SCHEDULES
SCHEDULE 5 Attribution of gains to settlors with interest in non-resident or dual resident settlement
Construction of section 86(1)(e)
1
1
In construing section 86(1)(e) as regards a particular year of assessment, the effect of F58section 1K shall be ignored.
2
In construing section 86(1)(e) as regards a particular year of assessment—
a
any deductions provided for by F59section 1(3) shall be made in respect of disposals of any of the settled property originating from the settlor, and
b
section 16(3) shall be assumed not to prevent losses accruing to trustees in one year of assessment from being allowed as a deduction from chargeable gains accruing in a later year of assessment (so far as not previously set against gains).
3
In a case where—
a
the trustees F2are participators in a company in respect of property which originates from the settlor, and
b
the gains or losses shall be taken into account in construing section 86(1)(e) as regards that year as if they had accrued by virtue of disposals of settled property originating from the settlor.
F4F61Section 3B(1) to (3) shall apply for the purposes of this sub-paragraph as they apply for the purposes of F62section 3.
4
Where, as regards a particular year of assessment, there would be an amount under section 86(1)(e) (apart from this sub-paragraph) and the trustees fall within section 86(2)(b), the following rules shall apply—
a
assume that the references in section 86(1)(e) and sub-paragraphs (2)(a) and (3) above to settled property originating from the settlor were to such of it as constitutes protected assets;
b
assume that the reference in sub-paragraph (3)(a) above to shares originating from the settlor were to such of them as constitute protected assets;
c
find the amount (if any) which would be arrived at under section 86(1)(e) on those assumptions;
d
if no amount is so found there shall be deemed to be no amount for the purposes of section 86(1)(e);
e
if an amount is found under paragraph (c) above it must be compared with the amount arrived at under section 86(1)(e) apart from this sub-paragraph. and the smaller of the 2 shall be taken to be the amount arrived at under section 86(1)(e).
5
Sub-paragraphs (2) to (4) above shall have effect subject to sub-paragraphs (6) and (7) below.
6
The following rules shall apply in construing section 86(1)(e) as regards a particular year of assessment (“the year concerned”) in a case where the trustees fall within section 86(2)(a)—
a
if the conditions mentioned in section 86(1) are not fulfilled as regards the settlement in any year of assessment falling before the year concerned, no deductions shall be made in respect of losses accruing before the year concerned;
b
if the conditions mentioned in section 86(1) are fulfilled as regards the settlement in any year or years of assessment falling before the year concerned, no deductions shall be made in respect of losses accruing before that year (or the first of those years) so falling,
but nothing in the preceding provisions of this sub-paragraph shall prevent deductions being made in respect of losses accruing in a year of assessment in which the conditions mentioned in section 86(1)(a) to (d) and (f) are fulfilled as regards the settlement.
7
In construing section 86(1)(e) as regards a particular year of assessment and in relation to a settlement created before 19th March 1991, no account shall be taken of disposals made before 19th March 1991 (whether for the purpose of arriving at gains or for the purpose of arriving at losses).
8
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (4) above assets are protected assets if—
a
they are of a description specified in the arrangements mentioned in section 86(2)(b), and
b
were the trustees to dispose of them at any relevant time, the trustees would fall to be regarded for the purposes of the arrangements as not liable in the United Kingdom to tax on gains accruing to them on the disposal.
9
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (8) above—
a
the assumption as to residence specified in section 86(3) shall be ignored;
b
a relevant time is any time, in the year of assessment concerned, when the trustees fall to be regarded for the purposes of the arrangements as resident in a territory outside the United Kingdom;
c
if different assets are identified by reference to different relevant times, all of them are protected assets.
Test whether settlor has interest
2
1
For the purposes of section 86(1)(d) a settlor has an interest in a settlement if—
a
any relevant property which is or may at any time be comprised in the settlement is, or will or may become, applicable for the benefit of or payable to a defined person in any circumstances whatever,
b
any relevant income which arises or may arise under the settlement is, or will or may become, applicable for the benefit of or payable to a defined person in any circumstances whatever, or
c
any defined person enjoys a benefit directly or indirectly from any relevant property which is comprised in the settlement or any relevant income arising under the settlement;
but this sub-paragraph is subject to sub-paragraphs (4) to (6) F9and paragraph 2A below.
2
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) above—
a
relevant property is property originating from the settlor,
b
relevant income is income originating from the settlor.
3
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) above each of the following is a defined person—
a
the settlor,
b
the settlor’s spouse F23or civil partner;
c
any child of the settlor or of the settlor’s spouse F23or civil partner;
d
the spouse F23or civil partner of any such child;
db
the spouse F23or civil partner of any such grandchild;
e
a company controlled by a person or persons falling within paragraphs (a) to F7(db) above;
f
a company associated with a company falling within paragraph (e) above.
4
A settlor does not have an interest in a settlement by virtue of paragraph (a) of sub-paragraph (1) above at any time when none of the property concerned can become applicable or payable as mentioned in that paragraph except in the event of—
a
the bankruptcy of some person who is or may become beneficially entitled to the property,
b
any assignment of or charge on the property being made or given by some such person,
F24c
in the case of a marriage settlement or civil partnership settlement, the death of both parties to the marriage or civil partnership and of all or any of the children of the family of the parties to the marriage or civil partnership, or
d
the death under the age of 25 or some lower age of some person who would be beneficially entitled to the property on attaining that age.
F254A
In sub-paragraph (4) “child of the family”, in relation to parties to a marriage or civil partner, means a child of one or both of them.
5
A settlor does not have an interest in a settlement by virtue of paragraph (a) of sub-paragraph (1) above at any time when some person is alive and under the age of 25 if during that person’s life none of the property concerned can become applicable or payable as mentioned in that paragraph except in the event of that person becoming bankrupt or assigning or charging his interest in the property concerned.
6
Sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) above apply for the purposes of paragraph (b) of sub-paragraph (1) above as they apply for the purposes of paragraph (a), reading “
income
”
for “property".
F87
In this paragraph—
“child” includes a stepchild; and
“grandchild” means a child of a child.
8
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3) above the question whether a company is controlled by a person or persons shall be construed in accordance with F32sections 450 and 451 of CTA 2010; but in deciding that question for those purposes no rights or powers of (or attributed to) an associate or associates of a person shall be attributed to him under F33section 451(4) to (6) of CTA 2010 if he is not a participator in the company.
9
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3) above the question whether a company is associated with another shall be construed in accordance with F34section 449 of CTA 2010; but where in deciding that question for those purposes it falls to be decided whether a company is controlled by a person or persons, no rights or powers of (or attributed to) an associate or associates of a person shall be attributed to him under F35section 451(4) to (6) of CTA 2010 if he is not a participator in the company.
10
In sub-paragraphs (8) and (9) “participator” has the meaning given by F36section 454 of CTA 2010.
F10Settlements created before 17th March 1998
2A
1
In determining for the purposes of section 86(1)(d) whether the settlor has an interest at any time during any year of assessment in a settlement created before 17th March 1998, paragraphs (da) and (db) of paragraph 2(3) above, and the reference to those paragraphs in paragraph 2(3)(e), shall be disregarded unless—
a
that year is a year in which one of the four conditions set out in the following provisions of this paragraph becomes fulfilled as regards the settlement; or
b
one of those conditions became fulfilled as regards that settlement in any previous year of assessment ending on or after 5th April 1998.
2
The first condition is (subject to sub-paragraph (3) below) that on or after 17th March 1998 property or income is provided directly or indirectly for the purposes of the settlement—
a
otherwise than under a transaction entered into at arm’s length, and
b
otherwise than in pursuance of a liability incurred by any person before that date.
3
For the purposes of the first condition, where the settlement’s expenses relating to administration and taxation for a year of assessment exceed its income for the year, property or income provided towards meeting those expenses shall be ignored if the value of the property or income so provided does not exceed the difference between the amount of those expenses and the amount of the settlement’s income for the year.
4
The second condition is that—
a
the trustees F50cease on or after 17 March 1998 to be resident in the United Kingdom, or
b
the trustees, while continuing to be resident F51... in the United Kingdom, become on or after 17th March 1998 trustees who fall to be regarded for the purposes of any double taxation relief arrangements as resident in a territory outside the United Kingdom.
5
The third condition is that on or after 17th March 1998 the terms of the settlement are varied so that any person falling within sub-paragraph (7) below becomes for the first time a person who will or might benefit from the settlement.
6
The fourth condition is that—
a
on or after 17th March 1998 a person falling within sub-paragraph (7) below enjoys a benefit from the settlement for the first time, and
b
the person concerned is not one who (looking only at the terms of the settlement immediately before 17th March 1998) would be capable of enjoying a benefit from the settlement on or after that date.
7
Each of the following persons falls within this sub-paragraph—
a
any grandchild of the settlor or of the settlor’s spouse F26or civil partner;
b
the spouse F26or civil partner of any such grandchild;
c
a company controlled by a person or persons falling within paragraph (a) or (b) above;
d
a company controlled by any such person or persons together with any person or persons (not so falling) each of whom is for the purposes of paragraph 2(1) above a defined person in relation to the settlement;
e
a company associated with a company falling within paragraph (c) or (d) above.
8
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (7) above the question whether a company is controlled by a person or persons shall be construed in accordance with F37sections 450 and 451 of CTA 2010; but in deciding that question for those purposes no rights or powers of (or attributed to) an associate or associates of a person shall be attributed to him under F38section 451(4) to (6) of CTA 2010 if he is not a participator in the company.
9
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (7) above the question whether one company is associated with another shall be construed in accordance with F39section 449 of CTA 2010; but where in deciding that question for those purposes it falls to be decided whether a company is controlled by a person or persons, no rights or powers of (or attributed to) an associate or associates of a person shall be attributed to him under F40section 451(4) to (6) of CTA 2010 if he is not a participator in the company.
F549A
For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (8) and (9) above a person is not to be regarded as a participator in a company controlled by the trustees of a settlement where the person has a share or interest in the capital or income of the company solely by virtue of an interest which the person has under the settlement.
10
In this paragraph—
“child” includes a step-child;
“grandchild” means a child of a child;
“participator” has the meaning given by F41section 454 of CTA 2010.
Exceptions from section 86
3
Section 86 does not apply if the settlor dies in the year.
4
1
This paragraph applies where for the purposes of section 86(1)(d) the settlor has no interest in the settlement at any time in the year except for one of the following reasons, namely, that—
a
property is, or will or may become, applicable for the benefit of or payable to one of the persons falling within paragraph 2(3)(b) to F11(db) above,
b
income is, or will or may become, applicable for the benefit of or payable to one of those persons, or
c
one of those persons enjoys a benefit from property or income.
2
This paragraph also applies where sub-paragraph (1) above is fulfilled by virtue of 2 or all of paragraphs (a) to (c) being satisfied by reference to the same person.
3
Where this paragraph applies, section 86 does not apply if the person concerned dies in the year.
4
In a case where—
a
this paragraph applies, and
b
the person concerned falls within paragraph 2(3)(b)F12, (d) or (db) above,
5
1
This paragraph applies where for the purposes of section 86(1)(d) the settlor has no interest in the settlement at any time in the year except for the reason that there are 2 or more persons, each of whom—
a
falls within paragraph 2(3)(b) to F14(db) above, and
b
stands to gain for the reason stated in sub-paragraph (2) below.
2
The reason is that—
a
property is, or will or may become, applicable for his benefit or payable to him,
b
income is, or will or may become, applicable for his benefit or payable to him,
c
he enjoys a benefit from property or income, or
d
2 or all of paragraphs (a) to (c) above apply in his case.
3
Where this paragraph applies, section 86 does not apply if each of the persons concerned dies in the year.
F575A
1
Section 86 does not apply in relation to a year (“the particular year”) if Conditions A to D are met.
2
Condition A is that the particular year is—
a
the tax year 2017-18, or
b
a later tax year.
3
Condition B is that when the settlement is created the settlor—
a
is not domiciled in the United Kingdom, and
b
if the settlement is created on or after 6 April 2017, is not deemed domiciled in the United Kingdom.
4
Condition C is that there is no time in the particular year when the settlor is—
a
domiciled in the United Kingdom, or
b
deemed domiciled in the United Kingdom by virtue of Condition A in section 835BA of ITA 2007.
5
Condition D is that no property or income is provided directly or indirectly for the purposes of the settlement by the settlor, or by the trustees of another settlement of which the settlor is the settlor or a beneficiary, at a time in the relevant period when the settlor is—
a
domiciled in the United Kingdom, or
b
deemed domiciled in the United Kingdom.
6
In sub-paragraph (5) “relevant period” means the period—
a
beginning with the start of 6 April 2017 or, if later, the creation of the settlement, and
b
ending with the end of the particular year.
7
For the purposes of Condition D, the addition of value to property comprised in the settlement is to be treated as the direct provision of property for the purposes of the settlement.
8
Paragraph 5B contains further provision for the purposes of Condition D.
9
In this paragraph “deemed domiciled” means regarded for the purposes of section 86(1)(c) as domiciled in the United Kingdom as a result of section 835BA of ITA 2007 having effect.
5B
1
This paragraph applies for the purposes of Condition D in paragraph 5A.
2
Ignore—
a
property or income provided under a transaction, other than a loan, where the transaction is entered into on arm's length terms,
b
property or income provided, otherwise than under a loan, without any intention by the person providing it to confer a gratuitous benefit on any person,
c
the principal of a loan which is made to the trustees of the settlement on arm's length terms,
d
the payment of interest to the trustees of the settlement under a loan made by them on arm's length terms,
e
repayment to the trustees of the settlement of the principal of a loan made by them,
f
property or income provided in pursuance of a liability incurred by any person before 6 April 2017, and
g
where the settlement's expenses relating to taxation and administration for a tax year exceed its income for that year, property or income provided towards meeting that excess if the value of any such property and income is not greater than the amount of—
i
the excess, or
ii
if greater, the amount by which such expenses exceed the amount of such expenses which may be paid out of the settlement's income.
3
Where—
a
a loan is made to the trustees of the settlement by the settlor or the trustees of a settlement connected with the settlor, and
b
the loan is on arm's length terms, but
c
a relevant event occurs,
the principal of the loan is to be regarded as having been provided to the trustees at the time of that event (despite sub-paragraph (2)).
4
In sub-paragraph (3) “relevant event” means—
a
capitalisation of interest payable under the loan,
b
any other failure to pay interest in accordance with the terms of the loan, or
c
variation of the terms of the loan such that they cease to be arm's length terms.
5
Sub-paragraph (6) applies (subject to sub-paragraph (7)) where—
a
the settlor becomes deemed domiciled in the United Kingdom on or after 6 April 2017,
b
before the date on which the settlor becomes deemed domiciled in the United Kingdom ( “
the deemed domicile date
”
), a loan has been made to the trustees of the settlement by—
i
the settlor, or
ii
the trustees of a settlement connected with the settlor,
c
the loan is not entered into on arm's length terms, and
d
any amount that is outstanding under the loan on the deemed domicile date (“the outstanding amount”) is payable or repayable on demand on or after that date.
6
Where this sub-paragraph applies, the outstanding amount is to be regarded as property directly provided on the deemed domicile date by the lender for the purposes of the settlement (despite sub-paragraph (2)).
7
But if the deemed domicile date is 6 April 2017, sub-paragraph (6) does not apply if—
a
the principal of the loan is repaid, and all interest payable under the loan is paid, before 6 April 2018, or
b
the loan becomes a loan on arm's length terms before 6 April 2018 and—
i
before that date interest is paid to the lender in respect of the period beginning with 6 April 2017 and ending with 5 April 2018 as if those arm's length terms had been terms of the loan in relation to that period, and
ii
interest continues to be payable from 6 April 2018 in accordance with those terms.
8
For the purposes of this paragraph a loan is on “arm's length terms”—
a
in the case of a loan made to the trustees of a settlement, only if interest at the official rate or more is payable at least annually under the loan;
b
in the case of a loan made by the trustees of a settlement, only if any interest payable under the loan is payable at no more than the official rate.
9
For the purposes of this paragraph—
a settlement is “connected” with a person if the person is the settlor or a beneficiary of it;
“deemed domiciled” has the same meaning as in paragraph 5A;
“official rate”, in relation to interest, means the rate of interest applicable from time to time under section 178 of the Finance Act 1989 for the purposes of Chapter 7 of Part 3 of ITEPA 2003.
Right of recovery
6
1
This paragraph applies where any tax becomes chargeable on, and is paid by, a person in respect of gains treated as accruing to him in a year under section 86(4).
2
The person shall be entitled to recover the amount of the tax from any person who is a trustee of the settlement.
3
For the purposes of recovering that amount, the person shall also be entitled to require an inspector to give him a certificate specifying—
a
the amount of the gains concerned, and
b
the amount of tax paid,
and any such certificate shall be conclusive evidence of the facts stated in it.
Meaning of “settlor"
7
For the purposes of section 86 and this Schedule, a person is a settlor in relation to a settlement if the settled property consists of or includes property originating from him.
Meaning of “originating"
C18
1
References in section 86 and this Schedule to property originating from a person are references to—
a
property provided by that person;
b
property representing property falling within paragraph (a) above;
c
so much of any property representing both property falling within paragraph (a) above and other property as, on a just apportionment, can be taken to represent property so falling.
2
References in this Schedule to income originating from a person are references to—
a
income from property originating from that person;
b
income provided by that person.
3
Where a person who is a settlor in relation to a settlement makes reciprocal arrangements with another person for the provision of property or income, for the purposes of this paragraph—
a
property or income provided by the other person in pursuance of the arrangements shall be treated as provided by the settlor, but
b
property or income provided by the settlor in pursuance of the arrangements shall be treated as provided by the other person (and not by the settlor).
4
For the purposes of this paragraph—
a
where property is provided by a qualifying company controlled by one person alone at the time it is provided, that person shall be taken to provide it;
b
where property is provided by a qualifying company controlled by 2 or more persons (taking each one separately) at the time it is provided, those persons shall be taken to provide the property and each one shall be taken to provide an equal share of it;
c
where property is provided by a qualifying company controlled by 2 or more persons (taking them together) at the time it is provided, the persons who are participators in the company at the time it is provided shall be taken to provide it and each one shall be taken to provide so much of it as is attributed to him on the basis of a just apportionment;
but where a person would be taken to provide less than one-twentieth of any property by virtue of paragraph (c) above and apart from this provision, he shall not be taken to provide any of it by virtue of that paragraph.
5
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (4) above a qualifying company is a close company or a company which would be a close company if it were resident in the United Kingdom.
6
For the purposes of this paragraph references to property representing other property include references to property representing accumulated income from that other property.
7
For the purposes of this paragraph property or income is provided by a person if it is provided directly or indirectly by the person.
8
For the purposes of this paragraph the question whether a company is controlled by a person or persons shall be construed in accordance with F42sections 450 and 451 of CTA 2010; but in deciding that question for those purposes no rights or powers of (or attributed to) an associate or associates of a person shall be attributed to him under F43section 451(4) to (6) of CTA 2010 if he is not a participator in the company.
F558A
But a person is not to be regarded as a participator in a company controlled by the trustees of a settlement where the person has a share or interest in the capital or income of the company solely because of an interest which the person has under the settlement.
9
In this paragraph “participator” has the meaning given by F44section 454 of CTA 2010.
F510
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Qualifying settlements, and commencement
9
1
A settlement created on or after 19th March 1991 is a qualifying settlement for the purposes of section 86 and this Schedule in—
a
the year of assessment in which it is created, and
b
subsequent years of assessment.
F181A
Subject to sub-paragraph (1B) below, a settlement created before 19th March 1991 is a qualifying settlement for the purposes of section 86 and this Schedule in—
a
the year 1999-00, and
b
subsequent years of assessment.
1B
Where a settlement created before 19th March 1991 is a protected settlement immediately after the beginning of 6th April 1999, that settlement shall be treated as a qualifying settlement for the purposes of section 86 and this Schedule in a year of assessment mentioned in sub-paragraph (1A)(a) or (b) above only if—
a
any of the five conditions set out in subsections (3) to (6A) below becomes fulfilled as regards the settlement in that year; or
b
any of those five conditions became so fulfilled in any previous year of assessment ending after 19th March 1991.
F212
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
The first condition is that on or after 19th March 1991 property or income is provided directly or indirectly for the purposes of the settlement—
a
otherwise than under a transaction entered into at arm’s length, and
b
otherwise than in pursuance of a liability incurred by any person before that date;
but if the settlement’s expenses relating to administration and taxation for a year of assessment exceed its income for the year, property or income provided towards meeting those expenses shall be ignored for the purposes of this condition if the value of the property or income so provided does not exceed the difference between the amount of those expenses and the amount of the settlement’s income for the year.
4
The second condition is that—
a
the trustees F52cease on or after 19 March 1991 to be resident in the United Kingdom, or
b
the trustees, while continuing to be resident F53... in the United Kingdom, become on or after 19th March 1991 trustees who fall to be regarded for the purposes of any double taxation relief arrangements as resident in a territory outside the United Kingdom.
5
The third condition is that on or after 19th March 1991 the terms of the settlement are varied so that any person falling within sub-paragraph (7) below becomes for the first time a person who will or might benefit from the settlement.
6
The fourth condition is that—
a
on or after 19th March 1991 a person falling within sub-paragraph (7) below enjoys a benefit from the settlement for the first time, and
b
the person concerned is not one who (looking only at the terms of the settlement immediately before 19th March 1991) would be capable of enjoying a benefit from the settlement on or after that date.
F196A
The fifth condition is that the settlement ceases to be a protected settlement at any time on or after 6th April 1999.
7
Each of the following persons falls within this sub-paragraph—
a
a settlor;
b
the spouse F28or civil partner of a settlor;
c
any child of a settlor or of a settlor’s spouse F28or civil partner;
d
the spouse F28or civil partner of any such child;
db
the spouse F28or civil partner of any such grandchild;
e
a company controlled by a person or persons falling within paragraphs (a) to F16(db) above;
f
a company associated with a company falling within paragraph (e) above.
F228
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (7) above the question whether a company is controlled by a person or persons shall be construed in accordance with F45sections 450 and 451 of CTA 2010; but in deciding that question for those purposes no rights or powers of (or attributed to) an associate or associates of a person shall be attributed to him under F46section 451(4) to (6) of CTA 2010 if he is not a participator in the company.
10
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (7) above the question whether one company is associated with another shall be construed in accordance with F47section 449 of CTA 2010; but where in deciding that question for those purposes it falls to be decided whether a company is controlled by a person or persons, no rights or powers of (or attributed to) an associate or associates of a person shall be attributed to him under F48section 451(4) to (6) of CTA 2010 if he is not a participator in the company.
F5610ZA
For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (9) and (10) above a person is not to be regarded as a participator in a company controlled by the trustees of a settlement where the person has a share or interest in the capital or income of the company solely by virtue of an interest which the person has under the settlement.
F2010A
Subject to sub-paragraph (10B) below, a settlement is a protected settlement at any time in a year of assessment if at that time the beneficiaries of that settlement are confined to persons falling within some or all of the following descriptions, that is to say—
C2a
children of a settlor or of a spouse F29or civil partner of a settlor who are under the age of eighteen at that time or who were under that age at the end of the immediately preceding year of assessment;
b
c
d
a future spouse F29or civil partner of a settlor;
e
persons outside the defined categories.
10B
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (10A) above a person is outside the defined categories at any time if, and only if, there is no settlor by reference to whom he is at that time a defined person in relation to the settlement for the purposes of paragraph 2(1) above.
10C
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (10A) above a person is a beneficiary of a settlement if—
a
there are any circumstances whatever in which relevant property which is or may become comprised in the settlement is or will or may become applicable for his benefit or payable to him;
b
there are any circumstances whatever in which relevant income which arises or may arise under the settlement is or will or may become applicable for his benefit or payable to him;
c
he enjoys a benefit directly or indirectly from any relevant property comprised in the settlement or any relevant income arising under the settlement.
10D
In sub-paragraph (10C) above—
“relevant property” means property originating from a settlor; and
“relevant income” means income originating from a settlor.
F1711
In this paragraph—
“child” includes a step-child;
“grandchild” means a child of a child;
“participator” has the meaning given by F49section 454 of CTA 2010.
Information
F3110
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F111
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F112
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F113
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F114
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Sch. 5 para. 2A and cross-heading inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 131(4) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 1998 (c. 36), Sch. 22 para. 2(2)