(1)The shares or other interest of any member in a company—
(a)are personal estate or, in Scotland, moveable property and are not in the nature of real estate or heritage,
(b)are transferable in manner provided by the company’s articles, but subject to the M1Stock Transfer Act 1963 (which enables securities of certain descriptions to be transferred by a simple process) [F1and to regulations made under section 207 of the Companies Act 1989 (which enable title to securities to be evidenced and transferred without a written instrument).].
(2)Each share in a company having a share capital shall be distinguished by its appropriate number; except that, if at any time all the issued shares in a company, or all the issued shares in it of a particular class, are fully paid up and rank pari passu for all purposes, none of those shares need thereafter have a distinguishing number so long as it remains fully paid up and ranks pari passu for all purposes with all shares of the same class for the time being issued and fully paid up.
Textual Amendments
F1Words in s. 182(1)(b) inserted (19.12.1995) by S.I. 1995/3272, reg. 40(1)
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C1S. 182(1)(b) excluded (12.2.1992) by S.I. 1992/225, reg. 18(2)(a).
Marginal Citations
(1)It is not lawful for a company to register a transfer of shares in or debentures of the company unless a proper instrument of transfer has been delivered to it, or the transfer is an exempt transfer within the M2Stock Transfer Act 1982 [F2or is in accordance with regulations made under section 207 of the Companies Act 1989.].
This applies notwithstanding anything in the company’s articles.
(2)Subsection (1) does not prejudice any power of the company to register as shareholder or debenture holder a person to whom the right to any shares in or debentures of the company has been transmitted by operation of law.
(3)A transfer of the share or other interest of a deceased member of a company made by his personal representative, although the personal representative is not himself a member of the company, is as valid as if he had been such a member at the time of the execution of the instrument of transfer.
(4)On the application of the transferor of any share or interest in a company, the company shall enter in its register of members the name of the transferee in the same manner and subject to the same conditions as if the application for the entry were made by the transferee.
(5)If a company refuses to register a transfer of shares or debentures, the company shall, within 2 months after the date on which the transfer was lodged with it, send to the transferee notice of the refusal.
(6)If default is made in complying with subsection (5), the company and every officer of it who is in default is liable to a fine and, for continued contravention, to a daily default fine.
Textual Amendments
F2Words in s. 183(1) inserted (19.12.1995) by S.I. 1995/3272, reg. 40(2)(a) (which insertion fell (26.11.2001) by reason of revocation of S.I. 1995/3272 by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 52(3))
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C2S. 183 excluded (12.2.1992) by S.I. 1992/225, reg. 18(2)(a).
C3S. 183(4) restricted (19.12.1995) by S.I. 1995/3272, reg. 40(2)(b) (which amendment fell (26.11.2001) by reason of repeal of S.I. 1995/3272 by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 52(3))
C4S. 183(5) applied (with modifications) (19.12.1995) by S.I 1995/3272, reg. 23(8)
Marginal Citations
(1)The certification by a company of any instrument of transfer of any shares in, or debentures of, the company is to be taken as a representation by the company to any person acting on the faith of the certification that there have been produced to the company such documents as on their face show a prima facie title to the shares or debentures in the transferor named in the instrument.
However, the certification is not to be taken as a representation that the transferor has any title to the shares or debentures.
(2)Where a person acts on the faith of a false certification by a company made negligently, the company is under the same liability to him as if the certification had been made fraudulently.
(3)For purposes of this section—
(a)an instrument of transfer is deemed certificated if it bears the words “certificate lodged” (or words to the like effect);
(b)the certification of an instrument of transfer is deemed made by a company if—
(i)the person issuing the instrument is a person authorised to issue certificated instruments of transfer on the company’s behalf, and
(ii)the certification is signed by a person authorised to certificate transfers on the company’s behalf or by an officer or servant either of the company or of a body corporate so authorised;
(c)a certification is deemed signed by a person if—
(i)it purports to be authenticated by his signature or initials (whether handwritten or not), and
(ii)it is not shown that the signature or initials was or were placed there neither by himself nor by a person authorised to use the signature or initials for the purpose of certificating transfers on the company’s behalf.
(1)Subject to the following provisions, every company shall—
(a)within 2 months after the allotment of any of its shares, debentures or debenture stock, and
(b)within 2 months after the date on which a transfer of any such shares, debentures or debenture stock is lodged with the company,
complete and have ready for delivery the certificates of all shares, the debentures and the certificates of all debenture stock allotted or transferred (unless the conditions of issue of the shares, debentures or debenture stock otherwise provide).
(2)For this purpose, “transfer” means a transfer duly stamped and otherwise valid, or an exempt transfer within the M3Stock Transfer Act 1982, and does not include such a transfer as the company is for any reason entitled to refuse to register and does not register.
(3)Subsection (1) does not apply in the case of a transfer to any person where, by virtue of regulations under section 3 of M4the Stock Transfer Act 1982, he is not entitled to a certificate or other document of or evidencing title in respect of the securities transferred; but if in such a case the transferee—
(a)subsequently becomes entitled to such a certificate or other document by virtue of any provision of those regulations, and
(b)gives notice in writing of that fact to the company,
this section has effect as if the reference in subsection (1)(b) to the date of the lodging of the transfer were a reference to the date of the notice.
(4)A company of which shares or debentures are allotted or debenture stock is allotted to [F3a recognised clearing house or a nominee of a recognised clearing house or of a recognised investment exchange], or with which a transfer is lodged for transferring any shares, debentures or debenture stock of the company to [F4such a clearing house or nominee], is not required, in consequence of the allotment or the lodging of the transfer, to comply with subsection (1) [F5; but no person shall be a nominee for the purposes of this section unless he is a person designated for the purposes of this section in the rules of the recognised investment exchange in question].
[F6“Recognised clearing house” means a recognised clearing house within the meaning of the Financial Services Act 1986 acting in relation to a recognised investment exchange and “recognised investment exchange” has the same meaning as in that Act.]
(5)If default is made in complying with subsection (1), the company and every officer of it who is in default is liable to a fine and, for continued contravention, to a daily default fine.
(6)If a company on which a notice has been served requiring it to make good any default in complying with subsection (1) fails to make good the default within 10 days after service of the notice, the court may, on the application of the person entitled to have the certificates or the debentures delivered to him, exercise the power of the following subsection.
(7)The court may make an order directing the company and any officer of it to make good the default within such time as may be specified in the order; and the order may provide that all costs of and incidental to the application shall be borne by the company or by an officer of it responsible for the default.
Textual Amendments
F3Words substituted by Financial Services Act 1986 (c. 60, SIF 69), s. 194(5)(a)
F4Words substituted by Financial Services Act 1986 (c. 60, SIF 69), s. 194(5)(b)
F5Words inserted by Financial Services Act 1986 (c. 60, SIF 69), s. 194(5)(c)
F6Paragraph substituted by Financial Services Act 1986 (c. 60, SIF 69), s. 194(5)(d)
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C5S. 185 excluded (12.2.1992) by S.I. 1992/225, reg. 48(1).
C6S. 185(1)(b) applied (with modifications) (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 32(8)(10) (with regs. 39, 45)
S. 185(1)(b) applied (with modifications) (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 42(5)(6) (with regs. 39, 45)
C7S. 185(1)(b) applied (with modifications) (19.12.1995) by S.I. 1995/3272, reg. 26(3)
C8S. 185(4) applied with modifications by S.I. 1985/680, arts. 4–6, Sch.
Marginal Citations
[F8(1)]A certificate under the common seal of the company . . . F9 specifying any shares held by a member is—
(a)in England and Wales, prima facie evidence, and
(b)in Scotland, sufficient evidence unless the contrary is shown, of his title to the shares.]
[(2)Without prejudice to subsection (1), as respects Scotland a certificate specifying any shares held by a member and subscribed by the company in accordance with the Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995 is, unless the contrary is shown, sufficient evidence of his title to the shares.]
Textual Amendments
F7S. 186 substituted by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 130(7), 213(2), Sch. 17 para. 5
F8S. 186(1) re numbered (S.) (1.8.1995) by 1995 c. 7, ss. 14(1), 15(2), Sch. 4 para. 55 (with ss. 9(3)(5)(7), 13, 14(3))
F9Words repealed by Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (c. 40, SIF 27), s. 74(1)(2), Sch. 8 para. 33(4), Sch. 9
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C9S. 186 excluded (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 38(3)(a) (with regs. 39, 45)
C10S. 186 applied with modifications by S.I. 1985/680, regs. 4–6, Sch.
S. 186 excluded (12.2.1992) by S.I. 1992/225, reg. 48(2).
The production to a company of any document which is by law sufficient evidence of probate of the will, or letters of administration of the estate, or confirmation as executor, of a deceased person having been granted to some person shall be accepted by the company as sufficient evidence of the grant.
This has effect notwithstanding anything in the company’s articles.
(1)A company limited by shares may, if so authorised by its articles, issue with respect to any fully paid shares a warrant (“”) stating that the bearer of the warrant is entitled to the shares specified in it.
(2)A share warrant issued under the company’s common seal [F11(or, in the case of a company registered in Scotland, subscribed in accordance with the Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995)] . . . F12entitles the bearer to the shares specified in it; and the shares may be transferred by delivery of the warrant.
(3)A company which issues a share warrant may, if so authorised by its articles, provide (by coupons or otherwise) for the payment of the future dividends on the shares included in the warrant.]
Textual Amendments
F10S. 188 substituted by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 130(7), 213(2), Sch. 17 para. 6
F11Words in s. 188(2) inserted (S.) (1.8.1995) by 1995 c. 7, ss. 14(1), 15(2), Sch. 4 para. 56 (with ss. 9(3)(5)(7), 13, 14(3))
(1)If in Scotland a person—
(a)with intent to defraud, forges or alters, or offers, utters, disposes of, or puts off, knowing the same to be forged or altered, any share warrant or coupon, or any document purporting to be a share warrant or coupon, issued in pursuance of this Act; or
(b)by means of any such forged or altered share warrant, coupon, or document, purporting as aforesaid, demands or endeavours to obtain or receive any share or interest in any company under this Act, or to receive any dividend or money payable in respect thereof, knowing the warrant, coupon, or document to be forged or altered;
he is on conviction thereof liable to imprisonment or a fine, or both.
(2)If in Scotland a person without lawful authority or excuse (proof whereof lies on him)—
(a)engraves or makes on any plate, wood, stone, or other material, any share warrant or coupon purporting to be—
(i)a share warrant or coupon issued or made by any particular company in pursuance of this Act; or
(ii)a blank share warrant or coupon so issued or made; or
(iii)a part of such a share warrant or coupon; or
(b)uses any such plate, wood, stone, or other material, for the making or printing of any such share warrant or coupon, or of any such blank share warrant or coupon, or any part thereof respectively; or
(c)knowingly has in his custody or possession any such plate, wood, stone, or other material;
he is on conviction thereof liable to imprisonment or a fine, or both.
(1)A company registered in England and Wales shall not keep in Scotland any register of holders of debentures of the company or any duplicate of any such register or part of any such register which is kept outside Great Britain.
(2)A company registered in Scotland shall not keep in England and Wales any such register or duplicate as above-mentioned.
(3)Neither a register of holders of debentures of a company nor a duplicate of any such register or part of any such register which is kept outside Great Britain shall be kept in England and Wales (in the case of a company registered in England and Wales) or in Scotland (in the case of a company registered in Scotland) elsewhere than—
(a)at the company’s registered office; or
(b)at any office of the company at which the work of making it up is done; or
(c)if the company arranges with some other person for the making up of the register or duplicate to be undertaken on its behalf by that other person, at the office of that other person at which the work is done.
(4)Where a company keeps (in England and Wales or in Scotland, as the case may be) both such a register and such a duplicate, it shall keep them at the same place.
(5)Every company which keeps any such register or duplicate in England and Wales or Scotland shall send to the registrar of companies notice (in the prescribed form) of the place where the register or duplicate is kept and of any change in that place.
(6)But a company is not bound to send notice under subsection (5) where the register or duplicate has, at all times since it came into existence, been kept at the company’s registered office.
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C11S. 190 excluded by S.I. 1985/724, art. 4(4)
C12S. 190 excluded (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 23(4), Sch. 4 para. 14(2) (with regs. 39, 45)
(1)Every register of holders of debentures of a company shall, except when duly closed F13 . . ., be open to the inspection—
(a)of the registered holder of any such debentures or any holder of shares in the company without fee; and
(b)of any other person on payment of [F14such fee as may be prescribed].
(2)Any such registered holder of debentures or holder of shares, or any other person, may require a copy of the register of the holders of debentures of the company or any part of it, on payment of [F15such fee as may be prescribed].
(3)A copy of any trust deed for securing an issue of debentures shall be forwarded to every holder of any such debentures at his request on payment [F16of such fee as may be prescribed]— F17
(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(4)If inspection is refused, or a copy is refused or not forwarded, the company and every officer of it who is in default is liable to a fine and, for continued contravention, to a daily default fine.
(5)Where a company is in default as above-mentioned, the court may by order compel an immediate inspection of the register or direct that the copies required be sent to the person requiring them.
(6)For purposes of this section, a register is deemed to be duly closed if closed in accordance with provisions contained in the articles or in the debentures or, in the case of debenture stock, in the stock certificates, or in the trust deed or other document securing the debentures or debenture stock, during such period or periods, not exceeding in the whole 30 days in any year, as may be therein specified.
(7)Liability incurred by a company from the making or deletion of an entry in its register of debenture holders, or from a failure to make or delete any such entry, is not enforceable more than 20 years after the date on which the entry was made or deleted or, in the case of any such failure, the failure first occurred.
This is without prejudice to any lesser period of limitation.
Textual Amendments
F13Words in s. 191(1) repealed (01.11.1991) by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 143(4)(a), 212, 213(2), Sch. 24; S.I. 1991/1996, art. 2(2)(b)(c).
F14Words in s. 191(1)(b) substituted (01.11.1991) by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 143(4)(a), 213(2); S.I. 1991/1996, art. 2(2)(b).
F15Words in s. 191(2) substituted (01.11.1991) by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 143(4)(b), 213(2); S.I. 1991/1996, art. 2(2)(b).
F16Words in s. 191(3) inserted (01.11.1991) by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 143(4)(c), 213(2); S.I. 1991/1996, art. 2(2)(b).
F17S. 191(3)(a)(b) repealed (01.11.1991) by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 143(4)(c), 212, 213(2), Sch. 24; S.I. 1991/1996, art. 2(2)(b)(c).
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C13S. 191 excluded (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 23(4), Sch. 4 para. 14(2) (with regs. 39, 45)
C14S. 191 modified (12.2.1992) by S.I. 1992/225, reg. 16, Sch. 2 para.2.
C15S. 191(1) explained (1.11.1991) by S.I. 1991/1998, reg. 3(1).
S. 191(1) amended (1.11.1991) by S.I. 1991/1998, reg. 4(2)(b).
C16S. 191(1)(2)(4)(5) applied (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 23(4), Sch. 4 para. 15(5) (with regs. 39, 45)
C17S. 191(2) amended (1.11.1991) by S.I. 1991/1998, reg. 4(3)(b).
C18S. 191(4) extended (12.2.1992) by S.I. 1992/225, reg. 91(2).
(1)Subject to this section, any provision contained—
(a)in a trust deed for securing an issue of debentures, or
(b)in any contract with the holders of debentures secured by a trust deed,
is void in so far as it would have the effect of exempting a trustee of the deed from, or indemnifying him against, liability for breach of trust where he fails to show the degree of care and diligence required of him as trustee, having regard to the provisions of the trust deed conferring on him any powers, authorities or discretions.
(2)Subsection (1) does not invalidate—
(a)a release otherwise validly given in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by a trustee before the giving of the release; or
(b)any provision enabling such a release to be given—
(i)on the agreement thereto of a majority of not less than three-fourths in value of the debenture holders present and voting in person or, where proxies are permitted, by proxy at a meeting summoned for the purpose, and
(ii)either with respect to specific acts or omissions or on the trustee dying or ceasing to act.
(3)Subsection (1) does not operate—
(a)to invalidate any provision in force on 1st July 1948 so long as any person then entitled to the benefit of that provision or afterwards given the benefit of that provision under the following subsection remains a trustee of the deed in question; or
(b)to deprive any person of any exemption or right to be indemnified in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him while any such provision was in force.
(4)While any trustee of a trust deed remains entitled to the benefit of a provision saved by subsection (3), the benefit of that provision may be given either—
(a)to all trustees of the deed, present and future; or
(b)to any named trustees or proposed trustees of it,
by a resolution passed by a majority of not less than three-fourths in value of the debenture holders present in person or, where proxies are permitted, by proxy at a meeting summoned for the purpose in accordance with the provisions of the deed or, if the deed makes no provision for summoning meetings, a meeting summoned for the purpose in any manner approved by the court.
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C19S. 192 excluded (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3755, reg. 40(2) (with regs. 39, 45)
A condition contained in debentures, or in a deed for securing debentures, is not invalid by reason only that the debentures are thereby made irredeemable or redeemable only on the happening of a contingency (however remote), or on the expiration of a period (however long), any rule of equity to the contrary notwithstanding.
This applies to debentures whenever issued, and to deeds whenever executed.
(1)Where (at any time) a company has redeemed debentures previously issued, then—
(a)unless provision to the contrary, whether express or implied, is contained in the articles or in any contract entered into by the company; or
(b)unless the company has, by passing a resolution to that effect or by some other act, manifested its intention that the debentures shall be cancelled,
the company has, and is deemed always to have had, power to re-issue the debentures, either by re-issuing the same debentures or by issuing other debentures in their place.
(2)On a re-issue of redeemed debentures, the person entitled to the debentures has, and is deemed always to have had, the same priorities as if the debentures had never been redeemed.
(3)Where a company has (at any time) deposited any of its debentures to secure advances from time to time on current account or otherwise, the debentures are not deemed to have been redeemed by reason only of the company’s account having ceased to be in debit while the debentures remained so deposited.
(4)The re-issue of a debenture or the issue of another debenture in its place under the power which by this section is given to or deemed to be possessed by a company is to be treated as the issue of a new debenture for purposes of stamp duty; but it is not to be so treated for the purposes of any provision limiting the amount or number of debentures to be issued.
This applies whenever the issue or re-issue was made.
(5)A person lending money on the security of a debenture re-issued under this section which appears to be duly stamped may give the debenture in evidence in any proceedings for enforcing his security without payment of the stamp duty or any penalty in respect of it, unless he had notice (or, but for his negligence, might have discovered) that the debenture was not duly stamped; but in that case the company is liable to pay the proper stamp duty and penalty.
A contract with a company to take up and pay for debentures of the company may be enforced by an order for specific performance.
(1)The following applies in the case of a company registered in England and Wales, where debentures of the company are secured by a charge which, as created, was a floating charge.
(2)If possession is taken, by or on behalf of the holders of any of the debentures, of any property comprised in or subject to the charge, and the company is not at that time in course of being wound up, the company’s preferential debts shall be paid out of assets coming to the hands of the person taking possession in priority to any claims for principal or interest in respect of the debentures.
(3)“Preferential debts” means the categories of debts listed in Schedule 6 to the Insolvency Act; and for the purposes of that Schedule “the relevant date” is the date of possession being taken as above mentioned.
(4)Payments made under this section shall be recouped, as far as may be, out of the assets of the company available for payment of general creditors.]
Textual Amendments
F18S. 196 substituted by Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45, SIF 66), s. 439(1), Sch. 13 Pt. I
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C20S. 196 applied (11.12.1999) by S.I. 1999/2979, reg. 14(5)(a)(ii)
C21S. 196 excluded (26.12.2003) by The Financial Collateral Arrangements (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/3226), reg. 10(6)
C22S. 196 excluded (6.3.2008) by The Regulated Covered Bonds Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/346), regs. 1(1), 46, Sch. para. 1
C23S. 196(3) applied (7.2.1994) by 1993 c. 48, ss. 128, 193(2), Sch. 4 para. 4(1)(a); S.I. 1994/86, art 2
Notwithstanding anything in the statute of the Scots Parliament of 1696, chapter 25, debentures to bearer issued in Scotland are valid and binding according to their terms.