Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442Show full title

3. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUELS U.K.

The BAT conclusions presented in this section do not apply to combustion plants on offshore platforms; these are covered by Section 4.3

3.1. HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boilers U.K.

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1

3.1.1. Energy efficiency U.K.

Table 13

BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for HFO and/or gas oil combustion in boilers

a These BAT-AEELs do not apply to units operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b In the case of CHP units, only one of the two BAT-AEELs ‘Net electrical efficiency’ or ‘Net total fuel utilisation’ applies, depending on the CHP unit design (i.e. either more oriented towards electricity generation or towards heat generation).
c These levels may not be achievable if the potential heat demand is too low.
Type of combustion unit	BAT-AEELsa b
	Net electrical efficiency (%)		Net total fuel utilisation (%)c
	New unit	Existing unit	New unit	Existing unit
HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boiler	> 36,4	35,6–37,4	80–96	80–96

3.1.2. NO_X and CO emissions to air U.K.

BAT 28. In order to prevent or reduce NO_X emissions to air while limiting CO emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Air staging	See descriptions in Section 8.3	Generally applicable
b.	Fuel staging
c.	Flue-gas recirculation
d.	Low-NOX burners (LNB)
e.	Water/steam addition		Applicable within the constraints of water availability
f.	Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)		Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads. The applicability may be limited in the case of combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads
g.	Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)	See descriptions in Section 8.3	Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr. Not generally applicable to combustion plants of < 100 MWth
h.	Advanced control system		Generally applicable to new combustion plants. The applicability to old combustion plants may be constrained by the need to retrofit the combustion system and/or control command system
i.	Fuel choice		Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 14

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NO_X emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers

a These BAT-AELs do not apply to plants operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.
c For industrial boilers and district heating plants put into operation no later than 27 November 2003, which are operated < 1 500 h/yr and for which SCR and/or SNCR is not applicable, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 450 mg/Nm3.
d The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 110 mg/Nm3 for plants of 100–300 MWth and plants of ≥ 300 MWth that were put into operation no later than 7 January 2014.
e The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 145 mg/Nm3 for plants of 100–300 MWth and plants of ≥ 300 MWth that were put into operation no later than 7 January 2014.
f For industrial boilers and district heating plants of > 100 MWth put into operation no later than 27 November 2003, which are operated < 1 500 h/yr and for which SCR and/or SNCR is not applicable, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 365 mg/Nm3.
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth)	BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3)
	Yearly average		Daily average or average over the sampling period
	New plant	Existing planta	New plant	Existing plantb
< 100	75–200	150–270	100–215	210–330c
≥ 100	45–75	45–100d	85–100	85–110e f

As an indication, the yearly average CO emission levels will generally be:

• 10-30 mg/Nm³ for existing combustion plants of < 100 MW_th operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of <100 MW_th,

• 10–20mg/Nm³ for existing combustion plants of ≥ 100 MW_th operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of ≥ 100 MW_th.

3.1.3. SO_X, HCl and HF emissions to air U.K.

BAT 29. In order to prevent or reduce SO_X, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Duct sorbent injection (DSI)	See description in Section 8.4	Generally applicable
b.	Spray dry absorber (SDA)
c.	Flue-gas condenser
d.	Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD)		There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth. Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr
e.	Seawater FGD		There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth. Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr
f.	Fuel choice		Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 15

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO₂ emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers

a These BAT-AELs do not apply to plants operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.
c For industrial boilers and district heating plants put into operation no later than 27 November 2003 and operated < 1 500 h/yr, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 400 mg/Nm3.
d The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 175 mg/Nm3 for plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014.
e For industrial boilers and district heating plants put into operation no later than 27 November 2003, which are operated < 1 500 h/yr and for which wet FGD is not applicable, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 200 mg/Nm3.
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth)	BAT-AELs for SO2 (mg/Nm3)
	Yearly average		Daily average or average over the sampling period
	New plant	Existing planta	New plant	Existing plantb
< 300	50–175	50–175	150–200	150–200c
≥ 300	35–50	50–110	50–120	150–165d e

3.1.4. Dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air U.K.

BAT 30. In order to reduce dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)	See description in Section 8.5	Generally applicable
b.	Bag filter
c.	Multicyclones	See description in Section 8.5. Multicyclones can be used in combination with other dedusting techniques
d.	Dry or semi-dry FGD system	See descriptions in Section 8.5. The technique is mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control
e.	Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD)	See description in Section 8.5. The technique is mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control	See applicability in BAT 29
f.	Fuel choice	See description in Section 8.5	Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 16

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for dust emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers

a These BAT-AELs do not apply to plants operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.
c The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 25 mg/Nm3 for plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014.
d The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 15 mg/Nm3 for plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014.
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth)	BAT-AELs for dust (mg/Nm3)
	Yearly average		Daily average or average over the sampling period
	New plant	Existing planta	New plant	Existing plantb
< 300	2–10	2–20	7–18	7–22c
≥ 300	2–5	2–10	7–10	7–11d

3.2. HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines U.K.

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

As regards HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines, secondary abatement techniques for NO_X, SO₂ and dust may not be applicable to engines in islands that are part of a small isolated system(1) or a micro isolated system(2), due to technical, economic and logistical/infrastructure constraints, pending their interconnection to the mainland electricity grid or access to a natural gas supply. The BAT-AELs for such engines shall therefore only apply in small isolated system and micro isolated system as from 1 January 2025 for new engines, and as from 1 January 2030 for existing engines.

3.2.1. Energy efficiency U.K.

BAT 31. In order to increase the energy efficiency of HFO and/or gas oil combustion in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given in BAT 12 and below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Combined cycle	See description in Section 8.2	Generally applicable to new units operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr. Applicable to existing units within the constraints associated with the steam cycle design and the space availability. Not applicable to existing units operated < 1 500 h/yr

Table 17

BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines

a These BAT-AEELs do not apply to units operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b Net electrical efficiency BAT-AEELs apply to CHP units whose design is oriented towards power generation, and to units generating only power.
c These levels may be difficult to achieve in the case of engines fitted with energy-intensive secondary abatement techniques.
d This level may be difficult to achieve in the case of engines using a radiator as a cooling system in dry, hot geographical locations.
Type of combustion unit	BAT-AEELsa
	Net electrical efficiency (%)b
	New unit	Existing unit
HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired reciprocating engine — single cycle	41,5–44,5c	38,3–44,5c
HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired reciprocating engine — combined cycle	> 48d	No BAT-AEEL

3.2.2. NO_X, CO and volatile organic compound emissions to air U.K.

BAT 32. In order to prevent or reduce NO_X emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Low-NOX combustion concept in diesel engines	See descriptions in Section 8.3	Generally applicable
b.	Exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR)		Not applicable to four-stroke engines
c.	Water/steam addition		Applicable within the constraints of water availability. The applicability may be limited where no retrofit package is available
d.	Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)		Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr. Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space

BAT 33. In order to prevent or reduce emissions of CO and volatile organic compounds to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Combustion optimisation		Generally applicable
b.	Oxidation catalysts	See descriptions in Section 8.3	Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. The applicability may be limited by the sulphur content of the fuel

Table 18

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NO_X emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines

a These BAT-AELs do not apply to plants operated < 1 500 h/yr or to plants that cannot be fitted with secondary abatement techniques.
b The BAT-AEL range is 1 150–1 900 mg/Nm3 for plants operated < 1 500 h/yr and for plants that cannot be fitted with secondary abatement techniques.
c For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.
d For plants including units of < 20 MWth combusting HFO, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range applying to those units is 225 mg/Nm3.
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth)	BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3)
	Yearly average		Daily average or average over the sampling period
	New plant	Existing planta	New plant	Existing plantb c
≥ 50	115–190d	125–625	145–300	150–750

As an indication, for existing combustion plants burning only HFO and operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr or new combustion plants burning only HFO,

• the yearly average CO emission levels will generally be 50–175 mg/Nm³,

• the average over the sampling period for TVOC emission levels will generally be 10–40 mg/Nm³.

3.2.3. SO_X, HCl and HF emissions to air U.K.

BAT 34. In order to prevent or reduce SO_X, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Fuel choice	See descriptions in Section 8.4	Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State
b.	Duct sorbent injection (DSI)		There may be technical restrictions in the case of existing combustion plants Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr
c.	Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD)		There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth. Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr

Table 19

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO₂ emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines

a These BAT-AELs do not apply to plants operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.
c The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 280 mg/Nm3 if no secondary abatement technique can be applied. This corresponds to a sulphur content of the fuel of 0,5 wt-% (dry).
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth)	BAT-AELs for SO2 (mg/Nm3)
	Yearly average		Daily average or average over the sampling period
	New plant	Existing planta	New plant	Existing plantb
All sizes	45–100	100–200c	60–110	105–235c

3.2.4. Dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air U.K.

BAT 35. In order to prevent or reduce dust and particulate-bound metal emissions from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Fuel choice	See descriptions in Section 8.5	Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State
b.	Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)		Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr
c.	Bag filter

Table 20

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for dust emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines

a These BAT-AELs do not apply to plants operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth)	BAT-AELs for dust (mg/Nm3)
	Yearly average		Daily average or average over the sampling period
	New plant	Existing planta	New plant	Existing plantb
≥ 50	5–10	5–35	10–20	10–45

3.3. Gas-oil-fired gas turbines U.K.

Unless stated otherwise, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

3.3.1. Energy efficiency U.K.

BAT 36. In order to increase the energy efficiency of gas oil combustion in gas turbines, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given in BAT 12 and below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Combined cycle	See description in Section 8.2	Generally applicable to new units operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr. Applicable to existing units within the constraints associated with the steam cycle design and the space availability. Not applicable to existing units operated < 1 500 h/yr

Table 21

BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for gas-oil-fired gas turbines

a These BAT-AEELs do not apply to units operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b Net electrical efficiency BAT-AEELs apply to CHP units whose design is oriented towards power generation, and to units generating only power.
Type of combustion unit	BAT-AEELsa
	Net electrical efficiency (%)b
	New unit	Existing unit
Gas-oil-fired open-cycle gas turbine	> 33	25–35,7
Gas-oil-fired combined cycle gas turbine	> 40	33–44

3.3.2. NO_X and CO emissions to air U.K.

BAT 37. In order to prevent or reduce NO_X emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Water/steam addition	See description in Section 8.3	The applicability may be limited due to water availability
b.	Low-NOX burners (LNB)		Only applicable to turbine models for which low-NOX burners are available on the market
c.	Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)		Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr. Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space

BAT 38. In order to prevent or reduce CO emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Combustion optimisation	See description in Section 8.3	Generally applicable
b.	Oxidation catalysts		Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space

As an indication, the emission level for NO_X emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in dual fuel gas turbines for emergency use operated < 500 h/yr will generally be 145–250 mg/Nm³ as a daily average or average over the sampling period.

3.3.3. SO_X and dust emissions to air U.K.

BAT 39. In order to prevent or reduce SO_X and dust emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use the technique given below. U.K.

Technique		Description	Applicability
a.	Fuel choice	See description in Section 8.4	Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 22

BAT-associated emission levels for SO₂ and dust emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, including dual fuel gas turbines

a These BAT-AELs do not apply to existing plants operated < 1 500 h/yr.
b For existing plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.
Type of combustion plant	BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3)
	SO2		Dust
	Yearly averagea	Daily average or average over the sampling periodb	Yearly averagea	Daily average or average over the sampling periodb
New and existing plants	35–60	50–66	2–5	2–10

(1)

As defined in point 26 of Article 2 of Directive 2009/72/EC.

(2)

As defined in point 27 of Article 2 of Directive 2009/72/EC.