‘variable cam phasing or lift’ means allowing the lift, the opening and closing duration or timing of the intake or exhaust valves to be modified while the engine is in operation;
‘communication protocol’ means a system of digital message formats and rules for messages exchanged in or between computing systems or units;
‘common rail’ means a fuel supply system to the engine in which a common high pressure is maintained;
‘intercooler’ means a heat exchanger that removes waste heat from the compressed air by a charger before entering into the engine, thereby improving volumetric efficiency by increasing intake air charge density;
‘electronic throttle control’ (ETC) means the control system consisting of sensing of driver input via the accelerator pedal or handle, data processing by the control unit(s), resulting actuation of the throttle and throttle position feedback to the control unit in order to control the air charge to the combustion engine;
‘boost control’ means a device to control the boost level produced in the induction system of a turbocharged or supercharged engine;
‘SCR system’ means a system capable of converting gaseous pollutants into harmless or inert gases by injecting a consumable reagent, which is a reactive substance to reduce tailpipe emissions and which is adsorbed onto a catalytic converter;
‘lean NOx adsorber’ means a storage of NOx fitted into the exhaust system of a vehicle which is purged by the release of a reactant in the exhaust flow;
‘cold-start device’ means a device that temporarily enriches the air/fuel mixture of the engine, thus assisting the engine to start;
‘starting aid’ means a device which assists engine start up without enrichment of the air/fuel mixture such as glow plugs, injection timing and spark delivery adaptations;
‘exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system’ means part of the exhaust gas flow led back to or remaining in the combustion chamber of an engine in order to lower the combustion temperature;