Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

Part I U.K. Powers to Stop and Search

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 Pt. I incorporated (E.W.S.) (16.5.2008) by The London Gateway Port Harbour Empowerment Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/1261), art. 52

1 Power of constable to stop and search persons, vehicles etc. E+W

(1) A constable may exercise any power conferred by this section—

(a) in any place to which at the time when he proposes to exercise the power the public or any section of the public has access, on payment or otherwise, as of right or by virtue of express or implied permission; or

(b) in any other place to which people have ready access at the time when he proposes to exercise the power but which is not a dwelling.

(2) Subject to subsection (3) to (5) below, a constable—

(a) may search—

(i) any person or vehicle;

(ii) anything which is in or on a vehicle,

for stolen or prohibited articles [F1 , any article to which subsection (8A) below applies or any firework to which subsection (8B) below applies] ; and

(b) may detain a person or vehicle for the purpose of such a search.

(3) This section does not give a constable power to search a person or vehicle or anything in or on a vehicle unless he has reasonable grounds for suspecting that he will find stolen or prohibited articles [F2 , any article to which subsection (8A) below applies or any firework to which subsection (8B) below applies] .

(4) If a person is in a garden or yard occupied with and used for the purposes of a dwelling or on other land so occupied and used, a constable may not search him in the exercise of the power conferred by this section unless the constable has reasonable grounds for believing—

(a) that he does not reside in the dwelling; and

(b) that he is not in the place in question with the express or implied permission of a person who resides in the dwelling.

(5) If a vehicle is in a garden or yard occupied with and used for the purposes of a dwelling or on other land so occupied and used, a constable may not search the vehicle or anything in or on it in the exercise of the power conferred by this section unless he has reasonable grounds for believing—

(a) that the person in charge of the vehicle does not reside in the dwelling; and

(b) that the vehicle is not in the place in question with the express or implied permission of a person who resides in the dwelling.

(6) If in the course of such a search a constable discovers an article which he has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be a stolen or prohibited article [F3 , an article to which subsection (8A) below applies or a firework to which subsection (8B) below applies] , he may seize it.

(7) An article is prohibited for the purposes of this Part of this Act if it is—

(a) an offensive weapon; or

(b) an article—

(i) made or adapted for use in the course of or in connection with an offence to which this sub-paragraph applies; or

(ii) intended by the person having it with him for such use by him or by some other person.

(8) The offences to which subsection (7)(b)(i) above applies are—

(a) burglary;

(b) theft;

(c) offences under section 12 of the M1 Theft Act 1968 (taking motor vehicle or other conveyance without authority); F4 . . .

[F5 (d) fraud (contrary to section 1 of the Fraud Act 2006)][F6 ; and

(e) offences under section 1 of the Criminal Damage Act 1971 (destroying or damaging property).]

[F7 (8A) This subsection applies to any article in relation to which a person has committed, or is committing or is going to commit an offence under section 139 [F8 or 139AA] of the Criminal Justice Act 1988.]

[F9 (8B) This subsection applies to any firework which a person possesses in contravention of a prohibition imposed by fireworks regulations.

(8C) In this section—

(a) “firework” shall be construed in accordance with the definition of “fireworks” in section 1(1) of the Fireworks Act 2003; and

(b) “fireworks regulations” has the same meaning as in that Act.]

(9) In this Part of this Act “offensive weapon” means any article—

(a) made or adapted for use for causing injury to persons; or

(b) intended by the person having it with him for such use by him or by some other person.

Textual Amendments

F1 Words in s. 1(2) substituted (1.7.2005) by Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (c. 15), ss. 115(2), 178; S.I. 2005/1521, art. 3(1)(f)

F2 Words in s. 1(3) substituted (1.7.2005) by Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (c. 15), ss. 115(3), 178; S.I. 2005/1521, art. 3(1)(f)

F3 Words in s. 1(6) substituted (1.7.2005) by Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (c. 15), ss. 115(4), 178; S.I. 2005/1521, art. 3(1)(f)

F4 Word in s. 1(8)(c) repealed (20.1.2004) by Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), ss. 332, 336, Sch. 37 Pt. 1; S.I. 2004/81, art. 2(1)(2)(g)(i)

F5 S. 1(8)(d) substituted (15.1.2007) by Fraud Act 2006 (c. 35), ss. 14(1), 15(1), Sch. 1 para. 21; S.I. 2006/3200, art. 2

F6 S. 1(8)(e) and preceding word "and" inserted (20.1.2004) by Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), ss. 1(2), 336; S.I. 2004/81, art. 2(1)(2)(a)

F7 S. 1(8A) inserted by Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33, SIF 39:1), s. 140(1)(c)

F8 Words in s. 1(8A) inserted (3.12.2012) by Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (c. 10), s. 151(1), Sch. 26 para. 3; S.I. 2012/2770, art. 2(f)

F9 S. 1(8B)(8C) inserted (1.7.2005) by Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (c. 15), ss. 115(5), 178; S.I. 2005/1521, art. 3(1)(f)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C2 S. 1(1)-(3) applied (with modifications) (30.4.2017) by The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to Labour Abuse Prevention Officers) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/520), regs. 1, 2, 3(a), Sch.

C3 S. 1(7)(b) modified (15.1.2007) by Fraud Act 2006 (c. 35), ss. 8(2)(a), 15(1); S.I. 2006/3200, art. 2

C4 S. 1(6) applied (with modifications) (30.4.2017) by The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to Labour Abuse Prevention Officers) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/520), regs. 1, 2, 3(a), Sch.

Marginal Citations

M1 1968 c. 60.

2 Provisions relating to search under section 1 and other powers. E+W

(1) A constable who detains a person or vehicle in the exercise—

(a) of the power conferred by section 1 above; or

(b) of any other power—

(i) to search a person without first arresting him; or

(ii) to search a vehicle without making an arrest,

need not conduct a search if it appears to him subsequently—

(i) that no search is required; or

(ii) that a search is impracticable.

(2) If a constable contemplates a search, other than a search of an unattended vehicle, in the exercise—

(a) of the power conferred by section 1 above; or

(b) of any other power, except the power conferred by section 6 below and the power conferred by section 27(2) of the M2 Aviation Security Act 1982—

(i) to search a person without first arresting him; or

(ii) to search a vehicle without making an arrest,

it shall be his duty, subject to subsection (4) below, to take reasonable steps before he commences the search to bring to the attention of the appropriate person—

(i) if the constable is not in uniform, documentary evidence that he is a constable; and

(ii) whether he is in uniform or not, the matters specified in subsection (3) below;

and the constable shall not commence the search until he has performed that duty.

(3) The matters referred to in subsection (2)(ii) above are—

(a) the constable’s name and the name of the police station to which he is attached;

(b) the object of the proposed search;

(c) the constable’s grounds for proposing to make it; and

(d) the effect of section 3(7) or (8) below, as may be appropriate.

(4) A constable need not bring the effect of section 3(7) or (8) below to the attention of the appropriate person if it appears to the constable that it will not be practicable to make the record in section 3(1) below.

(5) In this section “the appropriate person” means—

(a) if the constable proposes to search a person, that person; and

(b) if he proposes to search a vehicle, or anything in or on a vehicle, the person in charge of the vehicle.

(6) On completing a search of an unattended vehicle or anything in or on such a vehicle in the exercise of any such power as is mentioned in subsection (2) above a constable shall leave a notice—

(a) stating that he has searched it;

(b) giving the name of the police station to which he is attached;

(c) stating that an application for compensation for any damage caused by the search may be made to that police station; and

(d) stating the effect of section 3(8) below.

(7) The constable shall leave the notice inside the vehicle unless it is not reasonably practicable to do so without damaging the vehicle.

(8) The time for which a person or vehicle may be detained for the purposes of such a search is such time as is reasonably required to permit a search to be carried out either at the place where the person or vehicle was first detained or nearby.

(9) Neither the power conferred by section 1 above nor any other power to detain and search a person without first arresting him or to detain and search a vehicle without making an arrest is to be construed—

(a) as authorising a constable to require a person to remove any of his clothing in public other than an outer coat, jacket or gloves; or

(b) as authorising a constable not in uniform to stop a vehicle.

(10) This section and section 1 above apply to vessels, aircraft and hovercraft as they apply to vehicles.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C5 S. 2(1)-(3) applied (with modifications) (30.4.2017) by The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to Labour Abuse Prevention Officers) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/520), regs. 1, 2, 3(b), Sch.

C6 S. 2(8)(9) applied (with modifications) (30.4.2017) by The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to Labour Abuse Prevention Officers) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/520), regs. 1, 2, 3(b), Sch.

Marginal Citations

M2 1982 c. 36.

3 Duty to make records concerning searches. E+W

(1) Where a constable has carried out a search in the exercise of any such power as is mentioned in section 2(1) above, other than a search—

(a) under section 6 below; or

(b) under section 27(2) of the M3 Aviation Security Act 1982, [F10 a record of the search shall be made] in writing unless it is not practicable to do so.

[F11 (2) If a record of a search is required to be made by subsection (1) above—

(a) in a case where the search results in a person being arrested and taken to a police station, the constable shall secure that the record is made as part of the person's custody record;

(b) in any other case, the constable shall make the record on the spot, or, if that is not practicable, as soon as practicable after the completion of the search.]

F12 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F12 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F12 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(6) The record of a search of a person or a vehicle—

(a) shall state—

(i) the object of the search;

(ii) the grounds for making it;

(iii) the date and time when it was made;

(iv) the place where it was made;

[F13 (v) except in the case of a search of an unattended vehicle, the ethnic origins of the person searched or the person in charge of the vehicle searched (as the case may be); and;]

(b) shall identify the constable [F14 who carried out the search].

[F15 (6A) The requirement in subsection (6)(a)(v) above for a record to state a person's ethnic origins is a requirement to state—

(a) the ethnic origins of the person as described by the person, and

(b) if different, the ethnic origins of the person as perceived by the constable.]

(7) [F16 If a record of a search of a person has been made under this section,] the person who was searched shall be entitled to a copy of the record if he asks for one before the end of the period specified in subsection (9) below.

(8) If—

(a) the owner of a vehicle which has been searched or the person who was in charge of the vehicle at the time when it was searched asked for a copy of the record of the search before the end of the period specified in subsection (9) below; and

[F17 (b) a record of the search of the vehicle has been made under this section,]

the person who made the request shall be entitled to a copy.

(9) The period mentioned in subsections (7) and (8) above is the period of [F18 3 months] beginning with the date on which the search was made.

(10) The requirements imposed by this section with regard to records of searches of vehicles shall apply also to records of searches of vessels, aircraft and hovercraft.

Textual Amendments

F10 Words in s. 3(1) substituted (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(2), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

F11 S. 3(2) substituted (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(3), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

F12 S. 3(3)-(5) repealed (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(4), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

F13 S. 3(6)(a)(v) substituted for s. 3(6)(a)(v)(vi) (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(5)(a), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

F14 Words in s. 3(6)(b) substituted (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(5)(b), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

F15 S. 3(6A) inserted (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(6), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

F16 Words in s. 3(7) substituted (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(7), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

F17 S. 3(8)(b) substituted (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(8), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

F18 Words in s. 3(9) substituted (7.3.2011) by Crime and Security Act 2010 (c. 17), ss. 1(9), 59(1); S.I. 2011/414, art. 2(a)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C7 S. 3(1)(2) applied (with modifications) (30.4.2017) by The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to Labour Abuse Prevention Officers) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/520), regs. 1, 2, 3(c), Sch.

C8 S. 3(6)(6A) applied (with modifications) (30.4.2017) by The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to Labour Abuse Prevention Officers) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/520), regs. 1, 2, 3(c), Sch.

C9 S. 3(7) applied (with modifications) (30.4.2017) by The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to Labour Abuse Prevention Officers) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/520), regs. 1, 2, 3(c), Sch.

C10 S. 3(9) applied (with modifications) (30.4.2017) by The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to Labour Abuse Prevention Officers) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/520), regs. 1, 2, 3(c), Sch.

Marginal Citations

M3 1982 c. 36.

4 Road checks. E+W

(1) This section shall have effect in relation to the conduct of road checks by police officers for the purpose of ascertaining whether a vehicle is carrying—

(a) a person who has committed an offence other than a road traffic offence or a [F19 vehicle] excise offence;

(b) a person who is a witness to such an offence;

(c) a person intending to commit such an offence; or

(d) a person who is unlawfully at large.

(2) For the purposes of this section a road check consists of the exercise in a locality of the power conferred by [F20 section 163 of the Road Traffic Act 1988.] in such a way as to stop during the period for which its exercise in that way in that locality continues all vehicles or vehicles selected by any criterion.

(3) Subject to subsection (5) below, there may only be such a road check if a police officer of the rank of superintendent or above authorises it in writing.

(4) An officer may only authorise a road check under subsection (3) above—

(a) for the purpose specified in subsection (1)(a) above, if he has reasonable grounds—

(i) for believing that the offence is [F21 an indictable offence] ; and

(ii) for suspecting that the person is, or is about to be, in the locality in which vehicles would be stopped if the road check were authorised;

(b) for the purpose specified in subsection (1)(b) above, if he has reasonable grounds for believing that the offence is [F21 an indictable offence] ;

(c) for the purpose specified in subsection (1)(c) above, if he has reasonable grounds—

(i) for believing that the offence would be [F21 an indictable offence] ; and

(ii) for suspecting that the person is, or is about to be, in the locality in which vehicles would be stopped if the road check were authorised;

(d) for the purpose specified in subsection (1)(d) above, if he has reasonable grounds for suspecting that the person is, or is about to be, in that locality.

(5) An officer below the rank of superintendent may authorise such a road check if it appears to him that it is required as a matter of urgency for one of the purposes specified in subsection (1) above.

(6) If an authorisation is given under subsection (5) above, it shall be the duty of the officer who gives it—

(a) to make a written record of the time at which he gives it; and

(b) to cause an officer of the rank of superintendent or above to be informed that it has been given.

(7) The duties imposed by subsection (6) above shall be performed as soon as it is practicable to do so.

(8) An officer to whom a report is made under subsection (6) above may, in writing, authorise the road check to continue.

(9) If such an officer considers that the road check should not continue, he shall record in writing—

(a) the fact that it took place; and

(b) the purpose for which it took place.

(10) An officer giving an authorisation under this section shall specify the locality in which vehicles are to be stopped.

(11) An officer giving an authorisation under this section, other than an authorisation under subsection (5) above—

(a) shall specify a period, not exceeding seven days, during which the road check may continue; and

(b) may direct that the road check—

(i) shall be continuous; or

(ii) shall be conducted at specified times,

during that period.

(12) If it appears to an officer of the rank of superintendent or above that a road check ought to continue beyond the period for which it has been authorised he may, from time to time, in writing specify a further period, not exceeding seven days, during which it may continue.

(13) Every written authorisation shall specify—

(a) the name of the officer giving it;

(b) the purpose of the road check; and

(c) the locality in which vehicles are to be stopped.

(14) The duties to specify the purposes of a road check imposed by subsections (9) and (13) above include duties to specify any relevant [F22 indictable offence] .

(15) Where a vehicle is stopped in a road check, the person in charge of the vehicle at the time when it is stopped shall be entitled to obtain a written statement of the purpose of the road check if he applies for such a statement not later than the end of the period of twelve months from the day on which the vehicle was stopped.

(16) Nothing in this section affects the exercise by police officers of any power to stop vehicles for purposes other than those specified in subsection (1) above.

Textual Amendments

F19 Word in s. 4(1)(a) substituted (1.9.1994) by 1994 c. 22, ss. 66(1), 63, Sch. 3 para.19 (with s. 57(4))

F20 Words substituted by Road Traffic (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (c. 54, SIF 107:1), s. 4, Sch. 3 para. 27(1)

F21 Words in s. 4 substituted (1.1.2006) by Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (c. 15), ss. 111, 178, Sch. 7 Pt. 3 para. 43(2)(a); S.I. 2005/3495, art. 2(1)(m)

F22 Words in s. 4(14) substituted (1.1.2006) by Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (c. 15), ss. 111, 178, Sch. 7 Pt. 3 para. 43(2)(b); S.I. 2005/3495, art. 2(1)(m)

5 Reports of recorded searches and of road checks. E+W

(1) Every annual report—

[F23 (a) under section 22 of the M4 Police Act 1996; or]

(b) made by the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis,

shall contain information—

(i) about searches recorded under section 3 above which have been carried out in the area to which the report relates during the period to which it relates; and

(ii) about road checks authorised in that area during that period under section 4 above.

(1A) F24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2) The information about searches shall not include information about specific searches but shall include—

(a) the total numbers of searches in each month during the period to which the report relates—

(i) for stolen articles;

(ii) for offensive weapons [F25 or articles to which section 1(8A) above applies]; and

(iii) for other prohibited articles;

(b) the total number of persons arrested in each such month in consequence of searches of each of the descriptions specified in paragraph (a)(i) to (iii) above.

(3) The information about road checks shall include information—

(a) about the reason for authorising each road check; and

(b) about the result of each of them.

Textual Amendments

F23 S. 5(1)(a) substituted (22.8.1996) by 1996 c. 16, ss. 103(1), 104(1), Sch. 7 Pt. II para. 34

F24 S. 5(1A) repealed (1.4.2006, subject to art. 4(2)-(7) of the commencing S.I.) by Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (c. 15), ss. 59, 174, 178, Sch. 4 para. 44, Sch. 17 Pt. 2; S.I. 2006/378, art. 4(1), Sch. paras. 10, 13(q)

F25 Words inserted by Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33, SIF 39:1), s. 140(2)

Marginal Citations

M4 1996 c. 16.

6 Statutory undertakers etc. U.K.

(1) A constable employed by statutory undertakers may stop, detain and search any vehicle before it leaves a goods area included in the premises of the statutory undertakers.

[F26 (1A) Without prejudice to any powers under subsection (1) above, a constable employed [F27 by the [F28 British Transport Police Authority]] may stop, detain and search any vehicle before it leaves a goods area which is included in the premises of any successor of the British Railways Board and is used wholly or mainly for the purposes of a relevant undertaking.]

(2) In this section “goods area” means any area used wholly or mainly for the storage or handling of goods [F29 ; and “successor of the British Railways Board” and “relevant undertaking” have the same meaning as in the Railways Act 1993 (Consequential Modifications) Order 1999.]

(3) F30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(4) F31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F26 S. 6(1A) inserted (13.8.1999) by S.I. 1999/1998, art. 5(1)

F27 Words in s. 6(1A) substituted (1.2.2001) by 2000 c. 38, s. 217, Sch. 18 para. 5; S.I. 2001/57, art. 3(1) (Subject to Sch. 2 Pt II)

F28 Words in s. 6(1A) substituted (1.7.2004) by The British Transport Police (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004/1573), art. 12(1)(e)

F29 Words in s. 6(2) inserted (13.8.1999) by S.I. 1999/1998, art. 5(2)

F30 S. 6(3) repealed (1.4.2005) by Energy Act 2004 (c. 20), ss. 197, 198(2), Sch. 23 Pt. 1; S.I. 2005/877, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Table

F31 S. 6(4) repealed (1.4.2005) by Energy Act 2004 (c. 20), ss. 197, 198(2), Sch. 23 Pt. 1; S.I. 2005/877, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Table

7 Part I—supplementary E+W+S

(1) The following enactments shall cease to have effect—

(a) section 8 of the M5 Vagrancy Act 1824;

(b) section 66 of the M6 Metropolitan Police Act 1839;

(c) section 11 of the M7 Canals (Offences) Act 1840;

(d) section 19 of the M8 Pedlars Act 1871;

(e) section 33 of the M9 County of Merseyside Act 1980; and

(f) section 42 of the M10 West Midlands County Council Act 1980.

(2) There shall also cease to have effect—

(a) so much of any enactment contained in an Act passed before 1974, other than—

(i) an enactment contained in public general Act; or

(ii) an enactment relating to statutory undertakers,

as confers power on a constable to search for stolen or unlawfully obtained goods; and

(b) so much of any enactment relating to statutory undertakers as provides that such a power shall not be exercisable after the end of a specified period.

(3) In this Part of this Act “statutory undertakers” means persons authorised by any enactment to carry on any railway, light railway, road transport, water transport, canal, inland navigation, dock or harbour undertaking.

Marginal Citations

M5 1824 c. 83.

M6 1839 c. 47.

M7 1840 c. 50.

M8 1871 c. 96.

M9 1980 c. x.

M10 1980 c. xi.