In sections 219 to 228—

• “control” has the meaning given by section 840;

• “holding company” means a company whose business (disregarding any trade carried on by it) consists wholly or mainly of the holding of shares or securities of one or more companies which are its 75 per cent. subsidiaries;

• “personal representatives” means persons responsible for administering the estate of a deceased person;

• “quoted company” means a company whose shares (or any class of whose shares) are listed in the official list of a stock exchange;

• “shares” includes stock;

• “trade” does not include dealing in shares, securities, land or futures and “trading activities” shall be construed accordingly;

• “trading company” means a company whose business consists wholly or mainly of the carrying on of a trade or trades;

• “trading group” means a group the business of whose members, taken together, consists wholly or mainly of the carrying on of a trade or trades, and for this purpose “group” means a company which has one or more 75 per cent. subsidiaries together with those subsidiaries; and

• “unquoted company” means a company which is neither a quoted company nor a 51 per cent. subsidiary of a quoted company.

References in sections 219 to 228 to the owner of shares are references to the beneficial owner except where the shares are held on trusts (other than bare trusts) or are comprised in the estate of a deceased person, and in such a case are references to the trustees or, as the case may be, to the deceased’s personal representatives.

References in sections 219 to 228 to a payment made by a company include references to anything else that is, or would but for section 219 be, a distribution.