Protection from Eviction Act 1977

Part I E+W Unlawful Eviction and Harassment

1 Unlawful eviction and harassment of occupier. E+W

(1) In this section “residential occupier”, in relation to any premises, means a person occupying the premises as a residence, whether under a contract or by virtue of any enactment or rule of law giving him the right to remain in occupation or restricting the right of any other person to recover possession of the premises.

(2) If any person unlawfully deprives the residential occupier of any premises of his occupation of the premises or any part thereof, or attempts to do so, he shall be guilty of an offence unless he proves that he believed, and had reasonable cause to believe, that the residential occupier had ceased to reside in the premises.

(3) If any person with intent to cause the residential occupier of any premises—

(a) to give up the occupation of the premises or any part thereof; or

(b) to refrain from exercising any right or pursuing any remedy in respect of the premises or part thereof;

does acts [F1 likely] to interfere with the peace or comfort of the residential occupier or members of his household, or persistently withdraws or withholds services reasonably required for the occupation of the premises as a residence, he shall be guilty of an offence.

[F2 (3A) Subject to subsection (3B) below, the landlord of a residential occupier or an agent of the landlord shall be guilty of an offence if—

(a) he does acts likely to interfere with the peace or comfort of the residential occupier or members of his household, or

(b) he persistently withdraws or withholds services reasonably required for the occupation of the premises in question as a residence,

and (in either case) he knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, that that conduct is likely to cause the residential occupier to give up the occupation of the whole or part of the premises or to refrain from exercising any right or pursuing any remedy in respect of the whole or part of the premises.

(3B) A person shall not be guilty of an offence under subsection (3A) above if he proves that he had reasonable grounds for doing the acts or withdrawing or withholding the services in question.

(3C) In subsection (3A) above “landlord”, in relation to a residential occupier of any premises, means the person who, but for—

(a) the residential occupier’s right to remain in occupation of the premises, or

(b) a restriction on the person’s right to recover possession of the premises,

would be entitled to occupation of the premises and any superior landlord under whom that person derives title.]

(4) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding [F3 the prescribed sum] or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both;

(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both.

(5) Nothing in this section shall be taken to prejudice any liability or remedy to which a person guilty of an offence thereunder may be subject in civil proceedings.

(6) Where an offence under this section committed by a body corporate is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to any neglect on the part of, any director, manager or secretary or other similar officer of the body corporate or any person who was purporting to act in any such capacity, he as well as the body corporate shall be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

Textual Amendments

F1 Word in s. 1(3) substituted (with transitional provision) by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), s. 29(1) (with s. 44(2)(b))

F2 S. 1(3A)-(3C) inserted by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), s. 29(2) (with s. 44(2)(b))

F3 S. 1(4)(a): the maximum fine which may be imposed on summary conviction shall be the prescribed sum by virtue of Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (c. 43), s. 32(2)

2 Restriction on re-entry without due process of law. E+W

Where any premises are let as a dwelling on a lease which is subject to a right of re-entry or forfeiture it shall not be lawful to enforce that right otherwise than by proceedings in the court while any person is lawfully residing in the premises or part of them.

3 Prohibition of eviction without due process of law. E+W

(1) Where any premises have been let as a dwelling under a tenancy which is [F4 neither a statutorily protected tenancy nor an excluded tenancy] and—

(a) the tenancy (in this section referred to as the former tenancy) has come to an end, but

(b) the occupier continues to reside in the premises or part of them,

it shall not be lawful for the owner to enforce against the occupier, otherwise than by proceedings in the court, his right to recover possession of the premises.

(2) In this section “the occupier”, in relation to any premises, means any person lawfully residing in the premises or part of them at the termination of the former tenancy.

[F5 (2A) Subsections (1) and (2) above apply in relation to any restricted contract (within the meaning of the Rent Act 1977) which—

(a) creates a licence; and

(b) is entered into after the commencement of section 69 of the Housing Act 1980;

as they apply in relation to a restricted contract which creates a tenancy.]

[F6 (2B) Subsections (1) and (2) above apply in relation to any premises occupied as a dwelling under a licence, other than an excluded licence, as they apply in relation to premises let as a dwelling under a tenancy, and in those subsections the expressions “let” and “tenancy” shall be construed accordingly.

(2C) References in the preceding provisions of this section and section 4(2A) below to an excluded tenancy do not apply to—

(a) a tenancy entered into before the date on which the Housing Act 1988 came into force, or

(b) a tenancy entered into on or after that date but pursuant to a contract made before that date,

but, subject to that, “excluded tenancy” and “excluded licence” shall be construed in accordance with section 3A below.]

(3) This section shall, with the necessary modifications, apply where the owner’s right to recover possession arises on the death of the tenant under a statutory tenancy within the meaning of the M1 Rent Act 1977 or the M2 Rent (Agriculture) Act 1976.

Textual Amendments

F4 Words substituted by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), ss. 30(1), 44(2)(b)

F5 S. 3(2A) inserted by Housing Act 1980 (c. 51, SIF 61), s. 69(1)

F6 S. 3(2B)–(2C) inserted by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), ss. 30(2), 44(2)(b)

Marginal Citations

M1 1977 c. 42.

M2 1976 c. 80.

[F7 3A Excluded tenancies and licences. E+W

(1) Any reference in this Act to an excluded tenancy or an excluded licence is a reference to a tenancy or licence which is excluded by virtue of any of the following provisions of this section.

(2) A tenancy or licence is excluded if—

(a) under its terms the occupier shares any accommodation with the landlord or licensor; and

(b) immediately before the tenancy or licence was granted and also at the time it comes to an end, the landlord or licensor occupied as his only or principal home premises of which the whole or part of the shared accommodation formed part.

(3) A tenancy or licence is also excluded if—

(a) under its terms the occupier shares any accommodation with a member of the family of the landlord or licensor;

(b) immediately before the tenancy or licence was granted and also at the time it comes to an end, the member of the family of the landlord or licensor occupied as his only or principal home premises of which the whole or part of the shared accommodation formed part; and

(c) immediately before the tenancy or licence was granted and also at the time it comes to an end, the landlord or licensor occupied as his only or principal home premises in the same building as the shared accommodation and that building is not a purpose-built block of flats.

(4) For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3) above, an occupier shares accommodation with another person if he has the use of it in common with that person (whether or not also in common with others) and any reference in those subsections to shared accommodation shall be construed accordingly, and if, in relation to any tenancy or licence, there is at any time more than one person who is the landlord or licensor, any reference in those subsections to the landlord or licensor shall be construed as a reference to any one of those persons.

(5) In subsections (2) to (4) above—

(a) “accommodation” includes neither an area used for storage nor a staircase, passage, corridor or other means of access;

(b) “occupier” means, in relation to a tenancy, the tenant and, in relation to a licence, the licensee; and

(c) “purpose-built block of flats” has the same meaning as in Part III of Schedule 1 to the Housing Act 1988;

and section 113 of the Housing Act M3 1985 shall apply to determine whether a person who is for the purposes of subsection (3) above a member of another’s family as it applies for the purposes of Part IV of that Act.

(6) A tenancy or licence is excluded if it was granted as a temporary expedient to a person who entered the premises in question or any other premises as a trespasser (whether or not, before the beginning of that tenancy or licence, another tenancy or licence to occupy the premises or any other premises had been granted to him).

(7) A tenancy or licence is excluded if—

(a) it confers on the tenant or licensee the right to occupy the premises for a holiday only; or

(b) it is granted otherwise than for money or money’s worth.

(8) A licence is excluded if it confers rights of occupation in a hostel, within the meaning of the Housing Act M4 1985, which is provided by—

(a) the council of a county, [F8 county borough,] district or London Borough, the Common Council of the City of London, the Council of the Isles of Scilly, the Inner London Education Authority, a joint authority within the meaning of the Local Government Act M5 1985 or a residuary body within the meaning of that Act;

(b) a development corporation within the meaning of the New Towns Act M6 1981;

(c) the Commission for the New Towns;

(d) an urban development corporation established by an order under section 135 of the Local Government, Planning and Land Act M7 1980;

(e) a housing action trust established under Part III of the Housing Act M8 1988;

F9 (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(g) the Housing Corporation or Housing for Wales;

[F10 (h) a housing trust (within the meaning of the Housing Associations Act 1985) which is a charity or a registered social landlord (within the meaning of the Housing Act 1985); or.]

(i) any other person who is, or who belongs to a class of person which is, specified in an order made by the Secretary of State.

(9) The power to make an order under subsection (8)(i) above shall be exercisable by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.]

Subordinate Legislation Made

P1 S. 3A(8)(i): s. 3A(8)(i) power exercised by S.I. 1991/1943

Textual Amendments

F7 S. 3A inserted by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), ss. 31, 44(2)(b)

F8 Words in s. 3A(8)(a) inserted (1.4.1996) by 1994 c. 19, s. 22(2), Sch. 8 para. 4(1) (with ss. 54(5)(7), 55(5), Sch. 17 paras. 22(1), 23(2)); S.I. 1996/396, art. 3, Sch. 1

F9 S. 3A(8)(f) repealed (1.10.1998) by 1998 c. 38, s. 152, Sch. 18 Pt. IV (with ss. 137(1), 139(2), 141(1)); S.I. 1998/2244, art. 4

F10 S. 3A(8)(h) substituted (1.10.1996) by S.I. 1996/2325, art. 5(1), Sch. 2 para. 7

Marginal Citations

M3 1985 c. 68 (61).

M4 1985 c. 68(61).

M5 1985 c. 51(81:1).

M6 1981 c. 64(123:3).

M7 1980 c. 65(123:1, 2).

M8 1988 c. 50(61).

4 Special provisions for agricultural employees. E+W

(1) This section shall apply where the tenant under the former tenancy (within the meaning of section 3 of this Act) occupied the premises under the terms of his employment as a person employed in agriculture, as defined in section 1 of the M9 Rent (Agriculture) Act 1976, but is not a statutory tenant as defined in that Act.

(2) In this section “the occupier”, in relation to any premises, means—

(a) the tenant under the former tenancy; or

(b) the widow or widower of the tenant under the former tenancy residing with him at his death or, if the former tenant leaves no such widow or widower, any member of his family residing with him at his death.

[F11 (2A) In accordance with section 3(2B) above, any reference in subsections (1) and (2) above to the tenant under the former tenancy includes a reference to the licensee under a licence (other than an excluded licence) which has come to an end (being a licence to occupy premises as a dwelling); and in the following provisions of this section the expressions “tenancy” and “rent” and any other expressions referable to a tenancy shall be construed accordingly.]

(3) Without prejudice to any power of the court apart from this section to postpone the operation or suspend the execution of an order for possession, if in proceedings by the owner against the occupier the court makes an order for the possession of the premises the court may suspend the execution of the order on such terms and conditions, including conditions as to the payment by the occupier of arrears of rent, mesne profits and otherwise as the court thinks reasonable.

(4) Where the order for possession is made within the period of 6 months beginning with the date when the former tenancy came to an end, then, without prejudice to any powers of the court under the preceding provisions of this section or apart from this section to postpone the operation or suspend the execution of the order for a longer period, the court shall suspend the execution of the order for the remainder of the said period of 6 months unless the court—

(a) is satisfied either—

(i) that other suitable accommodation is, or will within that period be made, available to the occupier; or

(ii) that the efficient management of any agricultural land or the efficient carrying on of any agricultural operations would be seriously prejudiced unless the premises are available for occupation by a person employed or to be employed by the owner; or

(iii) that greater hardship (being hardship in respect of matters other than the carrying on of such a business as aforesaid) would be caused by the suspension of the order until the end of that period than by its execution within that period; or

(iv) that the occupier, or any person residing or lodging with the occupier, has been causing damage to the premises or has been guilty of conduct which is a nuisance or annoyance to persons occupying other premises; and

(b) considers that it would be reasonable not to suspend the execution of the order for the remainder of that period.

(5) Where the court suspends the execution of an order for possession under subsection (4) above it shall do so on such terms and conditions, including conditions as to the payment by the occupier of arrears of rent, mesne profits and otherwise as the court thinks reasonable.

(6) A decision of the court not to suspend the execution of the order under subsection (4) above shall not prejudice any other power of the court to postpone the operation or suspend the execution of the order for the whole or part of the period of 6 months mentioned in that subsection.

(7) Where the court has, under the preceding provisions of this section, suspended the execution of an order for possession, it may from time to time vary the period of suspension or terminate it and may vary any terms or conditions imposed by virtue of this section.

(8) In considering whether or how to exercise its powers under subsection (3) above, the court shall have regard to all the circumstances and, in particular, to—

(a) whether other suitable accommodation is or can be made available to the occupier;

(b) whether the efficient management of any agricultural land or the efficient carrying on of any agricultural operations would be seriously prejudiced unless the premises were available for occupation by a person employed or to be employed by the owner; and

(c) whether greater hardship would be caused by the suspension of the execution of the order than by its execution without suspension or further suspension.

(9) Where in proceedings for the recovery of possession of the premises the court makes an order for possession but suspends the execution of the order under this section, it shall make no order for costs, unless it appears to the court, having regard to the conduct of the owner or of the occupier, that there are special reasons for making such an order.

(10) Where, in the case of an order for possession of the premises to which subsection (4) above applies, the execution of the order is not suspended under that subsection or, the execution of the order having been so suspended, the suspension is terminated, then, if it is subsequently made to appear to the court that the failure to suspend the execution of the order or, as the case may be, the termination of the suspension was—

(a) attributable to the provisions of paragraph (a)(ii) of subsection (4), and

(b) due to misrepresentation or concealment of material facts by the owner of the premises,

the court may order the owner to pay to the occupier such sum as appears sufficient as compensation for damage or loss sustained by the occupier as a result of that failure or termination.

Textual Amendments

F11 S. 4(2A) inserted by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), ss. 30(3), 44(2)(b)

Marginal Citations

M9 1976 c. 80.

Part II E+W Notice to Quit

5 Validity of notices to quit. E+W

(1) [F12 Subject to subsection (1B) below] no notice by a landlord or a tenant to quit any premises let (whether before or after the commencement of this Act) as a dwelling shall be valid unless—

(a) it is in writing and contains such information as may be prescribed, and

(b) it is given not less than 4 weeks before the date on which it is to take effect.

[F13 (1A) Subject to subsection (1B) below, no notice by a licensor or a licensee to determine a periodic licence to occupy premises as a dwelling (whether the licence was granted before or after the passing of this Act) shall be valid unless—

(a) it is in writing and contains such information as may be prescribed, and

(b) it is given not less than 4 weeks before the date on which it is to take effect.

(1B) Nothing in subsection (1) or subsection (1A) above applies to—

(a) premises let on an excluded tenancy which is entered into on or after the date on which the Housing Act 1988 came into force unless it is entered into pursuant to a contract made before that date; or

(b) premises occupied under an excluded licence.]

(2) In this section “prescribed” means prescribed by regulations made by the Secretary of State by statutory instrument, and a statutory instrument containing any such regulations shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

(3) Regulations under this section may make different provision in relation to different descriptions of lettings and different circumstances.

Textual Amendments

F12 Words inserted by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), ss. 32(1), 44(2)(b)

F13 S. 5(1A)(1B) inserted by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), ss. 32(2), 44(2)(b)

Part III E+W Supplemental Provisions

6 Prosecution of offences. E+W

Proceedings for an offence under this Act may be instituted by any of the following authorities:—

(a) councils of districts and London boroughs;

[F14 (aa) councils of Welsh counties and county boroughs;]

(b) the Common Council of the City of London;

(c) the Council of the Isles of Scilly.

Textual Amendments

F14 S. 6(aa) inserted (1.4.1996) by 1994 c. 19, s. 22(2), Sch. 8 para. 4(2) (with ss. 54(5)(7), 55(5), Sch. 17 paras. 22(1), 23(2); S.I. 1996/396, art. 3, Sch. 1

7 Service of Notices. E+W

(1) If for the purpose of any proceedings (whether civil or criminal) brought or intended to be brought under this Act, any person serves upon—

(a) any agent of the landlord named as such in the rent book or other similar document, or

(b) the person who receives the rent of the dwelling,

a notice in writing requiring the agent or other person to disclose to him the full name and place of abode or place of business of the landlord, that agent or other person shall forthwith comply with the notice.

(2) If any such agent or other person as is referred to in subsection (1) above fails or refuses forthwith to comply with a notice served on him under that subsection, he shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding [F15 level 4 on the standard scale], unless he shows to the satisfaction of the court that he did not know, and could not with reasonable diligence have ascertained, such of the facts required by the notice to be disclosed as were not disclosed by him.

(3) In this section “landlord” includes—

(a) any person from time to time deriving title under the original landlord,

(b) in relation to any dwelling-house, any person other than the tenant who is or, but for Part VII of the M10 Rent Act 1977 would be, entitled to possession of the dwelling-house, and

(c) any person who, . . . F16 grants to another the right to occupy the dwelling in question as a residence and any person directly or indirectly deriving title from the grantor.

Textual Amendments

F15 Words substituted by virtue of Criminal Law Act 1977 (c. 45, SIF 39:1), s. 31 and Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss. 39, 46, Sch. 3

F16 Words repealed by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), s. 140(1)(2), Sch. 17 para. 26, Sch. 18

Marginal Citations

M10 1977 c. 42.

8 Interpretation. E+W

(1) In this Act “statutorily protected tenancy” means—

(a) a protected tenancy within the meaning of the M11 Rent Act 1977 or a tenancy to which Part I of the M12 Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 applies;

(b) a protected occupancy or statutory tenancy as defined in the M13 Rent (Agriculture) Act 1976;

(c) a tenancy to which Part II of the M14 Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 applies;

(d) a tenancy of an agricultural holding within the meaning of the [F17 Agricultural Holdings Act 1986][F18 which is a tenancy in relation to which that act applies].

[F19 (e) an assured tenancy or assured agricultural occupancy under Part I of the Housing Act 1988]

[F20 (f) a tenancy to which Schedule 10 to the Local Government and Housing Act 1989 applies].

[F21 (g) a farm business tenancy within the meaning of the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995.]

(2) For the purposes of Part I of this Act a person who, under the terms of his employment, had exclusive possession of any premises other than as a tenant shall be deemed to have been a tenant and the expressions “let” and “tenancy” shall be construed accordingly.

(3) In Part I of this Act “the owner”, in relation to any premises, means the person who, as against the occupier, is entitled to possession thereof.

[F22 (4) In this Act “excluded tenancy” and “excluded licence” have the meaning assigned by section 3A of this Act.

(5) If, on or after the date on which the Housing Act 1988 came into force, the terms of an excluded tenancy or excluded licence entered into before that date are varied, then—

(a) if the variation affects the amount of the rent which is payable under the tenancy or licence, the tenancy or licence shall be treated for the purposes of sections 3(2C) and 5(1B) above as a new tenancy or licence entered into at the time of the variation; and

(b) if the variation does not affect the amount of the rent which is so payable, nothing in this Act shall affect the determination of the question whether the variation is such as to give rise to a new tenancy or licence.

(6) Any reference in subsection (5) above to a variation affecting the amount of the rent which is payable under a tenancy or licence does not include a reference to—

(a) a reduction or increase effected under Part III or Part VI of the Rent Act M15 1977 (rents under regulated tenancies and housing association tenancies), section 78 of that Act (power of rent tribunal in relation to restricted contracts) or sections 11 to 14 of the Rent (Agriculture) Act M16 1976; or

(b) a variation which is made by the parties and has the effect of making the rent expressed to be payable under the tenancy or licence the same as a rent for the dwelling which is entered in the register under Part IV or section 79 of the Rent Act M17 1977.]

Textual Amendments

F17 Words substituted by Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 (c. 5, SIF 2:3), ss. 99, 100, Sch. 13 para. 3, Sch. 14 para. 61

F18 Words in s. 8(1)(d) inserted (1.9.1995) by 1995 c. 8, ss. 40, 41(2), Sch. para. 29(a) (with s. 37)

F19 S. 8(1)(e) inserted by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), ss. 33(2), 44(2)(b)

F20 S. 8(1)(f) inserted by Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (c. 42, SIF 75:1), s. 194(1), Sch. 11 para. 54

F21 S. 8(1)(g) added (1.9.1995) by 1995 c. 8, ss. 40, 41(2), Sch. para. 29(b) (with s. 37)

F22 S. 8(4)–(6) added by Housing Act 1988 (c. 50, SIF 75:1), ss. 33(3), 44(2)(b)

Marginal Citations

M11 1977 c. 42.

M12 1954 c. 56.

M13 1976 c. 80.

M14 1954 c. 56.

M15 1977 c. 42(75:3).

M16 1976 c. 80(75:3).

M17 1977 c. 42(75:3).

9 The court for purposes of Part I. E+W

(1) The court for the purposes of Part I of this Act shall, subject to this section, be—

(a) the county court, in relation to premises with respect to which the county court has for the time being jurisdiction in actions for the recovery of land; and

(b) the High Court, in relation to other premises.

(2) Any powers of a county court in proceedings for the recovery of possession of any premises in the circumstances mentioned in section 3(1) of this Act may be exercised with the leave of the judge by any registrar of the court, except in so far as rules of court otherwise provide.

(3) Nothing in this Act shall affect the jurisdiction of the High Court in proceedings to enforce a lessor’s right of re-entry or forfeiture or to enforce a mortgagee’s right of possession in a case where the former tenancy was not binding on the mortgagee.

(4) Nothing in this Act shall affect the operation of—

(a) section 59 of the M18 Pluralities Act 1838;

(b) section 19 of the M19 Defence Act 1842;

(c) section 6 of the M20 Lecturers and Parish Clerks Act 1844;

(d) paragraph 3 of Schedule 1 to the M21 Sexual Offences Act 1956; or

(e) section 13 of the M22 Compulsory Purchase Act 1965.

Marginal Citations

M18 1838 c. 106.

M19 1842 c. 94.

M20 1844 c. 59.

M21 1956 c. 69.

M22 1965 c. 56.

10 Application to Crown. E+W

In so far as this Act requires the taking of proceedings in the court for the recovery of possession or confers any powers on the court it shall (except in the case of section 4(10)) be binding on the Crown.

11 Application to Isles of Scilly. E+W

(1) In its application to the Isles of Scilly, this Act (except in the case of section 5) shall have effect subject to such exceptions, adaptations and modifications as the Secretary of State may by order direct.

(2) The power to make an order under this section shall be exercisable by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment, in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

(3) An order under this section may be varied or revoked by a subsequent order.

12 Consequential amendments, etc. E+W

(1) Schedule 1 to this Act contains amendments consequential on the provisions of this Act.

(2) Schedule 2 to this Act contains transitional provisions and savings.

(3) The enactments mentioned in Schedule 3 to this Act are hereby repealed to the extent specified in the third column of that Schedule.

(4) The inclusion in this Act of any express saving, transitional provision or amendment shall not be taken to affect the operation in relation to this Act of section 38 of the M23 Interpretation Act 1889 (which relates to the effect of repeals).

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 The text of s. 12(1)(3) and Schs. 1 and 3 is in the form in which it was originally enacted: it was not reproduced in Statutes in Force and, except as indicated, does not reflect any amendments or repeals which may have been made prior to 1.2.1991.

Marginal Citations

M23 1889 c. 63.

13 Short title etc. E+W

(1) This Act may be cited as the Protection from Eviction Act 1977.

(2) This Act shall come into force on the expiry of the period of one month beginning with the date on which it is passed.

(3) This Act does not extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland.

(4) References in this Act to any enactment are references to that enactment as amended, and include references thereto as applied by any other enactment including, except where the context otherwise requires, this Act.