Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4)

Part 3 U.K. Trading income

Chapter 5 U.K. Trade profits: rules allowing deductions

Pre-trading expenses U.K.

61 Pre-trading expenses U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company incurs expenses for the purposes of a trade before (but not more than 7 years before) the date on which the company starts to carry on the trade (“the start date”).

(2) If, in calculating the profits of the trade—

(a) no deduction would otherwise be allowed for the expenses, but

(b) a deduction would be allowed for them if they were incurred on the start date,

the expenses are treated as if they were incurred on the start date (and therefore a deduction is allowed for them).

(3) This section does not apply to any expenses in relation to which—

(a) any debit falls, or

(b) any debit would fall but for section 330 (loan relationships: debits in respect of pre-trading expenditure),

to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 (loan relationships).

Tenants under taxed leases U.K.

62 Tenants under taxed leases: introduction U.K.

(1) Sections 63 to 67 apply if land used in connection with a trade is subject to a taxed lease.

(2) Section 63 (tenants occupying land for purposes of trade treated as incurring expenses) applies in calculating the profits of a trade carried on by the tenant under the taxed lease for the purpose of making deductions for the expenses of the trade.

(3) But any deduction for an expense under section 63 is subject to the application of any provision of Chapter 4 of this Part.

(4) In this section and sections 63 to 67 the following expressions have the same meaning as in Chapter 4 of Part 4 (profits of property businesses: lease premiums etc)—

• “receipt period” (see section 228(6)),

• “taxed lease” (see section 227(4)),

• “taxed receipt” (see section 227(4)), and

• “unreduced amount” (see section 230(2)).

(5) Section 230(3) and (4) (unreduced amount of taxed receipt under section 217 as a result of section 218) applies for the purposes of sections 63 to 67.

(6) In the application of sections 66 and 67 to Scotland—

(a) references to a lease being granted out of a taxed lease are to the grant of a sublease of land subject to the taxed lease, and

(b) references to the lease so granted are to be read as references to the sublease.

63 Tenants occupying land for purposes of trade treated as incurring expenses U.K.

(1) The tenant under the taxed lease is treated as incurring an expense of a revenue nature in respect of the land subject to the taxed lease for each qualifying day.

(2) If there is more than one taxed receipt, this section applies separately in relation to each of them.

(3) A day is a “qualifying day”, in relation to a taxed receipt, if it is a day—

(a) that falls within the receipt period of the taxed receipt, and

(b) on which the tenant occupies the whole or part of the land subject to the taxed lease for the purposes of carrying on a trade.

(4) If on the qualifying day the tenant occupies the whole of the land subject to the taxed lease for the purposes of the trade, the amount of the expense for the qualifying day by reference to the taxed receipt is given by the formula—

where—

A is the unreduced amount of the taxed receipt, and

TRP is the number of days in the receipt period of the taxed receipt.

(5) If on the qualifying day the tenant occupies part of the land subject to the taxed lease for the purposes of the trade, the amount of the expense for the qualifying day by reference to the taxed receipt is given by the formula—

where—

F is the fraction of the land that is so occupied calculated on a just and reasonable basis, and

A and TRP have the same meaning as in subsection (4).

(6) This section is subject to section 64 (limit on deductions if tenant entitled to mineral extraction allowance).

64 Limit on deductions if tenant entitled to mineral extraction allowance U.K.

(1) This section applies if the tenant under the taxed lease has become entitled, in respect of expenditure on the acquisition of an interest in the land subject to the taxed lease, to an allowance for an accounting period under Part 5 of CAA 2001 (mineral extraction allowances) in respect of expenditure falling within section 403 of that Act (qualifying expenditure on acquiring a mineral asset).

(2) If the allowance is in respect of the whole of the expenditure, no deduction is allowed for expenses under section 63 for a qualifying day falling within that or a later accounting period.

(3) If the allowance is in respect of only part of the expenditure (“the allowable part”) the amount of the deduction for expenses under section 63 for a qualifying day falling within that or a later accounting period is calculated by multiplying the amount that, apart from this section, would be the amount of the deduction for the qualifying day by—

where—

WE is the whole of the expenditure, and

AP is the allowable part of the expenditure.

65 Tenants dealing with land as property employed for purposes of trade U.K.

(1) This section applies if the tenant under the taxed lease—

(a) does not occupy the land subject to the taxed lease, or a part of it, but

(b) deals with its interest in the land, or the part of it, as property employed for the purposes of carrying on a trade.

(2) Section 63 applies as if the land or the part of it were occupied by the tenant for the purposes of the trade.

(3) But the tenant is not treated as incurring an expense in respect of the land for a qualifying day as a result of this section so far as the tenant is treated as incurring an expense under section 232 (tenants under taxed leases treated as incurring expenses) in respect of the land for the day in calculating the profits of the tenant's property business.

(4) This section is subject to sections 66 and 67 (restrictions on section 63 expenses where the additional calculation rule is relevant).

66 Restrictions on section 63 expenses: lease premium receipts U.K.

(1) This section applies if a lease has been granted out of the taxed lease and—

(a) in calculating the amount of a receipt of a property business under Chapter 4 of Part 4 (profits of property businesses: lease premiums etc) in respect of the lease, there is a reduction under section 228 (the additional calculation rule) by reference to the taxed receipt, or

(b) in calculating the amount of a receipt of a property business under Chapter 4 of Part 3 of ITTOIA 2005 (profits of property businesses: lease premiums etc) in respect of the lease, there is a reduction under section 288 of that Act (the additional calculation rule) by reference to the taxed receipt.

In this section and section 67 the receipt that is so reduced is referred to as a “lease premium receipt”.

(2) Subsections (3) to (5) provide for the application of section 63 as a result of section 65 for a qualifying day that falls within the receipt period of the lease premium receipt.

(3) The tenant under the taxed lease is treated as incurring an expense under section 63 as a result of section 65 for the qualifying day by reference to the taxed receipt only if the daily amount of the taxed receipt exceeds the daily reduction of the lease premium receipt.

(4) If the condition in subsection (3) is met, the amount of that expense for the qualifying day by reference to the taxed receipt is equal to that excess.

(5) If the qualifying day falls within the receipt period of more than one lease premium receipt, the reference in subsection (3) to the daily reduction of the lease premium receipt is to be read as a reference to the total of the daily reductions of each of the lease premium receipts whose receipt period includes the qualifying day.

(6) In this section—

• the “daily amount” of the taxed receipt is given by the formula—

  

  where—

  A is the unreduced amount of the taxed receipt, and

  TRP is the number of days in the receipt period of the taxed receipt, and

• the “daily reduction” of a lease premium receipt is given by the formula—

  

  where—

  AR is the reduction under section 228 below or section 288 of ITTOIA 2005 by reference to the taxed receipt, and

  RRP is the number of days in the receipt period of the lease premium receipt.

(7) In this section references to a reduction under section 228 below or section 288 of ITTOIA 2005 by reference to a taxed receipt have the same meaning as in Chapter 4 of Part 4 (see section 230(6)).

(8) Section 67 explains how this section operates if the lease does not extend to the whole of the premises subject to the taxed lease.

67 Restrictions on section 63 expenses: lease of part of premises U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) section 66 applies, and

(b) the lease granted out of the taxed lease does not extend to the whole of the premises subject to the taxed lease.

(2) Subsections (3) to (5) apply for a qualifying day that falls within the receipt period of the lease premium receipt.

(3) Sections 63, 65 and 66 apply separately in relation to the part of the premises subject to the lease and to the remainder of the premises.

(4) If—

(a) more than one lease that does not extend to the whole of the premises subject to the taxed lease has been granted out of the taxed lease, and

(b) the qualifying day falls within the receipt period of two or more lease premium receipts that relate to different leases,

sections 63, 65 and 66 apply separately in relation to each part of the premises subject to a lease to which such a lease premium receipt relates and to the remainder of the premises.

(5) Where sections 63, 65 and 66 apply in relation to a part of the premises, A becomes the amount calculated by multiplying the unreduced amount of the taxed receipt by the fraction of the premises constituted by the part.

(6) This fraction is calculated on a just and reasonable basis.

Renewals U.K.

68 Replacement and alteration of trade tools U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) expenses are incurred on replacing or altering any tool used for the purposes of a trade, and

(b) a deduction for the expenses would not otherwise be allowable in calculating the profits of the trade because (and only because) they are items of a capital nature.

(2) In calculating the profits of the trade, a deduction is allowed for the expenses.

(3) In this section “tool” means any implement, utensil or article.

Payments for restrictive undertakings U.K.

69 Payments for restrictive undertakings U.K.

(1) In calculating the profits of a trade, a deduction is allowed for a payment—

(a) which is treated as earnings of an employee by virtue of section 225 of ITEPA 2003 (payments for restrictive undertakings), and

(b) which is made, or treated as made for the purposes of section 226 of that Act (valuable consideration given for restrictive undertakings), by the company carrying on the trade.

(2) The deduction is allowed for the accounting period in which the payment—

(a) is made, or

(b) is treated as made for the purposes of section 226 of ITEPA 2003.

Seconded employees U.K.

70 Employees seconded to charities and educational establishments U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company carrying on a trade (“the employer”) makes the services of a person employed for the purposes of the trade available to—

(a) a charity, or

(b) an educational establishment,

on a basis that is stated and intended to be temporary.

(2) In calculating the profits of the trade, a deduction is allowed for expenses of the employer that are attributable to the employee's employment during the period of the secondment.

(3) In this section—

• “educational establishment” means—

  (a)

  in England and Wales, any of the bodies mentioned in section 71(1),

  (b)

  in Scotland, any of the bodies mentioned in section 71(2),

  (c)

  in Northern Ireland, any of the bodies mentioned in section 71(3), and

  (d)

  any other educational body which is for the time being approved for the purposes of this section by the Secretary of State or, in Northern Ireland, the Department of Education, and

• “the period of the secondment” means the period for which the employee's services are made available to the charity or educational establishment.

71 Educational establishments U.K.

(1) A body in England and Wales is an educational establishment for the purposes of section 70 if it is—

(a) a local education authority,

(b) an educational institution maintained or otherwise supported by a local education authority,

(c) an independent school within the meaning of the Education Act 1996 (c. 56) registered under section 161 of the Education Act 2002 (c. 32), or

(d) an institution within the further education sector, or the higher education sector, within the meaning of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 (c. 13).

(2) A body in Scotland is an educational establishment for the purposes of section 70 if it is—

(a) an education authority within the meaning of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 (c. 44),

(b) an educational establishment within the meaning of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 managed by an education authority within the meaning of that Act,

(c) a public or grant-aided school within the meaning of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980,

(d) an independent school within the meaning of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980,

(e) a central institution within the meaning of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 (c. 44),

(f) an institution within the higher education sector within the meaning of section 56(2) of the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992 (c. 37), or

(g) a college of further education within the meaning of section 36(1) of the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992.

(3) A body in Northern Ireland is an educational establishment for the purposes of section 70 if it is—

(a) an education and library board within the meaning of the Education and Libraries (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 (S.I. 1986/594 (N.I. 3)),

(b) a college of education, a grant-aided school or an independent school within the meaning of the Education and Libraries (Northern Ireland) Order 1986, or

(c) an institution of further education within the meaning of the Further Education (Northern Ireland) Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/1772 (N.I. 15)).

Contributions to agents' expenses U.K.

72 Payroll deduction schemes: contributions to agents' expenses U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company carrying on a trade (“the employer”) is liable to make payments to an individual,

(b) income tax falls to be deducted from those payments as a result of PAYE regulations, and

(c) the employer withholds sums from those payments in accordance with an approved scheme and pays the sums to an approved agent.

(2) In calculating the profits of the employer's trade, a deduction is allowed for expenses incurred by the employer in making a payment to the agent for expenses which—

(a) have been incurred, or

(b) are to be incurred,

by the agent in connection with the agent's functions under the scheme.

(3) In this section “approved agent” and “approved scheme” have the same meaning as in section 714 of ITEPA 2003.

Counselling and retraining expenses U.K.

73 Counselling and other outplacement services U.K.

(1) In calculating the profits of a trade, a deduction is allowed for counselling expenses if—

(a) the company carrying on the trade (“the employer”) incurs the expenses,

(b) the expenses are incurred in relation to a person (“the employee”) who holds or has held an office or employment under the employer for the purposes of the trade, and

(c) the relevant conditions are met.

(2) In this section “counselling expenses” means expenses incurred—

(a) in the provision of services to the employee in connection with the cessation of the office or employment,

(b) in the payment or reimbursement of fees for such provision, or

(c) in the payment or reimbursement of travelling expenses in connection with such provision.

(3) In this section “the relevant conditions” means—

(a) conditions A to D for the purposes of section 310 of ITEPA 2003 (employment income exemptions: counselling and other outplacement services), and

(b) in the case of travel expenses, condition E for those purposes.

74 Retraining courses U.K.

(1) In calculating the profits of a trade, a deduction is allowed for retraining course expenses if—

(a) the company carrying on the trade (“the employer”) incurs the expenses,

(b) they are incurred in relation to a person (“the employee”) who holds or has held an office or employment under the employer for the purposes of the trade, and

(c) the relevant conditions are met.

(2) In this section—

• “retraining course expenses” means expenses incurred in the payment or reimbursement of retraining course expenses within the meaning given by section 311(2) of ITEPA 2003, and

• “the relevant conditions” means—

  (a)

  the conditions in subsections (3) and (4) of section 311 of ITEPA 2003 (employment income exemptions: retraining courses), and

  (b)

  in the case of travel expenses, the conditions in subsection (5) of that section.

75 Retraining courses: recovery of tax U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) an employer's liability to corporation tax for an accounting period is determined on the assumption that a deduction for expenditure is allowed under section 74, and

(b) the deduction would not otherwise have been allowed.

(2) If, subsequently—

(a) the condition in section 311(4)(a) of ITEPA 2003 is not met because of the employee's failure to begin the course within the period of one year after ceasing to be employed, or

(b) the condition in section 311(4)(b) of ITEPA 2003 is not met because of the employee's continued employment or re-employment,

an assessment of an amount or further amount of corporation tax due as a result of the condition not being met may be made under paragraph 41 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998.

(3) Such an assessment must be made before the end of the period of 6 years immediately following the end of the accounting period in which the failure to meet the condition occurred.

(4) If subsection (2) applies, the employer must give an officer of Revenue and Customs a notice containing particulars of—

(a) the employee's failure to begin the course,

(b) the employee's continued employment, or

(c) the employee's re-employment,

within 60 days of coming to know of it.

(5) If an officer of Revenue and Customs has reason to believe that the employer has failed to give such a notice, the officer may by notice require the employer to provide such information as the officer may reasonably require for the purposes of this section about—

(a) the failure to begin the course,

(b) the continued employment, or

(c) the re-employment.

(6) A notice under subsection (5) may specify a time (not less than 60 days) within which the required information must be provided.

Redundancy payments etc U.K.

76 Redundancy payments and approved contractual payments U.K.

(1) Sections 77 to 79 apply if—

(a) a company (“the employer”) makes a redundancy payment or an approved contractual payment to another person (“the employee”), and

(b) the payment is in respect of the employee's employment wholly in the employer's trade or partly in the employer's trade and partly in one or more other capacities.

(2) For the purposes of this section and sections 77 to 81 “redundancy payment” means a redundancy payment payable under—

(a) Part 11 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (c. 18), or

(b) Part 12 of the Employment Rights (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/1919 (N.I. 16)).

(3) For the purposes of this section and those sections—

• “contractual payment” means a payment which, under an agreement, an employer is liable to make to an employee on the termination of the employee's contract of employment, and

• a contractual payment is “approved” if, in respect of that agreement, an order is in force under—

  (a)

  section 157 of the Employment Rights Act 1996, or

  (b)

  Article 192 of the Employment Rights (Northern Ireland) Order 1996.

77 Payments in respect of employment wholly in employer's trade U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the payment is in respect of the employee's employment wholly in the employer's trade, and

(b) no deduction would otherwise be allowable for the payment.

(2) In calculating the profits of the trade, a deduction is allowed under this section for the payment.

(3) The deduction under this section for an approved contractual payment must not exceed the amount which would have been due to the employee if a redundancy payment had been payable.

(4) If the payment is made after the employer has permanently ceased to carry on the trade, it is treated as made on the last day on which the employer carried on the trade.

(5) If there is a partnership change, subsection (4) does not apply so long as a company carrying on the trade in partnership immediately before the change continues to carry it on in partnership after the change.

(6) The reference in subsection (5) to a partnership change is to a change in the persons carrying on the trade in circumstances where the trade is carried on by persons in partnership immediately before or immediately after the change (or at both those times).

(7) The deduction under this section is allowed for the accounting period in which the payment is made (or treated under subsection (4) as made).

78 Payments in respect of employment in more than one capacity U.K.

(1) This section applies if the payment is in respect of the employee's employment with the employer—

(a) partly in the employer's trade, and

(b) partly in one or more other capacities.

(2) The amount of the redundancy payment, or the amount which would have been due if a redundancy payment had been payable, is to be apportioned on a just and reasonable basis between—

(a) the employment in the trade, and

(b) the employment in the other capacities.

(3) The part of the payment apportioned to the employment in the trade is treated as a payment in respect of the employee's employment wholly in the trade for the purposes of section 77.

79 Additional payments U.K.

(1) This section applies if the employer permanently ceases to carry on a trade or part of a trade and makes a payment to the employee in addition to—

(a) the redundancy payment, or

(b) if an approved contractual payment is made, the amount that would have been due if a redundancy payment had been payable.

(2) If, in calculating the profits of the trade—

(a) no deduction would otherwise be allowable for the additional payment, but

(b) a deduction would be allowable for it if the employer had not permanently ceased to carry on the trade or the part of the trade,

a deduction is allowed under this section for the additional payment.

(3) The deduction under this section is limited to 3 times the amount of—

(a) the redundancy payment, or

(b) if an approved contractual payment is made, the amount that would have been due if a redundancy payment had been payable.

(4) If the payment is made after the employer has permanently ceased to carry on the trade or the part of the trade, it is treated as made on the last day on which the employer carried on the trade or the part of the trade.

(5) The deduction under this section is allowed for the accounting period in which the payment is made (or treated under subsection (4) as made).

80 Application of section 79 in cases involving partnerships U.K.

(1) This section deals with the application of section 79 in circumstances where—

(a) there is a change in the persons carrying on a trade, and

(b) the trade is carried on by persons in partnership before or after the change (or at both those times).

(2) The employer is treated for the purposes of section 79 as permanently ceasing to carry on the trade unless a company carrying on the trade in partnership immediately before the change continues to carry it on in partnership after the change.

81 Payments made by the Government U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in respect of a redundancy payment or an approved contractual payment payable by an employer—

(a) the Secretary of State makes a payment under section 167 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (c. 18), or

(b) the Department for Employment and Learning makes a payment under Article 202 of the Employment Rights (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/1919 (N.I. 16)).

(2) So far as the employer reimburses the Secretary of State or Department for the payment, sections 77 to 80 apply as if the payment were—

(a) a redundancy payment, or

(b) an approved contractual payment,

made by the employer.

Contributions to local enterprise organisations or urban regeneration companies U.K.

82 Contributions to local enterprise organisations or urban regeneration companies U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company carrying on a trade (“the contributor”) incurs expenses in making a contribution (whether in cash or in kind)—

(a) to a local enterprise organisation (see section 83), or

(b) to an urban regeneration company (see section 86),

and a deduction would not otherwise be allowable for the expenses in calculating the profits of the trade.

(2) In calculating the profits of the trade, a deduction is allowed under this section for the expenses.

(3) But if, in connection with the making of the contribution, the contributor or a connected person—

(a) receives a disqualifying benefit of any kind, or

(b) is entitled to receive such a benefit,

the amount of the deduction is restricted to the amount of the expenses less the value of the benefit.

(4) For this purpose it does not matter whether a person receives, or is entitled to receive, the benefit—

(a) from the local enterprise organisation or urban regeneration company concerned, or

(b) from anyone else.

(5) Subsection (6) applies if—

(a) a deduction has been made under this section, and

(b) the contributor or a connected person receives a disqualifying benefit that is in any way attributable to the contribution.

(6) An amount equal to the value of the benefit (so far as not brought into account in determining the amount of the deduction)—

(a) is brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade, as a receipt arising in the accounting period in which the benefit is received, or

(b) if the contributor has permanently ceased to carry on the trade before the benefit is received, is treated as a post-cessation receipt (see Chapter 15).

(7) In this section “disqualifying benefit” means a benefit the expenses of obtaining which, if incurred by the contributor directly in a transaction at arm's length, would not be allowable as a deduction in calculating the profits of the trade.

83 Meaning of “local enterprise organisation” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 82 “local enterprise organisation” means—

(a) a local enterprise agency,

(b) a training and enterprise council,

(c) a Scottish local enterprise company, or

(d) a business link organisation.

(2) “Local enterprise agency” means a body for the time being approved as a local enterprise agency for the purposes of section 82 by the relevant national authority, that is to say by—

(a) the Secretary of State (in relation to England or Northern Ireland),

(b) the Scottish Ministers (in relation to Scotland), or

(c) the Welsh Ministers (in relation to Wales).

For further provision about approvals by the relevant national authority, see sections 84 and 85.

(3) “Training and enterprise council” means a body with which the Secretary of State has an agreement under which the body is to carry out the functions of a training and enterprise council.

(4) “Scottish local enterprise company” means a company with which—

(a) Scottish Enterprise, or

(b) Highlands and Islands Enterprise,

has an agreement under which the company is to carry out the functions of a local enterprise company.

(5) “Business link organisation” means a person authorised by or on behalf of the Secretary of State to use a trade mark designated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this subsection.

84 Approval of local enterprise agencies U.K.

(1) The relevant national authority may approve a body as a local enterprise agency for the purposes of section 82 only if conditions A and B are met.

(2) But if those conditions are met, the body may be approved—

(a) whatever its status or structure, and

(b) even if it is not described as a local enterprise agency.

(3) Condition A is that the relevant national authority is satisfied—

(a) that the body's sole aim is the promotion or encouragement of local enterprise, or

(b) that one of the body's main aims is the promotion or encouragement of local enterprise and that it has or is about to have a separate fund for the sole purpose of pursuing that aim.

(4) For this purpose “local enterprise” means industrial and commercial activity or enterprise in a particular area in the United Kingdom, with particular reference to encouraging the formation and development of small businesses.

(5) Condition B is that the body is precluded from paying or transferring any of its income or profit directly or indirectly—

(a) to any of its members, or

(b) to any person charged with the control and direction of its affairs.

(6) The payment of—

(a) reasonable remuneration for goods, labour or power supplied or for services provided,

(b) reasonable interest on money lent, or

(c) reasonable rent for premises,

does not count as a payment or transfer of income or profit for the purposes of subsection (5).

85 Supplementary provisions with respect to approvals U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 84.

(2) The relevant national authority may give a body approval that is conditional on its compliance with such requirements as to—

(a) accounts,

(b) provision of information, and

(c) other matters,

as the relevant national authority considers appropriate.

(3) If the relevant national authority approves a body on the basis that it has or is about to have a separate fund (see section 84(3)(b))—

(a) the approval must specify the fund, and

(b) section 82 applies only to a contribution to the body made wholly to or for the purposes of the fund.

(4) The relevant national authority must withdraw the approval of a body as a local enterprise agency if—

(a) condition A or B in section 84 is no longer met, or

(b) the body is failing to comply with a requirement imposed as a condition of its approval.

(5) The relevant national authority must give notice of withdrawal to the body concerned, specifying the date from which the withdrawal takes effect (which may be earlier than the date on which the notice is given).

86 Meaning of “urban regeneration company” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 82 “urban regeneration company” means any body of persons which the Treasury by order designates as an urban regeneration company for the purposes of that section.

(2) A body may be so designated only if—

(a) its sole or main function is to co-ordinate the regeneration of a specific urban area in the United Kingdom,

(b) it is expected to seek to perform that function by creating a plan for the development of that area and trying to secure that the plan is carried into effect, and

(c) in co-ordinating the regeneration of that area, it is expected to work together with some or all local or other public authorities which exercise functions in relation to the whole or part of that area.

(3) An order under this section may be framed so as to take effect on a date earlier than the making of the order, but not earlier than 3 months before the date on which the order is made.

Scientific research U.K.

87 Expenses of research and development U.K.

(1) If a company carrying on a trade incurs expenses of a revenue nature on research and development—

(a) related to the trade, and

(b) directly undertaken by or on behalf of the company,

a deduction is allowed for the expenses in calculating the profits of the trade.

(2) For this purpose expenses incurred on research and development—

(a) do not include expenses incurred in the acquisition of rights in, or arising out of, research and development, but

(b) subject to that, include all expenses incurred in carrying out, or providing facilities for carrying out, research and development.

(3) The reference in this section to research and development related to a trade includes—

(a) research and development which may lead to or facilitate an extension of the trade, and

(b) research and development of a medical nature which has a special relation to the welfare of workers employed in the trade.

(4) The same expenses may not be brought into account under this section in relation to more than one trade.

(5) In this section “research and development” has the meaning given by section 837A of ICTA and includes oil and gas exploration and appraisal.

88 Payments to research associations, universities etc U.K.

(1) If a company carrying on a trade—

(a) pays any sum to an Association in the case of which exemption may be claimed under section 508 of ICTA and which has as its object the undertaking of research and development which may lead to or facilitate an extension of the appropriate class of trade, or

(b) pays to an approved university, college, research institute or other similar institution any sum to be used for scientific research related to the appropriate class of trade,

a deduction is allowed for the sum in calculating the profits of the trade.

(2) The deduction is allowed for the accounting period in which the payment is made.

(3) In this section—

(a) “the appropriate class of trade” means the class of trade to which the trade carried on by the company belongs, and

(b) “scientific research” means any activities in the fields of natural or applied science for the extension of knowledge.

(4) For the purposes of this section a university, college research institute or other similar institution is approved if it is for the time being approved for the purposes of this section by the Secretary of State.

(5) The reference in subsection (1)(b) to scientific research related to the appropriate class of trade includes—

(a) scientific research which may lead to or facilitate an extension of trades of the appropriate class, and

(b) scientific research of a medical nature which has a special relation to the welfare of workers employed in trades of the appropriate class.

(6) If a question arises as to—

(a) whether, or

(b) to what extent,

any activities constitute or constituted scientific research, an officer of Revenue and Customs must refer the question for decision to the Secretary of State, whose decision is final.

(7) The same expenses may not be brought into account under this section in relation to more than one trade.

Expenses connected with patents, designs and trade marks U.K.

89 Expenses connected with patents U.K.

In calculating the profits of a trade, a deduction is allowed for expenses incurred—

(a) in obtaining for the purposes of the trade the grant of a patent or the extension of a patent's term, or

(b) in connection with a rejected or abandoned application for a patent made for the purposes of the trade.

90 Expenses connected with designs or trade marks U.K.

In calculating the profits of a trade, a deduction is allowed for expenses incurred in obtaining for the purposes of the trade—

(a) the registration of a design or trade mark,

(b) the extension of a period for which the right in a registered design subsists, or

(c) the renewal of registration of a trade mark.

Export Credits Guarantee Department U.K.

91 Payments to Export Credits Guarantee Department U.K.

In calculating the profits of a trade, a deduction is allowed for a sum payable by the company carrying on the trade to the Export Credits Guarantee Department—

(a) under an agreement entered into as a result of arrangements made under section 2 of the Export and Investment Guarantees Act 1991 (c. 67) (insurance in connection with overseas investment), or

(b) with a view to entering into such an agreement.

Levies under FISMA 2000 U.K.

92 Levies etc under FISMA 2000 U.K.

(1) In calculating the profits of a trade carried on by a company, a deduction is allowed for any sum—

(a) spent by the company in paying a levy, or

(b) paid by the company as a result of an award of costs under costs rules,

so far as it is not otherwise allowable.

(2) For the purposes of this section “costs rules” means—

(a) rules made under section 230 of FISMA 2000, or

(b) provision relating to costs contained in the standard terms fixed under paragraph 18 of Schedule 17 to FISMA 2000.

(3) For the purposes of this section “levy” means—

(a) a payment required under rules made under section 136(2) of FISMA 2000,

(b) a levy imposed under the Financial Services Compensation Scheme,

(c) a payment required under rules made under section 234 of FISMA 2000,

(d) a payment required under the rules referred to in paragraph 14(1) of Schedule 17 to FISMA 2000 in accordance with paragraph 15(1) of that Schedule, or

(e) a payment required in accordance with the standard terms fixed under paragraph 18 of that Schedule (other than a sum paid as a result of an award of costs under costs rules).