Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDangos y teitl llawn

[F1 ANNEX IV U.K. RULES FOR CALCULATING LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS FROM BIOFUELS

Textual Amendments

F1 Substituted by Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and amending Council Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC (Text with EEA relevance).

A. Typical and default values for biofuels if produced with no net carbon emissions from land use change U.K.

a Not including animal oil produced from animal by-products classified as category 3 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 October 2002 laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption b
b OJ L 273, 10.10.2002, p. 1 .
Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emission saving	Default greenhouse gas emission saving
Sugar beet ethanol	61 %	52 %
Wheat ethanol (process fuel not specified)	32 %	16 %
Wheat ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant)	32 %	16 %
Wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)	45 %	34 %
Wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant)	53 %	47 %
Wheat ethanol (straw as process fuel in CHP plant)	69 %	69 %
Corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant)	56 %	49 %
Sugar cane ethanol	71 %	71 %
The part from renewable sources of ethyl-Tertio-butyl-ether (ETBE)	Equal to that of the ethanol production Pathway used
The part from renewable sources of tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE)	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
Rape seed biodiesel	45 %	38 %
Sunflower biodiesel	58 %	51 %
Soybean biodiesel	40 %	31 %
Palm oil biodiesel (process not specified)	36 %	19 %
Palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)	62 %	56 %
Waste vegetable or animal a oil biodiesel	88 %	83 %
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed	51 %	47 %
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower	65 %	62 %
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process not specified)	40 %	26 %
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)	68 %	65 %
Pure vegetable oil from rape seed	58 %	57 %
Biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas	80 %	73 %
Biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas	84 %	81 %
Biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas	86 %	82 %

B. Estimated typical and default values for future biofuels that were not on the market or were on the market only in negligible quantities in January 2008, if produced with no net carbon emissions from land use change U.K.

Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emission saving	Default greenhouse gas emission saving
Wheat straw ethanol	87 %	85 %
Waste wood ethanol	80 %	74 %
Farmed wood ethanol	76 %	70 %
Waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	95 %	95 %
Farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	93 %	93 %
Waste wood dimethylether (DME)	95 %	95 %
Farmed wood DME	92 %	92 %
Waste wood methanol	94 %	94 %
Farmed wood methanol	91 %	91 %
The part from renewable sources of methyl-tertio-butyl-ether (MTBE)	Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used

C. Methodology U.K.

1. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biofuels shall be calculated as: U.K.

E = e _ec + e _l + e _p + e _td + e _u – e _sca – e _ccs – e _ccr – e _ee

where

E

=

total emissions from the use of the fuel;

e _ec

=

emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;

e _l

=

annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land use change;

e _p

=

emissions from processing;

e _td

=

emissions from transport and distribution;

e _u

=

emissions from the fuel in use;

e _sca

=

emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management;

e _ccs

=

emission savings from carbon capture and geological storage;

e _ccr

=

emission savings from carbon capture and replacement; and

e _ee

=

emission savings from excess electricity from cogeneration.

Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account.

2. Greenhouse gas emissions from fuels, E, shall be expressed in terms of grams of CO ₂ equivalent per MJ of fuel, gCO _2eq /MJ. U.K.

3. By derogation from point 2, values calculated in terms of gCO _2eq /MJ may be adjusted to take into account differences between fuels in useful work done, expressed in terms of km/MJ. Such adjustments shall only be made where evidence of the differences in useful work done is provided. U.K.

4. Greenhouse gas emission savings from biofuels shall be calculated as: U.K.

SAVING = ( E _F – E _B )/ E _F

where

E _B

=

total emissions from the biofuel; and

E _F

=

total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator.

5. The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes of point 1 shall be CO ₂ , N ₂ O and CH ₄ . For the purpose of calculating CO ₂ equivalence, those gases shall be valued as follows: U.K.

CO ₂

:

1

N ₂ O

:

296

CH ₄

:

23

6. Emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials, e _ec , shall include emissions from the extraction or cultivation process itself; from the collection of raw materials; from waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation. Capture of CO ₂ in the cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded. Certified reductions of greenhouse gas emissions from flaring at oil production sites anywhere in the world shall be deducted. Estimates of emissions from cultivation may be derived from the use of averages calculated for smaller geographical areas than those used in the calculation of the default values, as an alternative to using actual values. U.K.

[F2 7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, e _l , shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over 20 years. For the calculation of those emissions, the following rule shall be applied: U.K.

e _l = (CS _R – CS _A ) × 3,664 × 1/20 × 1/P – e _B , (1)

where

e _l

=

annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass (grams) of CO ₂ -equivalent per unit biofuel energy (megajoules)). ‘ Cropland ’(2) and ‘ perennial cropland ’(3) shall be regarded as one land use;

CS _R

=

the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-use shall be the land-use in January 2008 or 20 years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later;

CS _A

=

the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CS _A shall be the estimated stock per unit area after 20 years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever is the earlier;

P

=

the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel energy per unit area per year) and

e _B

=

bonus of 29 gCO _2eq /MJ biofuel if biomass is obtained from restored degraded land under the conditions provided for in point 8.]

Textual Amendments

F2 Substituted by Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance).

8. The bonus of 29 gCO _2eq /MJ shall be attributed if evidence is provided that the land: U.K.

(a)

was not in use for agriculture or any other activity in January 2008; and

(b)

falls into one of the following categories:

(i)

severely degraded land, including such land that was formerly in agricultural use;

(ii)

heavily contaminated land.

The bonus of 29 gCO _2eq /MJ shall apply for a period of up to 10 years from the date of conversion of the land to agricultural use, provided that a steady increase in carbon stocks as well as a sizable reduction in erosion phenomena for land falling under (i) are ensured and that soil contamination for land falling under (ii) is reduced.

9. The categories mentioned in point 8(b) are defined as follows: U.K.

(a)

‘ severely degraded land ’ means land that, for a significant period of time, has either been significantly salinated or presented significantly low organic matter content and been severely eroded;

(b)

‘ heavily contaminated land ’ means land that is unfit for the cultivation of food and feed due to soil contamination.

Such land shall include land that has been the subject of a Commission decision in accordance with the fourth subparagraph of Article 7c(3).

10. The guide adopted pursuant to point 10 of Part C of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC shall serve as the basis of the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purposes of this Directive. U.K.

11. Emissions from processing, e _p , shall include emissions from the processing itself; from waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used in processing. U.K.

In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced within the fuel production plant, the greenhouse gas emission intensity of the production and distribution of that electricity shall be assumed to be equal to the average emission intensity of the production and distribution of electricity in a defined region. As an exception to this rule producers may use an average value for an individual electricity production plant for electricity produced by that plant, if that plant is not connected to the electricity grid.

12. Emissions from transport and distribution, e _td , shall include emissions from the transport and storage of raw and semi-finished materials and from the storage and distribution of finished materials. Emissions from transport and distribution to be taken into account under point 6 shall not be covered by this point. U.K.

13. Emissions from the fuel in use, e _u , shall be taken to be zero for biofuels. U.K.

14. Emission savings from carbon capture and geological storage e _ccs , that have not already been accounted for in e _p , shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture and sequestration of emitted CO ₂ directly related to the extraction, transport, processing and distribution of fuel. U.K.

15. Emission savings from carbon capture and replacement, e _ccr , shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture of CO ₂ of which the carbon originates from biomass and which is used to replace fossil-derived CO ₂ used in commercial products and services. U.K.

16. Emission savings from excess electricity from cogeneration, e _ee , shall be taken into account in relation to the excess electricity produced by fuel production systems that use cogeneration except where the fuel used for the cogeneration is a co-product other than an agricultural crop residue. In accounting for that excess electricity, the size of the cogeneration unit shall be assumed to be the minimum necessary for the cogeneration unit to supply the heat that is needed to produce the fuel. The greenhouse gas emission savings associated with that excess electricity shall be taken to be equal to the amount of greenhouse gas that would be emitted when an equal amount of electricity was generated in a power plant using the same fuel as the cogeneration unit. U.K.

17. Where a fuel production process produces, in combination, the fuel for which emissions are being calculated and one or more other products (co-products), greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the fuel or its intermediate product and the co-products in proportion to their energy content (determined by lower heating value in the case of co-products other than electricity). U.K.

18. For the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 17, the emissions to be divided shall be e _ec + e _l + those fractions of e _p , e _td and e _ee that take place up to and including the process step at which a co-product is produced. If any allocation to co-products has taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the fraction of those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the intermediate fuel product shall be used for this purpose instead of the total of those emissions. U.K.

All co-products, including electricity that does not fall under the scope of point 16, shall be taken into account for the purposes of that calculation, except for agricultural crop residues, including straw, bagasse, husks, cobs and nut shells. Co-products that have a negative energy content shall be considered to have an energy content of zero for the purpose of the calculation.

Wastes, agricultural crop residues, including straw, bagasse, husks, cobs and nut shells, and residues from processing, including crude glycerine (glycerine that is not refined), shall be considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions up to the process of collection of those materials.

In the case of fuels produced in refineries, the unit of analysis for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 17 shall be the refinery.

19. For the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 4, the fossil fuel comparator E _F shall be the latest available actual average emissions from the fossil part of petrol and diesel consumed in the Community as reported under this Directive. If no such data are available, the value used shall be 83,8 gCO _2eq /MJ. U.K.

D. Disaggregated default values for biofuels U.K.

Disaggregated default values for cultivation: ‘e _ec ’ as defined in Part C of this Annex U.K.

a Not including animal oil produced from animal by-products classified as category 3 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002.
Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)	Default greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)
Sugar beet ethanol	12	12
Wheat ethanol	23	23
Corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced	20	20
Sugar cane ethanol	14	14
The part from renewable sources of ETBE	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
The part from renewable sources of TAEE	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
Rape seed biodiesel	29	29
Sunflower biodiesel	18	18
Soybean biodiesel	19	19
Palm oil biodiesel	14	14
Waste vegetable or animal a oil biodiesel	0	0
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed	30	30
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower	18	18
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil	15	15
Pure vegetable oil from rape seed	30	30
Biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas	0	0
Biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas	0	0
Biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas	0	0

Disaggregated default values for processing (including excess electricity): ‘e _p – e _ee ’ as defined in Part C of this Annex U.K.

Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)	Default greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)
Sugar beet ethanol	19	26
Wheat ethanol (process fuel not specified)	32	45
Wheat ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant)	32	45
Wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)	21	30
Wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant)	14	19
Wheat ethanol (straw as process fuel in CHP plant)	1	1
Corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant)	15	21
Sugar cane ethanol	1	1
The part from renewable sources of ETBE	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
The part from renewable sources of TAEE	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
Rape seed biodiesel	16	22
Sunflower biodiesel	16	22
Soybean biodiesel	18	26
Palm oil biodiesel (process not specified)	35	49
Palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)	13	18
Waste vegetable or animal oil biodiesel	9	13
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed	10	13
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower	10	13
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process not specified)	30	42
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)	7	9
Pure vegetable oil from rape seed	4	5
Biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas	14	20
Biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas	8	11
Biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas	8	11

Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: ‘e _td ’ as defined in Part C of this Annex U.K.

Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)	Default greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)
Sugar beet ethanol	2	2
Wheat ethanol	2	2
Corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced	2	2
Sugar cane ethanol	9	9
The part from renewable sources of ETBE	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
The part from renewable sources of TAEE	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
Rape seed biodiesel	1	1
Sunflower biodiesel	1	1
Soybean biodiesel	13	13
Palm oil biodiesel	5	5
Waste vegetable or animal oil biodiesel	1	1
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed	1	1
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower	1	1
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil	5	5
Pure vegetable oil from rape seed	1	1
Biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas	3	3
Biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas	5	5
Biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas	4	4

Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution U.K.

Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)	Default greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)
Sugar beet ethanol	33	40
Wheat ethanol (process fuel not specified)	57	70
Wheat ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant)	57	70
Wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)	46	55
Wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant)	39	44
Wheat ethanol (straw as process fuel in CHP plant)	26	26
Corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant)	37	43
Sugar cane ethanol	24	24
The part from renewable sources of ETBE	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
The part from renewable sources of TAEE	Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
Rape seed biodiesel	46	52
Sunflower biodiesel	35	41
Soybean biodiesel	50	58
Palm oil biodiesel (process not specified)	54	68
Palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)	32	37
Waste vegetable or animal oil biodiesel	10	14
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed	41	44
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower	29	32
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process not specified)	50	62
Hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)	27	29
Pure vegetable oil from rape seed	35	36
Biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas	17	23
Biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas	13	16
Biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas	12	15

E. Estimated disaggregated default values for future biofuels that were not on the market or were only on the market in negligible quantities in January 2008 U.K.

Disaggregated values for cultivation: ‘e _ec ’ as defined in Part C of this Annex U.K.

Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas missions (gCO 2eq /MJ)	Default greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)
Wheat straw ethanol	3	3
Waste wood ethanol	1	1
Farmed wood ethanol	6	6
Waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	1	1
Farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	4	4
Waste wood DME	1	1
Farmed wood DME	5	5
Waste wood methanol	1	1
Farmed wood methanol	5	5
The part from renewable sources of MTBE	Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used

Disaggregated values for processing (including excess electricity): ‘e _p – e _ee ’ as defined in Part C of this Annex U.K.

Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)	Default greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)
Wheat straw ethanol	5	7
Wood ethanol	12	17
Wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	0	0
Wood DME	0	0
Wood methanol	0	0
The part from renewable sources of MTBE	Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used

Disaggregated values for transport and distribution: ‘e _td ’ as defined in Part C of this Annex U.K.

Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)	Default greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)
Wheat straw ethanol	2	2
Waste wood ethanol	4	4
Farmed wood ethanol	2	2
Waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	3	3
Farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	2	2
Waste wood DME	4	4
Farmed wood DME	2	2
Waste wood methanol	4	4
Farmed wood methanol	2	2
The part from renewable sources of MTBE	Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used

Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution U.K.

Biofuel production pathway	Typical greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)	Default greenhouse gas emissions (gCO 2eq /MJ)
Wheat straw ethanol	11	13
Waste wood ethanol	17	22
Farmed wood ethanol	20	25
Waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	4	4
Farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel	6	6
Waste wood DME	5	5
Farmed wood DME	7	7
Waste wood methanol	5	5
Farmed wood methanol	7	7
The part from renewable sources of MTBE	Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used]

(1)

[F1 [F2 The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight of CO ₂ (44,010 g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12,011 g/mol) is equal to 3,664.] ]

(2)

[F1 [F2 Cropland as defined by IPCC.] ]

(3)

[F1 [F2 Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation coppice and oil palm.] ]

Textual Amendments

F1 Substituted by Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and amending Council Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC (Text with EEA relevance).

F2 Substituted by Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance).