Criminal Justice Act 1988

Part VIU.K. Confiscation of the Proceeds of an Offence

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1Part VI (ss. 71 to 103) modified: (29.12.1991) by S.I. 1991/2873, art. 3(2), Sch. 2; and (1.9.1995) by S.I. 1995/1968, art. 2(1)

C2Part VI (ss. 71 to 103) applied (1.11.1995) by 1995 c. 11, s. 15(3); S.I. 1995/2650, art. 2

71 Confiscation orders.E+W

F1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F1S. 71 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 (c. 29), ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

72- Making of confiscation orders.E+W

F2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F2S. 72 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

72A Postponed determinations.E+W

F3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F3S. 72A repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

72AA Confiscation relating to a course of criminal conduct.E+W

F4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F4S. 72AA repealed ( 24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 467, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

73 Statements, etc. relevant to making confiscation orders.E+W

F5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F5S. 73 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

73A Provision of information by defendant.E+W

F6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F6S. 73A repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

74 Definition of principal terms used.E+W

F7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F7S. 74 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

[F8Review and revision of certain questions and determinations]E+W

Textual Amendments

F8S. 74A (and the heading immediately preceding it) inserted (1.11.1995) by 1995 c. 11, s. 5; S.I. 1995/2650, art.2

74A Review of cases where proceeds of crime not assessed.E+W

F9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F9S. 74A repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 11; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

74B Revision of assessment of proceeds of crime.E+W

F10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F10S. 74B repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

74C Revision of assessment of amount to be recovered.E+W

F11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F11S. 74C repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

Enforcement, etc. of confiscation ordersE+W+S

75 Application of procedure for enforcing fines.E+W

F12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F12S. 75 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

75A Interest on sums unpaid under confiscation orders.E+W

F13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F13S. 75A repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

76 Cases in which restraint orders and charging orders may be made.E+W

F14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F14S. 76 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

77 Restraint orders.E+W+S

F15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Extent Information

E1S. 77: for extent of s. 77 see s. 172

Textual Amendments

F15S. 77 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

78 Charging orders in respect of land, securities, etc.E+W

F16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F16S. 78 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

79 Charging orders: supplementary provisions.E+W

F17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F17S. 79 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

80 Realisation of property.E+W+S

F18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F18S. 80 repealed ( 24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

81 Application of proceeds of realisation and other sums.E+W

F19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F19S. 81 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

82 Exercise of powers by High Court or receiver.E+W+S

F20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F20S. 82 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

83 Variation of confiscation orders.E+W

F21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F21S. 83 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

84 Bankruptcy of defendant etc.E+W+S

F22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F22S. 84 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

85 Sequestration in Scotland of defendant etc.E+W+S

F23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F23S. 85 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

86 Winding up of company holding realisable property.E+W+S

F24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F24S. 86 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

87 Insolvency officers dealing with property subject to restraint order.E+W+S

F25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F25S. 87 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

88 Receivers: supplementary provisions.E+W+S

F26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F26S. 88 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

89 Compensation.E+W

F27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F27S. 89 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

Enforcement in ScotlandS

F2890. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S

Textual Amendments

F2991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S

Textual Amendments

F3092. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S

Textual Amendments

F3193. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S

Textual Amendments

[F32Money laundering and other offences]E+W+S

Textual Amendments

F32S. 93A and cross heading inserted (E.W.S.) (15.2.1994) by 1993 c. 36, s. 29(1); S.I. 1994/71, art. 2, Sch.

93A Assisting another to retain the benefit of criminal conduct.E+W+S

F33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F33S. 93A repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

93B Acquisition, possession or use of proceeds of criminal conduct.E+W+S

F34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F34S. 93B repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

93C Concealing or transferring proceeds of criminal conduct.E+W+S

F35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F35S. 93C repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

93D Tipping-off.E+W+S

F36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F36S. 93D repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

93E Application of sections 93A to 93D to Scotland.S

F37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F37S. 93E repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

93F Prosecution by order of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise.E+W+S

F38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F38S. 93F repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

93G Extension of certain offences to Crown servants and exemptions for regulators etc.E+W+S

F39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F39S. 93G repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

[F40Investigations into the proceeds of criminal conduct]E+W

Textual Amendments

F40S. 93H (and the heading immediately preceding it) inserted (1.11.1995) by 1995 c. 11, s.11; S.I. 1995/2650, art.2

93H Order to make material available.E+W

F41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F41S. 93H repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

93I Authority for search.E+W

F42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F42S. 93I repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

93J Disclosure of information held by government departments.E+W

F43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F43S. 93J repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

Enforcement of external ordersU.K.

94 Enforcement of Northern Ireland orders.E+W+S

F44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F44S. 94 repealed (24.2.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/120, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-7 (as amended (24.3.2003) by S.I. 2003/333, art. 14 and S.I. 2003/531, art. 3))

F4595. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S+N.I.

Textual Amendments

96 Enforcement of other external orders.E+W

(1)Her Majesty may by Order in Council—

(a)direct in relation to a country or territory outside the United Kingdom designated by the Order (“a designated country") that, subject to such modifications as may be specified, this Part of this Act shall apply to external confiscation orders and to proceedings which have been or are to be instituted in the designated country and may result in an external confiscation order being made there;

(b)make—

(i)such provision in connection with the taking of action in the designated country with a view to satisfying a confiscation order;

(ii)such provision as to evidence or proof of any matter for the purposes of this section and section 97 below; and

(iii)such incidental, consequential and transitional provision,

as appears to Her Majesty to be expedient; and

(c)without prejudice to the generality of this subsection, direct that in such circumstances as may be specified proceeds which arise out of action taken in the designated country with a view to satisfying a confiscation order shall be treated as reducing the amount payable under the order to such extent as may be specified.

(2)In this Part of this Act—

  • “external confiscation order” means an order made by a court in a designated country for the purpose—

(a)of recovering—

(i)property obtained as a result of or in connection with conduct corresponding to an offence to which this Part of this Act applies; or

(ii)the value of property so obtained; or

(b)of depriving a person of a pecuniary advantage so obtained; and

“modifications” includes additions, alterations and omissions.

(3)An Order in Council under this section may make different provision for different cases or classes of case.

(4)The power to make an Order in Council under this section includes power to modify this Part of this Act in such a way as to confer power on a person to exercise a discretion.

[F46(5)An Order in Council under this section shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.]

Textual Amendments

F46S. 96(5) substituted (1.12.1993) by 1993 c. 36, s. 21(3)(g); S.I. 1993/2734, art. 2,Sch.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C3S. 96 modified (29.12.1991) by S.I. 1991/2873, arts. 4(1), 5(1)

97 Registration of external confiscation orders.E+W

(1)On an application made by or on behalf of the government of a designated country, the High Court may register an external confiscation order made there if—

(a)it is satisfied that at the time of registration the order is in force and not subject to appeal;

(b)it is satisfied, where the person against whom the order is made did not appear in the proceedings, that he received notice of the proceedings in sufficient time to enable him to defend them; and

(c)it is of the opinion that enforcing the order in England and Wales would not be contrary to the interests of justice.

(2)In subsection (1) above “appeal” includes—

(a)any proceedings by way of discharging or setting aside a judgment; and

(b)an application for a new trial or a stay of execution.

(3)The High Court shall cancel the registration of an external confiscation order if it appears to the court that the order has been satisfied by payment of the amount due under it or by the person against whom it was made serving imprisonment in default of payment or by any other means.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C4S. 97 modified (29.12.1991) by S.I. 1991/2873, arts. 4(1), 5(1)

Miscellaneous and supplementalE+W+S

F4798. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E+W

Textual Amendments

F47S. 98 repealed (15.2.1994) by 1993 c. 36, s. 79(13)(14), Sch. 5 Pt. I para. 14(1), Sch. 6 Pt. I; S.I. 1994/71, art. 2, Sch. Appendix

99 Authorisation of delay in notifying arrest etc.E+W

F48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F48S. 99 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458(1), Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

100 Power to inspect Land Register, etc.E+W

F49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F49S. 100 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531) and s. 100 repealed (21.7.2008) by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2008 (c. 12), s. 1(1), Sch. 1 Pt. 3

101 Abolition of power to make criminal bankruptcy order.E+W

F50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F50S. 101 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

102 Part VI— Interpretation.E+W+S

F51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F51S. 102 repealed (24.3.2003) by 2002 c. 29, ss. 456, 457, 458, Sch. 11 para. 17(2)(a), Sch. 12; S.I. 2003/333, art. 2(1), Sch. (subject to transitional provisions and savings in arts. 3-14) (as amended by S.I. 2003/531)

103 Amendments of Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 and Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987.E+W+S

F52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments