Consumer Credit Act 1974

189 Definitions. U.K.

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—

• “advertisement ” includes every form of advertising, whether in a publication, by television or radio, by display of notices, signs, labels, showcards or goods, by distribution of samples, circulars, catalogues, price lists or other material, by exhibition of pictures, models or films, or in any other way, and references to the publishing of advertisements shall be construed accordingly;

• “advertiser ” in relation to an advertisement, means any person indicated by the advertisement as willing to enter into tran-sactions to which the advertisement relates;

• “ancillary credit business ” has the meaning given by section 145(1);

• “antecedent negotiations ” has the meaning given by section 56;

• “appeal period ” means the period beginning on the first day on which an appeal to the Secretary of State may be brought and ending on the last day on which it may be brought or, if it is brought, ending on its final determination, or abandonment;

• [F1 “appropriate method” means–

  (a)

  post, or

  (b)

  transmission in the form of an electronic communication in accordance with section 176A(1);”]

• “assignment ”, in relation to Scotland, means assignation;

• “associate ” shall be construed in accordance with section 184;

• F2 . . .

• “bill of sale ” has the meaning given by section 4 of the M1 Bills of Sale Act 1878 or, for Northern Ireland, by section 4 of the M2 Bills of Sale (Ireland) Act 1879;

• [F3 “building society ” means a building society within the meaning of the Building Societies Act 1986;]

• “business ” includes profession or trade, and references to a business apply subject to subsection (2);

• “cancellable agreement ” means a regulated agreement which, by virtue of section 67, may be cancelled by the debtor or hirer;

• “canvass ” shall be construed in accordance with sections 48 and 153;

• “cash ” includes money in any form;

• “charity ” means as respects England and Wales a charity registered under [F4 the Charities Act 1993] or an exempt charity (within the meaning of that Act), [F5 as respects] Northern Ireland an institution or other organisation established for charitable purposes only ( “organisation ” including any persons administering a trust and “charitable ” being construed in the same way as if it were contained in the Income Tax Acts) [F6 and as respects Scotland a body entered in the Scottish Charity Register];

• “conditional sale agreement ” means an agreement for the sale of goods or land under which the purchase price or part of it is payable by instalments, and the property in the goods or land is to remain in the seller (notwithstanding that the buyer is to be in possession of the goods or land) until such conditions as to the payment of instalments or otherwise as may be specified in the agreement are fulfilled;

• “consumer credit agreement ” has the meaning given by section 8, and includes a consumer credit agreement which is cancelled under section 69(1), or becomes subject to section 69(2), so far as the agreement remains in force;

• “consumer credit business ” means any business so far as it comprises or relates to the provision of credit under regulated consumer credit agreements;

• “consumer hire agreement ” has the meaning given by section 15;

• “consumer hire business ” means any business so far as it comprises or relates to the bailment or (in Scotland) the hiring of goods under regulated consumer hire agreements;

• “controller ”, in relation to a body corporate, means a person—

  (a)

  in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of the body corporate or of another body corporate which is its controller (or any of them) are accustomed to act, or

  (b)

  who, either alone or with any associate or associates, is entitled to exercise, or control the exercise of, one third or more of the voting power at any general meeting of the body corporate or of another body corporate which is its controller;

• “copy ” shall be construed in accordance with section 180;

• “costs ”, in relation to Scotland, means expenses;

• “court ” means in relation to England and Wales the county court, in relation to Scotland the sheriff court and in relation to Northern Ireland the High Court or the county court;

• “credit ” shall be construed in accordance with section 9;

• “credit-broker ” means a person carrying on a business of credit brokerage;

• “credit brokerage ” has the meaning given by section 145(2);

• [F7 ‘credit information services’ has the meaning given by section 145(7B).]

• “credit limit ” has the meaning given by section 10(2);

• “creditor ” means the person providing credit under a consumer credit agreement or the person to whom his rights and duties under the agreement have passed by assignment or operation of law, and in relation to a prospective consumer credit agreement, includes the prospective creditor;

• “credit reference agency ” has the meaning given by section 145(8);

• “credit-sale agreement ” means an agreement for the sale of goods, under which the purchase price or part of it is payable by instalments, but which is not a conditional sale agreement;

• “credit-token ” has the meaning given by section 14(1);

• “credit-token agreement ” means a regulated agreement for the provision of credit in connection with the use of a credit-token;

• “debt-adjusting ” has the meaning given by section 145(5);

• [F8 ‘debt administration’ has the meaning given by section 145(7A);]

• “debt-collecting ” has the meaning given by section 145(7);

• “debt-counselling ” has the meaning given by section 145(6);

• “debtor ” means the individual receiving credit under a consumer credit agreement or the person to whom his rights and duties under the agreement have passed by assignment or operation of law, and in relation to a prospective consumer credit agreement includes the prospective debtor;

• “debtor-creditor agreement ” has the meaning given by section 13;

• “debtor-creditor-supplier agreement ” has the meaning given by section 12;

• “default notice ” has the meaning given by section 87(1);

• [F9 ‘default sum’ has the meaning given by section 187A;]

• “deposit ” means [F10 (except in section 16(10) and 25(1B))]any sum payable by a debtor or hirer by way of deposit or down-payment, or credited or to be credited to him on account of any deposit or down-payment, whether the sum is to be or has been paid to the creditor or owner or any other person, or is to be or has been discharged by a payment of money or a transfer or delivery of goods or by any other means;

• F11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• “electric line ” has the meaning given by [F12 the Electricity Act 1989] or, for Northern Ireland, [F13 [the Electricity (Northern Ireland) Order 1992]

• [F14 “electronic communication” means an electronic communication within the meaning of the Electronic Communications Act 2000 (c. 7)“]

• “embodies ” and related words shall be construed in accordance with subsection (4);

• “enforcement authority ” has the meaning given by section 161(1);

• “enforcement order ” means an order under section 65(1), 105(7)(a) or (b), 111(2) or 124(1) or (2);

• “executed agreement ” means a document, signed by or on behalf of the parties, embodying the terms of a regulated agreement, or such of them as have been reduced to writing;

• “exempt agreement ” means an agreement specified in or under section 16 ;

• “finance ” means to finance wholly or partly, and “financed ” and “refinanced ” shall be construed accordingly;

• “file ” and “copy of the file ” have the meanings given by section 158(5);

• “fixed-sum credit ” has the meaning given by section 10(1)(b);

• “friendly society ” means a society registered [F15 or treated as registered under the Friendly Societies Act 1974 or the Friendly Societies Act 1992] or a society within the meaning of the M3 Friendly Societies Act (Northern Ireland) 1970;

• “future arrangements ” shall be construed in accordance with section 187;

• “general notice ” means a notice published by the [F16 OFT] at a time and in a manner appearing to [F17 it] suitable for securing that the notice is seen within a reasonable time by persons likely to be affected by it;

• “give ” means deliver or send [F18 by an appropriate method] to;

• “goods ” M4 has the meaning given by [F19 section 61(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979];

• “group licence ” has the meaning given by section 22(1)(b);

• “High Court ” means Her Majesty’s High Court of Justice, or the Court of Session in Scotland or the High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland;

• “hire-purchase agreement ” means an agreement, other than a conditional sale agreement, under which—

  (a)

  goods are bailed or (in Scotland) hired in return for periodical payments by the person to whom they are bailed or hired, and

  (b)

  the property in the goods will pass to that person if the terms of the agreement are complied with and one or more of the following occurs—

  (i)

  the exercise of an option to purchase by that person,

  (ii)

  the doing of any other specified act by any party to the agreement,

  (iii)

  the happening of any other specified event;

• “hirer ” means the individual to whom goods are bailed or (in Scotland) hired under a consumer hire agreement, or the person to whom his rights and duties under the agreement have passed by assignment or operation of law, and in relation to a prospective consumer hire agreement includes the prospective hirer;

• [F20 “individual” includes—

  (a)

  a partnership consisting of two or three persons not all of whom are bodies corporate; and

  (b)

  an unincorporated body of persons which does not consist entirely of bodies corporate and is not a partnership;]

• “installation ” means—

  (a)

  the installing of any electric line or any gas or water pipe,

  (b)

  the fixing of goods to the premises where they are to be used, and the alteration of premises to enable goods to be used on them,

  (c)

  where it is reasonably necessary that goods should be constructed or erected on the premises where they are to be used, any work carried out for the purpose of constructing or erecting them on those premises;

• F2 . . .

• “judgment ” includes an order or decree made by any court;

• “land ”, includes an interest in land, and in relation to Scotland includes heritable subjects of whatever description;

• “land improvement company ” means an improvement company as defined by section 7 of the M5 Improvement of Land Act 1899;

• “land mortgage ” includes any security charged on land;

• “licence ” means a licence under Part III (including that Part as applied to ancillary credit businesses by section 147);

• “licensed ”, in relation to any act, means authorised by a licence to do the act or cause or permit another person to do it;

• “licensee ”, in the case of a group licence, includes any person covered by the licence;

• “linked transaction ” has the meaning given by section 19(1);

• “local authority ”, in relation to England F21 . . ., means . . . F22 , a county council, a London borough council, a district council, the Common Council of the City of London, or the Council of the Isles of Scilly [F23 in relation to Wales means a county council or a county borough council,], and in relation to Scotland, means a [F24 council constituted under section 2 of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994], and, in relation to Northern Ireland, means a district council;

• [F25 . . .]

• “modifying agreement ” has the meaning given by section 82(2);

• “mortgage ”, in relation to Scotland, includes any heritable security;

• “multiple agreement ” has the meaning given by section 18(1);

• “negotiator ” has the meaning given by section 56(1);

• “non-commercial agreement ” means a consumer credit agreement or a consumer hire agreement not made by the creditor or owner in the course of a business carried on by him;

• “notice ” means notice in writing;

• “notice of cancellation ” has the meaning given by section 69(1);

• [F26 “OFT” means the Office of Fair Trading;]

• “owner ” means a person who bails or (in Scotland) hires out goods under a consumer hire agreement or the person to whom his rights and duties under the agreement have passed by assignment or operation of law, and in relation to a prospective consumer hire agreement, includes the prospective bailor or person from whom the goods are to be hired;

• “pawn ” means any article subject to a pledge;

• “pawn-receipt ” has the meaning given by section 114;

• “pawnee ” and “pawnor ” include any person to whom the rights and duties of the original pawnee or the original pawnor, as the case may be, have passed by assignment or operation of law;

• “payment ” includes tender;

• “personal credit agreement ” has the meaning given by section 8(1);

• “pledge ” means the pawnee’s rights over an article taken in pawn;

• “prescribed ” means prescribed by regulations made by the Secretary of State;

• “pre-existing arrangements ” shall be construed in accordance with section 187;

• “principal agreement ” has the meaning given by section 19(1);

• “protected goods ” has the meaning given by section 90(7);

• “quotation ” has the meaning given by section 52(1)(a) ;

• “redemption period ” has the meaning given by section 116(3);

• “register ” means the register kept by the [F27 OFT] under section 35;

• “regulated agreement ” means a consumer credit agreement, or consumer hire agreement, other than an exempt agreement, and “regulated ” and “unregulated ” shall be construed accordingly;

• “regulations ” means regulations made by the Secretary of State;

• “relative ”, except in section 184, means a person who is an associate by virtue of section 184(1);

• “representation ” includes any condition or warranty, and any other statement or undertaking, whether oral or in writing;

• “restricted-use credit agreement ” and “restricted-use credit ” have the meanings given by section 11(1);

• “rules of court ”, in relation to Northern Ireland means, in relation to the High Court, rules made under section 7 of the M6 Northern Ireland Act 1962, and, in relation to any other court, rules made by the authority having for the time being power to make rules regulating the practice and procedure in that court;

• “running-account credit ” shall be construed in accordance with section 10;

• “security ”, in relation to an actual or prospective consumer credit agreement or consumer hire agreement, or any linked transaction, means a mortgage, charge, pledge, bond, debenture, indemnity, guarantee, bill, note or other right provided by the debtor or hirer, or at his request (express or implied), to secure the carrying out of the obligations of the debtor or hirer under the agreement;

• “security instrument ” has the meaning given by section 105(2);

• “serve on ” means deliver or send [F18 by an appropriate method] to;

• “signed ” shall be construed in accordance with subsection (3);

• “small agreement ” has the meaning given by section 17(1), and “small ” in relation to an agreement within any category shall be construed accordingly;

• “specified fee ” shall be construed in accordance with section 2(4) and (5);

• “standard licence ” has the meaning given by section 22(1)(a);

• “supplier ” has the meaning given by section 11(1)(b) or 12(c) or 13(c) or, in relation to an agreement falling within section 11(1)(a), means the creditor, and includes a person to whom the rights and duties of a supplier (as so defined) have passed by assignment or operation of law, or (in relation to a prospective agreement) the prospective supplier;

• “surety ” means the person by whom any security is provided, or the person to whom his rights and duties in relation to the security have passed by assignment or operation of law;

• “technical grounds ” shall be construed in accordance with subsection (5);

• “time order ” has the meaning given by section 129(1);

• “total charge for credit ” means a sum calculated in accordance with regulations under section 20(1);

• “total price ” means the total sum payable by the debtor under a hire-purchase agreement or a conditional sale agreement, including any sum payable on the exercise of an option to purchase, but excluding any sum payable as a penalty or as compensation or damages for a breach of the agreement;

• “unexecuted agreement ” means a document embodying the terms of a prospective regulated agreement, or such of them as it is intended to reduce to writing;

• “unlicensed ” means without a licence, but applies only in relation to acts for which a licence is required;

• “unrestricted-use credit agreement ” and “unresticted-use credit ” have the meanings given by section 11(2);

• “working day ” means any day other than—

  (a)

  Saturday or Sunday,

  (b)

  Christmas Day or Good Friday,

  (c)

  a bank holiday within the meaning given by section 1 of the M7 Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971.

(2) A person is not to be treated as carrying on a particular type of business merely because occasionally he enters into transactions belonging to a business of that type.

(3) Any provision of this Act requiring a document to be signed is complied with by a body corporate if the document is sealed by that body.

This subsection does not apply to Scotland.

(4) A document embodies a provision if the provision is set out either in the document itself or in another document referred to in it.

(5) An application dismissed by the court or the [F28 OFT] shall, if the court or the [F28 OFT](as the case may be) so certifies, be taken to be dismissed on technical grounds only.

(6) Except in so far as the context otherwise requires, any reference in this Act to an enactment shall be construed as a reference to that enactment as amended by or under any other enactment, including this Act.

(7) In this Act, except where otherwise indicated—

(a) a reference to a numbered Part, section or Schedule is a reference to the Part or section of, or the Schedule to, this Act so numbered, and

(b) a reference in a section to a numbered subsection is a reference to the subsection of that section so numbered, and

(c) a reference in a section, subsection or Schedule to a numbered paragraph is a reference to the paragraph of that section, subsection or Schedule so numbered.]

Textual Amendments

F1 S. 189(1): definition of "appropriate method" inserted (31.12.2004) by The Consumer Credit Act 1974 (Electronic Communications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004/3236), art. 2(8)

F2 S. 189(1): definitions repealed (1.12.2001) by S.I. 2001/3649, art. 176(a)

F3 Definition of “building society ” substituted by Building Societies Act 1986 (c. 53, SIF 16), s. 120, Sch. 18 para. 10(4)

F4 S. 189(1): words in definition of “charity ” substituted (1.8.1993) by 1993 c. 10, ss. 98(1), 99(1), Sch. 6 para. 30.

F5 S. 189(1): words in definition of "charity" substituted (1.4.2006) by The Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Provisions and Modifications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/242), arts. 1(3), 5, Sch. para. 1(a)

F6 S. 189(1): words in definition of "charity" inserted (1.4.2006) by The Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Provisions and Modifications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/242), arts. 1(3), 5, Sch. para. 1(b)

F7 S. 189(1): definition of "credit information services" inserted (16.6.2006) by Consumer Credit Act 2006 (c. 14), ss. {25(5)}, 71(2); S.I. 2006/1508, art. 3(1), Sch. 1

F8 S. 189(1): definition of "debt administration" inserted (16.6.2006) by Consumer Credit Act 2006 (c. 14), ss. {24(6)}, 71(2); S.I. 2006/1508, art. 3(1), Sch. 1

F9 S. 189(1): definition of "default sum" inserted (16.6.2006) by Consumer Credit Act 2006 (c. 14), ss. {18(2)}, 71(2); S.I. 2006/1508, art. 3(1), Sch. 1

F10 S. 189(1): words in definition of “deposit ” inserted (1.12.2001) by S.I. 2001/3649, art. 176(b)

F11 S. 189(1): definition of "Director" repealed (1.4.2003) by Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40), ss. 278, 279, Sch. 25 para. 6(38)(a)(i), Sch. 26; S.I. 2003/766, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 3)

F12 Words “the Electricity Act 1989 ” substituted (E.W.S.) for “the Electric Lighting Act 1882 ” by Electricity Act 1989 (c. 29, SIF 44:1), s. 112(1)(3), Sch. 16 para. 17(1)(3), Sch. 17 paras. 33, 35(1)

F13 S. 189(1): words in definition of "electric line" substituted (N.I.) (1.4.1992) by S.I. 1992/231 (N.I. 1), art. 95(1), Sch. 12 para. 15; S.R. 1992/117, art. 3.

F14 S. 189(1): definition of "electronic communication" inserted (31.12.2004) by The Consumer Credit Act 1974 (Electronic Communications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004/3236), art. 2(8)

F15 S. 189(1): words in definition of “friendly society ” substituted (1.12.2001) by S.I. 2001/3649, art. 176(c)

F16 S. 189(1): word in definition of "general notice" substituted (1.4.2003) by Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40), ss. 278, 279, Sch. 25 para. 6(38)(a)(ii); S.I. 2003/766, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 3)

F17 S. 189(1): word in definition of "general notice" substituted (1.4.2003) by Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40), ss. 278, 279, Sch. 25 para. 6(38)(a)(ii); S.I. 2003/766, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 3)

F18 Words in s. 189(1) substituted (31.12.2004) by The Consumer Credit Act 1974 (Electronic Communications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004/3236), art. 2(9)

F19 Words substituted by Sale of Goods Act 1979 (c. 54, SIF 109:1), s. 63, Sch. 2 para. 18

F20 S. 189(1): definition of "individual" substituted (6.4.2007) by Consumer Credit Act 2006 (c. 14), ss. {1}, 71(2) (with Sch. 3 paras. 17, 29); S.I. 2007/123, art. 3(2), Sch. 2 (with transitional provisions in arts. 4, 5)

F21 Words in s. 189(1) repealed (E.W) (1.4.1996) by 1994 c. 19, s. 66(6)(8), Sch. 16 para. 45, Sch. 18 (with ss. 54(5)(7), 55(5)); S.I. 1996/396, art. 4, Sch. 2

F22 Words repealed by Local Government Act 1985 (c. 51, SIF 81:1), s. 102, Sch. 17

F23 Words in s. 189(1) inserted (E.W) (1.4.1996) by 1994 c. 19, s.66(6)(8), Sch. 16 para. 45 (with ss. 54(5)(7), 55(5)); S.I. 1996/396, art. 4, Sch. 2

F24 Words in s. 189(1) substituted (S.) (1.4.1996) by 1994 c. 39, s. 180(1), Sch. 13 para. 94; S.I. 1996/323, art. 4(1)

F25 Definition of “minor” in relation to Scotland repealed (S.) (25.9.1991) by Age of Legal Capacity (Scotland) Act 1991 (c. 50, SIF 60), ss. 10, 11(2), Sch. 2 (with s. 1(3)).

F26 S. 189(1): definition of "OFT" inserted (1.4.2003) by Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40), ss. 278, 279, Sch. 25 para. 6(38)(a)(iii); S.I. 2003/766, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 3)

F27 S. 189(1): words in definition of "register" substituted (1.4.2003) by Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40), ss. 278, 279, Sch. 25 para. 6(38)(a)(iv); S.I. 2003/766, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 3)

F28 Words in s. 189(5) substituted (1.4.2003) by Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40), ss. 278, 279, Sch. 25 para. 6(38)(b); S.I. 2003/766, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 3)

Marginal Citations

M1 1878 c. 31.

M2 1879 c. 50.

M3 1970 c. 31. (N.I.)

M4 1894 c. 71 (56 & 57 Vict.).

M5 1899 c. 46.

M6 1962 c. 30.

M7 1971 c. 80.