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Part 3 U.K. INCOME TAX, CORPORATION TAX AND CAPITAL GAINS TAX

Chapter 2 U.K. OTHER PROVISIONS

EmploymentU.K.

57 Mileage allowances: exemptions and reliefU.K.

F1(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F1(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(3)The consequential amendments in Part 2 of Schedule 12 to this Act have effect.

(4)This section has effect for the year 2002-03 and subsequent years of assessment.

Textual Amendments

F1S. 57(1)(2) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 723(1)(a)(b) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), s. 723, Sch. 8 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 7)

F258 Mileage allowances: nil liability noticesU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F2S. 58 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 723(1)(a)(b) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), s. 723, Sch. 8 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 7)

59 Employees’ vehicles: withdrawal of capital allowancesU.K.

(1)In Chapter 3 of Part 2 of the Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2) (plant and machinery: qualifying expenditure), for section 36 (restriction on qualifying expenditure in case of employment or office) substitute—

36 Restriction on qualifying expenditure in case of employment or office

(1)Where the qualifying activity consists of an employment or office—

(a)expenditure on the provision of a mechanically propelled road vehicle, or a cycle, is not qualifying expenditure, and

(b)other expenditure is qualifying expenditure only if the plant or machinery is necessarily provided for use in the performance of the duties of the employment or office.

(2)In this section “cycle” has the meaning given by section 192(1) of the Road Traffic Act 1988..

(2)Section 80 of that Act (vehicles provided for purposes of employment or office) is repealed.

(3)The above amendments apply to expenditure incurred on or after 6th April 2002.

(4)Where immediately before 6th April 2002—

(a)expenditure incurred by an employee on the provision of a mechanically propelled road vehicle, or a cycle, was qualifying expenditure for the purposes of Part 2 of the Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2) , and

(b)the employee is treated for the purposes of that Part as owning an asset as a result of that expenditure having been incurred,

the employee shall be treated for the purposes of that Part of that Act as if he had ceased to own the asset at that time.

(5)In subsection (4)—

F360 Exemption for works bus services: extension to minibusesU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F3Ss. 60-62 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 723(1)(a)(b) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), s. 723, Sch. 8 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 7)

F361 Employee share ownership plansU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F3Ss. 60-62 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 723(1)(a)(b) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), s. 723, Sch. 8 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 7)

Enterprise incentivesU.K.

F362 Enterprise management incentivesU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F3Ss. 60-62 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 723(1)(a)(b) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (c. 1), s. 723, Sch. 8 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 7)

63 Enterprise investment schemeU.K.

Schedule 15 to this Act (which makes amendments relating to the enterprise investment scheme) has effect.

64 Venture capitalU.K.

(1)Schedule 16 to this Act has effect.

(2)In that Schedule—

Textual Amendments

F4Words in s. 64(2) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1034(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax Act 2007 (c. 3), s. 1034(1), Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2)

Capital allowancesU.K.

F565 Energy-saving plant and machineryU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F5S. 65 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 33(5) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2019 (c. 1), s. 33(2)(c)(i)

66 Fixtures provided in connection with energy management servicesU.K.

(1)Schedule 18 to this Act (fixtures provided in connection with provision of energy management services) has effect in relation to expenditure incurred on or after 1st April 2001.

(2)The Schedule has effect—

(a)for income tax purposes, as respects allowances and charges falling to be made for chargeable periods ending on or after 6th April 2001, and

(b)for corporation tax purposes, as respects allowances and charges falling to be made for chargeable periods ending on or after 1st April 2001.

F667 Conversion of parts of business premises into flatsU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F6S. 67 repealed (with effect in accordance with Sch. 39 para. 40 of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2012 (c. 14), Sch. 39 para. 39(a) (with Sch. 39 paras. 41, 42)

68 Decommissioning of offshore oil infrastructureU.K.

Schedule 20 to this Act (capital allowances in respect of expenditure incurred on decommissioning offshore infrastructure) has effect.

69 Minor amendmentsU.K.

(1)Schedule 21 (which makes minor amendments to the Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2) ) has effect.

(2)The amendments made by the Schedule have effect—

(a)for income tax purposes, as respects allowances and charges falling to be made for chargeable periods ending on or after 6th April 2001, and

(b)for corporation tax purposes, as respects allowances and charges falling to be made for chargeable periods ending on or after 1st April 2001.

Other relieving provisionsU.K.

70 Relief for expenditure on remediation of contaminated landU.K.

F7(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F8(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(3)Schedule 23 to this Act (which contains consequential amendments) has effect accordingly.

Textual Amendments

F7S. 70(1) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 1329(1), Sch. 1 para. 524, Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F8S. 70(2) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 1329(1), Sch. 1 para. 524, Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

71 Creative artists: relief for fluctuating profitsU.K.

F9(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F9(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(3)The following provisions of the Taxes Act 1988 are repealed—

The repeals have effect in relation to payments actually receivable on or after 6th April 2001.

(4)Part 2 of Schedule 24 to this Act contains amendments consequential on the preceding provisions of this section.

Textual Amendments

72 Expenditure on film production etcU.K.

In section 48(2)(a) of the Finance (No.2) Act 1997 (c. 58) (favourable tax treatment for certain expenditure on film production, etc. incurred before 2nd July 2002) for “2nd July 2002” substitute “ 2nd July 2005 ”.

F1073 Deductions for business gifts: yearly limitU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F10S. 73 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 1329(1), Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

Pension fundsU.K.

F1174 Payments to employers out of pension fundsU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F11S. 74 repealed (6.4.2006) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), Sch. 42 Pt. 3 (with Sch. 36)

Limited liability partnershipsU.K.

75 Limited liability partnerships: generalU.K.

F12(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2)In the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12), for section 59A (limited liability partnerships) substitute—

59A Limited liability partnerships

(1)Where a limited liability partnership carries on a trade or business with a view to profit—

(a)assets held by the limited liability partnership are treated for the purposes of tax in respect of chargeable gains as held by its members as partners, and

(b)any dealings by the limited liability partnership are treated for those purposes as dealings by its members in partnership (and not by the limited liability partnership as such);

and tax in respect of chargeable gains accruing to the members of the limited liability partnership on the disposal of any of its assets shall be assessed and charged on them separately.

(2)For all purposes, except as otherwise provided, in the enactments relating to tax in respect of chargeable gains—

(a)references to a partnership include a limited liability partnership in relation to which subsection (1) above applies,

(b)references to members of a partnership include members of such a limited liability partnership,

(c)references to a company do not include such a limited liability partnership, and

(d)references to members of a company do not include members of such a limited liability partnership.

(3)Subsection (1) above continues to apply in relation to a limited liability partnership which no longer carries on any trade or business with a view to profit—

(a)if the cessation is only temporary, or

(b)during a period of winding up following a permanent cessation, provided—

(i)the winding up is not for reasons connected in whole or in part with the avoidance of tax, and

(ii)the period of winding up is not unreasonably prolonged,

but subject to subsection (4) below.

(4)Subsection (1) above ceases to apply in relation to a limited liability partnership—

(a)on the appointment of a liquidator or (if earlier) the making of a winding-up order by the court, or

(b)on the occurrence of any event under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom corresponding to an event specified in paragraph (a) above.

(5)Where subsection (1) above ceases to apply in relation to a limited liability partnership with the effect that tax is assessed and charged—

(a)on the limited liability partnership (as a company) in respect of chargeable gains accruing on the disposal of any of its assets, and

(b)on the members in respect of chargeable gains accruing on the disposal of any of their capital interests in the limited liability partnership,

it shall be assessed and charged on the limited liability partnership as if subsection (1) above had never applied in relation to it.

(6)Neither the commencement of the application of subsection (1) above nor the cessation of its application in relation to a limited liability partnership shall be taken as giving rise to the disposal of any assets by it or any of its members..

(3)In Chapter 2 of Part 5 of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12) (relief for gifts of business assets), after section 169 insert—

169A Cessation of trade by limited liability partnership

(1)This section applies where section 59A(1) ceases to apply to a limited liability partnership.

(2)A member of the partnership who immediately before the time at which section 59A(1) ceases to apply holds an asset, or an interest in an asset, acquired by him—

(a)on a disposal to members of a partnership, and

(b)for a consideration which is treated as reduced under section 165(4)(b) or 260(3)(b),

shall be treated as if a chargeable gain equal to the amount of the reduction accrued to him immediately before that time.

(4)In section 170(9) of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (groups of companies: meaning of “company”), in paragraph (b) after “company” insert “ (other than a limited liability partnership) ”.

(5)Subsection (3) above shall be deemed to have come into force on 3rd May 2001 and applies where section 59A(1) of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 ceased or ceases to apply as mentioned in section 169A of that Act (as inserted by that subsection) on or after that date.

(6)The other provisions of this section shall be deemed to have come into force on 6th April 2001.

Textual Amendments

F12S. 75(1) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 1329(1), Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

76 Limited liability partnerships: investment LLPs and property investment LLPsU.K.

(1)Schedule 25 to this Act has effect with respect to limited liability partnerships whose business consists wholly or mainly in the making of investments.

(2)The provisions of that Schedule shall be deemed to have come into force on 6th April 2001.

Chargeable gainsU.K.

F1377 Notional transfers within a groupU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F13S. 77 omitted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 12 para. 5 of the amending Act) by virtue of Finance Act 2009 (c. 10), Sch. 12 para. 4(b)

F1478 Taper relief: assets qualifying as business assetsU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F14S. 78 omitted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 2 para. 56(3) of the amending Act) by virtue of Finance Act 2008 (c. 9), Sch. 2 para. 55(d)(i)

79 De-grouping charge: transitional reliefU.K.

Schedule 29 to the Finance Act 2000 (chargeable gains: non-resident companies and groups etc) shall be deemed to have been enacted with the following paragraph added at the end of Part 3 (transitional provisions) after paragraph 46—

47De-grouping charge: deferral until company leaves new group

(1)This paragraph has effect for the purposes of section 179 of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 as that section has effect in relation to assets acquired before 1st April 2000 (“old section 179”).

(2)Where—

(a)a company would (apart from this paragraph) fall to be regarded for the purposes of old section 179 as ceasing to be a member of an old group at any time, but

(b)immediately before that time, it is also a member of a new group for the purposes of new section 179,

the company shall not be regarded for the purposes of old section 179 as ceasing to be a member of the old group unless or until it also ceases to be a member of the new group for the purposes of new section 179.

(3)Sub-paragraph (2) above does not prevent the company from being or becoming a member of another old group at any time.

(4)Where a company ceases to be a member of a new group on any occasion, it shall not by virtue of sub-paragraph (2) above be treated for the purposes of old section 179 as if it had on that occasion ceased to be a member of the same old group more than once.

(5)For the purposes of this paragraph—

(a)references to a company being a member of an old group are references to its being, for the purposes of old section 179, a member of a group of companies within the meaning given by old section 170;

(b)references to a company being a member of a new group are references to its being, for the purposes of new section 179, a member of a group of companies within the meaning given by new section 170; and

(c)references to a company ceasing to be a member of an old group or a new group shall be construed in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b) above, as the case may be.

(6)Where, for the purposes of sub-paragraph (2)(b) above, a company is not a member of a new group by reason only that—

(a)the principal company of the old group is not the principal company of the new group, and

(b)the company in question is not an effective 51 per cent subsidiary of the principal company of the new group,

subsection (3)(b) of new section 170 shall not apply in relation to the company for the purposes of this paragraph for so long as it remains an effective 51 per cent subsidiary of the company which was the principal company of the old group.

(7)In this paragraph—

(a)new section 179” means section 179 of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12) as it has effect in relation to assets acquired on or after 1st April 2000;

(b)new section 170” means section 170 of that Act, as amended by the main amendments;

(c)old section 170” means section 170 of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992, as it stands before the main amendments.

(8)Expressions used in this paragraph and in section 170 of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 shall be construed in accordance with that section..

80 Attribution of gains of non-resident companiesU.K.

(1)Section 13 of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (attribution of gains to members of non-resident companies) is amended as follows.

(2)In subsection (4) (no attribution if amount does not exceed one twentieth of gain) for “one twentieth” substitute “ one tenth ”.

(3)In subsection (5) (gains to which the section does not apply) for paragraph (b) substitute—

(b)a chargeable gain accruing on the disposal of an asset used, and used only—

(i)for the purposes of a trade carried on by the company wholly outside the United Kingdom, or

(ii)for the purposes of the part carried on outside the United Kingdom of a trade carried on by the company partly within and partly outside the United Kingdom,.

(4)For subsection (5A) (credit for tax on attributed gain in relation to later distribution) substitute—

(5A)Where—

(a)an amount of tax is paid by a person in pursuance of subsection (2) above, and

(b)an amount in respect of the chargeable gain is distributed (either by way of dividend or distribution of capital or on the dissolution of the company) before the end of the period specified in subsection (5B) below,

the amount of tax (so far as neither reimbursed by the company nor applied as a deduction under subsection (7) below) shall be applied for reducing or extinguishing any liability of that person to income tax, capital gains tax or corporation tax in respect of the distribution.

(5B)The period referred to in subsection (5A)(b) above is the period of three years from—

(a)the end of the period of account of the company in which the chargeable gain accrued, or

(b)the end of the period of twelve months beginning with the date on which the chargeable gain accrued,

whichever is earlier.

In paragraph (a) above a “period of account” means a period for which the company makes up its accounts.

(5)After subsection (10A) insert—

(10B)A chargeable gain that would be treated as accruing to a person under subsection (2) above shall not be so treated if—

(a)it would be so treated only if assets that are assets of a pension scheme were taken into account in ascertaining that person’s interest as a participator in the company, and

(b)at the time the gain accrues a gain arising on a disposal of those assets would be exempt from tax by virtue of section 271(1)(b), (c), (d), (g) or (h) or (2).

In paragraph (a) above “assets of a pension scheme” means assets held for the purposes of a fund or scheme to which any of the provisions mentioned in paragraph (b) above applies..

(6)This section applies to chargeable gains accruing as mentioned in section 13(1) of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12) on or after 7th March 2001.

International mattersU.K.

F1581 Double taxation reliefU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F1682 Controlled foreign companies: acceptable distribution policyU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F16S. 82 omitted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 16 para. 6 of the amending Act) by virtue of Finance Act 2009 (c. 10), Sch. 16 para. 5(g) (with Sch. 16 paras. 7, 8)

MiscellaneousU.K.

83 Life policies, life annuity contracts and capital redemption policiesU.K.

(1)Schedule 28 to this Act (which makes amendments relating to Chapter 2 of Part 13 of the Taxes Act 1988) has effect.

F17(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(3)The amendments made by Part 2 of that Schedule (which relate to the provision by insurers etc of information relating to chargeable events happening in connection with a policy or contract) have effect in relation to chargeable events happening on or after 6th April 2002.

Textual Amendments

F17S. 83(2) omitted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 14 para. 18 of the amending Act) by virtue of Finance Act 2008 (c. 9), Sch. 14 para. 17(j)

F1884 Exclusion of deductions for deemed manufactured paymentsU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F18S. 84 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2010 (c. 4), s. 1184(1), Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2)

85 Deduction of tax: payments between companies etcU.K.

F19(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2)In section 98 of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (c. 9) (penalties for failing to make, or making incorrectly, certain returns etc.), after subsection (4) insert—

(4A)If—

(a)a failure to comply with section 350(1) of, or Schedule 16 to, the principal Act arises from a person’s failure to deliver an account, or show the amount, of a payment, and

(b)the payment is within subsection (4B) below,

subsection (1) above shall have effect as if for “£300” there were substituted “£3,000” and as if for “£60” there were substituted “£600”.

(4B)A payment is within this subsection if—

(a)the payment is made by a company without an amount representing the income tax on the payment being deducted from the payment,

(b)at the time the payment is made, the company—

(i)does not believe that either of the conditions specified in section 349B of the principal Act is satisfied, or

(ii)where it believes that either of those conditions is satisfied, could not reasonably so believe,

(c)the payment is one from which tax is deductible under section 349 of the principal Act unless the company reasonably believes that one of those conditions is satisfied, and

(d)neither of those conditions is satisfied at the time the payment is made.

(4C)In subsection (4B) above “company” includes a partnership of which any member is a company..

F20(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(4)Subsections (1) to (3) apply to payments made on or after 1st April 2001.

(5)Sections 247 and 248 of the Taxes Act 1988 (companies within a group may elect for section 349 not to apply to payments between them) shall cease to have effect.

(6)Subsection (5) applies in relation to payments made after the day on which this Act is passed.

Textual Amendments

F19S. 85(1) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1034(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax Act 2007 (c. 3), s. 1034(1), Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2)

F20S. 85(3) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1034(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax Act 2007 (c. 3), s. 1034(1), Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2)

F2186 Profits for purposes of small companies’ reliefU.K.

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Textual Amendments

F21S. 86 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2010 (c. 4), s. 1184(1), Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2)

87 Tax deductions and credits: end of provisional repayment regimeU.K.

(1)The provisions of section 438A of, and Schedule 19AB to, the Taxes Act 1988 (provisional repayments in respect of tax borne by deduction and tax credits) shall cease to have effect as follows.

(2)Those provisions shall not apply in relation to income tax borne by deduction from payments received after 30th September 2001.

F22(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F22(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(5)The provisions of section 438A of, and Schedule 19AB to, the Taxes Act 1988 shall not apply in relation to tax credits in respect of distributions made on or after 6th April 2004.

GeneralU.K.

88 Amendments to the machinery of self-assessmentU.K.

(1)Schedule 29 to this Act (amendments to the machinery of self-assessment) has effect.

(2)In that Schedule—

(3)Except as otherwise provided, the amendments in that Schedule have effect as from the passing of this Act in relation to returns—

(a)whether made before or after the passing of this Act, and

(b)whether relating to periods before or after the passing of this Act.

89 Recovery proceedings: minor amendmentsU.K.

(1)In sections 66(1) and 67(1) of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (c. 9) (proceedings in county court or sheriff court to recover tax due and payable under an assessment), omit the words “under any assessment”.

This amendment applies in relation to proceedings begun after the passing of this Act.

(2)For section 69 of the Taxes Management Act 1970 substitute—

69 Recovery of penalty, surcharge or interest

(1)This section applies to—

(a)penalties imposed under Part 2, 5A or 10 of this Act or Schedule 18 to the Finance Act 1998;

(b)surcharges imposed under Part 5A of this Act; and

(c)interest charged under any provision of this Act (or recoverable as if it were interest so charged).

(2)An amount by way of penalty, surcharge or interest to which this section applies shall be treated for the purposes of the following provisions as if it were an amount of tax.

(3)Those provisions are—

(a)sections 61, 63 and 65 to 68 of this Act;

(b)section 35(2)(g)(i) of the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 (rules of court: restriction of set-off or counterclaim where proceedings, or set-off or counterclaim, relate to tax) and any rules of court imposing any such restriction;

(c)section 35(2)(b) of that Act as set out in section 50 of that Act (which imposes corresponding restrictions in Scotland).

This amendment applies—

(a)to proceedings begun (or a counterclaim made) after the passing of this Act, and

(b)to a set-off first claimed after the passing of this Act.

(3)F23...

This amendment applies to certificates tendered in evidence after the passing of this Act.

Textual Amendments

F23S. 89(3) omitted (21.7.2008) by virtue of Finance Act 2008 (c. 9), Sch. 44 para. 11(e)

90 Repayment supplements: claim for relief involving two or more yearsU.K.

(1)Section 824 of the Taxes Act 1988 (repayment supplements) is amended as follows.

(2)After subsection (2B) insert—

(2C)Subsection (1) above shall apply to a repayment made by the Board as a result of a claim for relief under—

(a)paragraph 2 of Schedule 1B to the Management Act (carry back of loss relief),

(b)paragraph 3 of that Schedule (relief for fluctuating profits of farming etc.), or

(c)Schedule 4A to this Act (relief for fluctuating profits of creative artists etc.),

as if it were a repayment falling within that subsection..

(3)In subsection (3), after paragraph (aa) insert—

(ab)if the repayment is a repayment as a result of a claim for relief under any of the provisions mentioned in subsection (2C) above, the relevant time is the 31st January next following the year that is the later year in relation to the claim;.

(4)This section applies in relation to repayments made after the passing of this Act.

91 Power to revise excessive penaltiesU.K.

(1)In section 100 of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (determination of penalties by officer of the Board), in subsection (6) (revision of penalty if amount of tax taken into account discovered to be excessive), after “a penalty under” insert “ section 93(2), (4) or (5) of this Act or ”.

(2)This section applies in relation to penalties determined at any time whether before or after the passing of this Act.