Adoption Act 1976

Part I E+W The Adoption Service

The Adoption Service E+W

1 Establishment of Adoption Service. E+W

(1) It is the duty of every local authority to establish and maintain within their area a service designed to meet the needs, in relation to adoption, of—

(a) children who have been or may be adopted,

(b) parents and guardians of such children, and

(c) persons who have adopted or may adopt a child,

and for that purpose to provide the requisite facilities, or secure that they are provided by [F1 appropriate voluntary organisations].

(2) The facilities to be provided as part of the service maintained under subsection (1) include—

(a) temporary board and lodging where needed by pregnant women, mothers or children;

(b) arrangements for assessing children and prospective adopters, and placing children for adoption;

(c) counselling for persons with problems relating to adoption.

(3) The facilities of the service maintained under subsection (1) shall be provided in conjunction with the local authority’s other social services and with [F2 appropriate voluntary organisations] in their area, so that help may be given in a co-ordinated manner without duplication, omission or avoidable delay.

F3 [(3A) In this Part, references to adoption are to the adoption of children, wherever they may be habitually resident, effected under the law of any country or territory, whether within or outside the British Islands.]

(4) The services maintained by local authorities under subsection (1) may be collectively referred to as “the Adoption Service”, and a local authority or [F4 appropriate voluntary organisation] may be referred to as an adoption agency.

[F5 (5) In this Act “appropriate voluntary organisation” means a voluntary organisation which is an adoption society in respect of which a person is registered under Part II of the Care Standards Act 2000.]

Textual Amendments

F1 Words in s. 1(1) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(2)(a); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F2 Words in s. 1(3) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(2)(a); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F3 S. 1(3A) inserted (30.4.2001) by 1999 c. 18, s. 9; S.I. 2001/1279, art. 2

F4 Words in s. 1(4) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(2)(a); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F5 S. 1(5) inserted (30.1.2003 for W., 24.2.2003 for E. for specified purposes, 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(2)(b); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 S. 1(1) extended (10.3.2003 for E. for specified purposes, 6.10.2003 for E. in so far as not already in force) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 3(1) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(2)(a),(6)(a)

2 Local authorities’ social services. E+W

The social services referred to in section 1(3) are the functions of a local authority which [F6 are social services functions within the meaning of Local Authority Social Services Act 1970], including, in particular but without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, a local authority’s functions

[F7 (a) under the Children Act 1989, relating to family assistance orders, local authority support for children and families, care and supervision and emergency protection of children, community homes, voluntary homes and organisations, [F8 private] children’s homes, private arrangements for fostering children, child minding and day care for young children and children accommodated by [F9 Health Authorities, Special Health Authorities][F10 Primary Care Trusts][F11 National Health Service trusts] and local education authorities or in [F8 care homes, independent hospitals or schools]; and

(b) under the National Health Service Act 1977, relating to the provision of care for expectant and nursing mothers.]

Textual Amendments

F6 Words in s. 2 substituted (26.10.2000 for E. and 28.7.2001 for W.) by 2000 c. 22, ss. 107, 108(4), Sch. 5 para. 16; S.I. 2000/2849, art. 2

F7 S. 2(a)(b) substituted (14.10.1991) for words in s. 2 by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 88, Sch. 10 para. 1 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I.1991/828, art.3(2)

F8 Words in s. 2(a) substituted (1.4.2002) by 2000 c. 14, s. 116, Sch. 4 para. 5(3); S.I. 2001/4150, art. 3(3)(a) (subject to transitional provisions in art. 4 and S.I. 2002/1493, art. 4); S.I. 2002/920, art. 3(3)(d) (with art. 3(4)-(10)) (subject to transitional provisions in Schs. 1-3)

F9 Words in s. 2 substituted (1.4.1996) by 1995 c. 17, s. 2(1), Sch. 1 Pt. III para. 101 (with Sch. 2 paras. 6, 16)

F10 Words in s. 2(a) inserted (8.2.2000) by S.I. 2000/90, art. 3 Sch. 1 para. 12

F11 Words inserted by National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (c. 19, SIF 113:2), s. 66(1), Sch. 9 para. 17

Adoption societies E+W

F12 3 Approval of adoption societies. E+W

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F12 S. 3 repealed (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 6 (with Sch. 5 para. 2); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(e)(ii) (with art. 3); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

4 Withdrawal of approval. E+W

F13 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F13 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(3) [F14 Where, by virtue of the cancellation of the registration of any person under Part II of the Care Standards Act 2000, a body has ceased to be an appropriate voluntary organisation] the Secretary of State may direct the body F15 ... to make such arrangements as to children who are in its care and other transitional matters as seem to him expedient.

Textual Amendments

F13 S. 4(1)(2) repealed (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 6; S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(e)(ii); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F14 Words in s. 4(3) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(4); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F15 Word in s. 4(3) repealed (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 6; S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(e)(ii);S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C2 S. 4: transfer of functions (W) (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

F16 5 Procedure on refusal to approve, or withdrawal of approval from, adoption societies. E+W

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F16 S. 5 repealed (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 6; S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(e)(ii); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

Welfare of children E+W

6 Duty to promote welfare of child. E+W

In reaching any decision relating to the adoption of a child a court or adoption agency shall have regard to all the circumstances, first consideration being given to the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of the child throughout his childhood; and shall so far as practicable ascertain the wishes and feelings of the child regarding the decision and give due consideration to them, having regard to his age and understanding.

7 Religious upbringing of adopted child. E+W

An adoption agency shall in placing a child for adoption have regard (so far as is practicable) to any wishes of a child’s parents and guardians as to the religious upbringing of the child.

Supplemental E+W

8 Inactive or defunct adoption societies. E+W

(1) If it appears to the Secretary of State that [F17 a body which is or has been an appropriate voluntary organisation], is inactive or defunct he may, in relation to any child who is or was in the care of the [F18 organisation], direct what appears to him to be the appropriate local authority to take any such action as might have been taken by the [F18 organisation] or by the [F18 organisation] jointly with the authority; and if apart from this section the authority would not be entitled to take that action, or would not be entitled to take it without joining the [F18 organisation] in the action, it shall be entitled to do so.

(2) Before giving a direction under subsection (1) the Secretary of State shall, if practicable, consult both the [F18 organisation] and the authority.

Textual Amendments

F17 Words in s. 8(1) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(5)(a); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F18 Words in s. 8 substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(5)(b); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C3 S. 8: transfer of functions (W) (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

9 Regulation of adoption agencies. E+W

F19 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2) The [F20 appropriate Minister] may make regulations for any purpose relating to the exercise of its functions by [F21 an appropriate voluntary organisation].

[F22 (2A) The power under subsection (2) includes in particular power to make in relation to an appropriate voluntary organisation any provision which regulations under section 22(2) or (7) of the Care Standards Act 2000 (regulation of establishments and agencies) may make in relation to a fostering agency (within the meaning of that Act).]

(3) The [F20 appropriate Minister] may make regulations with respect to the exercise by local authorities of their functions of making or participating in arrangements for the adoption of children.

[F23 (3A) The power under subsection (3) includes in particular power to make in relation to the functions there mentioned any provision which regulations under section 48 of the Care Standards Act 2000 (regulation of the exercise of relevant fostering functions) may make in relation to relevant fostering functions (within the meaning of Part III of that Act).]

(4) Any person who contravenes or fails to comply with regulations made under subsection (2) [F24 or (3)]shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding [F25 level 5 on the standard scale].

[F26 (5) In this section and section 9A, “ the appropriate Minister ” means—

(a) in relation to England, the Secretary of State,

(b) in relation to Wales, the National Assembly for Wales,

and in relation to England and Wales, means the Secretary of State and the Assembly acting jointly.]

Textual Amendments

F19 S. 9(1) repealed (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 6; S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(e)(ii); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F20 Words in s. 9(2)(3) substituted (3.2.2003) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 4(1)(a) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/288, art. 2(b); S.I. 2003/288, art. 2(b)

F21 Words in s. 9(2) substituted (1.7.2001 for W., 24.2.2003 for E. for specified purposes, 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 116, s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(6)(a); S.I. 2001/2190, art. 2, Sch.;S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(2)(a)(ii) (with Sch.); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F22 S. 9(2A) inserted (1.7.2001 for W., 24.2.2003 for E. for specified purposes, 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), ss. 116, 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(6)(b); S.I. 2001/2190, art. 2, Sch.; S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(2)(a)(ii) (with Sch.); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F23 S. 9(3A) inserted (1.7.2001 for W., 24.2.2003 for E. for specified purposes, 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), ss. 116, 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(6)(c); S.I. 2001/2190, art. 2, Sch.; S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(2)(a)(ii) (with Sch.); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F24 Words in s. 9(4) inserted (1.7.2001 for W. and otherwiseprosp.) by 2000 c. 14, ss. 116, 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(6)(d); S.I. 2001/2190, art. 2, Sch.

F25 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 38, 46

F26 S. 9(5) inserted (3.2.2003) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 4(1)(b) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/288, art. 2(b)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C4 S. 9: transfer of functions (W) (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F27 E+W

Textual Amendments

F27 S. 10 repealed by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), ss. 9, 30, Sch. 2 para. 30, Sch. 10 Pt. I

11 Restriction on arranging adoptions and placing of children. E+W

(1) A person other than an adoption agency shall not make arrangements for the adoption of a child, or place a child for adoption, unless—

(a) the proposed adopter is a relative of the child, or

(b) he is acting in pursuance of an order of the High Court.

[F28 (2) An adoption society which is—

(a) approved as respects Scotland under section 3 of the Adoption (Scotland) Act M1 1978; or

(b) registered as respects Northern Ireland under Article 4 of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order M2 1987,

but which is not [F29 an appropriate voluntary organisation], shall not act as an adoption society in England and Wales except to the extent that the society considers it necessary to do so in the interests of a person mentioned in section 1 of the Act of 1978 or Article 3 of the Order of 1987.]

(3) A person who—

(a) takes part in the management or control of a body of persons which exists wholly or partly for the purpose of making arrangements for the adoption of children and which is not an adoption agency; or

(b) contravenes subsection (1); or

(c) receives a child placed with him in contravention of subsection (1),

shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or to a fine not exceeding [F30 level 5 on the standard scale] or to both.

(4) In any proceedings for an offence under paragraph (a) of subsection (3), proof of things done or of words written, spoken or published (whether or not in the presence of any party to the proceedings) by any person taking part in the management or control of a body of persons, or in making arrangements for the adoption of children on behalf of the body, shall be admissible as evidence of the purpose for which that body exists.

F31 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F28 S. 11(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 88, Sch. 10 para.2 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F29 Words in s. 11(2) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(7)(a); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d), S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F30 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 38, 46

F31 S. 11(5) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20),s. 108(7) Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Marginal Citations

M1 1978 c.28(49:11).

M2 S.I. 1987/2203 (N.I. 22).

Part II E+W Adoption Orders

The making of adoption orders E+W

12 Adoption orders. E+W

(1) An adoption order is an order [F32 giving parental responsibility for a child to] the adopters, made on their application by an authorised court.

(2) The order does not affect [F33 parental responsibility so far as it relates] to any period before the making of the order.

(3) The making of an adoption order operates to extinguish—

[F34 (a) the parental responsibility which any person has for the child immediately before the making of the order;

(aa) any order under the Children Act 1989]

(b) any duty arising by virtue of an agreement or the order of a court to make payments, so far as the payments are in respect of the child’s maintenance [F35 or upbringing for any period after the making of the order.]

(4) Subsection (3)(b) does not apply to a duty arising by virtue of an agreement—

(a) which constitutes a trust, or

(b) which expressly provides that the duty is not to be extinguished by the making of an adoption order.

(5) An adoption order may not be made in relation to a child who is or has been married.

(6) An adoption order may contain such terms and conditions as the court thinks fit.

(7) An adoption order may be made notwithstanding that the child is already an adopted child.

Textual Amendments

F32 Words in s. 12(1) substituted (14. 10. 1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.3(1)(with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S. I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F33 Words in s. 12(2) substituted (14. 10. 1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.3(2)(with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F34 S. 12(3)(a)(aa) substituted (14. 10. 1991) for para. (a) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 3(3)(with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F35 Words in s. 12(3)(b) substituted (14. 10. 1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.3(3) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C5 S. 12 applied (with modifications) (1.6.2003) by The Intercountry Adoption (Hague Convention) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/118), regs. 1(1), 34, Sch. 3 (with reg. 37)

13 Child to live with adopters before order made. E+W

(1) Where—

(a) [F36 (subject to subsection (1A))]the applicant, or one of the applicants, is a parent, step-parent or relative of the child, or

(b) the child was placed with the applicants by an adoption agency or in pursuance of an order of the High Court,

an adoption order shall not be made unless the child is at least 19 weeks old and at all times during the preceding 13 weeks had his home with the applicants or one of them.

[F37 (1A) Where an adoption is proposed to be effected by a Convention adoption order, the order shall not be made unless at all times during the preceding six months the child had his home with the applicants or one of them.]

(2) Where subsection (1)[F38 or (1A)] does not apply, an adoption order shall not be made unless the child is at least 12 months old and at all times during the preceding 12 months had his home with the applicants or one of them.

(3) An adoption order shall not be made unless the court is satisfied that sufficient opportunities to see the child with the applicant, or, in the case of an application by a married couple, both applicants together in the home environment have been afforded—

(a) where the child was placed with the applicant by an adoption agency, to that agency, or

(b) in any other case, to the local authority within whose area the home is.

Textual Amendments

F36 Words in s. 13(1)(a) inserted (1.6.2003) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 10(a) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(5)(c)(i)

F37 S. 13(1A) inserted (1.6.2003) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 10(b) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(5)(c)(i)

F38 Words in s. 13(2) inserted (1.6.2003) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 10(c) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(5)(c)(i)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C6 S. 13(1) excluded (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Bringing Children into the United Kingdom) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/1173), regs. 1(1), 6(1)

C7 S. 13(1A) modified (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Bringing Children into the United Kingdom) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/1173), regs. 1(1), 6(2)

14 Adoption by married couple. E+W

[F39 (1) An adoption order shall not be made on the application of more than one person except in the circumstances specified in subsections (1A) and (1B).

(1A) An adoption order may be made on the application of a married couple where both the husband and the wife have attained the age of 21 years.

(1B) An adoption order may be made on the application of a married couple where—

(a) the husband or the wife—

(i) is the father or mother of the child; and

(ii) has attained the age of 18 years:

and

(b) his or her spouse has attained the age of 21 years.]

(2) An adoption order shall not be made on the application of a married couple unless—

(a) at least one of them is domiciled in a part of the United Kingdom, or in the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man, or

(b) the application is for a Convention adoption order and [F40 the requirements of regulations under section 17 are] complied with.

F41 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F39 S. 14(1)–(1B) substituted (14.10.1991) for s. 14(1) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 88, Sch. 10 para.4 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F40 Words in s. 14(2) substituted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 2 para. 3(1) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)

F41 S. 14(3) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108(7), Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

15 Adoption by one person. E+W

(1) F42 . . . An adoption order may be made on the application of one person where he has attained the age of 21 years and—

(a) is not married, or

(b) is married and the court is satisfied that—

(i) his spouse cannot be found, or

(ii) the spouses have separated and are living apart, and the separation is likely to be permanent, or

(iii) his spouse is by reason of ill-health, whether physical or mental, incapable of making an application for an adoption order.

(2) An adoption order shall not be made on the application of one person unless—

(a) he is domiciled in a part of the United Kingdom, or in the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man, or

(b) the application is for a Convention adoption order and [F43 the requirements of regulations under section 17 are] complied with.

(3) An adoption order shall not be made on the application of the mother or father of the child alone unless the court is satisfied that—

(a) the other natural parent is dead or cannot be found [F44 or, by virtue of section 28 of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, there is no other parent], or

(b) there is some other reason justifying the exclusion of the other natural parent,

and where such an order is made the reason justifying the exclusion of the other natural parent shall be recorded by the court.

F45 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F42 Words in s. 15(1) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch. 15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F43 Words in s. 15(2) substituted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 2 para. 3(2) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)

F44 Words in s. 15(3)(a) inserted (1.8.1991) by Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (c. 37, SIF 83:1), s. 49(5), Sch. 4 para.4 (with ss. 39(3), 43(2)); S.I. 1991/1400, art.2(2)

F45 S. 15(4) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch. 15; (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

16 Parental agreement. E+W

(1) An adoption order shall not be made unless—

(a) the child is free for adoption by virtue of an order made

[F46 (i) in England and Wales, under section 18;

(ii) in Scotland, under section 18 of the Adoption (Scotland) M3 Act 1978; or

(iii) in Northern Ireland, under Article 17(1) or 18(1) of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order M4 1987.]; or

(b) in the case of each parent or guardian of the child the court is satisfied that—

(i) he freely, and with full understanding of what is involved, agrees unconditionally to the making of an adoption order (whether or not he knows the identity of the applicants), or

(ii) his agreement to the making of the adoption order should be dispensed with on a ground specified in subsection (2).

(2) The grounds mentioned in subsection (1)(b)(ii) are that the parent or guardian—

(a) cannot be found or is incapable of giving agreement;

(b) is withholding his agreement unreasonably;

(c) has persistently failed without reasonable cause to discharge [F47 his parental responsibility for] the child;

(d) has abandoned or neglected the child;

(e) has persistently ill-treated the child;

(f) has seriously ill-treated the child (subject to subsection (5).

F48 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(4) Agreement is ineffective for the purposes of subsection (1)(b)(i) if given by the mother less than six weeks after the child’s birth.

(5) Subsection (2)(f) does not apply unless (because of the ill-treatment or for other reasons) the rehabilitation of the child within the household of the parent or guardian is unlikely.

Textual Amendments

F46 S. 16(1)(i)–(iii) substituted (14. 10. 1991) for words in s. 16 (1) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.5(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1); S.I. 1991/828, art.3(2)

F47 Words in s. 16(2) substituted (14. 10. 1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 5(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F48 S. 16(3) repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 2 para. 3(3), 3 (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)(i)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C8 S. 16 applied (with modifications) (1.6.2003) by The Intercountry Adoption (Hague Convention) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/118), regs. 1(1), 34, Sch. 3 (with reg. 37)

Marginal Citations

M3 1978 c.28(49:11).

M4 S.I. 1987/2203 (N.I. 22).

[F49 17 Convention adoption orders. E+W

An adoption order shall be made as a Convention adoption order if—

(a) the application is for a Convention adoption order; and

(b) such requirements as may be prescribed by regulations made by the Secretary of State are complied with.]

Textual Amendments

F49 S. 17 substituted (1.6.2003 for specified purposes, 1.6.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 3, 18(3) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(1)(b)(2)(b)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C9 S. 17 restricted (23.1.2003) by 1999 c. 18, ss. 16(1), 18(3); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(1)(a)

Freeing for adoption E+W

18 Freeing child for adoption. E+W

(1) Where, on an application by an adoption agency, an authorised court is satisfied in the case of each parent or guardian of the child that—

(a) he freely, and with full understanding of what is involved, agrees generally and unconditionally to the making of an adoption order, or

(b) his agreement to the making of an adoption order should be dispensed with on a ground specified in section 16(2),

the court shall make an order declaring the child free for adoption.

(2) No application shall be made under subsection (1) unless—

(a) it is made with the consent of a parent or guardian of a child, or

(b) the adoption agency is applying for dispensation under subsection (1)(b) of the agreement of each parent or guardian of the child, and the child is in the care of the adoption agency.

[F50 (2A) For the purposes of subsection (2) a child is in the care of an adoption agency if the adoption agency is a local authority and he is in their care.]

(3) No agreement required under subsection (1)(a) shall be dispensed with under subsection (1)(b) unless the child is already placed for adoption or the court is satisfied that it is likely that the child will be placed for adoption.

(4) An agreement by the mother of the child is ineffective for the purposes of this section if given less than 6 weeks after the child’s birth.

(5) On the making of an order under this section, [F51 parental responsibility for the child is given to] the adoption agency, and subsections (2) [F52 to (4)] of section 12 apply as if the order were an adoption order and the agency were the adopters.

(6) Before making an order under this section, the court shall satisfy itself, in relation to each parent or guardian [F53 of the child who can be found], that he has been given an opportunity of making, if he so wishes, a declaration that he prefers not to be involved in future questions concerning the adoption of the child; and any such declaration shall be recorded by the court.

[F54 (7) Before making an order under this section in the case of a child whose father does not have parental responsibility for him, the court shall satisfy itself in relation to any person claiming to be the father that—

(a) he has no intention of applying for—

(i) an order under section 4(1) of the Children Act 1989, or

(ii) a residence order under section 10 of that Act, or

(b) if he did make any such application, it would be likely to be refused.

(8) Subsections (5) and (7) of section 12 apply in relation to the making of an order under this section as they apply in relation to the making of an order under that section.]

Textual Amendments

F50 S. 18(2A) inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.6(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F51 Words in s. 18(5) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.6(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F52 Words in s. 18(5) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 6(2); (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F53 Words substituted by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), s. 9, Sch. 2 para. 31

F54 S. 18(7)(8) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.6(3) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C10 S. 18 amended (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 12(3)(a), 33(6)(b)(i), 108 (with Sch. 14 para 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

19 Progress reports to former parent. E+W

(1) This section and section 20 apply to any person ( “the former parent”) who was required to be given an opportunity of making a declaration under section 18(6) but did not do so.

(2) Within the 14 days following the date 12 months after the making of the order under section 18 the adoption agency [F55 to which parental responsibility was given] on the making of the order, unless it has previously by notice to the former parent informed him that an adoption order has been made in respect of the child, shall by notice to the former parent inform him—

(a) whether an adoption order has been made in respect of the child, and (if not)

(b) whether the child has his home with a person with whom he has been placed for adoption.

(3) If at the time when the former parent is given notice under subsection (2) an adoption order has not been made in respect of the child, it is thereafter the duty of the adoption agency to give notice to the former parent of the making of an adoption order (if and when made), and meanwhile to give the former parent notice whenever the child is placed for adoption or ceases to have his home with a person with whom he has been placed for adoption.

(4) If at any time the former parent by notice makes a declaration to the adoption agency that he prefers not to be involved in future questions concerning the adoption of the child—

(a) the agency shall secure that the declaration is recorded by the court which made the order under section 18, and

(b) the agency is released from the duty of complying further with subsection (3) as respects that former parent.

Textual Amendments

F55 Words in s. 19(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.7 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

20 Revocation of s. 18 order. E+W

(1) The former parent, at any time more than 12 months after the making of the order under section 18 when—

(a) no adoption order has been made in respect of the child, and

(b) the child does not have his home with a person with whom he has been placed for adoption,

may apply to the court which made the order for a further order revoking it on the ground that he wishes to resume [F56 parental responsibility].

(2) While the application is pending the adoption agency having [F56 parental responsibility] shall not place the child for adoption without the leave of the court.

[F57 (3) The revocation of an order under section 18 ( “a section 18 order”) operates—

(a) to extinguish the parental responsibility given to the adoption agency under the section 18 order;

(b) to give parental responsibility for the child to—

(i) the child’s mother; and

(ii) where the child’s father and mother were married to each other at the time of his birth, the father; and

(c) to revive—

(i) any parental responsibility agreement,

(ii) any order under section 4(1) of the Children Act 1989, and

(iii) any appointment of a guardian in respect of the child (whether made by a court or otherwise),

extinguished by the making of the section 18 order.

(3A) Subject to subsection (3)(c), the revocation does not—

(a) operate to revive—

(i) any order under the Children Act 1989, or

(ii) any duty referred to in section 12(3)(b),

extinguished by the making of the section 18 order; or

(b) affect any person’s parental responsibility so far as it relates to the period between the making of the section 18 order and the date of revocation of that order.]

(4) Subject to subsection (5), if the application is dismissed on the ground that to allow it would contravene the principle embodied in section 6—

(a) the former parent who made the application shall not be entitled to make any further application under subsection (1) in respect of the child, and

(b) the adoption agency is released from the duty of complying further with section 19(3) as respects that parent.

(5) Subsection (4)(a) shall not apply where the court which dismissed the application gives leave to the former parent to make a further application under subsection (1), but such leave shall not be given unless it appears to the court that because of a change in circumstances or for any other reason it is proper to allow the application to be made.

Textual Amendments

F56 Words in s. 20(1)(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.8(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F57 S. 20(3)(3A) substituted (14.10.1991) for s. 20(3) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.8(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

[F58 21 Variation of section 18 order so as to substitute one adoption agency for another. E+W

(1) On an application to which this section applies, an authorised court may vary an order under section 18 so as to give parental responsibility for the child to another adoption agency (the substitute agency”) in place of the agency for the time being having parental responsibility for the child under the order ( “the existing agency”).

(2) This section applies to any application made jointly by—

(a) the existing agency; and

(b) the would-be substitute agency.

(3) Where an order under section 18 is varied under this section, section 19 shall apply as if the substitute agency had been given responsibility for the child on the making of the order.]

Textual Amendments

F58 S. 21 substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 88, Sch. 10 para.9 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Supplemental E+W

[F59 22 Notification to local authority of adoption application. E+W

(1) An adoption order shall not be made in respect of a child who was not placed with the applicant by an adoption agency unless the applicant has, at least 3 months before the date of the order, given notice to the local authority within whose area he has his home of his intention to apply for the adoption order.

[F60 (1A) An application for such an adoption order shall not be made unless the person wishing to make the application has, within the period of two years preceding the making of the application, given notice as mentioned in subsection (1).

(1B) In subsections (1) and (1A) the references to the area in which the applicant or person has his home are references to the area in which he has his home at the time of giving the notice.]

(2) On receipt of such a notice the local authority shall investigate the matter and submit to the court a report of their investigation.

(3) Under subsection (2), the local authority shall in particular investigate,—

(a) so far as is practicable, the suitability of the applicant, and any other matters relevant to the operation of section 6 in relation to the application; and

(b) whether the child was placed with the applicant in contravention of section 11.

(4) A local authority which [F61 receive] notice under subsection (1) in respect of a child whom the authority know to be [F62 looked after by] another local authority shall, not more than 7 days after the receipt of the notice, inform that other local authority in writing, that they have received the notice.]

Textual Amendments

F59 S. 22 repealed (S.) by Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (c. 28, SIF 49:11), s. 66, Sch. 2 paras. 3, 5, Sch. 4

F60 S. 22(1A)(1B) inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 10(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F61 Word in s. 22(4) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 10(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F62 Words in s. 22(4) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 10(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C11 S. 22 applied (with modifications) (1.6.2003) by The Intercountry Adoption (Hague Convention) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/118), regs. 1(1), 34, Sch. 3 (with reg. 37)

[F63 23 Reports where child placed by agency. E+W

Where an application for an adoption order relates to a child placed by an adoption agency, the agency shall submit to the court a report on the suitability of the applicants and any other matters relevant to the operation of section 6, and shall assist the court in any manner the court may direct.]

Textual Amendments

F63 S. 23 repealed (S.) by Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (c. 28, SIF 49:11), s. 66, Sch. 2 paras. 3, 5, Sch. 4

24 Restrictions on making adoption orders. E+W

(1) The court shall not proceed to hear an application for an adoption order in relation to a child where a previous application for a British adoption order made in relation to the child by the same persons was refused by any court unless—

(a) in refusing the previous application the court directed that this subsection should not apply, or

(b) it appears to the court that because of a change in circumstances or for any other reason it is proper to proceed with the application.

(2) The court shall not make an adoption order in relation to a child unless it is satisfied that the applicants have not, as respects the child, [F64 contravened] section 57.

Textual Amendments

F64 Word substituted by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), s. 9, Sch. 2 para. 32

25 Interim orders. E+W

(1) Where on an application for an adoption order the requirements of sections 16(1) and 22(1) are complied with, the court may postpone the determination of the application and make an order [F65 giving parental responsibility for the child to] in the applicants for a probationary period not exceeding 2 years upon such terms for the maintenance of the child and otherwise as the court thinks fit.

(2) Where the probationary period specified in an order under subsection (1) is less than 2 years, the court may by a further order extend the period to a duration not exceeding 2 years in all.

Textual Amendments

F65 Words in s. 25(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.11 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F66 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E+W

Textual Amendments

F66 S. 26 repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Part III E+W Care and Protection of Children Awaiting Adoption

Restrictions on removal of children E+W

27 Restrictions on removal where adoption agreed or application made under s. 18. E+W

(1) While an application for an adoption order is pending in a case where a parent or guardian of the child has agreed to the making of the adoption order (whether or not he knows the identity of the applicant), the parent or guardian is not entitled, against the will of the person with whom the child has his home, to remove the child from the [F67 home] of that person except with the leave of the court.

(2) While an application is pending for an order freeing a child for adoption and—

(a) the child is in the care of the adoption agency making the application, and

(b) the application was not made with the consent of each parent or guardian of the child,

no parent or guardian of the child is entitled, against the will of the person with whom the child has his home, to remove the child from the [F67 home] of that person except with the leave of the court.

[F68 (2A) For the purposes of subsection (2) a child is in the care of an adoption agency if the adoption is a local authority and he is in their care.]

(3) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) or (2) shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or a fine not exceeding [F69 level 5 on the standard scale] or both.

(4)(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F70

Textual Amendments

F67 Word in s. 27(1)(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.12(a) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F68 S. 27(2A) inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 13 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F69 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 38, 46

F70 S. 27(4)(5) repealed by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), ss. 9, 30, Sch. 2 para. 33, Sch. 10 Pt. I

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C12 S. 27 applied (with modifications) (1.6.2003) by The Intercountry Adoption (Hague Convention) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/118), regs. 1(1), 34, Sch. 3 (with reg. 37)

28 Restrictions on removal where applicant has provided home for 5 years. E+W+S

(1) While an application for an adoption order in respect of a child made by the person with whom the child has had his home for the 5 years preceding the application is pending, no person is entitled, against the will of the applicant, to remove the child from the applicant’s [F71 home] except with the leave of the court or under authority conferred by any enactment or on the arrest of the child.

(2) Where a person ( “the prospective adopter”) gives notice to the local authority within whose area he has his home that he intends to apply for an adoption order in respect of a child who for the preceding 5 years has had his home with the prospective adopter, no person is entitled, against the will of the prospective adopter, to remove the child from the prospective adopter’s [F71 home], except with the leave of a court or under authority conferred by any enactment or on the arrest of the child, before—

(a) the prospective adopter applies for the adoption order, or

(b) the period of 3 months from the receipt of the notice by the local authority expires,

whichever occurs first.

[F72 (2A) The reference in subsections (1) and (2) to any enactment does not include a reference to section 20(8) of the Children Act 1989]

[F73 (3) In any case where subsection (1) or (2) applies and—

(a) the child was being looked after by a local authority before he began to have his home with the applicant or, as the case may be, the prospective adopter, and

(b) the child is still being looked after by a local authority,

the authority which are looking after the child shall not remove him from the home of the applicant or the prospective adopter except in accordance with section 30 or 31 or with the leave of a court.]

(4) In subsections (2) and (3) “a court” means a court with jurisdiction to make adoption orders.

(5) A local authority which [F74 receive] such notice as is mentioned in subsection (2) in respect of a child whom the authority know to be [F75 looked after by another local authority] shall, not more than 7 days after the receipt of the notice, inform that other authority F76 . . ., in writing, that they have received the notice.

(6) Subsection (2) does not apply to any further notice served by the prospective adopter on any local authority in respect of the same child during the period referred to in paragraph (b) of that subsection or within 28 days after its expiry.

(7) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) or (2) shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or a fine not exceeding [F77 level 5 on the standard scale] or both.

(8)(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F78

(10) The Secretary of State may by order amend subsection (1) or (2) to substitute a different period for the period of 5 years mentioned in that subsection (or the period which, by a previous order under this subsection, was substituted for that period).

Textual Amendments

F71 Word in s. 28(1)(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.12(b) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F72 S. 28(2A) inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 14(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F73 S. 28(3) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.14(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F74 Word in s. 28(5) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 14(3)(a) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F75 Words in s. 28(5) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.14(3)(b) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F76 Words in s. 28(5) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)) ; S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F77 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 38, 46

F78 S. 28(8)(9) repealed by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), ss. 9, 30, Sch. 2 para. 33, Sch. 10 Pt. I

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C13 S. 28: transfer of functions (W) (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

29 Return of child taken away in breach of s. 27 or 28. E+W

[F79 (1) An authorised court may, on the application of a person from whose home a child has been removed in breach of—

(a) section 27 or 28,

(b) section 27 or 28 of the M5 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978, or

(c) Article 28 or 29 of the M6 Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987

order the person who has so removed the child to return the child to the applicant.

(2) An authorised court may, on the application of a person who has reasonable grounds for believing that another person is intending to remove a child from his home in breach of—

(a) section 27 or 28,

(b) section 27 or 28 of the Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978, or

(c) Article 28 or 29 of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987,

by order direct that other person not to remove the child from the applicant’s home in breach of any of those provisions.]

(3) If, in the case of an order made by the High Court under subsection (1), the High Court or, in the case of an order made by a county court under subsection (1), a county court is satisfied that the child has not been returned to the applicant, the court may make an order authorising an officer of the court to search such premises as may be specified in the order for the child and, if the officer finds the child, to return the child to the applicant.

(4) If a justice of the peace is satisfied by information on oath that there are reasonable grounds for believing that a child to whom an order under subsection (1) relates is in premises specified in the information, he may issue a search warrant authorising a constable to search the premises for the child; and if a constable acting in pursuance of a warrant under this section finds the child, he shall return the child to the person on whose application the order under subsection (1) was made.

(5) An order under subsection (3) may be enforced in like manner as a warrant for committal.

Textual Amendments

F79 S. 29(1)(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.15 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Marginal Citations

M5 1978 c. 28 (49:11).

M6 S.I. 1987/2203 (N.I. 22).

30 Return of children placed for adoption by adoption agencies. E+W

(1) Subject to subsection (2), at any time after a child has been [F80 placed with] any person in pursuance of arrangements made by an adoption agency for the adoption of the child by that person, and before an adoption order has been made on the application of that person in respect of the child,—

(a) that person may give notice to the agency of his intention not to [F81 give the child a home]; or

(b) the agency may cause notice to be given to that person of their intention not to allow the child to remain in his [F82 home].

(2) No notice under paragraph (b) of subsection (1) shall be given in respect of a child in relation to whom an application has been made for an adoption order except with the leave of the court to which the application has been made.

(3) Where a notice is given to an adoption agency by any person or by an adoption agency to any person under subsection (1), or where an application for an adoption order made by any person in respect of a child placed [F83 with him] by an adoption agency is refused by the court or withdrawn, that person shall, within 7 days after the date on which notice was given or the application refused or withdrawn, as the case may be, cause the child to be returned to the agency, who shall receive the child.

(4) Where the period specified in an interim order made under section 25 (whether as originally made or as extended under subsection (2) of that section) expires without an adoption order having been made in respect of the child, subsection (3) shall apply as if the application for an adoption order upon which the interim order was made, had been refused at the expiration of that period.

(5) It shall be sufficient compliance with the requirements of subsection (3) if the child is delivered to, and is received by, a suitable person nominated for the purpose by the adoption agency.

(6) Where an application for an adoption order is refused the court may, if it thinks fit at any time before the expiry of the period of 7 days mentioned in subsection (3), order that period to be extended to a duration, not exceeding 6 weeks, specified in the order.

(7) Any person who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or to a fine not exceeding [F84 level 5 on the standard scale] or to both; and the court by which the offender is convicted may order the child in respect of whom the offence is committed to be returned to his parent or guardian or to the adoption agency which made the arrangements referred to in subsection (1).

Textual Amendments

F80 Words in s. 30(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.16(1)(a) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F81 Words in s. 30(1)(a) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.16(1)(b) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F82 Word in s. 30(1)(b) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 88, Sch. 10 para.16(1)(c) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F83 Words in s. 30(3) “” substituted (14.10.1991)

“” by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 16(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F84 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 38, 46

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C14 S. 30 applied (with modifications) (1.6.2003) by The Intercountry Adoption (Hague Convention) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/118), regs. 1(1), 34, Sch. 3 (with reg. 37)

31 Application of s. 30 where child not placed for adoption. E+W

(1) Where a person gives notice in pursuance of section 22(1) to the local authority within whose area he has his home of his intention to apply for an adoption order in respect of a [F85 child—

(a) who is (when the notice is given) being looked after by a local authority; but

(b) who was placed with that person otherwise than in pursuance of such arrangements as are mentioned in section 30(1),

that section shall apply as if the child had been placed in pursuance of such arrangements] that where the application is refused by the court or withdrawn the child need not be returned to the local authority in whose care he is unless that authority so require.

(2) Where notice of intention is given as aforesaid in respect of any child who is [F86 (when the notice is given) being looked after by] a local authority then, until the application for an adoption order has been made and disposed of, any right of the local authority to require the child to be returned to them otherwise than in pursuance of section 30 shall be suspended.

(3) While the child [F87 has his home with] the person by whom the notice is given no contribution shall be payable (whether under a contribution order or otherwise) in respect of the child by any person liable under [F88 Part III of Schedule 2 to the Children Act 1989] to make contributions in respect of him (but without prejudice to the recovery of any sum due at the time the notice is given), unless 12 weeks have elapsed since the giving of the notice without the application being made or the application has been refused by the court or withdrawn.

[F89 (4) Nothing in this section affects the right of any person who has parental responsibility for a child to remove him under section 20(8) of the Children Act 1989]

Textual Amendments

F85 Words in s. 31(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 17(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F86 Words in s. 31(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 17(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F87 Words in s. 31(3) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 17(3)(a) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F88 Words in s. 31(3) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 17(3)(b) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F89 S. 31(4) added (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 17(4) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C15 S. 31 applied (with modifications) (1.6.2003) by The Intercountry Adoption (Hague Convention) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/118), regs. 1(1), 34, Sch. 3 (with reg. 37)

Protected children E+W

32 Meaning of “protected child”. E+W

(1) Where a person gives notice in pursuance of section 22(1) to the local authority within whose area he lives of his intention to apply for an adoption order in respect of a child, the child is for the purposes of this Part a protected child while he has his home with that person.

(2) A child shall be deemed to be a protected child for the purposes of this Part if he is a protected child within the meaning of

[F90 (a) section 32 of the Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978; or

(b) Article 33 of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987.].

(3) A child is not a protected child by reason of any such notice as is mentioned in subsection (1) while—

[F91 (a) he is in the care of any person—

(i) in any [F92 children’s home in respect of which a person is registered under Part II of the Care Standards Act 2000];

(ii) in any school in which he is receiving full-time education;

(iii) in any health service hospital]; or

[F93 (b) he is—

(i) suffering from mental disorder within the meaning of the M7 Mental Health Act 1983; and

(ii) resident in a residential care home, within the meaning of Part I of Schedule 4 to the M8 Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983;]

(c) he is liable to be detained or subject to guardianship under [F94 the M9 Mental Health Act 1983]

[F95 (d) he is in the care of any person in any home or institution not specified in this subsection but provided, equipped and maintained by the Secretary of State.]

[F96 (3A) In subsection (3) [F97 “children’s home”], “school” and “health service hospital” have the same meaning as in the Children Act 1989.]

[F98 (4) A protected child ceases to be a protected child—

(a) on the grant or refusal of the application for an adoption order;

(b) on the notification to the local authority for the area where the child has his home that the application for an adoption order has been withdrawn;

(c) in a case where no application is made for an adoption order, on the expiry of the period of two years from the giving of the notice;

(d) on the making of a residence order, a care order or a supervision order under the Children Act 1989 in respect of the child;

(e) on the appointment of a guardian for him under that Act;

(f) on his attaining the age of 18 years; or

(g) on his marriage,

whichever first occurs.

(5) In subsection (4)(d) the references to a care order and a supervision order do not include references to an interim care order or interim supervision order.]

Textual Amendments

F90 S. 32(2)(a)(b) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 18(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F91 S. 32(3)(a) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 18(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F92 Words in s. 32(3)(a)(i) substituted (1.4.2002) by 2000 c. 14, s. 116, Sch. 4 para. 5(8)(a); S.I. 2001/4150, art. 3(3)(a) (subject to transitional provisions in art. 4 and S.I. 2002/1493, art. 4); S.I. 2002/920, art. 3(3)(d) (with art. 3(4)-(10)) (subject to transitional provisions in Schs. 1-3)

F93 S. 32(3)(b) substituted by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), s. 29, Sch. 9 Pt. I para. 19

F94 Words in s. 32(3)(c) substituted by virtue of Mental Health Act 1983 (c. 20, SIF 85), s. 148, Sch. 4 para. 45

F95 S. 32(3)(d) added (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 18(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F96 S. 32(3A) inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 18(3) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F97 Words in s. 32(3A) substituted (1.4.2002) by 2000 c. 14, s. 116, Sch. 4 para. 5(8)(b); S.I. 2001/4150, art. 3(3)(a) (subject to transitional provsions in art. 4 and S.I. 2002/1493, art. 4); S.I. 2002/920, art. 3(3)(d) (with art. 3(4)-(10)) (subject to transitional provisions in Schs. 1-3)

F98 S. 32(4)(5) substituted (14.10.1991) for s. 32(4) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 18(4) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Marginal Citations

M7 1983 c. 20(85).

M8 1983 c. 41(113:3).

M9 1983 c. 20(85).

33 Duty of local authorities to secure well-being of protected children. E+W

(1) It shall be the duty of every local authority to secure that protected children within their area are visited from time to time by officers of the authority, who shall satisfy themselves as to the well-being of the children and give such advice as to their care and maintenance as may appear to be needed.

(2) Any officer of a local authority authorised to visit protected children may, after producing, if asked to do so, some duly authenticated document showing that he is so authorised, inspect any premises in the area of the authority in which such children are to be or are being kept.

F99 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E+W

Textual Amendments

F99 S. 34 repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

35 Notices and information to be given to local authorities. E+W

(1) Where a person [F100 with whom a protected child has his home] changes his permanent address he shall, not less than 2 weeks before the change, or, if the change is made in an emergency, not later than one week after the change, give notice specifying the new address to the local authority in whose area his permanent address is before the change, and if the new address is in the area of another local authority, the authority to whom the notice is given shall inform that other local authority and give them such of the following particulars as are known to them, that is to say—

(a) the name, sex and date and place of birth of the child;

(b) the name and address of every person who is a parent or guardian or acts as a guardian of the child or from whom the child was received.

(2) If a protected child dies, the person [F101 with whom he had his home] at his death shall within 48 hours give notice of the child’s death to the local authority.

Textual Amendments

F100 Words in s. 35(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.19(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F101 Words in s. 35(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.19(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2))

36 Offences relating to protected children. E+W

(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence if—

(a) being required, under section 35 to give any notice or information, he fails to give the notice within the time specified in that provision or fails to give the information within a reasonable time, or knowingly makes or causes or procures another person to make any false or misleading statement in the notice of information;

(b) he refuses to allow the visiting of a protected child by a duly authorised officer of a local authority or the inspection, under the power conferred by section 33(2) of any premises;

F102 (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or a fine not exceeding [F103 level 5 on the standard scale] or both.

Textual Amendments

F102 S. 36(1)(c) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15; (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F103 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 38, 46

37 Miscellaneous provisions relating to protected children. E+W

F104 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2) A person who maintains a protected child shall be deemed for the purposes of the M10 Life Assurance Act 1774 to have no interest in the life of the child.

F104 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F104 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F104 S. 37(1)(3)(4) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Marginal Citations

M10 1774 c. 48(67).

Part IV E+W Status of Adopted Children

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C16 Part IV (ss. 38-49): definition applied (5.4.1993) by Child Support Act 1991 (c. 48, SIF 20), s. 26(3), (with s. 9(2)); S.I. 1992/2644, art.2.

38 Meaning of “adoption” in Part IV. E+W

(1) In this Part “adoption” means adoption—

(a) by an adoption order;

(b) by an order made under the M11 Children Act 1975, the M12 Adoption Act 1958, the M13 Adoption Act 1950 or any enactment repealed by the Adoption Act 1950;

(c) by an order made in Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man or in any of the Channel Islands;

[F105 (cc) which is a Convention adoption;]

(d) which is an overseas adoption; or

(e) which is an adoption recognised by the law of England and Wales and effected under the law of any other country,

and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly.

(2) The definition of adoption includes, where the context admits, an adoption effected before the passing of the M14 Children Act 1975, and the date of an adoption effected by an order is the date of the making of the order.

Textual Amendments

F105 S. 38(1)(cc) inserted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 4(1), 18(3) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(c)

Marginal Citations

M11 1975 c. 72(49:3).

M12 1958 c. 5 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2).(49:11).

M13 1950 c. 26.

M14 1975 c. 72(49:3).

39 Status conferred by adoption. E+W

(1) An adopted child shall be treated in law—

(a) where the adopters are a married couple, as if he had been born as a child of the marriage (whether or not he was in fact born after the marriage was solemnized);

(b) in any other case, as if he had been born to the adopter in wedlock (but not as a child of any actual marriage of the adopter).

(2) An adopted child shall, subject to [F106 subsections (3) and (3A)], be treated in law as if he were not the child of any person other than the adopters or adopter.

(3) In the case of a child adopted by one of its natural parents as sole adoptive parent, subsection (2) has no effect as respects entitlement to property depending on relationship to that parent, or as respects anything else depending on that relationship.

[F107 (3A) Where, in the case of a Convention adoption, the High Court is satisfied, on an application under this subsection—

(a) that under the law of the country in which the adoption was effected the adoption is not a full adoption;

(b) that the consents referred to in Article 4(c) and (d) of the Convention have not been given for a full adoption, or that the United Kingdom is not the receiving State (within the meaning of Article 2 of the Convention); and

(c) that it would be more favourable to the adopted child for a direction to be given under this subsection,

the Court may direct that subsection (2) shall not apply, or shall not apply to such extent as may be specified in the direction.

In this subsection “full adoption” means an adoption by virtue of which the adopted child falls to be treated in law as if he were not the child of any person other than the adopters or adopter.

(3B) The following provisions of the M15 Family Law Act 1986—

(a) section 59 (provisions relating to the Attorney General); and

(b) section 60 (supplementary provision as to declarations),

shall apply in relation to, and to an application for, a direction under subsection (3A) as they apply in relation to, and to an application for, a declaration under Part III of that Act.]

(4) It is hereby declared that this section prevents an adopted child from being illegitimate.

(5) This section has effect—

(a) in the case of an adoption before 1st January 1976, from that date, and

(b) in the case of any other adoption, from the date of the adoption.

(6) Subject to the provisions of this Part, this section—

(a) applies for the construction of enactments or instruments passed or made before the adoption or later, and so applies subject to any contrary indication; and

(b) has effect as respects things done, or events occurring, after the adoption, or after 31st December 1975, whichever is the later.

Textual Amendments

F106 Words in s. 39(2) substituted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 4(2), 18(3) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(c)

F107 S. 39(3A)(3B) inserted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 4(3), 18(3) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(c)

Marginal Citations

M15 1986 c. 55

40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F108 E+W

Textual Amendments

F108 S. 40 repealed by British Nationality Act 1981 (c. 61, SIF 87), s. 52(8), Sch. 9

41 Adoptive relatives. E+W

A relationship existing by virtue of section 39 may be referred to as an adoptive relationship, and—

(a) a male adopter may be referred to as the adoptive father;

(b) a female adopter may be referred to as the adoptive mother;

(c) any other relative of any degree under an adoptive relationship may be referred to as an adoptive relative of that degree.

but this section does not prevent the term “parent”, or any other term not qualified by the word “adoptive” being treated as including an adoptive relative.

42 Rules of construction for instruments concerning property. E+W

(1) Subject to any contrary indication, the rules of construction contained in this section apply to any instrument, other than an existing instrument, so far as it contains a disposition of property.

(2) In applying section 39(1) to a disposition which depends on the date of birth of a child or children of the adoptive parent or parents, the disposition shall be construed as if—

(a) the adopted child had been born on the date of adoption,

(b) two or more children adopted on the same date had been born on that date in the order of their actual births.

but this does not affect any reference to the age of a child.

(3) Examples of phrases in wills on which subsection (2) can operate are—

• 1. Children of A “living at my death or born afterwards”.

• 2. Children of A “living at my death or born afterwards before any one of such children for the time being in existence attains a vested interest and who attain the age of 21 years”.

• 3. As in example 1 or 2, but referring to grandchildren of A instead of children of A.

• 4. A for life “until he has a child”, and then to his child or children.

Note.Subsection (2) will not affect the reference to the age of 21 years in example 2.

(4) Section 39(2) does not prejudice any interest vested in possession in the adopted child before the adoption, or any interest expectant (whether immediately or not) upon an interest so vested.

(5) Where it is necessary to determine for the purposes of a disposition of property effected by an instrument whether a woman can have a child, it shall be presumed that once a woman has attained the age of 55 years she will not adopt a child after execution of the instrument, and, notwithstanding section 39, if she does so that child shall not be treated as her child or as the child of her spouse (if any) for the purposes of the instrument.

(6) In this section, “instrument” includes a private Act settling property, but not any other enactment.

43 Dispositions depending on date of birth. E+W

(1) Where a disposition depends on the date of birth of a child who was born illegitimate and who is adopted by one of the natural parents as sole adoptive parent, section 42(2) does not affect entitlement under Part II of the M16 Family Law Reform Act 1969 (illegitimate children).

(2) Subsection (1) applies for example where—

(a) a testator dies in 1976 bequeathing a legacy to his eldest grandchild living at a specified time,

(b) his daughter has an illegitimate child in 1977 who is the first grandchild,

(c) his married son has a child in 1978,

(d) subsequently the illegitimate child is adopted by the mother as sole adoptive parent,

and in all those cases the daughter’s child remains the eldest grandchild of the testator throughout.

Marginal Citations

M16 1969 c. 46(49:7).

44 Property devolving with peerages etc. E+W

(1) An adoption does not affect the descent of any peerage or dignity or title of honour.

(2) An adoption shall not affect the devolution of any property limited (expressly or not) to devolve (as nearly as the law permits) along with any peerage or dignity or title of honour.

(3) Subsection (2) applies only if and so far as a contrary intention is not expressed in the instrument, and shall have effect subject to the terms of the instrument.

45 Protection of trustees and personal representatives. E+W

(1) A trustee or personal representative is not under a duty, by virtue of the law relating to trusts or the administration of estates, to enquire, before conveying or distributing any property, whether any adoption has been effected or revoked if that fact could affect entitlement to the property.

(2) A trustee or personal representative shall not be liable to any person by reason of a conveyance or distribution of the property made without regard to any such fact if he has not received notice of the fact before the conveyance or distribution.

(3) This section does not prejudice the right of a person to follow the property, or any property representing it, into the hands of another person, other than a purchaser, who has received it.

46 Meaning of “disposition”. E+W

(1) In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—

• “disposition” includes the conferring of a power of appointment and any other disposition of an interest in or right over property;

• “power of appointment” includes any discretionary power to transfer a beneficial interest in property without the furnishing of valuable consideration.

(2) This Part applies to an oral disposition as if contained in an instrument made when the disposition was made.

(3) For the purposes of this Part, the death of the testator is the date at which a will or codicil is to be regarded as made.

(4) For the purposes of this Part, provisions of the law of intestate succession applicable to the estate of a deceased person shall be treated as if contained in an instrument executed by him (while of full capacity) immediately before his death.

F109 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F109 S. 46(5) repealed (1.1.1997) by 1996 c. 47, s. 25(2), Sch. 4 (with ss. 24(2), 25(4)); S.I. 1996/2974, art. 2

47 Miscellaneous enactments. E+W

(1) Section 39 does not apply for the purposes of the table of kindred and affinity in Schedule 1 to the M17 Marriage Act 1949 or sections 10 and 11 (incest) of the M18 Sexual Offences Act 1956.

(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F110 section 39 does not apply for the purposes of any provision of—

(a) [F111 the British Nationality Act 1981]

(b) the M19 Immigration Act 1971,

(c) any instrument having effect under an enactment within paragraph (a) or (b), or

(d) any other provision of the law for the time being in force which determines [F111 British citizenship, British Dependent Territories citizenship [F112 , the status of a British National (Overseas)] or British Overseas citizenship.]

(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F113

(4)(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F114

Textual Amendments

F110 Words repealed by British Nationality Act 1981 (c. 61, SIF 87), s. 52(8), Sch. 9

F111 Words substituted by British Nationality Act 1981 (c. 61, SIF 87), s. 52(6), Sch. 7

F112 Words inserted by S.I. 1986/948, art. 8, Sch.

F113 S. 47(3) repealed by Social Security Act 1986 (c. 50, SIF 113:1), s. 86, Sch. 11

F114 S. 47(4)(5) repealed by Social Security Act 1988 (c. 7, SIF 113:1), ss. 16, 19(3), Sch. 5

Marginal Citations

M17 1949 c. 76(49:1).

M18 1956 c. 69(39:5).

M19 1971 c. 77(62).

48 Pensions. E+W

Section 39(2) does not affect entitlement to a pension which is payable to or for the benefit of a child and is in payment at the time of his adoption.

49 Insurance. E+W

Where a child is adopted whose natural parent has effected an insurance with a friendly society or a collecting society or an industrial company for the payment on the death of the child of money for funeral expenses, the rights and liabilities under the policy shall by virtue of the adoption be transferred to the adoptive parents who shall for the purposes of the enactments relating to such societies and companies be treated as the person who took out the policy.

Part V E+W+S Registration and Revocation of Adoption Orders andConvention Adoptions

50 Adopted Children Register. E+W

(1) The Registrar General shall maintain at the General Register Office a register, to be called the Adopted Children Register, in which [F115 such entries as may be—

(a) directed to be made in it by adoption orders, or

(b) required to be made under Schedule 1 to this Act,

and no other entries, shall be made. ]

(2) A certified copy of an entry in the Adopted Children Register, if purporting to be sealed or stamped with the seal of the General Register Office, shall, without any further or other proof of that entry, be received as evidence of the adoption to which it relates and, where the entry contains a record of the date of the birth or the country or the district and sub-district of the birth of the adopted person, shall also be received as aforesaid as evidence of that date or country or district and sub-district in all respects as if the copy were a certified copy of an entry in the Registers of Births.

(3) The Registrar General shall cause an index of the Adopted Children Register to be made and kept in the General Register Office; and every person shall be entitled to search that index and to have a certified copy of any entry in the Adopted Children Register in all respects upon and subject to the same terms, conditions and regulations as to payments of fees and otherwise as are applicable under the M20 Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953, and the M21 Registration Service Act 1953, in respect of searches in other indexes kept in the General Register Office and in respect of the supply from that office of certified copies of entries in the certified copies of the Registers of Births and Deaths.

(4) The Registrar General shall, in addition to the Adopted Children Register and the index thereof, keep such other registers and books, and make such entries therein, as may be necessary to record and make traceable the connection between any entry in the Registers of Births which has been marked “Adopted” and any corresponding entry in the Adopted Children Register.

(5) The registers and books kept under subsection (4) shall not be, nor shall any index thereof be, open to public inspection or search, and the Registrar General shall not furnish any person with any information contained in or with any copy or extracted from any such registers or books except in accordance with section 51 or under an order of any of the following courts, that is to say—

(a) the High Court;

(b) the Westminster County Court or such other county court as may be prescribed; and

(c) the court by which an adoption order was made in respect of the person to whom the information, copy or extract relates.

(6) In relation to an adoption order made by a magistrates’ court, the reference in paragraph (c) of subsection (5) to the court by which the order was made includes a reference to a court acting for the same petty sessions area.

(7) Schedule 1 to this Act, which, among other things, provides for the registration of adoptions and the amendment of adoption orders, shall have effect.

Textual Amendments

F115 Words in s. 50(1) substituted (23.1.2003 for specified purposes, 1.6.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 12(1), 18(3); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(1)(b)(2)(f)

Marginal Citations

M20 1953 c. 20(105).

M21 1953 c. 37(105).

51 Disclosure of birth records of adopted children. E+W

(1) Subject to [F116 what follows], the Registrar General shall on an application made in the prescribed manner by an adopted person a record of whose birth is kept by the Registrar General and who has attained the age of 18 years supply to that person on payment of the prescribed fee (if any) such information as is necessary to enable that person to obtain a certified copy of the record of his birth.

(2) On an application made in the prescribed manner by an adopted person under the age of 18 years, a record of whose birth is kept by the Registrar General and who is intending to be married in England or Wales, and on payment of the prescribed fee (if any), the Registrar General shall inform the applicant whether or not it appears from information contained in the registers of live births or other records that the applicant and the person whom he intends to marry may be within the prohibited degrees of relationship for the purposes of the M22 Marriage Act 1949.

[F117 (3) Before supplying any information to an applicant under subsection (1), the Registrar General shall inform the applicant that counselling services are available to him—

(a) if he is in England and Wales—

(i) at the General Register Office;

(ii) from the local authority in whose area he is living;

(iii) where the adoption order relating to him was made in England and Wales, from the local authority in whose area the court which made the order sat; or

(iv) from any other local authority;

(b) if he is in Scotland—

(i) from the regional or islands council in whose area he is living;

(ii) where the adoption order relating to him was made in Scotland, from the council in whose area the court which made the order sat; or

(iii) from any other regional or islands council;

(c) if he is in Northern Ireland—

(i) from the Board in whose area he is living;

(ii) where the adoption order relating to him was made in Northern Ireland, from the Board in whose area the court which made the order sat; or

(iii) from any other Board;

(d) if he is in the United Kingdom and his adoption was arranged by an adoption society—

[F118 (i) which is an appropriate voluntary organisation]

(ii) approved under section 3 of the M23 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978,

(iii) registered under Article 4 of the M24 Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987,

from that society.

(4) Where an adopted person who is in England and Wales—

(a) applies for information under—

(i) subsection (1), or

(ii) Article 54 of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987, or

(b) is supplied with information under section 45 of the Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978,

it shall be the duty of the persons and bodies mentioned in subsection (5) to provide counselling for him if asked by him to do so.

(5) The persons and bodies are—

(a) the Registrar General;

(b) any local authority falling within subsection (3)(a)(ii) to (iv);

(c) any adoption society falling within subsection (3)(d) in so far as it is acting as an adoption society in England and Wales.

(6) If the applicant chooses to receive counselling from a person or body falling within subsection (3), the Registrar General shall send to the person or body the information to which the applicant is entitled under subsection (1).

(7) Where a person—

(a) was adopted before 12th November 1975, and

(b) applies for information under subsection (1),

the Registrar General shall not supply the information to him unless he has attended an interview with a counsellor arranged by a person or body from whom counselling services are available as mentioned in subsection (3).

(8) Where the Registrar General is prevented by subsection (7) from supplying information to a person who is not living in the United Kingdom, he may supply the information to any body which—

(a) the Registrar General is satisfied is suitable to provide counselling to that person, and

(b) has notified the Registrar General that it is prepared to provide such counselling.

(9) In this section—

• “ a Board ” means a Health and Social Services Board established under Article 16 of the M25 Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972; and

• “ prescribed ” means prescribed by regulations made by the Registrar General. ]

Extent Information

E1 The extent of this provision as originally enacted in s. 74(3) was amended (14.10.1991) by 1989 c. 41, ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 31(with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Textual Amendments

F116 Words in s. 51(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 20(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F117 S. 51(3)–(9) substituted for s. 5(3)-(7) (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 20(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F118 S. 51(3)(d)(i) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(9); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

Marginal Citations

M22 1949 c. 76(49:1).

M23 1978 c.28(49:11).

M24 S.I. 1987/2203 (N.I. 22).

M25 S.I. 1972/1265 (N.I. 14).

[F119 51A Adoption Contact Register. E+W

(1) The Registrar General shall maintain at the General Register Office a register to be called the Adoption Contact Register.

(2) The register shall be in two parts—

(a) Part I: Adopted Persons; and

(b) Part II: Relatives.

(3) The Registrar General shall, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, enter in Part I of the register the name and address of any adopted person who fulfils the conditions in subsection (4) and who gives notice that he wishes to contact any relative of his.

(4) The conditions are that—

(a) a record of the adopted person’s birth is kept by the Registrar General; and

(b) the adopted person has attained the age of 18 years and—

(i) has been supplied by the Registrar General with information under section 51; or

(ii) has satisfied the Registrar General that he has such information as is necessary to enable him to obtain a certified copy of the record of his birth.

(5) The Registrar General shall, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, enter in Part II of the register the name and address of any person who fulfils the conditions in subsection (6) and who gives notice that he wishes to contact an adopted person.

(6) The conditions are that—

(a) a record of the adopted person’s birth is kept by the Registrar General; and

(b) the person giving notice under subsection (5) has attained the age of 18 years and has satisfied the Registrar General that—

(i) he is a relative of the adopted person; and

(ii) he has such information as is necessary to enable him to obtain a certified copy of the record of the adopted person’s birth.

(7) The Registrar General shall, on receiving notice from any person named in an entry in the register that he wishes the entry to be cancelled, cancel the entry.

(8) Any notice given under this section must be in such form as may be determined by the Registrar General.

(9) The Registrar General shall transmit to an adopted person whose name is entered in Part I of the register the name and address of any relative in respect of whom there is an entry in Part II of the register.

(10) Any entry cancelled under subsection (7) ceases from the time of cancellation to be an entry for the purposes of subsection (9).

(11) The register shall not be open to public inspection or search and the Registrar General shall not supply any person with information entered in the register (whether in an uncancelled or a cancelled entry) except in accordance with this section.

(12) The register may be kept by means of a computer.

(13) In this section—

(a) “relative” means any person (other than an adoptive relative) who is related to the adopted person by blood (including half-blood) or marriage;

(b) “address” includes any address at or through which the person concerned may be contacted; and

(c) “prescribed” means prescribed by the Secretary of State.]

Textual Amendments

F119 S. 51A inserted (1.5.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 88, Sch. 10 para.21 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(1)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C17 S. 51A: transfer of functions (W.) (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

52 Revocation of adoptions on legitimation. E+W

(1) Where any person adopted by his father or mother alone has subsequently become a legitimated person on the marriage of his father and mother, the court by which the adoption order was made may, on the application of any of the parties concerned, revoke that order.

(2) Where any person legitimated by virtue of section 1 of the M26 Legitimacy Act 1959, had been adopted by his father and mother before the commencement of that Act, the court by which the adoption order was made may, on the application of any of the parties concerned, revoke that order.

F120 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(4) In relation to an adoption order made by a magistrates’ court, the reference in subsections (1) and (2) to the court by which the order was made includes a reference to a court acting for the same petty sessions area.

Textual Amendments

F120 S. 52(3) repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 2 para. 3(4), 3 (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)(i)

Marginal Citations

M26 1959 c. 73(49:7).

53 Annulment etc. of overseas adoptions. E+W

[F121 (1) The High Court may, on an application under this subsection, by order annul a Convention adoption or a Convention adoption order on the ground that the adoption or order is contrary to public policy.]

(2) The High Court may, upon an application under this subsection—

(a) order that an overseas adoption or a determination shall cease to be valid in Great Britain on the ground that the adoption or determination is contrary to public policy or that the authority which purported to authorise the adoption or make the determination was not competent to entertain the case;

(b) decide the extent, if any, to which a determination has been affected by a subsequent determination.

(3) Any court in Great Britain may, in any proceedings in that court, decide that an overseas adoption or a determination shall, for the purposes of those proceedings, be treated as invalid in Great Britain on either of the grounds mentioned in subsection (2).

(4) An order or decision of the Court of Session on an application under subsection (3) of section 6 of the M27 Adoption Act 1968 shall be recognised and have effect as if it were an order or decision of the High Court on an application under subsection (3) of this section.

(5) Except as provided by this section F122 ... the validity of[F123 a Convention adoption, a Convention adoption order,] an overseas adoption or a determination shall not be impugned in England and Wales in proceedings in any court.

Textual Amendments

F121 S. 53(1) substituted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 6(1), 18(3) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(d)

F122 Words in s. 53(5) repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 3 (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)(i)

F123 Words in s. 53(5) inserted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 6(2), 18(3) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(d)

Marginal Citations

M27 1968 c. 53(49:11).

54 Provisions supplementary to ss. 52(3) and 53. E+W

(1) Any application for an order under section F124 ... 53 or a decision under section 53(3) shall be made in the prescribed manner and within such period, if any, as may be prescribed.

(2) No application shall be made under section F124 ... section 53(1) in respect of an adoption unless immediately before the application is made the person adopted or the adopter habitually resides in England and Wales or, as the case may be, both adopters habitually reside there.

(3) In deciding in pursuance of section 53 whether such an authority as is mentioned in section 59 was competent to entertain a particular case, a court shall be bound by any finding of fact made by the authority and stated by the authority to be so made for the purpose of determining whether the authority was competent to entertain the case.

(4) In section 53—

• “determination” means such a determination as is mentioned in section 59 of this Act;

• F125 ...

• F125 ...

Textual Amendments

F124 Words in s. 54(1)(2) repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 3 (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)(i); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)(i)

F125 Words in s. 54(4) repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 6(3), 18(3), Sch. 3 (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(d)

Part VI E+W Miscellaneous and Supplemental

55 Adoption of children abroad. E+W

(1) Where on an application made in relation to a child by a person who is not domiciled in England and Wales or Scotland [F126 or Northern Ireland] an authorised court is satisfied that he intends to adopt the child under the law of or within the country in which the applicant is domiciled, the court may, subject to the following provisions of this section, make an order [F127 giving him parental responsibility for the child].

(2) The provisions of Part II relating to adoption orders, except sections 12(1), 14(2), 15(2), 17 to 21 and 25, shall apply in relation to orders under this section as they apply in relation to adoption orders subject to the modification that in section 13(1) for “19” and “13” there are substituted “32” and “26” respectively.

(3) Sections 50 and 51 and paragraphs 1 and 2(1) of Schedule 1 shall apply in relation to an order under this section as they apply in relation to an adoption order except that any entry in the Registers of Births, or the Adopted Children Register which is required to be marked in consequence of the making of an order under this section shall, in lieu of being marked with the word “Adopted” or “Re-adopted” (with or without the addition of the [F128 words “(Scotland)” or “(Northern Ireland)”.], be marked with the words “Proposed foreign adoption” or “Proposed foreign re-adoption”, as the case may require.

F129 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F126 Words in s. 55(1) inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.22(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F127 Words in s. 55(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.22(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F128 Words in s. 55(3) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.22(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F129 S. 55(4) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C18 S. 55 amended (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 12(3)(b), 108 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

56 Restriction on removal of children for adoption outside Great Britain. E+W

(1) Except under the authority of an order under section 55, [F130 section 49 of the M28 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 or Article 57 of the M29 Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987] it shall not be lawful for any person to take or send a child who is a British subject or a citizen of the Republic of Ireland out of Great Britain to any place outside the [F131 United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man] with a view to the adoption of the child by any person F132 ...; and any person who takes or sends a child out of Great Britain to any place in contravention of this subsection, or makes or takes part in any arrangements for [F133 placing a child with] any person for that purpose, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or to a fine not exceeding [F134 level 5 on the standard scale] or both.

(2) In any proceedings under this section, a report by a British consular officer or a deposition made before a British consular officer and authenticated under the signature of that officer shall, upon proof that the officer or the deponent cannot be found in the United Kingdom, be admissible as evidence of the matters stated therein, and it shall not be necessary to prove the signature or official character of the person who appears to have signed any such report or deposition.

(3) A person shall be deemed to take part in arrangements for [F135 placing a child with] a person for the purpose referred to in subsection (1) if—

(a) he facilitates the placing of the child [F136 with] that person; or

(b) he initiates or takes part in any negotiations of which the purpose or effect is the conclusion of any agreement or the making of any arrangement therefor, and if he causes another person to do so.

Textual Amendments

F130 Words in s. 56(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.23(2)(a) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F131 Words in s. 56(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.23(2)(b) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F132 Words in s. 56(1) repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 11(a) (with Sch. 4 paras. 2, Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(5)(c)(i)

F133 Words in s. 56(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.23(1)(a) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F134 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 38, 46

F135 Words in s. 56(3) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.23(1)(a) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F136 Words in s. 56(3)(a) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.23(1)(b) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C19 S. 56 excluded (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 17, 23, 108, Sch. 2 para. 19(6) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Marginal Citations

M28 1978 c.28(49:11).

M29 S.I. 1987/2203 (N.I. 22).

[F137 56A Restriction on bringing children into the United Kingdom E+W

(1) This section applies where a person who is habitually resident in the British Islands (the “ British resident ”)—

(a) brings, or causes another to bring, a child who is habitually resident outside the British Islands into the United Kingdom for the purpose of adoption by the British resident, or

(b) at any time brings, or causes another to bring, into the United Kingdom a child adopted by the British resident under an external adoption effected within the period of six months ending with that time.

The references to adoption, or to a child adopted, by the British resident include a reference to adoption, or to a child adopted, by the British resident and another person.

(2) But this section does not apply if the child is intended to be adopted under a Convention adoption order.

(3) An external adoption means an adoption, other than a Convention adoption, of a child effected under the law of any country or territory outside the British Islands, whether or not the adoption is—

(a) an adoption within the meaning of Part IV of this Act, or

(b) a full adoption (within the meaning of section 39(3A)).

(4) Regulations may require a person intending to bring, or to cause another to bring, a child into the United Kingdom in circumstances where this section applies—

(a) to apply to an adoption agency (including an adoption agency within the meaning of section 1 of the Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 or Article 3 of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987) in the prescribed manner for an assessment of his suitability to adopt the child, and

(b) to give the agency any information it may require for the purpose of the assessment.

(5) Regulations may require prescribed conditions to be met in respect of a child brought into the United Kingdom in circumstances where this section applies.

(6) In relation to a child brought into the United Kingdom for adoption in circumstances where this section applies, regulations may provide for any provision of Part II to apply with modifications or not to apply.

(7) If a person brings, or causes another to bring, a child into the United Kingdom at any time in circumstances where this section applies, he is guilty of an offence if—

(a) he has not complied with any requirement imposed by virtue of subsection (4), or

(b) any condition required to be met by virtue of subsection (5) is not met,

before that time, or before any later time which may be prescribed.

(8) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable—

(a) on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum, or both,

(b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months, or a fine, or both.

(9) Regulations may provide for the preceding provisions of this section not to apply if—

(a) the adopters or (as the case may be) prospective adopters are natural parents, natural relatives or guardians of the child in question (or one of them is), or

(b) the British resident in question is a step-parent of the child,

and any prescribed conditions are met.

(10) On the occasion of the first exercise of the power to make regulations under subsection (9)—

(a) the regulations shall not be made unless a draft of the regulations has been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament, and

(b) accordingly section 67(2) does not apply to the statutory instrument containing the regulations.

(11) In this section, “ prescribed ” means prescribed by regulations and “ regulations ” means regulations made by the Secretary of State, after consultation with the National Assembly for Wales. ]

Textual Amendments

F137 S. 56A substituted (1.4.2003 for specified purposes, 1.6.2003 for specified purposes) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 12 (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(3)(5)(c)(i)

57 Prohibition on certain payments. E+W

(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, it shall not be lawful to make or give to any person any payment or reward for or in consideration of—

(a) the adoption by that person of a child;

(b) the grant by that person of any agreement or consent required in connection with the adoption of a child;

(c) the [F138 handing over of a child by that person] with a view to the adoption of the child; or

(d) the making by that person of any arrangements for the adoption of a child.

(2) Any person who makes or gives, or agrees or offers to make or give, any payment or reward prohibited by this section, or who receives or agrees to receive or attempts to obtain any such payment or reward, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or to a fine not exceeding [F139 level 5 on the standard scale] or to both; F140 . . .

(3) This section does not apply to any payment made to an adoption agency by a parent or guardian of a child or by a person who adopts or proposes to adopt a child, being a payment in respect of expenses reasonably incurred by the agency in connection with the adoption of the child, or to any payment or reward authorised by the court to which an application for an adoption order in respect of a child is made.

[F141 (3A) This section does not apply to—

(a) any payment made by an adoption agency to a person who has applied or proposes to apply to a court for an adoption order or an order under section 55 (adoption of children abroad), being a payment of or towards any legal or medical expenses incurred or to be incurred by that person in connection with the application; or

(b) any payment made by an adoption agency to another adoption agency in consideration of the placing of a child [F142 with] any person with a view to the child’s adoption; or

(c) any payment made by an adoption agency to a voluntary organisation for the time being approved for the purposes of this paragraph by the Secretary of State as a fee for the services of that organisation in putting that adoption agency into contact with another adoption agency with a view to the making of arrangements between the adoption agencies for the adoption of a child.

In paragraph (c) “voluntary organisation” means a body, other than a public or local authority, the activities of which are not carried on for profit.]

F143 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F143 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F143 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F144 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F143 (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F143 (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F143 (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F138 Words in s. 57(1)(c) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.24(1) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F139 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 38, 46

F140 Words in s. 57(2) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F141 S. 57(3A) inserted by Criminal Law Act 1977 (c. 45, SIF 39:1), s. 65, Sch. 12

F142 Word in s. 57(3A)(b) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.24(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F143 S. 57(4)–(10) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F144 S. 57(7) repealed by S.I. 1989/166, art.2 (and expressed to be repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch.15 (with Sch. 14 paras. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C20 S. 57(1) excluded (10.3.2003 for E. for specified purposes, 6.10.2003 for E. in so far as not already in force, 7.2.2004 for W.) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 3(4) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(2)(a), (6)(a); S.I. 2004/252, art. 2(d)

[F145 57A Permitted allowances. E+W

(1) The Secretary of State may make regulations for the purpose of enabling adoption agencies to pay allowances to persons who have adopted, or intend to adopt, children in pursuance of arrangements made by the agencies.

(2) Section 57(1) shall not apply to any payment made by an adoption agency in accordance with the regulations.

(3) The regulations may, in particular, make provision as to—

(a) the procedure to be followed by any agency in determining whether a person should be paid an allowance;

(b) the circumstances in which an allowance may be paid;

(c) the factors to be taken into account in determining the amount of an allowance;

(d) the procedure for review, variation and termination of allowances; and

(e) the information about allowances to be supplied by any agency to any person who is intending to adopt a child.

(4) Any scheme approved under section 57(4) shall be revoked as from the coming into force of this section.

(5) Section 57(1) shall not apply in relation to any payment made—

(a) in accordance with a scheme revoked under subsection (4) or section 57(5)(b); and

(b) to a person to whom such payments were made before the revocation of the scheme.

(6) Subsection (5) shall not apply where any person to whom any payments may lawfully be made by virtue of subsection (5) agrees to receive (instead of such payments) payments complying with regulations made under this section.]

Textual Amendments

F145 S. 57A inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.25 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C21 S. 57A: transfer of functions (W.) (1.7.1999) by s.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

58 Restriction on advertisements. E+W

(1) It shall not be lawful for any advertisement to be published indicating—

(a) that the parent or guardian of a child desires to cause a child to be adopted; or

(b) that a person desires to adopt a child; or

(c) that any person (not being an adoption agency) is willing to make arrangements for the adoption of a child.

[F146 (1A) Publishing an advertisement includes doing so by electronic means (for example, by means of the internet).]

(2) Any person who causes to be published or knowingly publishes an advertisement in contravention of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction [F147 to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, or both].

Textual Amendments

F146 S. 58(1A) inserted (1.6.2003) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 14(a) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(5)(c)(iii)

F147 Words in s. 58(2) substituted (1.6.2003) by Adoption and Children Act 2002 (c. 38), s. 148(1), Sch. 4 para. 14(b) (with Sch. 4 paras. 6-8); S.I. 2003/366, art. 2(5)(c)(iii)

[F148 58A Information concerning adoption. E+W

(1) Every local authority and every [F149 appropriate voluntary organisation] shall transmit to the Secretary of State, at such times and in such form as he may direct, such particulars as he may require with respect—

(a) to their performance of all or any of their functions under the enactments mentioned in subsection (2) below; and

(b) to the children and other persons in relation to whom they have exercised those functions.

(2) The enactments referred to in subsection (1) above are—

(a) the M30 Adoption Act 1958;

(b) Part I of the M31 Children Act 1975; and

(c) this Act.

(3) The [F150 justices’ chief executive for] each magistrates’ court shall transmit to the Secretary of State, at such times and in such form as he may direct, such particulars as he may require with respect to the proceedings of the court under the enactments mentioned in subsection (2) above.

(4) The Secretary of State shall publish from time to time abstracts of the particulars transmitted to him under subsections (1) and (3) above.]

Textual Amendments

F148 S. 58A inserted by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), s. 9, Sch. 2 para. 35

F149 Words in s. 58A(1) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(10); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F150 Words in s. 58A(3) substituted (1.4.2001) by 1999 c. 22, s. 90, Sch. 13 para. 88 (with Sch. 14 para. 7(2)); S.I. 2001/916, art. 2(a)(ii)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C22 S. 58A: transfer of functions (W) (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

Marginal Citations

M30 1958 c. 5 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2).(49:11).

M31 1975 c. 72(49:3).

59 Effect of determination and orders made in Scotland and overseas in adoption proceedings. E+W

[F151 (1) Where—

(a) an authority of a Convention country (other than the United Kingdom) having power under the law of that country—

(i) to authorise, or review the authorisation of, a Convention adoption; or

(ii) to give or review a decision revoking or annulling such an adoption or a Convention adoption order; or

(b) an authority of any of the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man or any colony having power under the law of that territory—

(i) to authorise, or review the authorisation of, a Convention adoption or an adoption effected in that territory; or

(ii) to give or review a decision revoking or annulling such an adoption or a Convention adoption order,

makes a determination in the exercise of that power, then, subject to section 53 and any subsequent determination having effect under this subsection, the determination shall have effect in England and Wales for the purpose of effecting, confirming or terminating the adoption in question or confirming its termination as the case may be.]

[F152 (2) Subsections (2) to (4) of section 12 shall apply in relation to an order freeing a child for adoption (other than an order under section 18) as if it were an adoption order; and, on the revocation in Scotland or Northern Ireland of an order freeing a child for adoption, subsections (3) and (3A) of section 20 shall apply as if the order had been revoked under that section.]

(3) Sections 12(3) and (4) and 49 apply in relation to a child who is the subject of an order which is similar to an order under section 55 and is made (whether before or after this Act has effect) in Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man or any of the Channel Islands, as they apply in relation to a child who is the subject of an adoption order.

Textual Amendments

F151 S. 59(1) substituted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 6(4), 18(3) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(d)

F152 S. 59(2) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.26(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

60 Evidence of adoption in Scotland and Northern Ireland. E+W

Any document which is receivable as evidence of any matter—

(a) in Scotland under [F153 section 45(2) of the Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978]; or

(b) in Northern Ireland under [F154 Article 63(1) of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987],

shall also be so receivable in England and Wales.

Textual Amendments

F153 Words in s. 60(a) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.27 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F154 Words in s. 60(b) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.27 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

61 Evidence of agreement and consent. E+W

(1) Any agreement or consent which is required by this Act to be given to the making of an order or application for an order F155 ... may be given in writing, and, if the document signifying the agreement or consent is witnessed in accordance with rules, it shall be admissible in evidence without further proof of the signature of the person by whom it was executed.

(2) A document signifying such agreement or consent which purports to be witnessed in accordance with rules shall be presumed to be so witnessed, and to have been executed and witnessed on the date and at the place specified in the document, unless the contrary is proved.

Textual Amendments

F155 Words in s. 61(1) repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 3 (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)(i)

62 Courts. E+W

(1) In this Act, “authorised court”, as respects an application for an order relating to a child, shall be construed as follows.

(2) Subject to subsections (4) to (6), if the child is in England or Wales when the application is made, the following are authorised courts—

(a) the High Court;

F156 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) any other county court prescribed by rules made under [F157 section 75 of the M32 County Courts Act 1984]

(d) a magistrates’ court within whose area the child is, and, in the case of an application for an order freeing the child for adoption, a magistrates’ court within whose area a parent or guardian of the child is.

(3) If, in the case of an application for an adoption order or for an order freeing a child for adoption, the child is not in Great Britain when the application is made, the High Court is the authorised court.

(4) In the case of an application for a Convention adoption order, [F158 paragraph (d) of subsection (2) does not apply].

(5) Subsection (2) does not apply in the case of an application under section 29 but for the purposes of such an application the following are authorised courts—

(a) if there is pending in respect of the child an application for an adoption order or an order freeing him for adoption, the court in which that application is pending;

(b) if paragraph (a) does not apply and there is no application for an order under

[F159 (i) section 12 or 18 of the M33 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978; or

(ii) Article 12, 17 or 18 of the M34 Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987]

, the High Court, the county court within whose district the applicant lives and the magistrates’ court within whose area the applicant lives.

(6) In the case of an order under section 55, paragraph (d) of subsection (2) does not apply.

[F160 (7) Any court to which the proceedings on an application are transferred under any enactment is, as regards the transferred proceedings, an authorised court if it is not an authorised court under the preceding provisions of this section.]

Textual Amendments

F156 S. 62(2)(b) repealed (3.1.1995) by S.I. 1994/3138, art. 6

F157 Words in s. 62(2)(c) substituted by County Courts Act 1984 (c. 28, SIF 34), s. 148(1), Sch. 2 Pt. V para. 58

F158 Words in s. 62(4) substituted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 2 para. 3(5) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)

F159 S. 62(5)(b)(i)(ii) substituted (14.10.1991) for words in s. 62(5)(b) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 28 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F160 S. 62(7) inserted by Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 (c. 42, SIF 49:3), s. 46(1), Sch. 1 para. 20(b)

Marginal Citations

M32 1984 c. 28(34).

M33 1978 c. 28(49:11).

M34 S.I. 1987/2203 (N.I. 22).

63 Appeals etc. E+W

(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F161

(2) Subject to subsections (3) . . . F162 where on an application to a magistrates’ court under this Act the court makes or refuses to make an order, an appeal shall lie to the High Court.

(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F162 where an application is made to a magistrates’ court under this Act, and the court considers that the matter is one which would more conveniently be dealt with by the High Court, the magistrates’ court shall refuse to make an order, and in that case no appeal shall lie to the High Court.

(4) [F163 No appeal shall lie to the High Court] against an order made under section 34.

Textual Amendments

F161 S. 63(1) repealed by Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 (c. 42, SIF 49:3), s. 46(3), Sch. 3

F162 Words repealed by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), s. 30, Sch. 10 Pt. I

F163 Words substituted by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), s. 9, Sch. 2 para. 36

64 Proceedings to be in private. E+W

Proceedings under [F164 this Act]

(a) in the High Court, may be disposed of in chambers;

(b) in a county court, shall be heard and determined in camera;

(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F165

Textual Amendments

F164 Words substituted by Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates' Courts Act 1978 (c. 22, SIF 49:3), ss. 73(2), 89(1), Sch. 1

F165 S. 64(c) repealed by Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates' Courts Act 1978 (c. 22, SIF 49:3), s. 89, Schs. 1, 3

65 [F166 Duties of officers of the Service] E+W

(1) For the purpose of any application for an adoption order or an order freeing a child for adoption or an order under section 20 or 55 rules shall provide for the appointment, in such cases as are prescribed [F167 of an officer of the Service]—

(a) [F168 to act on behalf]of the child upon the hearing of the application, with the duty of safe-guarding the interests of the child in the prescribed manner;

(b) F169 . . . for the purpose of witnessing agreements to adoption and performing such other duties as the rules may prescribe.

(2) A person who is employed—

(a) in the case of an application for an adoption order, by the adoption agency by whom the child was placed; or

(b) in the case of an application for an order freeing a child for adoption, by the adoption agency by whom the application was made; or

(c) in the case of an application under section 20, by the adoption agency with the parental rights and duties relating to the child,

shall not be appointed to act [F170 under subsection (1)] for the purposes of the application but, subject to that, the same person may if the court thinks fit [F170 act under both paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1)].

[F171 (3) Rules of court may make provision as to the assistance which an officer of the Service may be required by the court to give to it.

(4) In this section “officer of the Service” has the same meaning as in the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000.]

Textual Amendments

F166 S. 65 sidenote substituted (1.4.2001) by 2000 c. 43, s. 74, Sch. 7 para. 52(d); S.I. 2001/919, art. 2(f)(ii)

F167 Words in s. 65(1) inserted (1.4.2001) by 2000 c. 43, s. 74, Sch. 7 Pt. II para. 52(a)(i); S.I. 2001/919, art. 2(f)(ii)

F168 Words in s. 65(1)(a) substituted (1.4.2001) by 2000 c. 43, s. 74, Sch. 7 Pt. II para. 52(a)(ii); S.I. 2001/919, art. 2(f)(ii)

F169 Words in s. 65(1)(b) repealed (1.4.2001) by 2000 c. 43, s. 74, 75, Sch. 7 Pt. II para. 52(a)(iii), Sch. 8; S.I. 2001/919, art. 2(f)(ii)(g) Table

F170 Words in s. 65(2) substituted (1.4.2001) by 2000 c. 43, s. 74, Sch. 7 para. 52(b)(ii); S.I. 2001/919, art. 2(f)(ii)

F171 S. 65(3)(4) inserted (1.4.2001) by 2000 c. 43, s. 74, Sch. 7 para. 52(c); S.I. 2001/919, art. 2(f)(ii)

F172 65A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E+W

Textual Amendments

F172 S. 65A repealed (1.4.2001) by 2000 c. 43, s. 74, 75, Sch. 7 Pt. II para. 53, Sch. 8; S.I. 2001/919, art. 2(f)(ii)(g) Table

66 Rules of procedure. E+W

(1) Rules in regard to any matter to be prescribed under this Act and dealing generally with all matters of procedure and incidental matters arising out of this Act and for carrying this Act into effect shall be made by the Lord Chancellor.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to proceedings before magistrates’ courts, but the power to make rules conferred by [F173 section 144 of the M35 Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980] shall include power to make provision as to any of the matters mentioned in that subsection.

(3) In the case of—

(a) an application for an adoption order in relation to a child who is not free for adoption;

(b) an application for an order freeing a child for adoption.

rules shall require every person who can be found and whose agreement or consent to the making of the order is required under this Act to be notified of a date and place where he will be heard on the application and of the fact that, unless he wishes or the court requires, he need not attend.

(4) In the case of an application under section 55, rules shall require every parent and guardian of the child who can be found to be notified as aforesaid.

(5) Rules made as respects magistrates’ courts may provide for enabling any fact tending to establish the identity of a child with a child to whom a document relates to be proved by affidavit and for excluding or restricting in relation to any facts that may be so proved the power of a justice of the peace to compel the attendance of witnesses.

(6) This section does not apply in relation to sections 9, 10, 11 and 32 to 37.

Textual Amendments

F173 Words substituted by Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (c. 43, SIF 82), s. 154, Sch. 7 para. 141

Marginal Citations

M35 1980 c. 43(82).

67 Orders, rules and regulations. E+W

(1) Any power to make orders, rules or regulations conferred by this Act on the Secretary of State, the Lord Chancellor or the Registrar General shall be exercisable by statutory instrument.

(2) A statutory instrument containing rules or regulations made under any provision of this Act, except section 3(1), shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

(3) An order under section 28(10) or 57(8) shall not be made unless a draft of the order has been approved by resolution of each House of Parliament.

(4) An order made under any provision of this Act, except section 74, may be revoked or varied by a subsequent order under that provision.

(5) Orders and regulations made under this Act may make different provision in relation to different cases or classes of cases and may exclude certain cases or classes of cases.

(6) The Registrar General shall not make regulations under section 51 or paragraph 1(1)[F174 or 3] of Schedule 1 except with the approval of [F175 the Chancellor of the Exchequer].

Textual Amendments

F174 Words in s. 67(6) inserted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 2 para. 3(6) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)

F175 Words in s. 67(6) substituted (1.4.1996) by S.I. 1996/273, art. 5, Sch. 2

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C23 Functions of the Secretary of State in s. 67(6) transferred to the Chancellor of the Exchequer (1.4.1996) by S.I. 1996/273, art. 3(1), Sch. 1

68 Offences by bodies corporate. E+W

Where an offence under this Act committed by a body corporate is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of or to be attributable to any neglect on the part of, any director, manager, member of the committee, secretary or other officer of the body, he as well as the body shall be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

69 Services of notices etc. E+W

Any notice or information required to be given under this Act may be given by post.

F176 70 Nationality. E+W

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F176 S. 70 repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 2 para. 3(7), 3 (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)(i)

71 Internal law of a country. E+W

(1) In this Act “internal law” in relation to any country means the law applicable in a case where no question arises as to the law in force in any other country.

(2) In any case where the internal law of a country falls to be ascertained for the purposes of this Act by any court and there are in force in that country two or more systems of internal law, the relevant system shall be ascertained in accordance with any rule in force throughout that country indicating which of the systems is relevant in the case in question or, if there is no such rule, shall be the system appearing to that court to be most closely connected with the case.

72 Interpretation. E+W

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—

• “adoption agency” in sections 11, 13, 18 to 23 and 27 to 31 includes an adoption agency within the meaning of

[F177 (a) section 1 of the M36 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978; and

(b) Article 3 of the M37 Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987. ]

• [F178 “ adoption order ” —

(a) means an order under section 12(1); and

(b) in sections 12(3) and (4), 18 to 20, 27, 28 and 30 to 32 and in the definition of “British adoption order” in this subsection includes an order under section 12 of the Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 and Article 12 of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987 (adoption orders in Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively); and

(c) in sections 27, 28 and 30 to 32 includes an order under section 55, section 49 of the Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 and Article 57 of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987 (orders in relation to children being adopted abroad).]

• “adoption society” means a body of persons whose functions consist of or include the making of arrangements for the adoption of children;

• [F179 “appropriate voluntary organisation” has the meaning assigned by section 1(5);]

• “authorised court” shall be construed in accordance with section 62;

• “body of persons” means any body of persons, whether incorporated or unincorporated;

• [F180 “ British adoption order ” means—

(a) an adoption order as defined in this subsection, and

(b) an order under any provision for the adoption of a child effected under the law of any British territory outside the United Kingdom.]

• “British territory” means, for the purposes of any provision of this Act, any of the following countries, that is to say, Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and a colony, being a country designated for the purposes of that provision by order of the Secretary of State or, if no country is so designated, any of those countries;

• “child”, except where used to express a relationship, means a person who has not attained the age of 18 years;

• [F181 “ the Convention ” means the Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in respect of Intercountry Adoption, concluded at the Hague on 29th May 1993;

• “ Convention adoption ” means an adoption effected under the law of a Convention country outside the British Islands, and certified in pursuance of Article 23(1) of the Convention;

• “ Convention adoption order ” means an adoption order made in accordance with section 17;

• “ Convention country ” means any country or territory in which the Convention is in force. ]

• “existing”, in relation to an enactment or other instrument, means one passed or made at any time before 1st January 1976;

• [F182 “ guardian ” has the same meaning as in the Children Act 1989. ]

• “internal law” has the meaning assigned by section 71;

• “local authority” means the council of a county (other than a metropolitan county), a metropolitan district, a London borough or the Common Council of the City of London [F183 but, in relation to Wales, means the council of a county or a county borough] . . .

• “notice” means a notice in writing;

• “order freeing a child for adoption” means an order under section 18; [F184 and in [F185 sections 27(2) and 59 includes an order under—

(a) section 18 of the Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978; and

(b) Article 17 or 18 of the Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987]]

• “overseas adoption” has the meaning assigned by subsection (2);

• [F186 “ parent ” means, in relation to a child, any parent who has parental responsibility for the child under the Children Act 1989; ]

• [F186 “ parental responsibility ” and “ parental responsibility agreement ” have the same meaning as in the Children Act 1989. ]

• F187 “” . . .

• “prescribed” means prescribed by rules;

• F188 ...

• “relative” in relation to a child means a grandparent, brother, sister, uncle or aunt, whether of the full blood or half-blood or by affinity and includes, where the child is illegitimate, the father of the child and any person who would be a relative within the meaning of this definition if the child were the legitimate child of his mother and father;

• “rules” means rules made under section 66(1) or made by virtue of section 66(2) under [F189 section 144 of the M38 Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980]

• F188 ...

• “United Kingdom national” means, for the purposes of any provision of this Act, a citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies satisfying such conditions, if any, as the Secretary of State may by order specify for the purposes of that provision;

• [F190 “ upbringing ” has the same meaning as in the Children Act 1989. ]

• “voluntary organisation” means a body other than a public or local authority the activities of which are not carried on for profit.

[F191 (1A) In this Act, in determining with what person, or where, a child has his home, any absence of the child at a hospital or boarding school and any other temporary absence shall be disregarded.

(1B) In this Act, references to a child who is in the care of or looked after by a local authority have the same meaning as in the Children Act 1989.]

(2) In this Act “overseas adoption” means an adoption of such a description as the Secretary of State may by order specify, being a description of adoptions of children appearing to him to be effected under the law of any country outside [F192 the British Islands]; and an order under this subsection may contain provision as to the manner in which evidence of an overseas adoption may be given.

(3) For the purposes of this Act, a person shall be deemed to make arrangements for the adoption of a child if he enters into or makes any agreement or arrangement for, or for facilitating, the adoption of the child by any other person, whether the adoption is effected, or is intended to be effected, in Great Britain or elsewhere, or if he initiates or takes part in any negotiations of which the purpose or effect is the conclusion of any agreement or the making of any arrangement therefor, and if he causes another person to do so.

[F193 (3A) In this Act, in relation to the proposed adoption of a child resident outside the British Islands, references to arrangements for the adoption of a child include references to arrangements for an assessment for the purpose of indicating whether a person is suitable to adopt a child or not.]

(4) Except so far as the context otherwise requires, any reference in this Act to an enactment shall be construed as a reference to that enactment as amended by or under any other enactment, including this Act.

(5) In this Act, except where otherwise indicated—

(a) a reference to a numbered Part, section or Schedule is a reference to the Part or section of, or the Schedule to, this Act so numbered, and

(b) a reference in a section to a numbered subsection is a reference to the subsection of that section so numbered, and

(c) a reference in a section, subsection or Schedule to a numbered paragraph is a reference to the paragraph of that section, subsection or Schedule so numbered.

Textual Amendments

F177 Paras. (a)(b) in s. 72(1) substituted (14.10.1991) for words in the definition of adoption agency by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 30(2) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F178 Definition in s. 72(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 30(3) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F179 Words in s. 72(1) substituted (30.1.2003 for W., 30.4.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Care Standards Act 2000 (c. 14), s. 122, Sch. 4 para. 5(11); S.I. 2003/152, art. 2(1)(d); S.I. 2003/365, art. 3(5)(c)

F180 Definition in s. 72(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 30(4) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F181 Words in s. 72(1) substituted (23.1.2003 for specified purposes, 1.6.2003 in so far as not already in force) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), ss. 8, 18(3) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(1)(b),(2)(e)

F182 Definition in s. 72(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 30(5) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F183 Words in s. 72(1) inserted (1.4.1996) by 1994 c. 19, s. 22(4), Sch. 10 para. 9 (with ss. 54(5)(7), 55(5), Sch. 17 para. 22(1), 23(2)); S.I. 1996/396, art. 3, Sch.

F184 Words added by Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (c. 41, SIF 113:3), s. 9, Sch. 2 para. 37(b)

F185 Words in s. 72(1) substituted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 30(6) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F186 Definitions in s. 72(1) inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 30(7) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F187 Definition in s. 72(1) repealed (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), s. 108, Sch. 15 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1), 27(4)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F188 Words in s. 72(1) repealed (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 3 (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)(i)

F189 Words substituted by Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (c. 43, SIF 82), s. 154, Sch. 7 para. 142

F190 Definition in s. 72(1) inserted (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 30(8) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F191 S. 72(1A)(1B) substituted (14.10.1991) for s. 72(1A) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para. 30(9) (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)

F192 Words in s. 72(2) substituted (1.6.2003) by Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (c. 18), s. 18(3), Sch. 2 para. 3(8) (with s. 17); S.I. 2003/189, art. 2(2)(h)

F193 S. 72(3A) inserted (31.1.2000) by 1999 c. 18, s. 13; S.I. 2000/52, art. 2

Marginal Citations

M36 1978 c. 28(49:11).

M37 S.I. 1987/2203 (N.I. 22).

M38 1980 c. 43(82).

73 Transitional provisions, amendments and repeals. E+W

(1) The transitional provisions contained in Schedule 2 shall have effect.

[F194 X1 (2) The enactments specified in Schedule 3 shall have effect subject to the amendments specified in that Schedule, being amendments consequential upon the provisions of this Act.]

X2 (3) The enactments specified in Schedule 4 are hereby repealed to the extent specified in column 3 of that Schedule.

Editorial Information

X1 The text of s. 73(2) and Sch. 3 is in the form in which it was originally enacted: it was not reproduced in Statutes in Force and, except as specified, does not reflect any amendments or repeals which may have been made prior to 1.2.1991.

X2 The text of s. 73(3) and Sch. 4 is in the form in which it was originally enacted: it was not reproduced in Statutes in Force and does not reflect any amendments or repeals which may have been made prior to 1.2.1991.

Textual Amendments

F194 S. 73(2) repealed (S.) by Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (c. 28, SIF 49:11), s. 66, Sch. 4

74 Short title, commencement and extent. E+W

(1) This Act may be cited as the Adoption Act 1976.

(2) This Act shall come into force on such date as the Secretary of State may by order appoint and different dates may be appointed for different provisions.

[F195 (3) This Act extends to England and Wales only.]

Subordinate Legislation Made

P1 Power of appointment conferred by s. 74(2) partly exercised: S.I. 1983/1946, art. 2(2) 1987/1242, art. 2(2), Sch. 2 (Act wholly in force 1.1.1988 as regards its unrepealed provisions except for ss. 72(2)(3) so far as relating to Sch. 3 paras. 7, 21 and to the repeals in Sch. 4 of paras. 6, 26 and 63 of Sch. 3 to the Children Act 1975)

Textual Amendments

F195 S. 74(3) substituted for s. 74(3)(4) (14.10.1991) by Children Act 1989 (c. 41, SIF 20), ss. 88, 108, Sch. 10 para.31 (with Sch. 14 para. 1(1)); S.I. 1991/828, art. 3(2)