith the United Kingdom, and
b
at the time of death, the person was ordinarily resident in Scotland.
2
But that subsection does not apply to the death of a person within section 12(2) or (3) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (investigation in Scotland of deaths of service personnel abroad).
3
An inquiry is to be held into a death to which this subsection applies if the Lord Advocate—
a
considers that the death—
i
was sudden, suspicious or unexplained, or
ii
occurred in circumstances giving rise to serious public concern,
b
considers that the circumstances of the death have not been sufficiently established in the course of an investigation in relation to the death,
c
considers that there is a real prospect that those circumstances would be sufficiently established in an inquiry, and
d
decides that it is in the public interest for an inquiry to be held into the circumstances of the death.
I187Inquiries into deaths occurring abroad: service personnel
1
An inquiry is to be held into the death of a person if—
a
the Lord Advocate is notified in relation to the death under section 12(4) or (5) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (investigation in Scotland of deaths of service personnel abroad),
b
the death is within subsection (2) or (3), and
c
the Lord Advocate—
i
decides that it is in the public interest for an inquiry to be held into the circumstances of the death, and
ii
does not reverse that decision.
2
The death of a person is within this subsection if the person was, at the time of death, in custody in circumstances analogous to legal custody (as construed by reference to section 2(5)).
3
The death of a person is within this subsection if the Lord Advocate considers that the death—
a
was sudden, suspicious or unexplained, or
b
occurred in circumstances giving rise to serious public concern.
4
But this section does not apply to a death within subsection (2) if the Lord Advocate is satisfied that the circumstances of the death have been sufficiently established in the course of any criminal proceedings against any person in respect of the death.
Family liaison charter
I28Family liaison charter
1
The Lord Advocate must prepare a family liaison charter.
2
A family liaison charter is a document setting out how the procurator fiscal will liaise with the family of a person in relation to whose death an inquiry may or is to be held.
3
In particular, the charter must set out—
a
information to be made available to the family, and
b
timescales for the giving of the information.
4
The Lord Advocate may from time to time revise the charter prepared under subsection (1).
5
The Lord Advocate must—
a
consult such persons as the Lord Advocate considers appropriate before preparing the charter under subsection (1) or revising it under subsection (4),
b
lay the charter or revised charter before the Scottish Parliament, and
c
publish the charter or revised charter in such manner as the Lord Advocate considers appropriate.
Reasons where inquiry not held
I199Reasons for decision not to hold an inquiry
Where it is decided that an inquiry is not to be held into the death of a person (“A”), the Lord Advocate must give reasons in writing if requested to do so by—
a
A's spouse or civil partner at the time of A's death,
b
a person living with A as if married to A at the time of A's death, or
c
A's nearest known relative if, at the time of A's death, A—
i
did not have a spouse or civil partner, and
ii
was not living with a person as if married to the person.
Procurator fiscal's investigation
I2010Citation of witnesses for precognition
1
The procurator fiscal may cite a person to attend for precognition in connection with an investigation under section 1(1)(a).
2
This section is sufficient warrant for such citation.
3
Subsection (4) applies where a person cited under subsection (1)—
a
having been given reasonable notice in the citation, and without reasonable excuse, fails to attend for precognition at the time and place mentioned in the citation, or
b
does so attend but refuses to give information which is—
i
within the person's knowledge, and
ii
relevant to the investigation.
4
The sheriff may, on the application of the procurator fiscal, make an order requiring the person to attend for precognition or, as the case may be, give the information at a time and place specified in the order.
5
A person who fails to comply with an order under subsection (4) commits an offence.
6
A person who commits an offence under subsection (5) is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 21 days or a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale (or both).
Participants
I2111Persons who may participate in the inquiry
1
The following persons may participate in inquiry proceedings in relation to the death of a person (“A”)—
a
A's spouse or civil partner at the time of A's death,
b
a person living with A as if married to A at the time of A's death,
c
A's nearest known relative if, at the time of A's death, A—
i
did not have a spouse or civil partner, and
ii
was not living with a person as if married to the person,
d
where the death is within section 2(3)—
i
A's employer, if A was acting in the course of the person's employment,
ii
an inspector appointed under section 19 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (appointment of inspectors),
iii
a trade union, or similar body, representing the interests of workers in connection with the employment or occupation concerned, if A was at the time of A's death a member of the trade union or body,
e
any other person who the sheriff is satisfied has an interest in the inquiry.
2
In this Act—
a
“inquiry proceedings” means any proceedings under this Act in relation to an inquiry,
b
references to a participant in an inquiry are references to a person who participates in the inquiry proceedings by virtue of subsection (1).
Location
I312Places at which inquiries may be held
1
The Scottish Ministers may by regulations designate places at which a sheriff court may be held for the purposes of this Act (in addition to the places designated by virtue of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 for the holding of sheriff courts).
2
The Scottish Ministers may make regulations under subsection (1) only following the submission of a proposal under subsection (3).
3
The Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service (“the SCTS”) may, with the agreement of the Lord President of the Court of Session, submit a proposal to the Scottish Ministers for the making of regulations under subsection (1).
4
Before submitting a proposal to the Scottish Ministers, the SCTS must consult such persons as it considers appropriate.
5
If, following the submission of a proposal, the Scottish Ministers decide to make regulations, they must have regard to the proposal in deciding what provision to make in the regulations.
6
The Scottish Ministers may make regulations under subsection (1) only with the consent of—
a
the Lord President, and
b
the SCTS.
7
Regulations under subsection (1)—
a
may make transitional, transitory or saving provision,
b
are subject to the affirmative procedure.
I1013Jurisdiction in relation to inquiries
1
Inquiry proceedings may be held in a sheriffdom whether or not there is a connection between the death, or any accident resulting in the death, to which the inquiry relates and the sheriffdom, and a sheriff of the sheriffdom accordingly has jurisdiction in relation to the proceedings.
2
The Lord Advocate is, after consulting the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service, to choose the sheriffdom in which proceedings are to be held.
3
But the sheriff may make an order transferring the proceedings to a sheriff of another sheriffdom.
4
The sheriff may make an order under subsection (3) only—
a
after giving the procurator fiscal and the participants in the inquiry an opportunity to make representations about the proposed transfer, and
b
with the consent of—
i
the sheriff principal of the sheriffdom of which the sheriff is a sheriff, and
ii
the sheriff principal of the sheriffdom to which the sheriff proposes to transfer the proceedings.
5
The sheriff may make such an order—
a
on the sheriff's own initiative, or
b
on the application of the procurator fiscal or a participant in the inquiry.
Inquiries into multiple deaths
I1114Inquiry into more than one death
1
A single inquiry may be held into the deaths of more than one person if it appears to the Lord Advocate that the deaths occurred—
a
as a result of the same accident, or
b
otherwise in the same or similar circumstances.
2
Where an inquiry is held in relation to the deaths of more than one person, references in this Act to the death to which, or person to whom, the inquiry relates are references to each death to which, or person to whom, the inquiry relates.
Pre-inquiry procedure
I2215Initiating the inquiry
1
Where an inquiry is to be held into the death of a person, the procurator fiscal must give the sheriff notice that the inquiry is to be held.
2
A notice under subsection (1) must include—
a
a brief account of the circumstances of the death so far as known to the procurator fiscal, and
b
any other information required by an act of sederunt under section 36(1).
3
On receiving notice under subsection (1), the sheriff must make an order—
a
fixing—
i
a date and place for the holding of a preliminary hearing in accordance with section 16 (if one is to be held), and
ii
a date for the start of the inquiry and the place at which it is to be held, and
b
granting warrant for the procurator fiscal and the participants in the inquiry to cite persons to attend and give evidence at the inquiry.
4
But the sheriff need not fix a date for the start of the inquiry (and the place at which it is to be held) in the order if—
a
a preliminary hearing is to be held, and
b
the sheriff considers that it is not appropriate to fix the date before that hearing.
5
The sheriff may make an order varying a date or place fixed in an order under subsection (3).
6
The sheriff must, when fixing a date for the start of the inquiry, have regard to the desirability of holding the inquiry as soon as is reasonably practicable.
16Preliminary hearings
I231
At least one preliminary hearing is to be held before the start of an inquiry unless the sheriff dispenses with that requirement in accordance with provision made in an act of sederunt under section 36(1).
I232
Subsection (3) applies where the sheriff dispenses with the requirement to hold a preliminary hearing.
I233
The sheriff may subsequently make an order—
a
for the holding of such a hearing, and
b
fixing the date and place for it to be held.
I44
Provision is to be made in an act of sederunt under section 36(1) about—
a
matters to be dealt with at a preliminary hearing under this Act,
b
things that the procurator fiscal and the participants in the inquiry must do before such a hearing.
I2417Notice of the inquiry
1
After the sheriff makes an order under section 15(3) in relation to an inquiry, the procurator fiscal must give notice to the persons mentioned in subsection (2) of the following matters—
a
the fact that the inquiry is to be held, and
b
if fixed in the order—
i
the date and place for the holding of the preliminary hearing,
ii
the date for the start of the inquiry and the place at which it is to be held.
2
The persons referred to in subsection (1) are—
a
a person appearing to the procurator fiscal to be entitled to participate in the inquiry under section 11(1)(a) to (d), and
b
any other person specified, or in a category of persons specified, in an act of sederunt under section 36(1).
3
The procurator fiscal must also give public notice of the matters specified in subsection (1)(a) and (b).
4
Subsection (5) applies where the sheriff makes an order under section 15(5).
5
The procurator fiscal must—
a
give notice to the persons mentioned in subsection (2) of the new date or, as the case may be, place fixed in the order, and
b
give public notice of that fact.
6
Subsection (7) applies where the sheriff makes an order under section 16(3).
7
The procurator fiscal must—
a
give notice to the persons mentioned in subsection (2) of the following matters—
i
the fact that a preliminary hearing is to be held, and
ii
the date and place fixed for the holding of the hearing, and
b
give public notice of those matters.
I518Agreement of facts before an inquiry
1
Provision is to be made in an act of sederunt under section 36(1) about the agreement, by the procurator fiscal and the participants in an inquiry, of any facts of a kind mentioned in subsection (2) before the start of the inquiry.
2
The facts referred to in subsection (1) are facts—
a
in relation to which the procurator fiscal or a participant intends to bring forward evidence at the inquiry, and
b
which the procurator fiscal or, as the case may be, participant considers are unlikely to be disputed at the inquiry.
The inquiry
I2519The powers of the sheriff
1
The sheriff has all such powers in relation to inquiry proceedings as a sheriff, under the law of Scotland, inherently possesses for the purposes of the discharge of the sheriff's jurisdiction and competence and giving full effect to the sheriff's decisions in civil proceedings.
2
Subsection (1) is subject to—
a
the other provisions of this Act,
b
provision made in an act of sederunt under section 36(1).
I2620Evidence and witnesses
1
At an inquiry—
a
the procurator fiscal must bring forward evidence relating to the circumstances of the death to which the inquiry relates,
b
a participant in the inquiry may bring forward such evidence.
2
Without limiting subsection (1), the sheriff may require the procurator fiscal or a participant in the inquiry to bring forward evidence about any matter relating to the circumstances of the death.
3
The rules of evidence which apply in relation to civil proceedings in the sheriff court (other than a simple procedure case) apply in relation to an inquiry.
4
Subsection (3) is subject to provision made in an act of sederunt under section 36(1).
5
The examination of a person at an inquiry does not prevent criminal proceedings being taken against the person.
6
A person is not required at an inquiry to answer a question tending to show that the person is guilty of an offence.
7
In subsection (3), “simple procedure case” has the same meaning as in section 72(9) of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014.
I2721Inquiry to be conducted in public
1
Inquiry proceedings are to be conducted in public.
2
But the sheriff may order that such proceedings (or any part of them) are to be conducted in private.
3
The sheriff may make an order under subsection (2)—
a
on the sheriff's own initiative, or
b
on the application of the procurator fiscal or a participant in the inquiry.
I2822Publishing restrictions in relation to children
1
Subsection (2) applies where a child is involved in an inquiry.
2
The sheriff may order that no person may publish any material by which the child may be identified in connection with the inquiry.
3
Such material includes (but is not limited to)—
a
the child's name or address,
b
the name of a school attended by the child,
c
a picture of the child.
4
The sheriff may make an order under subsection (2)—
a
on the sheriff's own initiative, or
b
on the application of the procurator fiscal or a participant in the inquiry.
5
A person who fails to comply with an order under subsection (2) commits an offence.
6
A person who commits an offence under subsection (5) is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 4 on the standard scale.
7
It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under subsection (5) to show that the person did not know or have reason to believe that the publication of the material would identify the child in connection with the inquiry.
8
In this section—
“material” means anything that is capable of being read, looked at, watched or listened to, either directly or after conversion from data stored in another form,
“publish” includes in particular—
- a
to publish in a programme service, as defined by section 201 of the Broadcasting Act 1990,
- b
to cause to be published.
- a
I2923Offences by bodies corporate etc.
1
Subsection (2) applies where—
a
an offence under section 22(5) has been committed by—
i
a body corporate,
ii
a Scottish partnership, or
iii
an unincorporated association other than a Scottish partnership, and
b
it is proved that the offence was committed with the consent or connivance of, or was attributable to neglect on the part of—
i
a relevant individual, or
ii
an individual purporting to act in the capacity of a relevant individual.
2
The individual (as well as the body corporate, partnership or, as the case may be, association) commits the offence and is liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
3
In subsection (1)(b), “relevant individual” means—
a
in relation to a body corporate (other than a limited liability partnership)—
i
a director, manager, secretary or similar officer of the body,
ii
where the affairs of the body are managed by its members, a member,
b
in relation to a limited liability partnership, a member,
c
in relation to a Scottish partnership, a partner,
d
in relation to an unincorporated association other than a Scottish partnership, an individual who is concerned in the management or control of the association.
I3024Assessors
1
The sheriff may appoint a person (an “assessor”) to assist the sheriff in an inquiry.
2
The sheriff may appoint a person as an assessor if the sheriff considers that the person has knowledge and expertise in matters that are relevant to the inquiry.
3
The sheriff may make an appointment under subsection (1)—
a
on the sheriff's own initiative, or
b
on the application of the procurator fiscal or a participant in the inquiry.
I3125Expenses
The sheriff may not make any award of expenses in relation to inquiry proceedings.
Findings and recommendations
I3226The sheriff's determination
1
As soon as possible after the conclusion of the evidence and submissions in an inquiry, the sheriff must make a determination setting out—
a
in relation to the death to which the inquiry relates, the sheriff's findings as to the circumstances mentioned in subsection (2), and
b
such recommendations (if any) as to any of the matters mentioned in subsection (4) as the sheriff considers appropriate.
2
The circumstances referred to in subsection (1)(a) are—
a
when and where the death occurred,
b
when and where any accident resulting in the death occurred,
c
the cause or causes of the death,
d
the cause or causes of any accident resulting in the death,
e
any precautions which—
i
could reasonably have been taken, and
ii
had they been taken, might realistically have resulted in the death, or any accident resulting in the death, being avoided,
f
any defects in any system of working which contributed to the death or any accident resulting in the death,
g
any other facts which are relevant to the circumstances of the death.
3
For the purposes of subsection (2)(e) and (f), it does not matter whether it was foreseeable before the death or accident that the death or accident might occur—
a
if the precautions were not taken, or
b
as the case may be, as a result of the defects.
4
The matters referred to in subsection (1)(b) are—
a
the taking of reasonable precautions,
b
the making of improvements to any system of working,
c
the introduction of a system of working,
d
the taking of any other steps,
which might realistically prevent other deaths in similar circumstances.
5
A recommendation under subsection (1)(b) may (but need not) be addressed to—
a
a participant in the inquiry,
b
a body or office-holder appearing to the sheriff to have an interest in the prevention of deaths in similar circumstances.
6
A determination is not admissible in evidence, and may not be founded on, in any judicial proceedings of any nature.
27Dissemination of the sheriff's determination
I331
The Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service (“the SCTS”) must—
a
publish, in such manner as it considers appropriate, each determination made under section 26(1),
b
give a copy of each such determination to—
i
the Lord Advocate,
ii
each participant in the inquiry,
iii
each person to whom a recommendation made in the determination is addressed, and
iv
any other person who the sheriff considers has an interest in a recommendation made in the determination.
I332
The SCTS must, on request, give an office-holder in the Scottish administration, a Minister of the Crown, a department of the Government of the United Kingdom or the Health and Safety Executive a copy of—
a
a determination made under section 26(1),
b
the notice given under section 15(1) in relation to the inquiry to which the determination relates,
c
any transcript of the evidence at the inquiry,
d
any report or documentary production used in the inquiry.
I333
The SCTS must, on payment of the specified fee, give any other person a copy of any transcript of the evidence at an inquiry, if the person—
a
makes a request for it within the specified period, and
b
has an interest in the inquiry.
I64
In subsection (3), “specified” means specified in an act of sederunt under section 36(1).
I335
The sheriff may decide that part of a determination—
a
is not to be given to a person under subsection (1)(b)(iii) or (iv),
b
is to be withheld from publication under this section.
I336
After the sheriff has made a determination under section 26(1), the procurator fiscal must give the following information to the Registrar General of Births, Deaths and Marriages for Scotland—
a
the name and last known address of the person to whose death the determination relates, and
b
the date, place and cause of the death.
I3428Compliance with sheriff's recommendations
1
A person to whom a recommendation under section 26(1)(b) is addressed—
a
must, if the person was a participant in the inquiry to which the recommendation relates, give the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service (“the SCTS”) a response in writing,
b
may do so in any other case.
2
A response under subsection (1) must set out—
a
details of what the respondent has done or proposes to do in response to the recommendation, or
b
if the respondent has not done, and does not intend to do, anything in response to the recommendation, the reasons for that.
3
A response under subsection (1)(a) must be given to the SCTS within the period of 8 weeks beginning with the day on which the respondent receives a copy of the determination in which the recommendation is made.
4
A person who gives a response to the SCTS under subsection (1) may, at the same time, make representations to the SCTS as to the withholding of all or part of the response from publication under subsection (5).
5
Where a response is given to the SCTS under subsection (1), the SCTS must, after considering any representations made under subsection (4)—
a
publish the response in full,
b
publish the response in part, together with a notice explaining that part of the response has been withheld from publication, or
c
publish a notice explaining that the whole of the response is being withheld from publication.
6
The SCTS may withhold the whole of a response given under subsection (1) from publication only if representations are made to that effect under subsection (4).
7
If no response is given in accordance with subsection (1)(a) by the end of the 8 week period mentioned in subsection (3), the SCTS must publish notice of that fact.
8
The SCTS must publish a response or notice under subsection (5) or (7) in such manner as it considers appropriate.
9
A response under subsection (1) is not admissible in evidence, and may not be founded on, in any judicial proceedings of any nature.
I3529Reports
1
The Scottish Ministers must, as soon as practicable after the end of each financial year, prepare a report setting out—
a
the number of inquiries that ended during the financial year, and
b
in relation to such inquiries—
i
the number in which recommendations requiring a response were made,
ii
the total number of such recommendations made,
iii
the number of such recommendations in relation to which a response was received by the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service under section 28(1),
iv
the number of such recommendations in relation to which a notice was published under section 28(7).
2
The Scottish Ministers must—
a
lay a copy of a report under subsection (1) before the Scottish Parliament, and
b
publish the report in such manner as they consider appropriate.
3
In subsection (1), “recommendations requiring a response” means recommendations to which section 28(1)(a) applies.
Further inquiry proceedings
I3630Circumstances in which there may be further proceedings
1
Where an inquiry into the death of a person has ended, further inquiry proceedings may be held in relation to the death only in accordance with subsection (2).
2
Further inquiry proceedings are to be held in relation to the death if—
a
there is new evidence in relation to the circumstances of the death, and
b
the Lord Advocate—
i
considers that it is highly likely that a finding or recommendation set out in the determination would have been materially different if the evidence had been brought forward at the inquiry, and
ii
decides that it is in the public interest for further inquiry proceedings to be held in relation to the circumstances of the death.
3
For the purposes of subsection (2)(a), “new evidence” is evidence which was not available, and could not with the exercise of reasonable diligence have been made available, at the inquiry.
4
For the purposes of subsection (1), an inquiry ends when the sheriff makes a determination in the inquiry.
5
In this section and sections 31 and 32 references to the holding of further inquiry proceedings in relation to a death are references to—
a
the re-opening and continuation of an inquiry into the death, or
b
the holding of a fresh inquiry into the death.
I3731Precognition of witnesses
1
Subsection (2) applies where the Lord Advocate is considering whether further inquiry proceedings should be held in relation to the death of a person.
2
The procurator fiscal may cite a person to attend for precognition in connection with that consideration.
3
This section is sufficient warrant for such citation.
4
Subsection (5) applies where a person cited under subsection (2)—
a
having been given reasonable notice in the citation, and without reasonable excuse, fails to attend for precognition at the time and place mentioned in the citation, or
b
does so attend but refuses to give information which is—
i
within the person's knowledge, and
ii
relevant to the Lord Advocate's consideration.
5
The sheriff may, on the application of the procurator fiscal, make an order requiring the person to attend for precognition or, as the case may be, give the information at a time and place specified in the order.
6
A person who fails to comply with an order under subsection (5) commits an offence.
7
A person who commits an offence under subsection (6) is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 21 days or a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale (or both).
8
In this section and section 32, references to the sheriff are references to a sheriff of the sheriffdom in which the inquiry into the person's death was held.
I3832Initiating further proceedings
1
Where further inquiry proceedings are to be held in relation to the death of a person in accordance with section 30(2), the procurator fiscal must give the sheriff—
a
notice that such proceedings are to be held, and
b
a copy of the determination made in relation to the death (“the original determination”).
2
A notice under subsection (1)(a) must include—
a
a brief account of the nature of the new evidence mentioned in section 30(2)(a),
b
the Lord Advocate's view as to whether the further proceedings should consist of—
i
the re-opening and continuation of the inquiry, or
ii
the holding of a fresh inquiry, and
c
any other information required by an act of sederunt under section 36(1).
3
On receiving notice and a copy of the original determination under subsection (1), the sheriff must make an order fixing a date and place for a hearing under subsection (4).
4
A hearing under this subsection is one at which the sheriff is to give the procurator fiscal and the participants in the inquiry to which the notice under subsection (1)(a) relates the opportunity to make representations about whether the further proceedings should consist of—
a
the re-opening and continuation of the inquiry, or
b
the holding of a fresh inquiry.
5
After the sheriff makes an order under subsection (3), the procurator fiscal must give notice to the participants in the inquiry to which the notice under subsection (1)(a) relates of the date and place fixed for the hearing.
6
After a hearing has been held under subsection (4), the sheriff must make an order—
a
setting aside the original determination, and
b
either—
i
re-opening and continuing the inquiry into the death, or
ii
requiring a fresh inquiry to be held into the death.
7
The sheriff may make an order under subsection (6)(b)(ii) only if the sheriff considers that it is in the public interest to do so.
8
Where the sheriff makes an order under subsection (6)(a), the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service must publish, in such manner as it considers appropriate, a notice stating that the original determination has been set aside.
I3933Re-opened inquiries
1
Sections 15 to 18 apply in relation to a re-opened inquiry into the death of a person as they apply in relation to any other inquiry, subject to subsections (2) to (4).
2
The sheriff must, when making the order under section 32(6) re-opening the inquiry, also make an order under section 15(3) in relation to the re-opened inquiry (and section 15(1) (which requires the procurator fiscal to notify the sheriff that an inquiry is to be held) does not apply).
3
The procurator fiscal must give notice of the re-opened inquiry under section 17(1), in addition to the persons mentioned in section 17(2), to any person not mentioned in that section—
a
who was a participant in the original inquiry proceedings, or
b
to whom a recommendation in the determination in those proceedings was addressed by virtue of section 26(5)(b).
4
The notice required by section 17(1) and (3) must include notice of—
a
the fact that the inquiry has been re-opened (and section 17(1)(a) does not apply), and
b
the matters to which the new evidence relates.
5
Evidence may be brought forward at a re-opened inquiry only if it relates to a matter to which the new evidence relates.
6
But the sheriff may—
a
require evidence to be brought forward about any other matter relating to the circumstances of the death, or
b
on the application of the procurator fiscal or a participant in the inquiry, allow such evidence to be brought forward.
7
In this section—
“new evidence” means the new evidence mentioned in section 30(2)(a),
“original inquiry proceedings” means the part of an inquiry held before it is re-opened under section 32(6),
“re-opened inquiry” means the part of an inquiry held after it is so re-opened.
I4034Fresh inquiries
1
This section applies where the sheriff makes an order under section 32(6) setting aside the determination in an inquiry (“the original inquiry”) and requiring a fresh inquiry to be held.
2
The sheriff must, when making the order, also make an order under section 15(3) in relation to the fresh inquiry (and section 15(1) (which requires the procurator fiscal to notify the sheriff that an inquiry is to be held) does not apply).
3
The procurator fiscal must give notice of the fresh inquiry under section 17(1), in addition to the persons mentioned in section 17(2), to any person not mentioned in that section—
a
who was a participant in the original inquiry, or
b
to whom a recommendation in the determination in that inquiry was addressed by virtue of section 26(5)(b).
4
The fresh inquiry is to be held in the sheriffdom in which the original inquiry was held (and section 13(2) (which requires the Lord Advocate to choose where the inquiry is to be held) does not apply).
5
Subsection (4) is subject to section 13(3).
I4135Further inquiry proceedings: compliance with recommendations
1
This section applies where—
a
a determination (“the original determination”) made in an inquiry into the death of a person has been set aside under section 32(6)(a), and
b
the sheriff makes a determination (“the new determination”) in the re-opened inquiry or, as the case may be, the fresh inquiry into the death.
2
Section 28(1) does not apply in relation to a person to whom a recommendation is addressed in the new determination if a recommendation in the same terms was addressed to the person in the original determination.
3
Subsection (4) applies where—
a
a recommendation was addressed to a person in the original determination, but
b
a recommendation in the same terms is not addressed to the person in the new determination.
4
The Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service must withdraw from publication—
a
a response to the recommendation published under section 28(5)(a) or (b),
b
a notice published under section 28(5)(b) or (c) or (7) in relation to the recommendation.
Inquiry procedure rules
36Power to regulate procedure etc.
I71
The Court of Session may by act of sederunt make provision for or about—
a
the practice and procedure to be followed in inquiry proceedings,
b
any matter incidental or ancillary to an inquiry.
I72
Without limiting the generality of subsection (1), the power in that subsection includes power to make provision for or about—
a
the giving of notice under section 17,
b
the conduct and management of inquiry proceedings, including the use of technology,
c
the form of any document to be used in, or in connection with, inquiry proceedings,
d
the process by which a person becomes a participant in an inquiry,
e
the representation of the procurator fiscal and participants in inquiry proceedings, including representation of participants by persons who—
i
are neither solicitors nor advocates, or
ii
do not have the right to conduct litigation, or a right of audience, by virtue of section 27 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990,
f
witnesses and evidence, including modifying the rules of evidence as they apply to an inquiry,
g
action to be taken by the procurator fiscal and the participants before the start of an inquiry or a re-opened inquiry,
h
the fees payable to solicitors and advocates in relation to inquiry proceedings,
i
the expenses payable to persons attending inquiry proceedings,
j
the appointment of assessors under section 24(1) (including their functions and the terms on which they may be appointed),
k
the giving and publication of responses under section 28,
l
such other matters as the Court thinks necessary or appropriate for the purposes of carrying out or giving effect to the provisions of any enactment (including this Act) relating to inquiry proceedings or matters incidental or ancillary to such proceedings.
I73
An act of sederunt under subsection (1) may make—
a
incidental, supplemental, consequential, transitional, transitory or saving provision,
b
provision amending, repealing, or revoking any enactment (including any provision of this Act) relating to matters with respect to which an act of sederunt may be made,
c
different provision for different purposes.
I74
Before making an act of sederunt under subsection (1) with respect to any matter, the Court of Session must—
a
consult the Scottish Civil Justice Council, and
b
take into consideration any views expressed by the Council with respect to that matter.
I75
Subsection (4) does not apply in relation to an act of sederunt that embodies, with or without modifications, draft rules submitted by the Scottish Civil Justice Council to the Court of Session.
I16
Schedule 1 makes further provision in relation to the regulation of the practice and procedure to be followed in inquiry proceedings.
Specialist sheriffs and summary sheriffs
I4237Judicial specialisation in inquiries
1
The sheriff principal of a sheriffdom may designate one or more sheriffs or summary sheriffs of that sheriffdom as specialists in inquiries for the purposes of this Act.
2
The sheriff principal may at any time withdraw a designation made under subsection (1).
3
The Lord President of the Court of Session may designate one or more part-time sheriffs or part-time summary sheriffs as specialists in inquiries for the purposes of this Act.
4
The Lord President may at any time withdraw a designation made under subsection (3).
5
The designation of a sheriff, summary sheriff, part-time sheriff or part-time summary sheriff (a “designated judicial officer”) under subsection (1) or (3) does not affect the competence of any other member of the judiciary of the sheriffdom to conduct inquiry proceedings.
6
Subsection (7) applies where the sheriff principal is exercising any function relating to the allocation of inquiry proceedings.
7
The sheriff principal must have regard to the desirability of ensuring that inquiry proceedings are conducted by a designated judicial officer.
8
In subsection (5), the reference to a member of the judiciary of the sheriffdom is to be construed in accordance with section 136(2) of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014.
I4338Summary sheriff: competence to conduct inquiries
A summary sheriff may, in relation to inquiry proceedings, exercise the jurisdiction and powers that attach to the office of sheriff.
General
39Repeal and modification of enactments
I441
The Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976 is repealed.
I8I452
Schedule 2 modifies other enactments.
40Interpretation
In this Act, unless the context requires otherwise—
“advocate” means a member of the Faculty of Advocates,
“child” means a person who has not yet reached the age of 18 years,
“inquiry” has the meaning given by section 1(5),
“inquiry proceedings” has the meaning given by section 11(2)(a),
“participant” is to be construed in accordance with section 11(2)(b),
“procurator fiscal” means any procurator fiscal, assistant procurator fiscal, procurator fiscal depute or person duly authorised to execute the duties of a procurator fiscal,
“re-opened inquiry” has the meaning given by section 33(7),
“solicitor” means a solicitor enrolled in the roll of solicitors kept under section 7 of the Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1980.
41Ancillary provision
1
The Scottish Ministers may by regulations make such incidental, supplemental, consequential, transitional, transitory or saving provision as they consider necessary or expedient for the purposes of, in consequence of, or for giving full effect to, any provision of this Act.
2
Regulations under subsection (1)—
a
may—
i
make different provision for different purposes,
ii
modify any enactment (including this Act),
b
are subject to—
i
the affirmative procedure if they add to, replace or omit any part of the text of an Act,
ii
otherwise, the negative procedure.
42Commencement
1
This section and sections 36(6), 40, 41 and 43 and schedule 1 come into force on the day after Royal Assent.
2
The remaining provisions of this Act come into force on such day as the Scottish Ministers may by regulations appoint.
3
Regulations under subsection (2) may—
a
include transitional, transitory or saving provision,
b
make different provision for different purposes.
43Short title
The short title of this Act is the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016.
F3SCHEDULE A1Inquiries and investigations into Troubles-related deaths
Sch. A1 inserted (1.5.2024) by Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 (c. 41), s. 63(3), Sch. 11 para. 3(2) (with s. 61)
1Obligatory discontinuance of existing inquiries and investigations
1
This paragraph applies to an inquiry into a death that resulted directly from the Troubles if it was initiated before 1 May 2024, unless, on that day, the only part of the inquiry that remains to be carried out is the sheriff making the determination required by section 26, or something subsequent to that.
2
On and after that day, the sheriff must not progress the conduct of the inquiry.
3
As soon as practicable on or after that day, the sheriff must discontinue the inquiry.
4
If this paragraph applies to an inquiry—
a
on and after 1 May 2024, the procurator fiscal must not progress conduct of the investigation into that death required by section 1(1)(a), and
b
as soon as practicable on or after that day, the procurator fiscal must discontinue the investigation (if it has been begun).
5
Section 1(1) (procurator fiscal to investigate death and arrange inquiry) and section 1(2) (sheriff to conduct inquiry) are subject to this paragraph.
2New inquiries and investigations
On and after the day the day on which paragraph 3 of Schedule 11 to the Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 comes into force—
a
the Lord Advocate must not exercise the functions conferred by section 4, 6 or 7 so as to cause an inquiry to be held into any death that resulted directly from the Troubles;
b
the procurator fiscal must not give the sheriff notice under section 15(1) that an inquiry is to be held into any death that resulted directly from the Troubles; and
c
further inquiry proceedings must not be held in accordance with section 30(2) in relation to a death that resulted directly from the Troubles.
3Interpretation
1
For the purposes of this Schedule a death “resulted directly from the Troubles” if—
a
the death was wholly caused by physical injuries or physical illness, or a combination of both, that resulted directly from of an act of violence or force, and
b
the act of violence or force was conduct forming part of the Troubles.
2
In this paragraph “conduct forming part of the Troubles” has the same meaning as in the Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 (see section 1 of that Act).
3
For the purposes of this Schedule an inquiry is “initiated” by the procurator fiscal giving the sheriff notice under section 15(1) that the inquiry is to be held.
SCHEDULE 1PROCEDURE RULES
Role of the Scottish Civil Justice Council
1
1
The Scottish Civil Justice Council and Criminal Legal Assistance Act 2013 is amended in accordance with this paragraph.
2
In subsection (1) of section 2 (functions of the Council)—
a
before paragraph (c) insert—
bb
to review the practice and procedure followed in inquiry proceedings under the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016,
b
in paragraph (c), after sub-paragraph (ia) insert—
ib
draft inquiry procedure rules,
3
After subsection (6A) of that section insert—
6B
For the purposes of this Part, “draft inquiry procedure rules” are draft rules prepared with a view to the making by the Court of Session of an act of sederunt under section 36(1) of the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016.
4
In section 4 (Court of Session to consider rules)—
a
in subsection (1), after “draft fees rules” insert “
or draft inquiry procedure rules
”
,
b
in subsection (2), after “draft fees rules” insert “
or draft inquiry procedure rules
”
,
c
in subsection (3), after paragraph (b) insert—
c
under section 36(1) of the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016.
5
In section 16 (interpretation of Part 1), after the entry relating to draft civil procedure rules insert—
“draft inquiry procedure rules” has the meaning given in section 2(6B),
SCHEDULE 2MODIFICATION OF ENACTMENTS
Gas Act 1965
I461
In the Gas Act 1965, section 17(4) (accidents) is repealed.
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
I472
1
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 is amended in accordance with this paragraph.
2
Section 14(7) (power of the Health and Safety Executive to direct investigations and inquiries) is repealed.
3
In section 34(1) (extension of time for bringing summary proceedings), for paragraph (d) substitute—
d
an inquiry into any death that may have been so caused is held under the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016,
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
I483
In schedule 3 of the Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982, paragraph 34 is repealed.
Anatomy Act 1984
I494
In section 4(6) of the Anatomy Act 1984 (lawful examinations), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
Merchant Shipping Act 1995
I505
1
The Merchant Shipping Act 1995 is amended in accordance with this paragraph.
2
In section 108(6)(a)(iii) (returns of births and deaths in ships, etc.), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
3
In section 271(6)(c) (inquiries into deaths of crew members and others), for “enquiry is to be held under the Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976” substitute “
inquiry is to be held under the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
Criminal Procedure (Consequential Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1995
I516
In schedule 4 of the Criminal Procedure (Consequential Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1995, paragraph 10 is repealed.
Petroleum Act 1998
I527
In schedule 4 of the Petroleum Act 1998, paragraph 9 is repealed.
Freedom of Information Act 2000
I538
In section 31(1)(i) of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (law enforcement), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
Scottish Public Services Ombudsman Act 2002
I549
In schedule 4 of the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman Act 2002, in paragraph 2(2), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976 (c.14)” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002
I5510
1
The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 is amended in accordance with this paragraph.
2
In section 34(2)(a) (investigations by Scottish public authorities and proceedings arising out of such investigations), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976 (c.14)” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
3
In section 37(3) (court records, etc.), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976 (c.14)” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
Police, Public Order and Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2006
I5611
1
The Police, Public Order and Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2006 is amended in accordance with this paragraph.
2
In section 33A(b)(ii) (general functions of the Police and Investigations Review Commissioner), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976 (c.14)” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
3
In section 41B(2)(b)(ii) (serious incidents involving the police), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976 (c.14)” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
4
In section 41C(2)(b)(ii) (investigation of matters in the public interest), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976 (c.14)” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
Scottish Commission for Human Rights Act 2006
I5712
In section 14(9) of the Scottish Commission for Human Rights Act 2006 (power to intervene), for “Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976 (c.14)” substitute “
Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
Armed Forces Act 2006
I5813
In schedule 16 of the Armed Forces Act 2006, paragraph 72 is repealed.
Coroners and Justice Act 2009
I5914
In the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, section 50 (amendments to the Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976) is repealed.
Energy Act 2013
I6015
1
The Energy Act 2013 is amended in accordance with this paragraph.
2
In section 85 (inquiries), subsections (7) and (8) are repealed.
3
In schedule 10 (provisions relating to offences), in paragraph 3(1)(d), for “a public inquiry under the Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976” substitute “
an inquiry under the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016
”
.
Tribunals (Scotland) Act 2014
I916
1
Paragraph 13 of schedule 9 of the Tribunals (Scotland) Act 2014 (transitional and consequential) is amended in accordance with this paragraph.
2
In sub-paragraph (2)(b)(ii), in the inserted text, for “(ii)” substitute “
(iza)
”
.
3
In sub-paragraph (4), in the inserted text, for “(7)” substitute “
(6ZA)
”
.
4
In sub-paragraph (9), in subsection (1) of inserted section 13A, for “(c)(ii)” substitute “
(c)(iza)
”
.
5
In sub-paragraph (10)(b), in the inserted text, for “2(7)” substitute “
2(6ZA)
”
.
S. 7A and cross-heading inserted (1.5.2024) by Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 (c. 41), s. 63(3), Sch. 11 para. 3(1) (with s. 61)