Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (c. 1)

PART XI U.K. CLOSE COMPANIES

CHAPTER I U.K. INTERPRETATIVE PROVISIONS

414 Close companies. U.K.

(1) M1 For the purposes of the [F1 Corporation Tax Acts], a “close company” is one which is under the control of five or fewer participators, or of participators who are directors, except that the expression does not apply—

(a) to a company not resident in the United Kingdom;

(b) to a registered industrial and provident society F2 . . . or to a building society;

(c) to a company controlled by or on behalf of the Crown, and not otherwise a close company; or

(d) to a company falling within section 415 or subsection (5) below.

[F3 (2) Subject to section 415 and subsection (5) below, a company resident in the United Kingdom (but not falling within subsection (1)(b) above) is also a close company if five or fewer participators, or participators who are directors, together possess or are entitled to acquire—

(a) such rights as would, in the event of the winding-up of the company (“the relevant company”) on the basis set out in subsection (2A) below, entitle them to receive the greater part of the assets of the relevant company which would then be available for distribution among the participators, or

(b) such rights as would in that event so entitle them if any rights which any of them or any other person has as a loan creditor (in relation to the relevant company or any other company) were disregarded.

(2A) In the notional winding-up of the relevant company, the part of the assets available for distribution among the participators which any person is entitled to receive is the aggregate of—

(a) any part of those assets which he would be entitled to receive in the event of the winding-up of the company, and

(b) any part of those assets which he would be entitled to receive if—

(i) any other company which is a participator in the relevant company and is entitled to receive any assets in the notional winding-up were also wound up on the basis set out in this subsection, and

(ii) the part of the assets of the relevant company to which the other company is entitled were distributed among the participators in the other company in proportion to their respective entitlement to the assets of the other company available for distribution among the participators.

(2B) In the application of subsection (2A) above to the notional winding-up of the other company and to any further notional winding-up required by paragraph (b) of that subsection (or by any further application of that paragraph), references to “the relevant company” shall have effect as references to the company concerned.

(2C) In ascertaining under subsection (2) above whether five or fewer participators, or participators who are directors, together possess or are entitled to acquire rights such as are mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of that subsection—

(a) a person shall be treated as a participator in or director of the relevant company if he is a participator in or director of any other company which would be entitled to receive assets in the notional winding-up of the relevant company on the basis set out in subsection (2A) above, and

(b) except in the application of subsection (2A) above, no account shall be taken of a participator which is a company unless the company possesses or is entitled to acquire the rights in a fiduciary or representative capacity.

(2D) Subsections (4) to (6) of section 416 apply for the purposes of subsections (2) and (2A) above as they apply for the purposes of subsection (2) of that sections.]

(3) M2 In ascertaining under subsection (2)above whether any amount could be apportioned among five or fewer participators or among participators who are directors, account shall, in cases where an original apportionment and any sub-apportionment are involved, be taken only of persons among whom that amount could finally be apportioned as the result of the whole process of original apportionment and sub-apportionment and those persons shall be treated as participators or directors if they are participators or directors of any company in the case of which either an original apportionment or any sub-apportionment could be madeF4 .

(4) M3 For the purposes of this section—

(a) a company is to be treated as controlled by or on behalf of the Crown if, but only if, it is under the control of the Crown or of persons acting on behalf of the Crown, independently of any other person, and

(b) where a company is so controlled, it shall not be treated as being otherwise a close company unless it can be treated as a close company as being under the control of persons acting independently of the Crown.

(5) M4 A company is not to be treated as a close company—

(a) if—

(i) it is controlled by a company which is not a close company, or by two or more companies none of which is a close company; and

(ii) it cannot be treated as a close company except by taking as one of the five or fewer participators requisite for its being so treated a company which is not a close company;

(b) if it cannot be treated as a close company except by virtue of [F5 paragraph (a) of subsection (2) above or paragraph (c) of section 416(2) and it would not be a close company if the references in those paragraphs] to participators did not include loan creditors who are companies other than close companies.

(6) References in subsection (5) above to a close company shall be treated as applying to any company which, if resident in the United Kingdom, would be a close company.

(7) M5 If shares in any company (“the first company”) are held on trust for [F6 a registered pension scheme], then, unless the scheme is established wholly or mainly for the benefit of persons who are, or are dependants of, directors or employees or past directors or employees of—

(a) the first company; or

(b) an associated company of the first company; or

(c) a company which is under the control of any director or associate of a director of the first company or of two or more persons each of whom is such a director or associate; or

(d) a close company;

the persons holding the shares shall, for the purposes of subsection (5) above, be deemed to be the beneficial owners of the shares and, in that capacity, to be a company which is not a close company.

Textual Amendments

F1 Words in s. 414(1) substituted (6.4.2007 with effect in accordance with s. 1034(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax Act 2007 (c. 3), Sch. 1 para. 77 (with Sch. 2)

F2 Words in s. 414(1)(b) repealed (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the repealing Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 125, Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F3 1989 s. 104(1) from 1 April 1989. Previously "(2) Subject to section 415 and subsection (5) below, a company resident in the United Kingdom (but not falling within subsection (1)(b) above) is a close company if-(a) on the assumtion that it is so, or (b) on the assumption that it and any other such company or companies are so, more than half of any any amount falling to be apportioned under section 423 in the case of the company (including any sum which has been apportioned to it, or could on either of those assumptions be apportioned to it, under that section) could be apportioned among five or fewer participators, or among participators who are directors.".

F4 Repealed by 1989 ss. 104(2) and 187 and Sch. 17 Part V from 1 April 1989

F5 1989 s.104(3)from 1April 1989.Previously

“paragraph (c) of section 416(2) and it would not be a close company if the reference in that paragraph”.

F6 Words in s. 414(7) substituted (6.4.2006) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), s. 284(1), Sch. 35 para 18 (with Sch. 36)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 S. 414 modified by Finance Act 1996 (c. 8), Sch. 13 para. 9A(4) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 104(5) of the 2002 amending Act) by Finance Act 2002 (c. 23), s. 104(3))

C2 S. 414 modified by Finance Act 1996 (c. 8), Sch. 9 para. 2(5) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 82(2) of the 2002 amending Act) by Finance Act 2002 (c. 23), Sch. 25 para. 22(4))

C3 S. 414 applied (with modifications) (6.4.2005 with effect in accordance with s. 883(1) of the affecting Act) by Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 (c. 5), ss. 453, 456(7) (with Sch. 2)

C4 S. 414 applied (with modifications) (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the affecting Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 376(1) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

C5 See 1979(C) s.155(1)—definition applied for purposes of capital gains.

Marginal Citations

M1 Source—1970 s.282(1)

M2 Source—1970 s.282(2); 1972 Sch.17 1

M3 Source—1970 s.282(3)

M4 1970 s.282(4), (5); 1972 Sch.17 1

M5 Source—1971 s.25(6)

415 Certain quoted companies not to be close companies. U.K.

(1) M6 Subject to the following provisions of this section, a company is not to be treated as being at any time a close company if—

(a) shares in the company carrying not less than 35 per cent. of the voting power in the company (and not being shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend, whether with or without a further right to participate in profits) have been allotted unconditionally to, or acquired unconditionally by, and are at that time beneficially held by, the public, and

(b) any such shares have within the preceding 12 months been the subject of dealings on a recognised stock exchange, and the shares have within those 12 months been [F7 listed][F8 on] a recognised stock exchange.

(2) Subsection (1) above shall not apply to a company at any time when the total percentage of the voting power in the company possessed by all of the company’s principal members exceeds 85 per cent.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1) above shares in a company shall be deemed to be beneficially held by the public if, and only if, they—

(a) fall within subsection (4) below, and

(b) are not within the exceptions in subsection (5) below,

and a corresponding construction shall be given to the reference to shares which have been allotted unconditionally to, or acquired unconditionally by, the public.

(4) Shares shall fall within this subsection (as being beneficially held by the public)—

(a) M7 if beneficially held by a company resident in the United Kingdom which is not a close company, or by a company not so resident which would not be a close company if it were so resident, or

(b) M8 if held on trust for [F9 a registered pension scheme,] or

(c) M9 If they are not comprised in a principal member’s holding.

(5) M10 Shares shall not be deemed to be held by the public if they are held—

(a) by any director or associate of a director of the company, or

(b) by any company which is under the control of any such director or associate, or of two or more persons each of whom is such a director or associate, or

(c) by any associated company of the company, or

(d) as part of any fund the capital or income of which is applicable or applied wholly or mainly for the benefit of, or of the dependants of, the employees or directors, or past employees or directors, of the company, or of any company within paragraph (b) or (c) above.

References in this subsection to shares held by any person include references to any shares the rights or powers attached to which could, for the purposes of section 416, be attributed to that person under subsection (5) of that section.

(6) For the purposes of this section—

(a) a person is a principal member of a company if he possesses a percentage of the voting power in the company of more than 5 per cent. and, where there are more than five such persons, if he is one of the five persons who possess the greatest percentages or if, because two or more persons possess equal percentages of the voting power in the company, there are no such five persons, he is one of the six or more persons (so as to include those two or more who possess equal percentages) who possess the greatest percentages, and

(b) a principal member’s holding consists of the shares which carry the voting power possessed by him.

(7) In arriving at the voting power which a person possesses, there shall be attributed to him any voting power which, for the purposes of section 416, would be attributed to him under subsection (5) or (6) of that section.

(8) In this section “shares” include stock.

Textual Amendments

F7 Word in s. 415(1)(b) substituted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 38 para. 6(8) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 1996 (c. 8), Sch. 38 para. 6(1)(2)(f)

F8 Word in s. 415(1)(b) substituted (19.7.2007) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 26 para. 7(4)

F9 Words in s. 415(4)(b) substituted (6.4.2006) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), s. 284(1), Sch. 35 para 19 (with Sch. 36)

Marginal Citations

M6 Source—1970 s.283(1)-(3)

M7 Source—1970 s.283(4)(a)

M8 Source—1970 s.283(4)(bb); 1970(F) Sch.5 Part III 12(3)

M9 Source—1970 s.283(4)(c)

M10 Source—1970 s.283(5)-(8)

416 Meaning of “associated company” and “control”. U.K.

(1) M11 For the purposes of this Part,except paragraphs 2and 9(1)(a), (2)(a)and (3)(a)of Schedule 19 F10 , a company is to be treated as another’s “associated company” at a given time if, at that time or at any other time within one year previously, one of the two has control of the other, or both are under the control of the same person or persons.

(2) M12 For the purposes of this Part, a person shall be taken to have control of a company if he exercises, or is able to exercise or is entitled to acquire, direct or indirect control over the company’s affairs, and in particular, but without prejudice to the generality of the preceding words, if he possesses or is entitled to acquire—

(a) the greater part of the share capital or issued share capital of the company or of the voting power in the company; or

(b) such part of the issued share capital of the company as would, if the whole of the income of the company were in fact distributed among the participators (without regard to any rights which he or any other person has as a loan creditor), entitle him to receive the greater part of the amount so distributed; or

(c) such rights as would, in the event of the winding-up of the company or in any other circumstances, entitle him to receive the greater part of the assets of the company which would then be available for distribution among the participators.

(3) Where two or more persons together satisfy any of the conditions of subsection (2) above, they shall be taken to have control of the company.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (2) above a person shall be treated as entitled to acquire anything which he is entitled to acquire at a future date, or will at a future date be entitled to acquire.

(5) M13 For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3) above, there shall be attributed to any person any rights or powers of a nominee for him, that is to say, any rights or powers which another person possesses on his behalf or may be required to exercise on his direction or behalf.

(6) For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3) above, there may also be attributed to any person all the rights and powers of any company of which he has, or he and associates of his have, control or any two or more such companies, or of any associate of his or of any two or more associates of his, including those attributed to a company or associate under subsection (5) above, but not those attributed to an associate under this subsection; and such attributions shall be made under this subsection as will result in the company being treated as under the control of five or fewer participators if it can be so treated.

Textual Amendments

F10 Words repealed by 1989 s. 187 and Sch. 17 Part v in relation to accounting periods beginning after 31 March 1989

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C6 S. 416 applied (with modifications) by Finance Act 1991 (c. 31, SIF 63:1), s. 89(1), Sch. 16 para. 10(9)

S. 416 applied (with modifications) by Finance Act 1981 (c. 35, SIF 63:2), s. 82A(11)(13) (in relation to payments received on or after 19.3.1991) (as inserted by Finance Act 1991 (c. 31, SIF 63:1), s. 91, Sch. 18 para. 4)

C7 S. 416 applied (6.3.1992 with effect as mentioned in s. 289(1)(2) of the amending Act) by Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12), ss. 86(5), 288(1), 289, Sch. 5 paras. 2(8)(9), 8(8), 9(9)(10) (with ss. 60, 101(1), 171, 201(3))

S. 416 applied (1.10.1992) by S.I. 1992/1725 (N.I. 15), art. 62(4); S.R. 1992/402, art. 2(a)

C8 S. 416 applied (17.12.1996) by Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (c. 53), ss. 54(2), 150(3); S.I. 1996/2842, art. 3

C9 S, 416 applied (N.I.) (1.10.2003 for specified purposes and 1.12.2003 otherwise) by The Housing (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/412), arts. 1(3), 85(2); S.R. 2003/270, art. 2(4), Sch. 3

C10 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (6.3.1992 with effect as mentioned in s. 289(1)(2) of the amending Act) by Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12), ss. 184(1)(b), 289 (with ss. 60, 101(1), 171, 201(3))

C11 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (29.4.1996) by Finance Act 1996 (c. 8), s. 87(6) (with Schs. 10, 11)

C12 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (with effect in accordance with Sch. 9 para. 17(1) of the affecting Act) by Finance Act 1996 (c. 8) Sch. 9 para. 17(9)

C13 S. 416(2)-(5) applied (1.3.1996) by Gas Act 1995 (c. 45), ss. 12(7), 18(4) (with Sch. 5 para. 1); S.I. 1996/218, art. 3

C14 S. 416(2)-(5) applied (10.6.1996) by The Gas (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/275), arts. 1(2), 39(7) (with art. 71); S.R. 1996/216, art. 2 (with arts. 3, 4)

C15 S. 416(2)-(5) applied (with modifications) by Gas Act 1986 (c. 44), s. 19E(4) (as inserted (10.8.2000) by The Gas (Third Party Access and Accounts) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1937), Sch. 2 para. 1)

C16 S. 416(2)-(5) applied (with modifications) by Petroleum Act 1998 (c. 17), s. 17E(7) (as inserted (10.8.2000) by The Gas (Third Party Access and Accounts) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1937), Sch. 4 para. 4)

C17 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (with modifications) (with application in accordance with s. 63(4) of the affecting Act) by Finance Act 2000 (c. 17), Sch. 15 para. 8(2)-(5)

C18 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (with application in accordance with s. 63(4) of the affecting Act) by Finance Act 2000 (c. 17), Sch. 15 para. 20; and s. 416(2)-(6) applied by that para. 20 as amended by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), Sch. 20 paras. 4, 15

C19 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (with application in accordance with s. 63(4) of the affecting Act) by Finance Act 2000 (c. 17), Sch. 15 para. 33(5)

C20 S. 416(2)-(6) applied by Finance Act 1996 (c. 8), Sch.15 para. 11(2D)(a) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 82(2) of the 2002 amending Act) by Finance Act 2002 (c. 23), Sch. 25 para. 41(2))

C21 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (with effect in accordance with Sch. 29 Pt. 14 of the affecting Act) by Finance Act 2002 (c. 23), Sch. 29 para. 59(4)

C22 S. 416(2)-(6) applied by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), Sch. 5 para. 10(3) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 96(6) of the 2004 amending Act) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), s. 96(3))

C23 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (with effect in accordance with s. 77 of the affecting Act) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), Sch. 11 para. 4(2); S.I. 2006/3240, art. 2

C24 S. 416(2)-(6) applied (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the affecting Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 784(6) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

Marginal Citations

M11 Source—1970 s.302(1); 1972 Sch.24 21

M12 Source—1970 s.302(2)-(4); 1972 Sch.17 5

M13 Source—1970 s.302(5), (6)

417 Meaning of “participator”, “associate”, “director” and “loan creditor”. U.K.

(1) M14 For the purposes of this Part, a “participator” is, in relation to any company, a person having a share or interest in the capital or income of the company, and, without prejudice to the generality of the preceding words, includes—

(a) any person who possesses, or is entitled to acquire, share capital or voting rights in the company;

(b) any loan creditor of the company;

(c) any person who possesses, or is entitled to acquire, a right to receive or participate in distributions of the company (construing “distributions” without regard to section 418) or any amounts payable by the company (in cash or in kind) to loan creditors by way of premium on redemption; and

(d) any person who is entitled to secure that income or assets (whether present or future) of the company will be applied directly or indirectly for his benefit.

In this subsection references to being entitled to do anything apply where a person is presently entitled to do it at a future date, or will at a future date be entitled to do it.

(2) The provisions of subsection (1) above are without prejudice to any particular provision of this Part requiring a participator in one company to be treated as being also a participator in another company.

(3) M15 “associate” means, in relation to a participator—

(a) any relative or partner of the participator;

(b) the F11 . . . trustees of any settlement in relation to which the participator is, or any relative of his (living or dead) is or was, a settlor F12 . . . ; and

(c) where the participator is interested in any shares or obligations of the company which are subject to any trust, or are part of the estate of a deceased person—

(i) the F11 . . . trustees of the settlement concerned or, as the case may be, the personal representatives of the deceased; and

(ii) if the participator is a company, any other company interested in those shares or obligations;

and has a corresponding meaning in relation to a person other than a participator.

(4) M16 In subsection (3) above “relative” means [F13 spouse or civil partner], parent or remoter forebear, child or remoter issue, or brother or sister.

(5) For the purposes of this Part “director” includes any person occupying the position of director by whatever name called, any person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors are accustomed to act, and any person who—

(a) is a manager of the company or otherwise concerned in the management of the company’s trade or business, and

(b) is, either on his own or with one or more associates, the beneficial owner of, or able, directly or through the medium of other companies or by any other indirect means, to control 20 per cent. or over of the ordinary share capital of the company.

(6) In subsection (5)(b) above the expression “either on his own or with one or more associates” requires a person to be treated as owning or, as the case may be, controlling what any associate owns or controls, even if he does not own or control share capital on his own.

(7) M17 Subject to subsection (9) below, for the purposes of this Part “loan creditor”, in relation to a company, means a creditor in respect of any debt incurred by the company—

(a) for any money borrowed or capital assets acquired by the company; or

(b) for any right to receive income created in favour of the company; or

(c) for consideration the value of which to the company was (at the time when the debt was incurred) substantially less than the amount of the debt (including any premium thereon);

or in respect of any redeemable loan capital issued by the company.

(8) M18 Subject to subsection (9) below, a person who is not the creditor in respect of any debt or loan capital to which subsection (7) above applies but nevertheless has a beneficial interest therein shall, to the extent of that interest, be treated for the purposes of this Part as a loan creditor in respect of that debt or loan capital.

(9) M19 A person carrying on a business of banking shall not be deemed to be a loan creditor in respect of any loan capital or debt issued or incurred by the company for money lent by him to the company in the ordinary course of that business.

Textual Amendments

F11 Words in s. 417(3)(b)(c)(i) repealed (6.4.2006) by Finance Act 2006 (c. 25), Sch. 13 paras. 12(b), 27(1), Sch. 26 Pt. 3(15), Note

F12 Words in s. 417(3)(b) repealed (6.4.2006) by Finance Act 2006 (c. 25), Sch. 13 paras. 12(a), 27(1), Sch. 26 Pt. 3(15), Note

F13 Words in s. 417(4) substituted (5.12.2005) by The Tax and Civil Partnership Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005/3229), regs. 1(1), 72

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C25 S. 417 modified (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the modifying Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 519(2) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2, paras. 73-75)

C26 Definition of

“participator”,excluding

“loan creditor”,applied for purposes of 1979(C) s.149 (capital gains tax relief on disposals to employee trusts).Definition of

“participator”

applied for purposes of—1988 s.168(11)—directors etc.1988 s.187(3)—share option and profit sharing schemes.1988 s.360A—loan to buy interest in close company.1989 Sch.5—employee share ownership trusts.

C27 In s. 417(1): definition of 'participator' applied by Finance Act 1991 (c. 31, SIF 63:1), s. 89, Sch. 16 paras. 4(10), 10(10), 11(11)

and applied by Finance Act 1981 (c. 35, SIF 63:2), s. 82A(12)(13) (in relation to payments received on or after 19.3.1991) (as inserted by Finance Act 1991 (c. 31, SIF 63:1), s. 91, Sch. 18 para. 4)

C28 S. 417(1) applied (with modifications) (with effect in accordance with Sch 15 paras. 97, 98 of the modifying Act) by Finance Act 2009 (c. 10), Sch. 15 para. 82(5)(6)

C29 See s.360(4)(b)ante with regard to loans made before 14November 1986.

C30 Definition of

“associate”

applied for purposes of:—1988 s.168 (Ch.II Part V) (expenses of directors and others).1988 s.312 (Ch.III Part VII) (Business Expansion Scheme).1989 Sch.5 para.16—employee share ownership trusts.

C31 Definition applied for purposes of 1988(F) s.131—penalties; and 1989 s.134—non-payment of tax by non-residents.

C32 Definition applied for purposes of 1989 Sch.12 Pt.I—close companies: administrative provisions.

Marginal Citations

M14 Source—1970 s.303(1), (2)

M15 Source—1970 s.303(3); 1970(F) Sch.5 Part III 12(4); 1987 s.37(1)

M16 Source—1970 s.303(4)-(6)

M17 Source—1970 s.303(7)

M18 Source—1970 s.303(8); 1972 Sch.17 7

M19 Source—1970 s.303(7)

Additional matters to be treated as distributions U.K.

[418 “Distribution” to include certain expenses of close companies. U.K.

(1) M20 Subject to such exceptions as are mentioned in section 209(1), in the Corporation Tax Acts “distribution”, in relation to a close company, includes, unless otherwise stated, any such amount as is required to be treated as a distribution by subsection (2) below.

(2) M21 Subject to subsection (3) below, where a close company incurs expense in or in connection with the provision for any participator of living or other accommodation, of entertainment, of domestic or other services, or of other benefits or facilities of whatever nature, the company shall be treated as making a distribution to him of an amount equal to so much of that expense as is not made good to the company by the participator.

(3) Subsection (2) above shall not apply to expense incurred in or in connection with the provision—

(a) M22 for a person employed in [F14 employment [F15 to which Part 3 of ITEPA 2003 applies (earnings and benefits etc. treated as employment income) without the exclusion in section 216 of that Act (provisions not applicable to lower-paid employment)]] of such benefits as are mentioned in any of [F16 Chapters 6 to 10 of Part 3 and section 223 of that Act (cars and vans, loans, shares, other benefits, and payments on account of director’s tax)]; or

(b) M23 of living accommodation for any person if the accommodation is (within the meaning of [F17 Chapter 5 of Part 3 of ITEPA 2003]) provided by reason of his employment; or

(c) M24 for the spouse [F18 or civil partner], children or dependants of a person employed by the company of any pension, annuity, lump sum, gratuity or other like benefit to be given on that person’s death or retirement.

(4) M25 The amount of the expense to be taken into account under subsection (2) above as a distribution shall be the same as would under [F19 Chapters 6 to 10 of Part 3 of ITEPA 2003] be the cash equivalent of the resultant benefit to the participator.

(5) M26 Subsection (2) above shall not apply if the company and the participator are both resident in the United Kingdom and—

(a) one is a subsidiary of the other or both are subsidiaries of a third company also so resident, and

(b) the benefit to the participator arises on or in connection with a transfer of assets or liabilities by the company to him, or to the company by him.

(6) The question whether one body corporate is a subsidiary of another for the purposes of subsection (5) above shall be determined as a question whether it is a 51 per cent. subsidiary of that other, except that that other shall be treated as not being the owner—

(a) of any share capital which it owns directly in a body corporate if a profit on a sale of the shares would be treated as a trading receipt of its trade; or

(b) of any share capital which it owns indirectly, and which is owned directly by a body corporate for which a profit on a sale of the shares would be a trading receipt; or

(c) of any share capital which it owns directly or indirectly in a body corporate not resident in the United Kingdom.

(7) Where each of two or more close companies makes a payment to a person who is not a participator in that company, but is a participator in another of those companies, and the companies are acting in concert or under arrangements made by any person, then each of those companies and any participator in it shall be treated as if the payment made to him had been made by that company.

This subsection shall apply, with any necessary adaptations, in relation to the giving of any consideration, and to the provision of any facilities, as it applies in relation to the making of a payment.

(8) For the purposes of this section any reference to a participator includes an associate of a participator, and any participator in a company which controls another company shall be treated as being also a participator in that other company.]

Textual Amendments

F14 1989 s.53(2)(f).Previously

“director's or higher-paid employment (within the meaning of section 167)”.

F15 Words in s. 418(3)(a) substituted (6.4.2003 with effect in accordance with s. 723(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), Sch. 6 para. 55(2)(a) (with Sch. 7)

F16 Words in s. 418(3)(a) substituted (6.4.2003 with effect in accordance with s. 723(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), Sch. 6 para. 55(2)(b) (with Sch. 7)

F17 Words in s. 418(3)(b) substituted (6.4.2003 with effect in accordance with s. 723(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), Sch. 6 para. 55(3) (with Sch. 7)

F18 Words in s. 418(3)(c) inserted (5.12.2005) by The Tax and Civil Partnership Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005/3229), regs. 1(1), 73

F19 Words in s. 418(4) substituted (6.4.2003 with effect in accordance with s. 723(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), Sch. 6 para. 55(4) (with Sch. 7)

Marginal Citations

M20 Source—1970 s.284(1)

M21 Source—1970 s.284(2)

M22 Source—1970 s.284(2)(a); 1976 Sch.9 15

M23 Source—1970 s.284(2)(aa); 1980 s.51(4)

M24 Source—1970 s.284(2)(b); 1976 Sch.9 15; 1977 s.35(4)

M25 Source—1970 s.284(3); 1976 Sch.9 16

M26 Source—1970 s.284(4)-(7)