Directive 97/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (repealed)Show full title

CHAPTER 8

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY OF TWO OR THREE-WHEEL MOTOR VEHICLES AND ELECTRICAL OR ELECTRONIC SEPARATE TECHNICAL UNITS

[X1 LIST OF ANNEXES

ANNEX I	Conditions applying to vehicles and to electrical or electronic separate technical units …
ANNEX II	Method of measuring wide-band electromagnetic radiation from vehicles …
ANNEX III	Method of measuring narrow-band electromagnetic radiation from vehicles …
ANNEX IV	Methods of testing vehicle immunity to electromagnetic radiation …
ANNEX V	Methods of measuring wide-band electromagnetic radiation from separate technical units (STUs) …
ANNEX VI	Method of measuring narrow-band electromagnetic radiation from separate technical units (STUs) …
ANNEX VII	Methods of testing the immunity of separate technical units (STUs) to electromagnetic radiation …
ANNEX VIII	Models for information document (Appendix 1) and component type-approval certificate (Appendix 2) …
ANNEX IX	Models for information document (Appendix 1) and component type-approval certificate (Appendix 2) of a type of separate technical unit (STU) …]

ANNEX I

CONDITIONS APPLYING TO VEHICLES AND TO ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SEPARATE TECHNICAL UNITS

1. DEFINITIONS U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter:

1.1. ‘electromagnetic compatibility’ means the ability of a vehicle or one of its electrical/electronic systems to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment. U.K.

Complex components and subunits (electric motors, thermostats, electronic circuit boards, etc.) which are sold direct to the end-user and are not exclusively designed for two or three-wheel motor vehicles must comply either with the provisions of this Directive or with those of Council Directive 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility.

1.2. ‘electromagnetic disturbance’ means any electromagnetic phenomenon which may degrade the performance of a vehicle or one of its electronic/electrical systems. An electromagnetic disturbance may be electromagnetic noise, an unwanted signal or a change in the propagation medium itself. U.K.

1.3. ‘electromagnetic immunity’ means the ability of a vehicle or one of its electronic/electrical systems to perform without degradation of quality in the presence of specific electromagnetic disturbances. U.K.

1.4. ‘electromagnetic environment’ means all electromagnetic phenomena present in a given situation. U.K.

1.5. ‘reference limit’ means the nominal level to which both the component type-approval of the vehicle type and the conformity-of-production limit value refer. U.K.

1.6. ‘reference antenna’ means a balanced half-wave dipole tuned to the measured frequency. U.K.

1.7. ‘wide-band emission’ means any emission which has a bandwidth exceeding that of a specific receiver or measuring instrument. U.K.

1.8. ‘narrow-band emission’ means any emission which has a bandwidth less than that of a specific receiver or measuring instrument. U.K.

1.9. ‘electronic/electrical separate technical unit (STU)’ means the electronic and/or electrical component, or the set of components provided for installation in a vehicle, together with all electrical connections and associated wiring for the execution of several specific functions. U.K.

1.10. ‘STU’ means the test carried out on one or more specific STUs. U.K.

1.11. ‘vehicle type with regard to electromagnetic compatibility’, given that there are no fundamental differences from one vehicle to another, means inter alia: U.K.

1.11.1. the general layout of the electronic and/or electrical components, U.K.

1.11.2. the overall size, layout and shape of the engine mounting and the disposition of the high-voltage wiring (where present), U.K.

1.11.3. the raw material from which both the vehicle chassis and bodywork are constructed (e.g., a chassis or body made of glass fibre, aluminium or steel). U.K.

1.12. ‘STU type in relation to electromagnetic compatibility’ means a separate technical unit that does not differ from other units in its essential aspects, e.g., U.K.

1.12.1. the function performed by the STU, U.K.

1.12.2. the general layout of the electronic and/or electrical components. U.K.

1.13. ‘direct vehicle control’ the vehicle control performed by the rider acting on the steering, the brakes and the accelerator control. U.K.

2. APPLICATION FOR COMPONENT TYPE-APPROVAL U.K.

2.1. Application for component type-approval of a vehicle type with regard to electromagnetic compatibility must be accompanied not only by the information provided for in Annex VIII (Appendix 1) but also by the following: U.K.

2.1.1. a catalogue describing all the specific combinations of electronic/electrical systems or STUs, the types of bodywork for the type of vehicle being component type-approved and the proposed wheelbase versions. Electronic/electrical systems and STUs are described as specific if they are capable of emitting significant wide- and narrow-band radiation levels and/or affect the direct control exercised over the vehicle (see 5.4.2.2 of this Annex). U.K.

2.1.2. an STU that is representative in terms of the compatibility test chosen from the various combinations of electric/electronic systems designed for series-production purposes. U.K.

2.2. The application for component type-approval in respect of the electromagnetic compatibility of an STU type: U.K.

2.2.1. documents describing the technical characteristics of the STU; U.K.

2.2.2. a STU that is representative of the type. Where it considers this to be necessary, the competent authority may request a further sample. U.K.

3. MARKING U.K.

3.1. All STUs, with the exception of cables other than ignition connecting cables, must bear the following: U.K.

3.1.1. the make or name of the manufacturer of the STUs and their components; U.K.

3.1.2. the trade description: U.K.

3.2. these marks must be indelible and clearly legible. U.K.

4. COMPONENT TYPE-APPROVAL OF A VEHICLE TYPE U.K.

4.1. If the vehicle submitted for testing meets the requirements of this Chapter, component type-approval must be granted and be valid for all the specific combinations set out in the list referred to in 2.1.1. U.K.

4.2. However, the testing bodies responsible for the component type-approval tests may only waive the immunity test referred to in 5.4 in the case of vehicles fitted with electrical or electronic devices, if, in the event of the failure of such devices, the safety functions as performed by the braking, light-signalling, audible-warning and steering systems are in no way impaired. Such exemptions, with duly substantiated reasons, must be mentioned explicitly in the test report. U.K.

4.3. Component type-approval of the vehicle U.K.

The following ways of component type-approving the vehicle are available:

4.3.1. Component type-approval of a complete installation on the vehicle. U.K.

A complete installation on the vehicle may be granted component type-approval directly by passing tests conducted in accordance with the limits and procedures laid down in section 5. If this route is chosen by a vehicle manufacturer no separate STU testing is required.

4.3.2. Component type-approval of vehicle type via individual STU tests. U.K.

The vehicle manufacturer may obtain component type-approval for the vehicle by demonstrating to the approval authority that all of the relevant STUs (see 2.1.1) have been individually approved in accordance with this Chapter and have been installed in accordance with any conditions attached thereto.

4.4. Component type-approval of a STU U.K.

A STU may be component type-approved if it passes tests conducted in accordance with the limits and procedures laid down in section 5. Approval may be granted for fitting to any vehicle type or to a specific vehicle type or types as requested by the manufacturer.

5. REQUIREMENTS U.K.

5.1. General requirements U.K.

All vehicles and STUs must be designed and constructed in such a way that, under normal conditions of use, they meet the conditions laid down in this Chapter.

However, the measuring methods used in checking the immunity of vehicles and STUs to electromagnetic radiation described in Annexes IV and VII respectively are not required until three years after the date of entry into force of this Chapter.

5.2. Requirements relating to wide-band radiation from vehicles U.K.

5.2.1. Measuring method U.K.

The electromagnetic radiation generated by the vehicle type submitted for testing are to be measured by the method described in Annex II.

5.2.2. Vehicle reference limits (wide-band) U.K.

5.2.2.1. If measurements are taken using the method described in Annex II, in respect of a vehicle-antenna distance of 10,0 ± 0,2 m, the radiation reference limit will be 34 dB microvolts/m (50 microvolts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band and 34-45 dB microvolts/m (50-180 microvolts/m) in the 75-400 MHz frequency band. As shown in Appendix 1 to this Annex, this limit will increase by the frequency logarithm for frequencies above 75 MHz. In the 400-1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 45 dB (180 microvolts/m). U.K.

5.2.2.2. If measurements are taken using the method described in Annex II, in respect of a vehicle-antenna distance of 3,0 ± 0,5 m, the radiation reference limits will be 44 dB microvolts/m (160 microvolts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band and 44-55 dB (160-546 microvolts/m) in the 75-400 MHZ frequency band. As shown in Appendix 2 to this Annex, this limit will increase by the frequency logarithm for frequencies above 75 MHz. In the 400-1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 55 dB (546 microvolts/m). U.K.

5.2.2.3. The measured values expressed in dB (microvolts/m) must be at least 2,0 dB below the reference limit for the vehicle submitted for testing. U.K.

5.3. Requirements relating to narrow-band radiation emissions from vehicles U.K.

5.3.1. Measuring method U.K.

The electromagnetic radiation from the vehicle submitted for testing is to be measured by the method described in Annex III.

5.3.2. Vehicle Reference limits for vehicle narrow-band radiation U.K.

5.3.2.1. If measurements are taken using the method described in Annex III, in respect of a vehicle-antenna distance of 10,0 ± 0,2 m, the radiation reference limit will be 24 dB (16 microvolts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band and 24-35 dB (16-56 microvolts/m) in the 75-400 MHz frequency band. As shown in Appendix 3 to this Annex, this limit will increase by the frequency logarithm for frequencies above 75 MHz. In the 400-1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 35 dB (56 microvolts/m). U.K.

5.3.2.2. If measurements are taken using the method described in Annex III, in respect of a vehicle-antenna distance of 3,0 ± 0,05 m, the radiation reference limits will be 34 dB (50 microvolts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band and 34-45 dB (50-180 microvolts/m) in the 75-400 MHz frequency band. As shown in Appendix 4 to this Annex, this limit will increase by the frequency logarithm for frequencies above 75 MHz. In the 400-1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 45 dB (microvolts/m). U.K.

5.3.2.3. The measured values for the vehicle type submitted for testing expressed in dB (microvolts/m), must be at least 2,0 dB below the reference limit. U.K.

5.4. Requirements regarding vehicle immunity to electromagnetic radiation U.K.

5.4.1. Measuring method U.K.

Tests to determine the immunity of the vehicle type to electromagnetic radiation must be conducted in accordance with the method described in Annex IV.

5.4.2. Vehicle immunity reference limits U.K.

5.4.2.1. If measurements are taken using the method described in Annex IV, the field strength reference level must be 24 volts/m r.m.s. in over 90 % of the 20 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency band and 20 volts/m r.m.s. over the whole 20 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency band. U.K.

5.4.2.2. The vehicle representative of the type submitted for testing must not display any deterioration in the direct control of the vehicle which might be observed by the driver or by any other road user when the vehicle in question is in the state defined in Annex IV, section 4, and when it is subjected to the field strength expressed in volts/m, which must be 25 % above the reference level. U.K.

5.5. Requirements concerning wide-band STU radiation U.K.

5.5.1. Measuring method U.K.

The electromagnetic radiation generated by the STU submitted for component type-approval must be measured by the method described in Annex V.

5.5.2. STU wide-band reference limits U.K.

5.5.2.1. If measurements are taken using the method described in Annex V, the radiation reference limit will be 64-54 dB (microvolts/m) within the 30-75 MHz frequency band, this limit decreasing by the frequency logarithm, and 54-65 dB microvolts/m) in the 75-400 MHz band, this limit increasing by the frequency logarithm, as shown in Appendix 5 to this Annex. In the 400-1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 65 dB (1 800 microvolts/m). U.K.

5.5.2.2. The measured values for the STU submitted for approval, expressed in dB (microvolts/m), must be at least 2,0 dB below the reference limits. U.K.

5.6. Requirements concerning narrow-band STU radiation U.K.

5.6.1. Method of measurement U.K.

The electromagnetic radiation generated by the STU submitted for component type-approval is to be measured in accordance with the method described in Annex VI.

5.6.2. STU narrow-band reference limits U.K.

5.6.2.1. If measurements are taken using the method described in Annex VI, the radiation reference limit will be 54-44 dB (microvolts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band, this limit decreasing by the fequency logartihm, and 44-55 dB (microvolts/m) in the 75-400 MHz band, this limit increasing by the frequency logarithm, as shown in Appendix 6 to this Annex. In the 400-1 000 MHz frequency band the limit remains constant at 55 dB (560 microvolts/m). U.K.

5.6.2.2. The measured values for the STU submitted for competent type-approval, expressed in dB (microvolts/m), must be at least 2,0 dB below the reference limits. U.K.

5.7. Requirements concerning STU immunity to electromagnetic radiation U.K.

5.7.1. Method of measurement U.K.

The immunity to electromagnetic radiation of the STU submitted for component type-approval will be tested by means of one of the methods described in Annex VII.

5.7.2. STU immunity reference limits U.K.

5.7.2.1. If measurements are taken using the methods described in Annex VII, the immunity test reference levels will be 48 volts/m for the 150 mm stripline testing method, 12 volts/m for the 800 mm stripline testing method, 60 volts/m for the TEM cell testing method, 48 mA for the Bulk Current Injection (BCI) testing method and 24 volts/m for the Free Field testing method. U.K.

5.7.2.2. The STUs representative of the type submitted for testing may not exhibit any malfunction which is able to cause any degradation on the direct control of the vehicle perceptible to the driver or other road user if the vehicle is in the state defined in Annex IV, section 4, at a field strength or current expressed in appropriate linear units 25 % above the reference limit. U.K.

6. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION U.K.

6.1. Measures to ensure the conformity of production must be taken in accordance with the provisions laid down in Article 4 of Directive 92/61/EEC. U.K.

6.2. Conformity of production with regard to the electromagnetic compatibility of the vehicle or component or separate technical unit is to be checked on the basis of the data contained in the type-approval certificate(s) set out in Annex VIII and/or IX to this Directive as appropriate. U.K.

6.3. If the authority is not satisfied with the auditing procedure of the manufacturer, then sections 1.2.2 and 1.2.3 of Annex VI to Directive 92/61/EEC and sections 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 below apply. U.K.

6.3.1. If the conformity of a vehicle, component or STU taken from the series is being verified, production will be deemed to conform to the requirements of this Directive in relation to broadband radiated emissions and narrowband radiated emissions if the levels measured do not exceed by more than 2db (25 %) the reference limits prescribed in 5.2.2.1, 5.2.2.2, 5.3.2.1 and 5.3.2.2 (as appropriate). U.K.

6.3.2. If the conformity of a vehicle, component or STU taken from the series is being verified, production will be deemed to conform to the requirements of this Directive in relation to the immunity to electromagnetic radiation if the vehicle, component or STU does not exhibit any degradation relating to the direct vehicle control perceptible to the rider or other road user when the vehicle is in the state defined in Annex IV, section 4 and subjected to a field strength, expressed in volts/m, up to 80 % of the reference limits prescribed in 5.4.2.1. U.K.

7. EXCEPTIONS U.K.

7.1. Vehicles with compression ignition engines are deemed to comply with the requirements laid down in 5.2.2. U.K.

7.2. Vehicles or electrical/electronic STUs not incorporationg an electronic oscillator with an operating frequency of more than 9 kHz ar deemed to comply with the requirements laid down in 5.3.2 and in Annex III. U.K.

7.3. Vehicles not fitted with any sensitive electronic device are exempted from the tests set out in Annex IV. U.K.

7.4. It is not considered necessary to carry out any immunity test on STUs the functions of which are not considered essential for the direct control of the vehicle. U.K.

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Appendix 6

ANNEX II

METHOD OF MEASURING WIDE-BAND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM VEHICLES

1. GENERAL U.K.

1.1. Measuring equipment U.K.

The measuring equipment must meet the conditions laid down in Publication No 16, Edition 2, of the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR).

A quasi-peak detector must be used to measure wide-band electromagnetic radiation.

1.2. Test method U.K.

The test is designed to measure wide-band radiation from spark ignition systems and electric motors within systems designed for continuous use (e.g., electric traction motors, heating system/demister motors and fuel pumps).

As regards the choice of reference antenna, that choice being determined by common agreement between manufacturers and testing bodies: the distance in the vehicle may be either 10 or 3 metres. In both cases, the conditions set out in section 3 below must be complied with.

2. EXPRESSION OF RESULTS U.K.

The measured results are expressed in dB (microvolts/m) for bandwidths of 120 kHz. If the measuring equipment's actual bandwidth B (expressed in kHz) does not correspond exactly to 120 kHz, readings must be converted to a bandwidth of 120 kHz by adding 20 log (120/B), where B must be less than 120 kHz.

3. TEST CONDITIONS U.K.

3.1. The test surface must be horizontal and untrammelled and free of electromagnetic reflective surfaces within a minimum radius of 30 m, measured from a point mid-way between the vehicle and the antenna (see fig. 1 in Appendix 1). Alternatively, the test surface may be any location that fulfils the conditions shown in fig. 2 in Appendix 1. U.K.

3.2. Both the measuring equipment and the test cab or the vehicle in which the measuring equipment is situated are positioned within the part of the test surface shown in fig. 1 in Appendix 1. Where the test surface fulfils the conditions stated in fig. 2 in Appendix 1, the measuring equipment must lie outside the part shown in fig. 2. U.K.

3.3. Closed installations may be used for the tests, if it is to be demonstrated that a correlation exists between these installations and the external test surface. U.K.

Such installations are not subject to the dimensional conditions specified in figs 1 and 2 of Appendix 1, except for the condition relating to the distance between the vehicle and the antenna and to the height of the latter.

3.4. In order to ensure the absence of any noise or extraneous signals of a level that might materially affect the measurements, such measurements must be taken before and after the main test. If the vehicle is present during these measurements, steps must be taken to ensure that no emission from the vehicle can significantly affect the measurements (e.g., the ignition key should be removed or the battery disconnected when the vehicle is withdrawn from the test surface). For both types of measurement, the noise or extraneous signal must be at least 10 dB below the limits stated in Annex I (5.2.2.1 or 5.2.2.2, as the case may be), save for intentional narrow-band ambient emissions. U.K.

4. STATE OF THE VEHICLE DURING THE TEST U.K.

4.1. Engine U.K.

The engine must function at its normal operating temperature and, where a gearbox is fitted, must be in neutral. If this is not possible for practical reasons, alternative solutions must be sought by agreement with the manufacturer and the authorities responsible for carrying out the tests. Steps must be taken to ensure that the gear-changing mechanisms do not exert any influence on electromagnetic radiation from the vehicle. During each measurement, the engine must operate as follows:

Engine type	Measurement methods
Spark ignition	Quasi-peak
One cylinder	2 500 rpm ± 10 %
More than one cylinder	1 500 rpm ± 10 %
Electric motors	¾ of the maximum operating power declared by the manufacturer

4.2. Equipment controlled by the driver U.K.

The equipment controlled by the driver (including such components as heating-fan and air-conditioning motors and excluding other components such as seat or windscreen-wiper motors) is designed for steady-state operation cycle at 100 % and must operate in such a way as to absorb the maximum current.

4.3. Test must not be carried out in the rain, nor must they be carried out for 10 minutes after it has stopped raining. U.K.

4.4. The driver must occupy the driving position assigned to him if, in the judgment of the testing body, this represents the worst-case scenario. U.K.

5. ANTENNA TYPE, POSITION AND ORIENTATION U.K.

5.1. Antenna type U.K.

Any type of linearly polarized antenna is permitted, provided that it can be standardized on the reference antenna.

5.2. Measurement height and distance U.K.

5.2.1. Height U.K.

5.2.1.1. Tests at 10 m U.K.

The antenna phase mid-point must be 3,0 ± 0,05 m above the vehicle plane.

5.2.1.2. Tests at 3 m U.K.

The antenna phase mid-point must be 1,8 ± 0,05 m above the vehicle plane.

5.2.1.3. No part of the antenna receiving components must be less than 0,25 m from the vehicle plane. U.K.

5.2.2. Measuring distance U.K.

5.2.2.1. Tests at 10 m U.K.

The horizontal distance from the antenna phase mid-point to the external surface of the vehicle must be 10,0 ± 0,2 m.

5.2.2.2. Tests at 3 m U.K.

The horizontal distance from the antenna phase mid-point to the external surface of the vehicle must be 3,0 ± 0,05 m.

5.2.2.3. If the test is carried out in a closed installation with the object of creating an electromagnetic screen against radiofrequencies, the position of the antenna receiving components must not be less than (0,5) m from any type of radiofrequency absorption material of less than (1,5) m from the closed installation. There must be no absorption material between the receiving antenna and the vehicle under test. U.K.

5.3. Position of the antenna in relation to the vehicle U.K.

The antenna must be positioned successively on each side of the vehicle parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle and in line with the mid-point of the engine (see fig. 3 in Appendix 1).

5.4. Position of the antenna U.K.

Readings are taken for each measuring point, first with the antenna vertically polarized and then horizontally polarized (see fig. 3 in Appendix 1).

5.5. Measurements U.K.

The maximum value of the four measurements taken in accordance with 5.3 and 5.4 for each frequency is regarded as the characteristic measurement for this frequency.

6. FREQUENCIES U.K.

6.1. Measurement U.K.

Measurements are taken over a range of frequencies from 30 to 1 000 MHz. A vehicle is deemed to comply with the requisite limits over the entire frequency range if it meets the limits laid down for the following 11 frequencies: 45, 65, 90, 150, 180, 220, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 MHz. Should the limit be exceeded during the tests, steps must be taken to confirm that this is due to the vehicle and not to ambient radiation.

6.2. Tolerances U.K.

Single frequency(MHz)	Tolerance(MHz)
45, 65, 90, 150, 180 and 220	± 5
300, 450, 600, 750 and 900	± 20

The tolerances are applied to the above frequencies with the aim of avoiding interference in transmissions operating at, or close to, the nominal frequencies during the measurements.

Appendix 1

ANNEX III

METHOD OF MEASURING NARROW-BAND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM VEHICLES

1. GENERAL U.K.

1.1. Measuring equipment U.K.

The measuring equipment must comply with the conditions laid down in Publication No 16, Edition 2, of the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR).

A mean-value detector is used to measure narrow-band electromagnetic radiation.

1.2. Test method U.K.

The test is designed to measure narrow-band electromagnetic radiation such as that which may be generated by a microprocessor-based system or from another narrow band source.

As regards the choice of antenna, that choice being determined by common agreement between manufacturer and testing body, the distance from the vehicle may be either 10 or 3 metres. In both cases, the conditions set out in section 3 below must be complied with. In the initial stage (2-3 minutes) it is possible, through the choice of antenna position and polarization, to scan the range of frequencies listed in 6.1 by the use of a spectrum analyzer or an automatic receiver to indicate the maximum transmitting frequencies. This can be useful for selecting the frequencies to be tested in each band (see section 6).

2. EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS U.K.

The measured results are expressed in dB (microvolts/m).

3. TEST CONDITIONS U.K.

3.1. The test surface must be horizontal and untrammelled and free of electromagnetic reflections within a minimum radius of 30 m, measured from a point mid-way between the vehicle and the antenna (see fig. 1 in Appendix 1, Annex II). Alternatively, the test surface may be any location that fulfils the conditions shown in fig. 2 in Appendix 1, Annex II. U.K.

3.2. Both the measuring equipment and the test cab or the vehicle in which the measuring equipment is situated are positioned within the test surface, but only in the part shown in fig. 1 in Appendix 1, Annex II. Where the test surface fulfils all the conditions set out in fig. 2 in Appendix 1, Annex II, the measuring equipment must lie outside the part shown in that figure. U.K.

3.3. Closed installations may be used for the tests, provided that it can be demonstrated that a correlation exists between these installations and the external test surface. Such installations are not subject to the dimensional conditions laid down in figs 1 and 2 in Appendix 1, Annex II, except as regards the distance between the vehicle and the antenna and to the height of the latter. U.K.

3.4. In order to ensure the absence of any noise or extraneous signals of a level that might materially affect the measurements, such measurements must be taken before and after the main test. Steps must be taken to ensure that no emission from the vehicle can significantly affect the measurements (e.g., the ignition key should be removed or the battery/batteries disconnected when the vehicle is withdrawn from the test surface). For both types of measurement, the noise or extraneous signal must be at least 10 dB below the interference limits contained in Annex I (5.3.2.1 or. 5.3.2.2, depending on the distance between the vehicle and the antenna), save for intentional narrow-band ambient emissions. U.K.

4. STATE OF THE VEHICLE DURING THE TESTS U.K.

4.1. The vehicle's electronic systems must be in their normal operating mode and the vehicle must be stationary. U.K.

4.2. The ignition must be connected. The engine must not be running. U.K.

4.3. Tests must not be carried out in the rain, nor must they be carried out for 10 minutes after it has stopped raining. U.K.

5. ANTENNA TYPE, POSITION AND ORIENTATION U.K.

5.1. Antenna type U.K.

Any type of linearly polarized antenna is permitted, provided that it can be standardized with the reference antenna.

5.2. Measurement height and distance U.K.

5.2.1. Height U.K.

5.2.1.1. Tests at 10 m U.K.

The antenna phase mid-point must be 3,0 ± 0,05 m above the vehicle plane.

5.2.1.2. Tests at 3 m U.K.

The antenna phase mid-point must be 1,8 ± 0,05 m above the vehicle plane.

5.2.1.3. No part of the antenna's receiving components may be less than 0,25 m from the vehicle plane. U.K.

5.2.2. Measuring distance U.K.

5.2.2.1. Test at 10 m U.K.

The horizontal distance from the antenna phase mid-point to the external surface of the vehicle must be 10,0 ± 0,2 m.

5.2.2.2. Test at 3 m U.K.

The horizontal distance from the antenna phase mid-point to the external surface of the vehicle must be 3,00 ± 0,05 m.

5.2.2.3. If the test is carried out in a closed installation with the object of creating an electromagnetic screen against radio frequencies, the position of the antenna receiving components must not be less than (0,5) m from any type of radiofrequency absorption material or less than (1,5) m from the wall of the installation in question. There must be no absorption material between the receiving antenna and the vehicle under test. U.K.

5.3. Position of the antenna in relation to the vehicle U.K.

The antenna must be positioned successively on each side of the vehicle parallel to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle and in line with the mid-point of the engine (see figs 1, 2 and 3, Appendix 1, Annex II).

5.4. Position of the antenna U.K.

Readings are taken for each measuring point, with the antenna both vertically and horizontally polarized (see fig. 3, Appendix 1, Annex II).

5.5. Measurements U.K.

The maximum values of the four measurements taken for each frequency in accordance with 5.3 and 5.4 are regarded as the characteristic measurement for this frequency.

6. FREQUENCIES U.K.

6.1. Measurements U.K.

Measurements are taken over a range of frequencies from 30 to 1 000 MHz. This range is divided into 11 bands. In each band a test is carried out on the frequency with the highest value in order to check that it is within the required limits. A vehicle is deemed to comply with the requisite limits over the entire frequency range if it meets with the selected frequency in each of the following 11 frequency bands: 30-45, 45-80, 80-130, 130-170, 170-225, 225-300, 300-400, 400-525, 525-700, 700-850 and 850-1 000 MHz.

6.2. If, during the first test carried out in accordance with the test method described in 1.2, the narrow-band radiation for any of the bands defined in 6.1 are at least 10 dB below the reference limit, then the vehicle is deemed to fulfil the conditions laid down in this Annex for the frequency band under consideration. In that case, the full test is not necessary. U.K.

ANNEX IV

METHODS OF TESTING VEHICLE IMMUNITY TO ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

1. GENERAL U.K.

1.1. Test methods U.K.

These tests are designed to demonstrate the insensitivity of the vehicle to any factor which may alter the quality of its direct control. The vehicle must be exposed to the electromagnetic fields, described in this Annex, and must be monitored during the tests.

2. EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS U.K.

The field strengths must be expressed in volts/m for all the tests described in this Annex.

3. TEST CONDITIONS U.K.

The test equipment must be capable of generating the field strengths in the range of frequencies defined in this Annex, and must meet the (national) legal requirements regarding electromagnetic signal. The control and monitoring equipment must not be susceptible to radiation fields whereby the tests could be invalidated.

4. STATE OF THE VEHICLE DURING THE TESTS U.K.

4.1. The mass of the vehicle must be equal to the mass in running order. U.K.

4.1.1. The engine must turn the driving wheels at a constant speed predetermined by the testing authority in agreement with the vehicle manufacturer. The vehicle must be placed on a suitably loaded dynamometer or, if no dynamometer is available, must rest on electronically insulated axle supports at a minimum distance from the ground. U.K.

4.1.2. The dipped-beam headlamps must be switched on. U.K.

4.1.3. The left or right direction indicators must be on. U.K.

4.1.4. All other vehicle systems must be operating normally. U.K.

4.1.5. There must be no electrical connection between the vehicle and the test surface and no connections between the vehicle and the equipment, save where so required by 4.1.1 or 4.2. Contact between the wheels and the test surface is not regarded as an electrical connection. U.K.

4.2. Where STUs are involved in the direct control of the vehicle and where these systems do not operate under the conditions described in 4.1.1, the testing authority may carry out separate tests on the systems in question under conditions agreed with the vehicle manufacturer. U.K.

4.3. During the tests on the vehicle, only non-interference-generating equipment may be used (see section 8). U.K.

4.4. Under normal conditions, the vehicle must be facing the antenna. U.K.

5. TYPE, POSITION AND ORIENTATION OF THE FIELD GENERATOR U.K.

5.1. Type of field generator U.K.

5.1.1. The criterion for the selection of the field generator type is the capacity of the latter to attain the prescribed field strength at the reference point (see 5.4) and at the appropriate frequencies. U.K.

5.1.2. Either the antenna(s) or a transmission line system (TLS) may be used as the field-generating device(s). U.K.

5.1.3. The design and orientation of the field generator must be such that the field is polarized both horizontally and vertically at frequencies between 20 and 1 000 MHz. U.K.

5.2. Measurement height and distance U.K.

5.2.1. Height U.K.

5.2.1.1. The phase mid-point of all antennas must not be less than 1,5 m above the vehicle plane. U.K.

5.2.1.2. No part of the antenna radiator elements must be less than 0,25 m from the vehicle plane. U.K.

5.2.2. Measuring distance U.K.

5.2.2.1. Greater homogeneity of the field may be obtained by placing the field generator as far as technically possible from the vehicle. This distance will normally be in the range 1 to 5 m. U.K.

5.2.2.2. If the test is carried out in a closed installation, the radiator elements of the field generator must not be less than 0,5 m from any type of radiofrequency absorption material and not less than 1,5 m from the wall of the installation in question. There must be no absorption material between the transmitting antenna and the vehicle under test. U.K.

5.3. Position of the antenna in relation to the vehicle U.K.

5.3.1. The field generator must be positioned in the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. U.K.

5.3.2. No part of the TLS, except the vehicle plane, may be less than 0,5 m from any part of the vehicle. U.K.

5.3.3. Any field generator placed above the vehicle must cover at least 75 % of the length of the vehicle. U.K.

5.4. Reference point U.K.

5.4.1. The reference point is the point at which the field strengths are established and is defined as follows: U.K.

5.4.1.1. horizontally, at least two metres from the antenna phase mid-point or, vertically, at least one metre from the TLS radiator elements; U.K.

5.4.1.2. in the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle; U.K.

5.4.1.3. at a height of 1,0 ± 0,05 m above the vehicle plane; U.K.

5.4.1.4. or: U.K.

at 1,0 ± 0,2 m behind the vertical centre line of the vehicle's front wheel (point C in Appendix 1) in the case of tricycles

or:

at 0,2 ± 0,2 m behind the vertical centre line of the vehicle's front wheel (point D in Appendix 2) in the case of motorcycles.

5.5. If the testing authority chooses to subject the rear part of the vehicle to radiation, the reference point must be established as stated in 5.4. In this case the vehicle will be positioned with its front part facing in the opposite direction to the antenna and as if it had been rotated horizontally through 180 degrees about its central point. The distance between the antenna and the nearest part of the outer surface of the vehicle must remain the same (see Appendix 3). U.K.

6. REQUISITE TEST CONDITIONS U.K.

6.1. Range of frequencies, duration of the tests, polarization U.K.

The vehicle must be exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the 20-1 000 MHz frequency range.

6.1.1. The tests are to be carried out at the following 12 frequencies: 27, 45, 65, 90, 150, 180, 220, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 MHz ± 10 % for 2 s at ± 10 % in each frequency. U.K.

6.1.2. One of the polarization modes described in 5.1.3 must be selected by common agreement between manufacturer and testing body. U.K.

6.1.3. All other test parameters are as defined in this Annex. U.K.

6.2. Tests to check deterioration in direct control U.K.

6.2.1. A vehicle is deemed to fulfil the requisite immunity conditions if, during the tests carried out in the manner required by this Annex, there are no abnormal changes in the speed of the vehicle's drive wheels, there are no signs of operational deterioration which might mislead other road users and there are no other noticeable phenomena which could result in a deterioration in the direct control of the vehicle. U.K.

6.2.2. For vehicle observation purposes, only the monitoring equipment described in section 8 may be used. U.K.

6.2.3. If a vehicle does not meet the requirements of the tests defined in 6.2, steps must be taken to verify that the faults occurred under normal conditions and are not attributable to spurious fields. U.K.

7. GENERATION OF THE REQUISITE FIELD STRENGTH U.K.

7.1. Test method U.K.

7.1.1. The ‘substitution method’ is to be used for the purpose of creating the field test conditions. U.K.

7.1.2. Substitution method U.K.

For each test frequency required, the RF power level of the field generator must be set so as to produce the required test field strength at the reference point of the test area without the vehicle being present. This RF power level, as well as all other relevant settings on the field generator must be recorded in the test report (calibration curve). The recorded information is to be used for type-approval purposes. Should any alterations be made to the equipment at the test location, the substitution method must be repeated.

7.1.3. The vehicle is then brought to the test installation and positioned in accordance with the conditions laid down in section 5. The power required by 7.1.2 is then applied to the field generator for each of the frequencies indicated in 6.1.1. U.K.

7.1.4. Whatever field-definition parameter in chosen in accordance with the conditions laid down in 7.1.2, the same parameter must be used in order to determine the strength of that field throughout the test. U.K.

7.1.5. For the purposes of this test, the same field generating equipment and the same equipment configuration must be used as in the operations conducted in pursuance of 7.1.2. U.K.

7.1.6. Field strength measuring device U.K.

Under the substitution method, the device used to determine the field strength during the calibration stage should take the form either of a compact isotropic probe for measuring field strength or of a calibrated receiving antenna.

7.1.7. During the calibration phase of the substitution method, the phase mid-point of the field-strength measuring device must coincide with the reference point. U.K.

7.1.8. If a calibrated receiving antenna is used as the field strength measuring device, readings will be obtained in three directions at right angles to each other. The equivalent isotropic value corresponding to these measurements is to be regarded as the field strength. U.K.

7.1.9. In order to take account of differences in vehicle geometry, a number of reference points must be established for the relevant test installation. U.K.

7.2. Field strength contour U.K.

7.2.1. During the calibration phase (before the vehicle is positioned on the test surface) the field strength must not be less than 50 % of the nominal field strength at the following locations: U.K.

(i)

for all field-generating devices, 1,0 ± 0,02 m on either side of the reference point on a line passing through this point, and perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle;

(ii)

in the case of a TLS, 1,5 ± 0,02 m on a line passing through the reference point, and situated in the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle.

7.3. Characteristics of the test signal to be generated U.K.

7.3.1. Peak value of the modulated test field strength U.K.

The peak value of the modulated test field strength must correspond to that of the unmodulated test field strength, the actual value in volts/m of which is defined in section 5.4.2 of Annex I.

7.3.2. Test signal waveform U.K.

The test signal must be a radio-frequency sinusoidal wave, amplitude-modulated by a sinusoidal 1 kHz wave at a modulation rate m of 0,8 ± 0,04 m.

7.3.3. Modulation rate U.K.

The modulation rate m is defined as follows:

The envelope describes the curve formed by the edges of the modulated carrier as seen on an oscillograph.

8. INSPECTION AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT U.K.

8.1. For the purposes of monitoring the external part of the vehicle and the passenger compartment and of determining whether the conditions laid down in 6.2 have been met, use will be made of a video camera or cameras. U.K.

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

ANNEX V

METHOD OF MEASURING WIDE-BAND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM SEPARATE TECHNICAL UNITS (STU)

1. GENERAL U.K.

1.1. Measuring equipment U.K.

The measuring equipment must meet the conditions laid down in Publication No 16, Edition 2, of the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR).

A quasi-peak detector must be used to measure wide-band electromagnetic emissions.

1.2. Test method U.K.

This test is designed to measure wide-band emissions generated by spark-ignition systems or by electric motors fitted to systems designed for continuous use (e.g. electric traction motor, heating system/demister motors, fuel pumps etc.)

2. EXPRESSION OF RESULTS U.K.

The measured results are expressed in dB (microvolts/m) for a bandwidth of 120 kHz. If the measuring equipment's actual bandwidth B (expressed in kHz) does not correspond exactly to 120 kHz, readings must be converted to a bandwidth of 120 kHz by adding 20 log (120/B), where B must be less than 120 kHz.

3. TEST CONDITIONS U.K.

3.1. The testing surface must meet the conditions laid down in publication No 16, Edition 2, of the International Special Committee en Radio Interference (CISPR). (See fig. 1 in Appendix 1 to this Annex.) U.K.

3.2. The measuring equipment and the test cab or the vehicle in which the measuring equipment is situated must be positioned outside the area shown in fig. 1, Appendix 1 to this Annex. U.K.

3.3. Covered equipment may be used for the tests if it is demonstrated that there is a correlation between the results obtained therewith and those obtained by using an outside surface which has been approved for the tests. Covered test equipment has the advantage of enabling tests to be conducted in all weathers, within a controlled environment and with improved measurement repeatability deriving from more stable electrical characteristics. This covered facility does not need to meet the dimensional requirements set out in figure 1, in Appendix 1 to this Annex, apart from those relating to the distance between the antenna and the STU and to the height of the antenna. U.K.

3.4. In order to ensure that there is no extraneous noise or signal of such a magnitude that they could materially affect the measurements, the background radiation is measured before and after the main test. For both of these measurements both the noises and extraneous signals must be at least 10 dB below the limits set out in section 5.5.2.1 in Annex I, except in the case of deliberate narrow-band transmissions within the environment. U.K.

4. STATE OF THE STU DURING THE TEST U.K.

4.1. The STU must be in its normal operating state. U.K.

4.2. Measurements must not be carried out in the rain, nor for 10 minutes after the rain has stopped. U.K.

4.3. The STU and its cable harnesses must be placed on insulated supports 50 + 10/− 0 mm above the earth plate. However, if one of the parts of the STU was intended to be electrically connected to the metal bodywork of the vehicle, that part must be situated on the earth plate and connected thereto electrically. U.K.

The earth plate must be a metal sheet at least 0,25 mm thick. The minimum dimensions of the earth plate depends upon the size of the STU but will have to be sufficiently large to receive the cable harness and the components of the vehicle system. The earth plate must be connected to the earth conductor, located 1,0 ± 0,1 m above the ground and run parallel thereto.

The STU must be ready to operate and be connected in accordance with the conditions laid down. The power distribution cable harness must run parallel to the edges of the earth plate and be no more than 100 mm form the edge of the plate closest to the antenna.

The STU must be earthed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications: no additional earth connections are permitted.

The minimum distance between the STU and all of the other conducting structures such as the walls of a protected area (except, however, for the base plate below the test piece) must be at least 1,0 m.

4.4. Power for the STU is supplied by a 50µH Line Impedance Stabilizing Network (LISN) which is connected electrically to the earth plate. The power supply voltage must be maintained at ± 10 % of the nominal operating voltage of the system. All ripple voltage must be less than 1,5 % of the nominal operating voltage of the system measured at the LISN monitoring port. U.K.

4.5. If the STU consists of more than one component the best way of linking them is to use the cable harness intended for use on the vehicle. The cable harness used should as far as possible duplicate that used in practice and preferably be connected to the actual loads and actuators. If other equipment not to be included in the measurement is needed for the functioning of the unit in accordance with the regulations, the proportion of radiation emissions measured in the overall measurement must be taken into account. U.K.

5. ANTENNA TYPE, POSITION AND ORIENTATION U.K.

5.1. Antenna type U.K.

Any type of linearly polarized antenna is permitted provided that it can be standardized on the reference antenna.

5.2. Measurement height and distance U.K.

5.2.1. Height U.K.

The phase centre of the antenna must be 0,5 ± 0,05 m above the earth plate.

5.2.2. Measuring distance U.K.

The horizontal distance measured between the antenna phase mid-point and the edge of the earth plate must be 1,0 ± 0,05 m. No part of the antenna may be less than 0,5 m from the earth plate.

The antenna must be placed parallel to the plane perpendicular to the earth plate and run along that edge of the plate along which the main parts of the cable harness are situated.

5.2.3. If the test is carried out in a closed installation with the object of creating an electromagnetic screen against radio frequencies, the antenna receiving components must not be less than 0,5 m from any type of radio frequency absorption material or less than 1,5 m from the wall of the closed installation. There must be no absorption material between the receiving antenna and the STU for the vehicle under test. U.K.

5.3. Orientation and polarization of the antenna U.K.

Readings must be taken at the measuring point with the antenna polarized, first horizontally and then vertically.

5.4. Measurements U.K.

The greater of the two measurements taken in accordance with 5.3 for each single frequency must be regarded as the characteristic measurement for that frequency.

6. FREQUENCIES U.K.

6.1. Measurements U.K.

The measurements are to be taken over a range of frequencies from 30 to 1 000 MHz. An STU is deemed to fall within the limits for the full range of frequencies if it does not exceed the limits laid down for the following 11 frequencies: 45, 65, 90, 150, 180, 220, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 MHz. Should the limit be exceeded, steps must be taken to confirm that this is due to the STU and not to ambient radiation.

6.2. Tolerances U.K.

Single frequency(MHz)	Tolerance(MHz)
45, 65, 90, 150, 180 and 220	± 5
300, 450, 600, 750 end 900	± 20

The aim of the tolerances applying to the frequencies set out above is to avoid interference in transmissions operating at, or close to, the nominal frequencies during the measurements.

Appendix 1

ANNEX VI

METHOD OF MEASURING NARROW-BAND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM SEPARATE TECHNICAL UNITS (STUs)

1. GENERAL U.K.

1.1. Measuring equipment U.K.

The measuring equipment must meet the conditions laid down in publication No 16, edition 2 by the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR).

A mean-value detector is used to measure the narrow-band electromagnetic radiation.

1.2. Test method U.K.

The test is designed to measure narrow-band electromagnetic radiation such as that which may emanate from a micro-processor based system. In the initial stage (2-3 minutes) it is permissible, once an antenna polarization has been selected, to scan the range of frequencies identified in 6.1 by using a spectrum analyzer to pinpoint the maximum transmission frequencies. This can make it easier to select the frequencies to be tested (see section 6).

2. EXPRESSION OF RESULTS U.K.

The results of the measurements are to be expressed in dB (microvolts/m).

3. TEST CONDITIONS U.K.

3.1. The test surface must meet the conditions laid down in publication No 16, edition 2, of the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) (see figure 1 in Appendix 1 to Annex V). U.K.

3.2. The measuring equipment, the test cab, or the vehicle in which the measuring equipment is situated must be outside the area of the test-surface indicated in fig. 1 in Appendix 1 to Annex V. U.K.

3.3. Closed installations may be used for the tests, provided that it can be demonstrated that a correlation exists between these installations and the external test surface. These test installations have the advantage that all of the measuring equipment is at all times operating in a controlled environment and its repeatability is improved as a result of its more stable electrical characteristics. The closed testing installations are not subject to the dimensional requirements laid down in figure 1 in Appendix 1 to Annex V, except for those relating to the distance between the STU and the antenna and to the height of the antenna. U.K.

3.4. In order to ensure the absence of any noise or extraneous signals of a level that might affect the measurements materially, the background radiation must be measured before and after the main test. For both types of measurement, the noise or extraneous signals must be at least 10 dB below the value given in section 5.6.2.1 of Annex I, save for intentional narrow-band emissions. U.K.

4. STATE OF THE STU DURING THE TESTS U.K.

4.1. The STU must be in its normal operating state. U.K.

4.2. No measurements may be taken while it is raining on the STU nor for ten minutes after it has stopped raining. U.K.

4.3. The STU and its cable harnesses must be placed on insulated supports 50 + 10/− 0 mm above the earth plate. However, if one of the parts of the STU is intended to be connected electrically to the metal bodywork of the vehicle that part must be located on and be connected electrically to the earth plate. U.K.

The earth plate must be in the form of a metal sheet at least 0,25 mm thick. The minimum size of the earth plate depends upon the size of the STU, but must be sufficiently large to carry the vehicle system's components and cable harnesses. The earth plate must be connected to the earth-conductor, must be located at a height of 1,0 ± 0,1 m above the ground and be parallel to it.

The STU must be ready to operate and connected in accordance with the instructions. The power distribution cables must run parallel to and lie at the most 100 mm from the edge of the earth plate closest to the antenna.

The STU must be earthed as specified by the manufacturer: no additional earth connections are permitted.

The distance between the STU and the other conducting structures, such as the walls of a shielded area (except for the earth plate supporting the test object) must be at least 1,0 m.

4.4. Power is applied to the STU via a 50 µH Line Impedance Stabilizing Network (LISN), which is connected electrically to the earth plate. The electrical supply voltage must remain within ± 10 % of the nominal operating voltage of the system. Any ripple voltage must be less than 1,5 % of the nominal operating voltage of the system measured at the LISN monitoring port. U.K.

4.5. If the STU consists of more than one component the best way of linking them together is to use the cable harness intended for use on the vehicle. The cable harness used must as far as possible duplicate that used in practice and preferably be connected to the actual loads and actuators. If other equipment not to be included in the measurement is needed for the functioning of the unit in accordance with the regulations, the proportion of radiation emissions measured in the overall measurement must be taken into account. U.K.

5. ANTENNA TYPE, POSITION AND ORIENTATION U.K.

5.1. Antenna type U.K.

Any type of linearly polarized antenna is permitted, provided that it can be standardized with the reference antenna.

5.2. Measurement height and distance U.K.

5.2.1. Height U.K.

The phase centre of the antenna must be 0,50 ± 0,05 m above the earth plate.

5.2.2. Measuring distance U.K.

The horizontal distance measured between the antenna phase mid-point and the earth plate must be 1,00 ± 0,05 m. No part of the antenna may be less than 0,5 m from the earth plate.

The antenna must lie parallel to a plane that is perpendicular to the earth plate and run along that edge of the plate along which the main parts of the harness are situated.

5.2.3. If the test is carried out in a closed installation with the object of creating a screen against radiofrequencies, the antenna's receiving components must not be less than 0,5 m from any type of radiofrequency absorption material or less than 1,5 m from the wall of the screen in question. There may be no absorption material between the receiving antenna and the vehicle under test. U.K.

5.3. Orientation and polarization of antenna U.K.

Readings are to be taken at the measuring point, with the antenna polarized, first horizontally and then vertically.

5.4. Measurements U.K.

The greater of the two measurements taken in accordance with 5.3 for each frequency must be regarded as the characteristic measurement for that frequency.

6. FREQUENCIES U.K.

6.1. Measurements U.K.

Measurements are taken over a range of frequencies from 30 to 1 000 MHz. This range is divided into 11 bands. In each band a test is carried out on the frequency with the highest value, in order to check that it is within the required limits. A vehicle is deemed to comply with the requisite limits over the entire frequency range if it meets the limits laid down for the selected frequency in each of the following 11 frequency bands: 30-45, 45-80, 80-130, 130-170, 170-225, 225-300, 300-400, 400-525, 525-700, 700-850, 850-1 000 MHz.

6.2. If, during the first measurement conducted in accordance with 1.2, the narrow-band radiation emissions for any of the bands referred to in 6.1 are at least 10 dB below the reference limit, then the STU is deemed to meet the conditions laid down in this Annex for the frequency band under consideration. In that case, the full test is not necessary. U.K.

ANNEX VII

METHODS OF TESTING STU IMMUNITY TO ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

1. GENERAL U.K.

1.1. Test methods U.K.

STUs must comply with the limits (see Annex I, section 5.7.2.1) for one of the following test methods, at their manufacturers discretion, within the range of 20-1 000 MHz:

• 150 mm stripline test: see figure 1 in Appendix 1;

• 800 mm stripline test: see figures 2 and 3 in Appendix 1;

• Bulk current injection test: see figures 1 and 2 in Appendix 2;

• TEM-cell test: see figure 1 in Appendix 3;

• free-field STU immunity test: see figure 1 in Appendix 4.

NB: To avoid radiation from electromagnetic fields during tests, they must be carried out in a shielded area. U.K.

2. EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS U.K.

For all of the tests described in this Annex, the field strengths must be expressed in volts/m and the injected current in milliamperes.

3. TEST CONDITIONS U.K.

3.1. The test equipment must be capable of generating the test signal required for the frequency ranges defined in this Annex. The location of the tests must meet the (national) legal requirements regarding electromagnetic signal emissions. U.K.

3.2. The control and monitoring equipment may not be affected by any radiation fields which could invalidate the tests. U.K.

4. STATE OF THE STU DURING THE TEST U.K.

4.1. The STU must be in its normal operating state. It must be arranged as shown in this Annex unless otherwise required by a specific individual test method. U.K.

4.2. The STU and its cable harnesses must be placed on insulated supports 50 ± 10/− 0 mm above the earth plate. However, if one of the parts of the STU is intended to be connected electrically to the metal bodywork of the vehicle that part must be placed on the earth plate and connected to it electrically. U.K.

The earth plate must be in the form of a metal sheet that is at least 0,25 mm thick, except where a TEM-cell test is used. The minimum size of the earth plate depends on the size of the STU, but must be large enough to carry the STUs components and harnesses. The earth plate must be connected to an earth conductor, must be 1,0 ± 0,1 m above the ground and parallel to it.

There must be a distance of at least 1,0 m between the STU and all the other conducting structures such as the walls of a shielded area (except the earth plate underneath the test piece), save where a TEM-cell test is used.

4.3. Power is applied to the STU via a 50 µH Line Impedance Stabilizing Network (LISN) which is connected electrically to the earth plate. The supply voltage must be kept at a constant level. Any deviation in the constant supply voltage from the STU's nominal operating voltage must be no more than ± 10 % of the STU's nominal operating voltage. Any ripple in the power supply voltage measured at the monitoring port of the power supply must not exceed 1,5 % of the STU's nominal operating voltage. U.K.

4.4. Any extraneous equipment needed to operate the STU must be in place during the calibration stage. During the calibration, it must be placed at least 1 m from the reference point. U.K.

4.5. In order to obtain reproducible results the tests and measurements will be repeated. The test-signal generating equipment and its configuration must be to the same specification as that used during each of the appropriate calibration phases (sections 7.2, 8.2 and 10.3 of this Annex). U.K.

5. MEASURING FREQUENCIES, DURATION OF TESTS U.K.

5.1. Measurements will be conducted within the frequency range of 20-1 000 MHz. U.K.

5.2. The tests are to be carried out with the following 12 fequencies: 27 MHz, 45 MHz, 65 MHz, 90 MHz, 150 MHz, 180 MHz, 220 MHz, 300 MHz, 450 MHz, 600 MHz, 750 MHz, 900 MHz ± 10 % for two s ± 10 % in each frequency. U.K.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF TEST SIGNAL TO BE GENERATED U.K.

6.1. Peak value of modulated test field U.K.

The peak value of the modulated test field strength must correspond to that of the unmodulated test field strength, the actual value of which is defined in section 5.7.2 of Annex I.

6.2. Test signal wave form U.K.

The test signal will be a radio frequency sine wave, amplitude modulated by a 1 kHz sinusoidal wave at a modulation depth, m, of 0,8 ± 0,04.

6.3. Modulation factor U.K.

The modulation factor, m, is defined as follows:

The envelope describes the curve formed by the edges of the modulated carrier as seen on an oscillograph.

7. STRIPLINE TEST U.K.

7.1. Test method U.K.

This test method consists in subjecting the cable harnesses connecting the components in an STU to specified field strengths.

The test method enables homogeneous fields to be generated between an active conductor (the stripline), and an earth plate (the conducting surface of the mounting table), between which part of the cable harness may be inserted.

7.2. Field strength measurement in the stripline U.K.

For each required test frequency, a level of RF power is fed into the stripline, initially without the STU, to produce the required test field strength in the test area. This RF power level and all other relevant settings on the RF power generator must be recorded in the test report (calibration curve).

The recorded information is to be used for type-approval purposes. Should any alterations be made to the equipment at the test location, the calibration of the stripline must be repeated.

7.3. Installation of the STU U.K.

7.3.1. The STU's electronic controller(s) must be mounted on the earth plate but outside the stripline with one of its edges parallel to the active conductor of the stripline. It must be 200 ± 10 mm from a line on the earth plate directly below the edge of the active conductor. U.K.

All the edges of the active conductor must be at least 200 mm from any peripheral measuring device.

The STU's cable harness must run horizontally between the active conductor and the earth plate.

7.3.1.1. The minimum length of the cable harness to be placed under the stripline, and which will also include the power-supply lines for the electronic control unit, must be 1,5 m unless the cable harness in the vehicle is shorter than 1,5 m. In that case, the length of the cable harness will be that of the longest harness used in the vehicle installation. Any harness branches occurring must run perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the line. U.K.

7.3.1.2. Alternatively, the fully extended length of the cable harness, including that of the longest branch, will be 1,5 m. U.K.

8. ALTERNATIVE TEST USING 800 mm STRIPLINE U.K.

8.1. Test method U.K.

The stripline consists of two parallel metallic plates separated by 800 mm. Equipment under test is positioned centrally between the plates and subjected to an electromagnetic field (see figs 2 and 3 of Appendix 1 to this Annex).

This method can test complete electronic systems including sensors and actuators as well as the controller and wiring loom. It is suitable for apparatus whose largest dimension is less than ⅓ of the plate separation.

8.2. Positioning of stripline U.K.

The stripline must be housed in a screened room (to prevent external emissions) and positioned 2 m away from walls and any metallic enclosure to prevent electromagnetic reflections. RF absorber material may be used to damp these reflections. The stripline must be placed on non-conducting supports at least 0,4 m above the floor.

8.3. Calibration of the stripline U.K.

A field measuring probe is positioned within the central third of the longitudinal, vertical and transverse dimensions of the space between the parallel plates with the system under test absent. The associated measuring equipment must be sited outside the screened room.

At each desired test frequency, a level of power is fed into the stripline to produce the required field strength at the antenna. This level of forward power, or another parameter directly related to the forward power required to define the field, is to be measured and the results recorded. These results will be used for type-approval tests unless changes occur in the facilities or equipment which necessitate this procedure being repeated.

8.4. Installation of the STU under Test U.K.

The main control unit must be positioned within the central third of the longitudinal, vertical and transverse dimension of the space between the parallel plates. It must be supported on a stand made from non-conducting material.

8.5. Main wiring loom and sensor/actuator cables U.K.

The main wiring loom and any sensor/actuator cables must rise vertically from the control unit to the top ground plate (this helps to maximize coupling with the electromagnetic field). Then they follow the under side of the plate to one of its free edges where they loop over and follow the top of the ground plate as far as the connections to the stripline feed. The cables are then routed to the associated equipment which must be sited in an area outside the influence of the electromagnetic field e.g.: on the floor of the screened room 1 m longitudinally away from the stripline.

9. BULK CURRENT INJECTION TEST U.K.

9.1. Test method U.K.

This is a method of conducting immunity tests by using a current injection probe to induce currents directly into a cable harness. This probe consists of a coupling clamp through which the STU cables pass. The immunity test can then be carried out by varying the frequency of the induced signals. The STU may be installed on an earth plate as described in 4.2 or in a vehicle in accordance with the vehicle design specification.

9.2. Calibration of bulk current injection probe U.K.

The injection probe is attached to the calibration fixture shown in fig. 2 of Appendix 2 to this Annex, whereupon the test frequency range is swept in stages. The RF power input into the injection probe is increased for each test frequency until the current induced in the closed test circuit reaches the figure laid down in Annex I. The RF power level required for this must be recorded in the test report (calibration curve). Using this method, the requisite RF power of the field generator is applied to the test radio disturbance induced in a calibrated circuit. During the STU's radio disturbance immunity test, the frequency variable RF power, as determined during the calibration process, is then input for each frequency into the injection probe.

9.3. Installation of the STU U.K.

If the system is mounted on the earth plate as described in 4.2 all of the cables in the cable harness must be finished as realistically as possible and preferably with real loads and actuators. For both vehicle-mounted and earth-plate mounted systems the current injection probe is wound in turn around all the wires in the cable harness at 100 ± 10 mm from each connector for the STU's electronic control units, instrumentation modules or active sensors, as illustrated in fig. 2 in Appendix 1.

9.4. Power, signal and control wires U.K.

Where an STU is mounted on an earth plate as described in 4.2, a cable harness will link a LISN with the main electronic control unit. This harness must run parallel to the edge of the earth plate, 100 mm ± 10 mm from its edge.

This harness will contain the positive lead connecting the vehicle battery to this ECU and, if used on the vehicle, the negative lead wire.

The distance from the ECU to the LISN will be 1,5 ± 0,1 m or may be the harness length between the ECU and the battery as used on the vehicle, if known, whichever is the shorter. If the vehicle harness is used, then any line branches along its length must be routed along the earth plate but perpendicular to its edge of axis. Otherwise the STU wires which are in this length must break out at the LISN.

10. TEM-CELL TEST U.K.

10.1. Test method U.K.

The TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic Mode) cell generates homogeneous fields between the internal conductor (partition) and housing (earth plate). It is used for testing the STUs.

10.2. Field strength measurement in a TEM cell U.K.

The field strength sensor is placed in the upper half of the TEM cell. In this part of the TEM cell the electronic control unit(s) has only a slight effect on the test field. The output of this sensor determines the field strength. Alternatively, the following equation may be used to determine the electrical field:

E

=

electric field intensity (volts/m);

P

=

cell-input power (W)

Z

=

cell impedance (50 Ω)

d

=

distance in metres between the upper wall and the plate (partition).

10.3. Dimensions of TEM cell U.K.

In order to maintain a homogeneous field in the TEM cell and to obtain repeatable measurements, the height of the STU must not be more than ⅓ of the inside height of the cell.

10.4. Power, signal and control wires U.K.

The TEM cell is to be attached to a board equipped with a co-axial socket and a plug connector with an adequate number of pins. The power supply and signal leads running from the plug connector on the cell wall are directly connected to the testpiece.

The external components such as sensors, power-supply units and control units are connected:

(i)

via a shielded peripheral;

(ii)

via the vehicle next to the TEM cell;

(iii)

directly to the shielded socketboard.

Shielded cables must be used in connecting the TEM cell to the peripherals or the vehicle.

11. ‘FREE FIELD’ TEST U.K.

11.1. This method consists of testing STUs by exposing a complete STU to electromagnetic radiation. U.K.

11.2. Type, position and orientation of the field generator U.K.

11.2.1. Type of field generator U.K.

11.2.1.1. Any field generator chosen must be able to achieve the desired field strength at the reference point at the appropriate frequencies. U.K.

11.2.1.2. The field generating device may be one or more antenna(s) or a plate antenna. U.K.

11.2.1.3. The design and orientation of the field generator must be such that the field is polarized both horizontally and vertically at frequencies between 20 and 1 000 MHz. U.K.

11.2.2. Measuring height and distance U.K.

11.2.2.1. Height U.K.

11.2.2.1.1. The phase centre of the antenna may not be less than 0,5 m above the earth plate on which the STU is resting. U.K.

11.2.2.1.2. No radiating part of the antenna may be closer than 0,25 m to the STU base plate base. U.K.

11.2.2.2. Measuring distance U.K.

11.2.2.2.1. Greater homogeneity of the field may be obtained by placing the field generator as far as technically possible from the STU. The distance will normally be between 1 and 5 m. U.K.

11.2.2.2.2. If the test is carried out in an enclosed facility, the antenna's radiating components may be no closer than 0,5 m to any radio absorbent material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the facility. There must be no absorbent material between the transmitting antenna and the STU. U.K.

11.2.3. Position of the antenna in relation to the STU U.K.

11.2.3.1. The field generator may not be closer than 0,5 m to the edge of the earth plate. U.K.

11.2.3.2. The phase centre of the field generator must be on a plane which: U.K.

(i)

is perpendicular to the earth plate

(ii)

is perpendicular to the edge of the earth plate along which the main part of the cable harness runs

and

(iii)

bisects the edge of the earth plate at the midpoint of the main part of the cable harness.

The antenna is to be placed parallel to a plane which is perpendicular to and coincident with the edge of the earth plate along which the main part of the cable harness runs.

11.2.3.3. Any field generator which is placed above the earth plate or the STU must completely cover the STU. U.K.

11.2.4. Reference point U.K.

11.2.4.1. The reference point is the point at which the field strength is measured. It is defined as follows: U.K.

11.2.4.1.1. Horizontally at least 2 m from the antenna phase centre or, vertically, at least 1 m from the radiating components of a plate antenna. U.K.

11.2.4.1.2. On a plane which: U.K.

(i)

is perpendicular to the earth plate;

(ii)

is perpendicular to the edge of the earth plate along which the main part of the cable harness runs;

and

(iii)

bisects the edge of the earth plate and the midpoint of the main part of the cable harness.

11.2.4.1.3. The reference point must be coincident with the midpoint of the main part of the harness which runs along the edge of the earth plate closest to the antenna and 100 ± 10 mm above the earth plate. U.K.

11.3. Generation of required field strength U.K.

11.3.1. Test method U.K.

11.3.1.1. The ‘substitution method’ is to be used to ensure that the test field conditions are met. U.K.

11.3.1.2. Substitution method U.K.

For each required test frequency, the RF power level of the field generator must be set so as to produce the required test field strength at the reference point of the test area without the STU being present. This RF power level, as well as all other relevant settings on the field generator, must be recorded in the test report (calibration curve). The recorded information is to be used for type-approval purposes. Should any alterations be made to the equipment at the test location the substitution method must be repeated.

11.3.1.3. The STU, which may include an additional earth plate, is then introduced into the test facility under the conditions set out in 11.2. If a second earth plate is used, it must be within 5 mm of the bench earth plate and be electrically connected to it. The required power, as defined in 11.3.1.2, is then applied to the field generator at each of the frequencies defined in section 5. U.K.

11.3.1.4. Extraneous equipment must be at least 1 m from the reference point during calibration. U.K.

11.3.1.5. Whatever parameter was chosen to produce the field in accordance with 11.3.1.2, the same is to be used to reproduce the desired field strength during the test. U.K.

11.3.1.6. Field strength measuring device U.K.

The device used to determine the field strength during the calibration phase of the substitution method will be a compact isotropic field measuring probe.

11.3.1.7. The phase centre of the field strength measuring device must be positioned at the reference point. U.K.

11.3.2. Field strength contour U.K.

11.3.2.1. During the calibration phase of the substitution method (before introduction of the STU into the test area), the field strength may not be less than 50 % of the nominal field strength 1,0 ± 0,05 m either side of the reference point on a line running through that point and parallel to the edge of the earth plate. U.K.

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

ANNEX VIII

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

ANNEX IX

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Editorial Information

X1 Substituted by Corrigendum to Directive 97/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 1997 on certain components and characteristics of two- or three-wheel motor vehicles (Official Journal of the European Communities L 226 of 18 August 1997).