3.BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUELSU.K.
The BAT conclusions presented in this section do not apply to combustion plants on offshore platforms; these are covered by Section 4.3
3.1. HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boilers U.K.
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1
3.1.1. Energy efficiency U.K.
Table 13
BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for HFO and/or gas oil combustion in boilers
|
|
|
Type of combustion unit | BAT-AEELs |
---|
Net electrical efficiency (%) | Net total fuel utilisation (%) |
---|
New unit | Existing unit | New unit | Existing unit |
---|
HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boiler | > 36,4 | 35,6–37,4 | 80–96 | 80–96 |
3.1.2. NOX and CO emissions to air U.K.
BAT 28.In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air while limiting CO emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Air staging | See descriptions in Section 8.3 | Generally applicable |
b. | Fuel staging |
c. | Flue-gas recirculation |
d. | Low-NOX burners (LNB) |
e. | Water/steam addition | Applicable within the constraints of water availability |
f. | Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) | Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads.
The applicability may be limited in the case of combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads
|
g. | Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) | See descriptions in Section 8.3 | Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.
There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr.
Not generally applicable to combustion plants of < 100 MWth
|
h. | Advanced control system | Generally applicable to new combustion plants. The applicability to old combustion plants may be constrained by the need to retrofit the combustion system and/or control command system |
i. | Fuel choice | Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
Table 14
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers
|
|
|
|
|
|
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth) | BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) |
---|
Yearly average | Daily average or average over the sampling period |
---|
New plant | Existing plant | New plant | Existing plant |
---|
< 100 | 75–200 | 150–270 | 100–215 | 210–330 |
≥ 100 | 45–75 | 45–100 | 85–100 | 85–110 |
As an indication, the yearly average CO emission levels will generally be:
10-30 mg/Nm3 for existing combustion plants of < 100 MWth operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of <100 MWth,
10–20mg/Nm3 for existing combustion plants of ≥ 100 MWth operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of ≥ 100 MWth.
3.1.3. SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air U.K.
BAT 29.In order to prevent or reduce SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Duct sorbent injection (DSI) | See description in Section 8.4 | Generally applicable |
b. | Spray dry absorber (SDA) |
c. | Flue-gas condenser |
d. | Wet flue-gas desulphurisation
(wet FGD)
| There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth.
Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.
There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr
|
e. | Seawater FGD | There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth.
Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.
There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr
|
f. | Fuel choice | Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
Table 15
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO2 emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers
|
|
|
|
|
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth) | BAT-AELs for SO2 (mg/Nm3) |
---|
Yearly average | Daily average or average over the sampling period |
---|
New plant | Existing plant | New plant | Existing plant |
---|
< 300 | 50–175 | 50–175 | 150–200 | 150–200 |
≥ 300 | 35–50 | 50–110 | 50–120 | 150–165 |
3.1.4. Dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air U.K.
BAT 30.In order to reduce dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) | See description in Section 8.5 | Generally applicable |
b. | Bag filter |
c. | Multicyclones | See description in Section 8.5.
Multicyclones can be used in combination with other dedusting techniques
|
d. | Dry or semi-dry FGD system | See descriptions in Section 8.5.
The technique is mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control
|
e. | Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) | See description in Section 8.5.
The technique is mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control
| See applicability in BAT 29 |
f. | Fuel choice | See description in Section 8.5 | Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
Table 16
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for dust emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers
|
|
|
|
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth) | BAT-AELs for dust (mg/Nm3) |
---|
Yearly average | Daily average or average over the sampling period |
---|
New plant | Existing plant | New plant | Existing plant |
---|
< 300 | 2–10 | 2–20 | 7–18 | 7–22 |
≥ 300 | 2–5 | 2–10 | 7–10 | 7–11 |
3.2. HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines U.K.
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
As regards HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines, secondary abatement techniques for NOX, SO2 and dust may not be applicable to engines in islands that are part of a small isolated system() or a micro isolated system(), due to technical, economic and logistical/infrastructure constraints, pending their interconnection to the mainland electricity grid or access to a natural gas supply. The BAT-AELs for such engines shall therefore only apply in small isolated system and micro isolated system as from 1 January 2025 for new engines, and as from 1 January 2030 for existing engines.
3.2.1. Energy efficiency U.K.
BAT 31.In order to increase the energy efficiency of HFO and/or gas oil combustion in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given in BAT 12 and below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Combined cycle | See description in Section 8.2 | Generally applicable to new units operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr.
Applicable to existing units within the constraints associated with the steam cycle design and the space availability.
Not applicable to existing units operated < 1 500 h/yr
|
Table 17
BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines
|
|
|
|
Type of combustion unit | BAT-AEELs |
---|
Net electrical efficiency (%) |
---|
New unit | Existing unit |
---|
HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired reciprocating engine — single cycle | 41,5–44,5 | 38,3–44,5 |
HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired reciprocating engine — combined cycle | > 48 | No BAT-AEEL |
3.2.2. NOX, CO and volatile organic compound emissions to air U.K.
BAT 32.In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Low-NOX combustion concept in diesel engines | See descriptions in Section 8.3 | Generally applicable |
b. | Exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) | Not applicable to four-stroke engines |
c. | Water/steam addition | Applicable within the constraints of water availability.
The applicability may be limited where no retrofit package is available
|
d. | Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) | Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.
There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr.
Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space
|
BAT 33.In order to prevent or reduce emissions of CO and volatile organic compounds to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Combustion optimisation | | Generally applicable |
b. | Oxidation catalysts | See descriptions in Section 8.3 | Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.
The applicability may be limited by the sulphur content of the fuel
|
Table 18
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines
|
|
|
|
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth) | BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) |
---|
Yearly average | Daily average or average over the sampling period |
---|
New plant | Existing plant | New plant | Existing plant |
---|
≥ 50 | 115–190 | 125–625 | 145–300 | 150–750 |
As an indication, for existing combustion plants burning only HFO and operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr or new combustion plants burning only HFO,
the yearly average CO emission levels will generally be 50–175 mg/Nm3,
the average over the sampling period for TVOC emission levels will generally be 10–40 mg/Nm3.
3.2.3. SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air U.K.
BAT 34.In order to prevent or reduce SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Fuel choice | See descriptions in Section 8.4 | Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
b. | Duct sorbent injection (DSI) | There may be technical restrictions in the case of existing combustion plants
Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr
|
c. | Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) | There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth.
Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.
There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr
|
Table 19
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO2 emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines
|
|
|
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth) | BAT-AELs for SO2 (mg/Nm3) |
---|
Yearly average | Daily average or average over the sampling period |
---|
New plant | Existing plant | New plant | Existing plant |
---|
All sizes | 45–100 | 100–200 | 60–110 | 105–235 |
3.2.4. Dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air U.K.
BAT 35.In order to prevent or reduce dust and particulate-bound metal emissions from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Fuel choice | See descriptions in Section 8.5 | Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
b. | Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) | Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr |
c. | Bag filter |
Table 20
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for dust emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines
|
|
Combustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth) | BAT-AELs for dust (mg/Nm3) |
---|
Yearly average | Daily average or average over the sampling period |
---|
New plant | Existing plant | New plant | Existing plant |
---|
≥ 50 | 5–10 | 5–35 | 10–20 | 10–45 |
3.3. Gas-oil-fired gas turbines U.K.
Unless stated otherwise, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
3.3.1. Energy efficiency U.K.
BAT 36.In order to increase the energy efficiency of gas oil combustion in gas turbines, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given in BAT 12 and below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Combined cycle | See description in Section 8.2 | Generally applicable to new units operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr.
Applicable to existing units within the constraints associated with the steam cycle design and the space availability.
Not applicable to existing units operated < 1 500 h/yr
|
Table 21
BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for gas-oil-fired gas turbines
|
|
Type of combustion unit | BAT-AEELs |
---|
Net electrical efficiency (%) |
---|
New unit | Existing unit |
---|
Gas-oil-fired open-cycle gas turbine | > 33 | 25–35,7 |
Gas-oil-fired combined cycle gas turbine | > 40 | 33–44 |
3.3.2. NOX and CO emissions to air U.K.
BAT 37.In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Water/steam addition | See description in Section 8.3 | The applicability may be limited due to water availability |
b. | Low-NOX burners (LNB) | Only applicable to turbine models for which low-NOX burners are available on the market |
c. | Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) | Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.
There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr.
Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space
|
BAT 38.In order to prevent or reduce CO emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Combustion optimisation | See description in Section 8.3 | Generally applicable |
b. | Oxidation catalysts | Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.
Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space
|
As an indication, the emission level for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in dual fuel gas turbines for emergency use operated < 500 h/yr will generally be 145–250 mg/Nm3 as a daily average or average over the sampling period.
3.3.3. SOX and dust emissions to air U.K.
BAT 39.In order to prevent or reduce SOX and dust emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use the technique given below.U.K.
Technique | Description | Applicability |
---|
a. | Fuel choice | See description in Section 8.4 | Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
Table 22
BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 and dust emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, including dual fuel gas turbines
|
|
Type of combustion plant | BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) |
---|
SO2 | Dust |
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Yearly average | Daily average or average over the sampling period | Yearly average | Daily average or average over the sampling period |
---|
New and existing plants | 35–60 | 50–66 | 2–5 | 2–10 |