Method for test baking of wheat flour.
The method is applicable to flour, experimentally milled from wheat for the production of yeast-raised bread.
Dough is made from flour, water, yeast, salt and sucrose, in a specified mixer. After dividing and rounding, the pieces are given 30 minutes' rest; they are moulded, placed on baking sheets and baked after a final proof of fixed duration. Dough-handling properties are noted. The loaves are judged by volume and height.
Active dry yeast of type Saccharomyces cerevisiae DHW-Hamburg-Wansbeck or a product having the same characteristics.
Dissolve 30 ± 0,5 g of sodium chloride (commercial grade), 30 ± 0,5 g of sucrose (commercial grade), and 0,040 ± 0,001 g ascorbic acid in 800 ± 5 g of water. Prepare fresh daily.
Dissolve 5 ± 0,1 g sucrose (commercial grade) in 95 ± 1 g of water. Prepare fresh daily.
Commercial grade.
Controlled to maintain a temperature of 22 to 25 °C.
For maintaining a temperature of 4 ± 2 °C.
Maximum load 2 kg, accuracy 2 g.
Maximum load 0,5 kg, accuracy 0,1 g.
Accuracy 0,1 × 10– 3 g.
Stephan UMTA 10, with mixing arm model ‘Detmold’ (Stephan Soehne GmbH) or similar equipment having the same characteristics.
Controlled to maintain a temperature of 30 ± 1 °C.
Made from polymethylmethacrylate (Plexiglas, Perspex). Inside dimensions: 25 × 25 × 15 cm height, wall thickness 0,5 ± 0,05 cm.
Made from polymethylmethacrylate (Plexiglas, Perspex). At least 30 × 30 cm, thickness 0,5 ± 0,05 cm.
Brabender ball homogeniser (Brabender OHG) or similar equipment having the same characteristics.
According to standard EN ISO 24333.
Determine the water absorption according to ICC Standard No 115/1.
Determine the ‘falling number’ of the flour according to standard EN ISO 3093. If the ‘falling number’ is higher than 250, determine the malt flour addition required to bring it within the range 200 to 250, using a series of mixtures of the flour with increasing quantities of malt flour (point 4.5). If the ‘falling number’ is lower than 250, no malt flour is required.
Adjust the temperature of the sugar solution (point 4.4) to 35 ± 1 °C. Pour one part by weight of the active dry yeast into four parts by weight of this tempered sugar solution. Do not stir. Swirl if necessary.
Allow to stand for 10 ± 1 minute, then stir until a homogeneous suspension is obtained. Use this suspension within 10 minutes.
The temperature of the flour and the water must be adjusted to give a dough temperature of 27 ± 1 °C after mixing.
Weigh, with a precision of 2 g, 10 y/3 g flour on as-is moisture basis (corresponding to 1 kg flour on a 14 % moisture basis), in which ‘y’ is the quantity of flour used in the farinograph test (see ICC Standard No 115/1).
Weigh, with a precision of 0,2 g, the quantity of malt flour necessary to bring the ‘falling number’ within the range 200 to 250 (point 7.2).
Weigh 430 ± 5 g sugar-salt-ascorbic acid solution (point 4.3) and add water to a total mass of (x – 9) 10 y/3 g, (see point 10.2) in which ‘x’ is the quantity of water used in the farinograph test (see ICC Standard No 115/1). This total mass (usually between 450 and 650 g) must be achieved with a precision of 1,5 g.
Weigh 90 ± 1 g yeast suspension (point 7.3).
Note the total mass of the dough (P), which is the sum of the masses of flour, sugar-salt-ascorbic acid solution plus water, yeast suspension and malt flour.
Before starting, bring the mixer to a temperature of 27 ± 1 °C by use of a suitable quantity of tempered water.
Place the liquid dough ingredients in the mixer and place the flour plus malt flour on top.
Start the mixer (speed 1, 1 400 rev/min), and allow to run for 60 seconds. Twenty seconds after the start of mixing, turn the scraper attached to the lid of the mixing bowl two revolutions.
Measure the temperature of the dough. If it is outside the range 26 to 28 °C, discard the dough and mix a new one after adjustment of ingredient temperatures.
Note dough properties using one of the following terms:
non-sticky and machinable, or
sticky and non-machinable.
To be considered ‘non-sticky and machinable’ at the end of mixing, the dough should form a coherent mass which hardly adheres to the sides of the bowl and spindle of the mixer. It should be possible to collect the dough by hand and remove it from the mixing bowl in a single motion without noticeable loss.
Weigh, with precision of 2 g, three pieces of dough according to the formula:
=
0,25 P, where:
=
mass of scaled dough piece,
=
total mass of dough.
Immediately round the pieces for 15 seconds in the moulder (point 5.10) and place them for 30 ± 2 minutes on the square plastic sheets (point 5.9), covered by the inverted plastic boxes (point 5.8) in the proving cabinet (point 5.7).
Do not use dusting flour.
Bring the pieces of dough on the plastic sheets, covered by the inverted boxes, to the moulder (point 5.10), and re-round each piece for 15 seconds. Do not remove cover from a piece of dough until immediately before rounding. Note dough properties again, using one of the following terms:
non-sticky and machinable, or
sticky and non-machinable.
To be considered as ‘non-sticky and machinable’ the dough should adhere hardly, or not at all, to the sides of the chamber so that it can freely rotate around itself and form a regular ball during the operation of the machine. At the end of the operation the dough should not stick to the sides of the dough-moulding chamber when the lid of the chamber is raised.
The test report shall mention:
dough-handling properties at the end of mixing, and at moulding,
the ‘falling number’ of the flour without addition of malt flour,
any anomalies observed.
the method used,
all details required for the identification of the sample.
Addition of x ml water to the equivalent of 300 g flour at 14 % moisture produces the required consistency. As in the baking test 1 kg of flour (14 % moisture basis) is used, whereas x is based on 300 g of flour, for the baking test x divided by three and multiplied by 10 g of water is needed, so 10 x/3 g.
The 430 g sugar-salt-ascorbic acid solution contains 15 g salt and 15 g sugar. This 430 g solution is included in the dough liquid. So to add 10 x/3 g water to the dough, (10 x/3 + 30) g dough liquid composed of the 430 g sugar-salt-ascorbic acid solution and an additional quantity of water must be added.
Although part of the water added with the yeast suspension is absorbed by the yeast, this suspension also contains ‘free’ water. It is arbitrarily supposed that 90 g yeast suspension contains 60 g ‘free’ water. The quantity of the dough liquid must be corrected for this 60 g of ‘free’ water in the yeast suspension, so 10 x/3 plus 30 minus 60 g must finally be added. This can be rearranged as follows: (10 x/3 + 30) – 60 = 10 x/3 – 30 = (x/3 – 3) 10 = (x – 9) 10/3, the formula given in point 7.5. If, for example, a water addition x in the farinograph test was found of 165 ml, this value must be substituted in this formula, so to the 430 g sugar-salt-ascorbic acid solution water must be added to a total mass of:
(165 – 9) 10/3 = 156 × 10/3 = 520 g.
Clean the wheat sample, and determine the moisture content of the cleaned wheat. If the moisture content is within the range 15,0 % to 16,0 %, do not temper the wheat. If the moisture content is outside this range, adjust the moisture content to 15,5 ± 0,5 %, at least three hours prior to milling.
Mill the wheat into flour using a Buehler laboratory mill MLU 202 or a Brabender Quadrumat Senior mill or similar equipment having the same characteristics.
Choose a milling procedure that yields a flour of minimum 72 % extraction, with an ash content of 0,50 to 0,60 % on dry matter basis.
Determine the ash content of the flour according to Annex II to Commission Regulation (EU) No 234/2010(1) and the moisture content according to this Regulation. Calculate the extraction rate by the equation:
E = (((100 – f) F)/(100 – w) W) × 100 %
where:
=
extraction rate,
=
moisture of the flour,
=
moisture content of the wheat,
=
mass of flour produced with moisture content f,
=
mass of wheat milled with moisture content w.
Note: Information concerning the ingredients and equipment to be used is published in Document T/77,300 of 31 March 1977 from the Instituut voor Graan, Meel en Brood, TNO — Postbus 15, Wageningen, Netherlands.U.K.
Commission Regulation (EU) No 234/2010 of 19 March 2010 laying down certain detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 on the granting of export refunds on cereals and the measures to be taken in the event of disturbance on the market for cereals (OJ L 72, 20.3.2010, p. 3).