C5C6C7Part I Contributions
Pt. 1 modified (6.4.2001) by The Social Security (Contributions) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001/1004), regs. 1(1), 125 (as amended (coming into force in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Consequential Amendment Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/634), regs. 1(2), 2)
Pt. 1 modified (11.5.2001) by Social Security Contributions (Share Options) Act 2001 (c. 20), s. 5(5)
Pt. 1 modified (13.9.2001) by The New Deal (Lone Parents) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001/2915), arts. 1(1), 2
Preliminary
1 Outline of contributory system.
1
The funds required—
a
for paying such benefits under this Act as are payable out of the National Insurance Fund and not out of other public money; and
b
for the making of payments under section 162 of the Administration Act towards the cost of the National Health Service,
2
Contributions under this Part of this Act shall be of the following F188... classes—
a
Class 1, earnings-related, payable under section 6 below, being—
i
primary Class 1 contributions from employed earners; and
ii
secondary Class 1 contributions from employers and other persons paying earnings;
b
Class 1A, payable under section 10 below F3... by persons liable to pay secondary Class 1 contributions and certain other persons;
F43bb
Class 1B, payable under section 10A below by persons who are accountable to the Inland Revenue in respect of income tax on F68general earnings in accordance with a PAYE settlement agreement;
c
Class 2, flat-rate, payable F153... under section 11 below by self-employed earners;
d
Class 3, payable under section 13 F133or 13A below by earners and others voluntarily with a view to providing entitlement to benefit, or making up entitlement;
F189da
Class 3A, payable by eligible people voluntarily under section 14A with a view to obtaining units of additional pension; and
e
Class 4, payable under section 15 below in respect of the profits or gains of a trade, profession or vocation, or under section 18 below in respect of equivalent earnings.
3
The amounts and rates of contributions in this Part of this Act and the other figures in it which affect the liability of contributors shall—
a
be subject to regulations under sections 19(4) and 116 to 120 below; and
b
to the extent provided for by Part IX of the Administration Act be subject to alteration by orders made by the F4Treasury from year to year under that Part,
and the provisions of this Part of this Act are subject to the provisions of F11Chapter II of Part III of the Pensions Act (reduction in state scheme contributions and benefits for members of certified schemes).
4
Schedule 1 to this Act—
a
b
shall also, to the extent provided by regulations made under section 18 below, have effect with respect to the computation, collection and recovery of Class 4 contributions, and otherwise with respect to such contributions, F5....
5
For each financial year there shall, by way of addition to contributions, be paid out of money provided by Parliament, in such manner and at such times as the Treasury may determine, amounts the total of which for any such year is equal to the aggregate of all statutory sick pay F67, statutory maternity pay, F171statutory paternity pay, statutory adoption payF150and statutory shared parental pay recovered by employers and others in that year, as estimated by the Government Actuary or the Deputy Government Actuary.
6
No person shall—
a
be liable to pay Class 1, Class 1A F12, Class 1B or Class 2 contributions unless he fulfils prescribed conditions as to residence or presence in Great Britain;
b
be entitled to pay Class 3 contributions unless he fulfils such conditions; or
c
be entitled to pay Class 1, Class 1A F12, Class 1B or Class 2 contributions other than those which he is liable to pay, except so far as he is permitted by regulations to pay them.
F67
Regulations under subsection (6) above shall be made by the Treasury.
2 Categories of earners.
1
In this Part of this Act and Parts II to V below—
a
b
“self-employed earner” means a person who is gainfully employed in Great Britain otherwise than in employed earner’s employment (whether or not he is also employed in such employment).
2
Regulations may provide—
a
for employment of any prescribed description to be disregarded in relation to liability for contributions otherwise arising from employment of that description;
b
for a person in employment of any prescribed description to be treated, for the purposes of this Act, as falling within one or other of the categories of earner defined in subsection (1) above, notwithstanding that he would not fall within that category apart from the regulations.
F1542ZA
Regulations under subsection (2)(b) may make provision treating a person (“P”) as falling within one or other of the categories of earner in relation to an employment where arrangements have been entered into the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of which is to secure—
a
that P is not treated by other provision in regulations under subsection (2)(b) as falling within that category of earner in relation to the employment, or
b
that a person is not treated as the secondary contributor in respect of earnings paid to or for the benefit of P in respect of the employment.
2ZB
In subsection (2ZA) “arrangements” include any scheme, transaction or series of transactions, agreement or understanding, whether or not legally enforceable, and any associated operations.
F72A
Regulations under subsection (2) above shall be made by the Treasury and, in the case of regulations under paragraph (b) of that subsection, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.
3
Where a person is to be treated by reference to any employment of his as an employed earner, then he is to be so treated for all purposes of this Act; and references throughout this Act to employed earner’s employment shall be construed accordingly.
4
Subsections (1) to (3) above are subject to the provision made by section 95 below as to the employments which are to be treated, for the purposes of industrial injuries benefit, as employed earner’s employments.
5
For the purposes of this Act, a person shall be treated as a self-employed earner as respects any week during any part of which he is such an earner (without prejudice to his being also treated as an employed earner as respects that week by reference to any other employment of his).
3“Earnings" and “earner".
1
In this Part of this Act and Parts II to V below—
a
“earnings” includes any remuneration or profit derived from an employment; and
b
“earner” shall be construed accordingly.
2
For the purposes of this Part of this Act and of Parts II to V below other than those of Schedule 8—
a
the amount of a person’s earnings for any period; or
b
the amount of his earnings to be treated as comprised in any payment made to him or for his benefit,
shall be calculated or estimated in such manner and on such basis as may be prescribed F8by regulations made by the Treasury with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.
F132A
Regulations made for the purposes of subsection (2) above may provide that, where a payment is made or a benefit provided to or for the benefit of two or more earners, a proportion (determined in such manner as may be prescribed) of the amount or value of the payment or benefit shall be attributed to each earner.
3
Regulations made for the purposes of subsection (2) above may prescribe that payments of a particular class or description made or falling to be made to or by a person shall, to such extent as may be prescribed, be disregarded or, as the case may be, be deducted from the amount of that person’s earnings.
F144
Subsection (5) below applies to regulations made for the purposes of subsection (2) above which make special provision with respect to the earnings periods of directors and former directors of companies.
5
Regulations to which this subsection applies may make provision—
a
for enabling companies, and directors and former directors of companies, to pay on account of any earnings-related contributions that may become payable by them such amounts as would be payable by way of such contributions if the special provision had not been made; and
b
for requiring any payments made in accordance with the regulations to be treated, for prescribed purposes, as if they were the contributions on account of which they were made.
4 Payments treated as remuneration and earnings.
1
For the purposes of section 3 above there shall be treated as remuneration derived from employed earner’s employment—
a
any sum paid to or for the benefit of a person in satisfaction (whether in whole or in part) of any entitlement of that person to—
i
statutory sick pay; or
ii
statutory maternity pay;
F151iv
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
statutory adoption pay;F152or
vi
statutory shared parental pay; and
b
any sickness payment made—
i
to or for the benefit of the employed earner; and
ii
in accordance with arrangements under which the person who is the secondary contributor in relation to the employment concerned has made, or remains liable to make, payments towards the provision of that sickness payment.
2
Where the funds for making sickness payments under arrangements of the kind mentioned in paragraph (b) of subsection (1) above are attributable in part to contributions to those funds made by the employed earner, regulations may make provision for disregarding, for the purposes of that subsection, the prescribed part of any sum paid as a result of the arrangements.
3
For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2) above “sickness payment” means any payment made in respect of absence from work due to incapacity for work, F9....
F154
For the purposes of section 3 above there shall be treated as remuneration derived from an employed earner’s employment—
F70a
the amount of any gain calculated under section 479 F101of ITEPA 2003 in respect of which an amount counts as employment income of the earner under section 476 of that Act (charge on acquisition of securities pursuant to option etc), reduced by any amounts deducted under section 480(1) to (6) of that Act in arriving at the amount counting as such employment income;
b
any sum paid (or treated as paid) to or for the benefit of the earner which is chargeable to tax by virtue of F71section 225 or 226 of ITEPA 2003 (taxation of consideration for certain restrictive undertakings).
5
For the purposes of section 3 above regulations may make provision for treating as remuneration derived from an employed earner’s employment any payment made by a body corporate to or for the benefit of any of its directors where that payment would, when made, not be earnings for the purposes of this Act.
F166
Regulations may make provision for the purposes of this Part—
a
for treating any amount on which an employed earner is chargeable to income tax under F72the employment income Parts of ITEPA 2003 as remuneration derived from the earner’s employment; and
b
for treating any amount which in accordance with regulations under paragraph (a) above constitutes remuneration as an amount of remuneration paid, at such time as may be determined in accordance with the regulations, to or for the benefit of the earner in respect of his employment.
F107
Regulations under this section shall be made by the Treasury with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.
4AF17Earnings of workers supplied by service companies etc.
1
Regulations may make provision for securing that where—
a
an individual (“the worker”) personally performs, or is under an obligation personally to perform, services F102for another person (“the client”),
b
the performance of those services by the worker is (within the meaning of the regulations) referable to arrangements involving a third person (and not referable to any contract between the client and the worker), and
c
the circumstances are such that, were the services to be performed by the worker under a contract between him and the client, he would be regarded for the purposes of the applicable provisions of this Act as employed in employed earner’s employment by the client,
relevant payments or benefits are, to the specified extent, to be treated for those purposes as earnings paid to the worker in respect of an employed earner’s employment of his.
2
For the purposes of this section—
a
“the intermediary” means—
i
where the third person mentioned in subsection (1)(b) above has such a contractual or other relationship with the worker as may be specified, that third person, or
ii
where that third person does not have such a relationship with the worker, any other person who has both such a relationship with the worker and such a direct or indirect contractual or other relationship with the third person as may be specified; and
b
a person may be the intermediary despite being—
i
a person with whom the worker holds any office or employment, or
ii
a body corporate, unincorporated body or partnership of which the worker is a member;
and subsection (1) above applies whether or not the client is a person with whom the worker holds any office or employment.
F1202A
Regulations may also make provision for securing that, where the services of an individual (“the worker”) are provided (directly or indirectly) by a managed service company (“the MSC”) relevant payments or benefits are, to the specified extent, to be treated for the purposes of the applicable provisions of this Act as earnings paid to the worker in respect of an employed earner’s employment of his.
2B
In subsection (2A) “managed service company” has the same meaning as it has for the purposes of Chapter 9 of Part 2 of ITEPA 2003.
3
Regulations under this section may, in particular, make provision—
a
for the worker to be treated for the purposes of the applicable provisions of this Act, in relation to the specified amount of relevant payments or benefits (the worker’s “attributable earnings”), as employed in employed earner’s employment by the intermediary F121or the MSC (as the case requires);
b
for the F122intermediary or the MSC (whether or not fulfilling the conditions prescribed under section 1(6)(a) above for secondary contributors) to be treated for those purposes as the secondary contributor in respect of the worker’s attributable earnings;
c
for determining—
i
any deductions to be made, and
ii
in other respects the manner and basis in and on which the amount of the worker’s attributable earnings for any specified period is to be calculated or estimated,
in connection with relevant payments or benefits;
d
for aggregating any such amount, for purposes relating to contributions, with other earnings of the worker during any such period;
e
for determining the date by which contributions payable in respect of the worker’s attributable earnings are to be paid and accounted for;
f
for apportioning payments or benefits of any specified description, in such manner or on such basis as may be specified, for the purpose of determining the part of any such payment or benefit which is to be treated as a relevant payment or benefit for the purposes of the regulations;
g
for disregarding for the purposes of the applicable provisions of this Act, in relation to relevant payments or benefits, an employed earner’s employment in which the worker is employed (whether by the intermediary F123or the MSC or otherwise) to perform the services in question;
h
for otherwise securing that a double liability to pay any amount by way of a contribution of any description does not arise in relation to a particular payment or benefit or (as the case may be) a particular part of a payment or benefit;
i
for securing that, to the specified extent, two or more persons, whether—
i
connected persons (within the meaning of F119section 993 of the Income Tax Act 2007), or
ii
persons of any other specified description,
are treated as a single person for any purposes of the regulations;
j
(without prejudice to paragraph (i) above) for securing that a contract made with a person other than the client is to be treated for any such purposes as made with the client;
k
for excluding or modifying the application of the regulations in relation to such cases, or payments or benefits of such description, as may be specified.
4
Regulations made in pursuance of subsection (3)(c) above may, in particular, make provision—
a
for the making of a deduction of a specified amount in respect of general expenses of the intermediary as well as deductions in respect of particular expenses incurred by him;
b
for securing reductions in the amount of the worker’s attributable earnings on account of—
i
any secondary Class 1 contributions already paid by the intermediary F124or the MSC in respect of actual earnings of the worker, and
ii
any such contributions that will be payable by F125that person in respect of the worker’s attributable earnings.
5
Regulations under this section may make provision for securing that, in applying any provisions of the regulations, any term of a contract or other arrangement which appears to be of a description specified in the regulations is to be disregarded.
6
In this section—
“the applicable provisions of this Act” means this Part of this Act and Parts II to V below;
F103. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
“relevant payments or benefits” means payments or benefits of any specified description made or provided (whether to the intermediary F126or the MSC, or the worker or otherwise) in connection with the performance by the worker of the services in question;
“specified” means prescribed by or determined in accordance with regulations under this section.
7
Any reference in this section to the performance by the worker of any services includes a reference to any such obligation of his to perform them as is mentioned in subsection (1)(a) above.
8
Regulations under this section shall be made by the Treasury with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.
9
If, on any modification of the statutory provisions relating to income tax, it appears to the Treasury to be expedient to modify any of the preceding provisions of this section for the purpose of assimilating the law relating to income tax and the law relating to contributions under this Part of this Act, the Treasury may with the concurrence of the Secretary of State by order make such modifications of the preceding provisions of this section as the Treasury think appropriate for that purpose.
4AAF143Limited liability partnerships
1
The Treasury may, for the purposes of this Act, by regulations—
a
provide that, in prescribed circumstances—
i
a person (“E”) is to be treated as employed in employed earner's employment by a limited liability partnership (including where E is a member of the partnership), and
ii
the limited liability partnership is to be treated as the secondary contributor in relation to any payment of earnings to or for the benefit of E as the employed earner;
b
prescribe how earnings in respect of E's employed earner employment with the limited liability partnership are to be determined (including what constitutes such earnings);
c
provide that such earnings are to be treated as being paid to or for the benefit of E at prescribed times.
2
Regulations under subsection (1) may modify the definition of “employee” or “employer” in section 163, 171, 171ZJ or 171ZS below as the Treasury consider appropriate to take account of any provision falling within subsection (1)(a) to (c).
3
If—
a
a provision of the Income Tax Acts relating to limited liability partnerships or members of limited liability partnerships is passed or made, and
b
in consequence, the Treasury consider it appropriate for provision to be made for the purpose of assimilating to any extent the law relating to income tax and the law relating to contributions under this Part,
the Treasury may by regulations make that provision.
4
The provision that may be made under subsection (3) includes provision modifying any provision made by or under this Act.
5
Regulations under this section are to be made with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.
6
Section 4(4) of the Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000 does not limit the provision that may be made by regulations under this section.
4BF115Earnings: power to make retrospective provision in consequence of retrospective tax legislation
1
This section applies where—
a
a provision of the Income Tax Acts which relates to income tax chargeable under the employment income Parts of ITEPA 2003 is passed or made so as to have retrospective effect (“the retrospective tax provision”), and
b
it appears to the Treasury to be appropriate to make regulations under a relevant power for the purpose of reflecting the whole or part of the provision made by the retrospective tax provision.
2
Those regulations may be made so as to have retrospective effect if it appears to the Treasury to be expedient, in consequence of the retrospective tax provision, for the regulations to have that effect.
3
A “relevant power” means a power to make regulations under any of the following provisions—
a
section 3 (power to prescribe the manner and basis of the calculation or estimation of earnings);
b
section 4(6) (power to treat amounts chargeable to income tax under the employment income Parts of ITEPA 2003 as earnings);
c
section 4A (power to treat payments or benefits to workers supplied by service companies etc as earnings).
F144d
section 4AA (power to make provision in relation to limited liability partnerships)
4
It does not matter whether the retrospective tax provision in question was passed or made before the day on which the National Insurance Contributions Act 2006 was passed.
5
But nothing in subsection (2) authorises regulations to be made which have effect in relation to any time before 2nd December 2004.
6
Regulations under a relevant power made by virtue of subsection (2) may affect, for the purposes of any contributions legislation for the purposes of which the regulations are made, the earnings in respect of an employment paid to or for the benefit of an earner at a time before the regulations are made.
7
In such a case, subsections (8) and (9) apply and in those subsections and this subsection—
“relevant contributions legislation” means any contributions legislation for the purposes of which the regulations have the effect mentioned in subsection (6);
“the relevant time” means the time before the regulations are made mentioned in that subsection;
“the revised earnings” means the earnings, in respect of the employment, paid to or for the benefit of the earner at the relevant time as determined after applying the regulations.
8
References in any relevant contributions legislation, or any provision made under any such legislation, which relate to—
a
the earnings, in respect of the employment, paid to or for the benefit of the earner at the relevant time, or
b
the amount of such earnings so paid at that time,
are to be read, in so far as they so relate, as references which relate to the revised earnings or, as the case may be, the amount of those earnings.
9
Any matter which, at the time when the regulations are made, has been determined for the purposes of any relevant contributions legislation, or any provision made under any such legislation, wholly or partly by reference to—
a
the earnings, in respect of the employment, paid to or for the benefit of the earner at the relevant time, or
b
the amount of such earnings so paid at that time,
is to be redetermined as it would have been determined at the time of the original determination if it had been determined wholly or partly, as the case may be, by reference to the revised earnings or the amount of those earnings.
10
The matters referred to in subsection (9) may include—
a
whether Class 1 contributions are payable in respect of earnings paid to or for the benefit of the earner in a tax week, and
b
the amount of any such contribution.
11
Subsections (7) to (10) are subject to any express provision to the contrary (including any such provision made by regulations under section 4C(1)).
12
The power conferred by subsection (2) is without prejudice to any powers conferred by or by virtue of any other provision of this Act or of any other enactment (including any instrument made under an Act).
13
For the purposes of this section “contributions legislation” means any Part of this Act or provision of such a Part.
4CF115Power to make provision in consequence of provision made by or by virtue of section 4B(2) etc
1
The Treasury may by regulations made with the concurrence of the Secretary of State make such provision as appears to the Treasury to be expedient for any of the purposes mentioned in subsection (2) in consequence of any provision made by or by virtue of section 4B(2).
2
Those purposes are—
a
any purpose relating to any contributions;
b
any purpose relating to any contributory benefit or contribution-based jobseeker's allowance;
c
any purpose relating to any statutory payment;
F177d
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e
any purpose of Chapter 2 of Part 3 of that Act (reduction in state scheme contributions and benefits for members of certified schemes);
f
such other purposes as may be prescribed by regulations made by the Treasury with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.
3
Regulations under subsection (1) may, in particular, make provision—
a
modifying any provision of any enactment (including this Act and any enactment passed or made on or after the commencement day);
b
for any provision of any such enactment to apply in such cases, and with such modifications (if any), as the regulations may prescribe.
4
Regulations under subsection (1) may be made so as to have retrospective effect but must not have effect in relation to any time before 2nd December 2004.
5
In particular, regulations under subsection (1) made by virtue of subsection (4) may affect any of the following matters—
a
liability to pay contributions, including liability to pay Class 1 contributions at a reduced rate by virtue of Chapter 2 of Part 3 of the Pensions Act;
b
the amount of any contribution, including the amount of any such reduced rate contribution and of any related rebate under section 41(1D) or 42A(2C) of that Act;
c
entitlement to a contributory benefit or contribution-based jobseeker's allowance;
d
the amount of any such benefit or allowance;
e
entitlement to a statutory payment;
f
the amount of any such payment;
F178g
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F178h
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
liability to make payments under section 42A(3) of the Pensions Act or to pay minimum contributions under section 43 of that Act;
j
the amount of any such payment or contribution.
6
In such a case, where the matter has been determined before the time when the regulations are made, the regulations may provide for the matter to be redetermined accordingly.
7
If (ignoring this subsection) the operative provisions would directly or indirectly have effect in any case so as—
a
to remove a person's entitlement to a contributory benefit, contribution-based jobseeker's allowance or statutory payment, or
b
to reduce the amount of any such benefit, allowance or payment to which a person has an entitlement,
those provisions are to be read with such modifications as are necessary to ensure that they do not have that effect.
8
For the purposes of subsection (7)—
a
“the operative provisions” are section 4B(7) to (10) and any provision made by virtue of section 4B(2) or under subsection (1) of this section;
b
a person's “entitlement” includes any future entitlement which the person may have.
9
The powers conferred by this section are without prejudice to any powers conferred by or by virtue of any other provision of this Act or any other enactment.
10
In particular, any modification of any provision of an instrument by regulations made under subsection (1) is without prejudice to any other power to amend or revoke the provisions of the instrument (including the modified provision).
11
For the purposes of this section—
“the commencement day” means the day on which the National Insurance Contributions Act 2006 was passed;
“enactment” includes an instrument made under an Act;
“statutory payment” means—
Class 1 contributions
5F46 Earnings limits and thresholds for Class 1 contributions.
1
For the purposes of this Act there shall for every tax year be—
a
the following for primary Class 1 contributions—
i
a lower earnings limit,
ii
a primary threshold, and
iii
an upper earnings limit; and
b
a secondary threshold for secondary Class 1 contributions.
Those limits and thresholds shall be the amounts specified for that year by regulations F128...
F1272
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1293
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Regulations may, in the case of each of the limits or thresholds mentioned in subsection (1) above, prescribe an equivalent of that limit or threshold in relation to earners paid otherwise than weekly (and references in this or any other Act to “the prescribed equivalent”, in the context of any of those limits or thresholds, are accordingly references to the equivalent prescribed under this subsection in relation to such earners).
5
The power conferred by subsection (4) above to prescribe an equivalent of any of those limits or thresholds includes power to prescribe an amount which exceeds, by not more than £1.00, the amount which is the arithmetical equivalent of that limit or threshold.
6
Regulations under this section shall be made by the Treasury.
F476 Liability for Class 1 contributions.
1
Where in any tax week earnings are paid to or for the benefit of an earner over the age of 16 in respect of any one employment of his which is employed earner’s employment—
a
a primary Class 1 contribution shall be payable in accordance with this section and section 8 below if the amount paid exceeds the current primary threshold (or the prescribed equivalent); and
b
a secondary Class 1 contribution shall be payable in accordance with this section and section 9 below if the amount paid exceeds the current secondary threshold (or the prescribed equivalent).
2
No primary or secondary Class 1 contribution shall be payable in respect of earnings if a Class 1B contribution is payable in respect of them.
3
Except as may be prescribed, no primary Class 1 contribution shall be payable in respect of earnings paid to or for the benefit of an employed earner after he attains pensionable age, but without prejudice to any liability to pay secondary Class 1 contributions in respect of any such earnings.
4
The primary and secondary Class 1 contributions referred to in subsection (1) above are payable as follows—
a
the primary contribution shall be the liability of the earner; and
b
the secondary contribution shall be the liability of the secondary contributor;
but nothing in this subsection shall prejudice the provisions of F52paragraphs 3 to 3B of Schedule 1 to this Act.
5
Except as provided by this Act, the primary and secondary Class 1 contributions in respect of earnings paid to or for the benefit of an earner in respect of any one employment of his shall be payable without regard to any other such payment of earnings in respect of any other employment of his.
6
Regulations may provide for reducing primary or secondary Class 1 contributions which are payable in respect of persons to whom Part XI of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (redundancy payments) does not apply by virtue of section 199(2) or 209 of that Act.
7
Regulations under this section shall be made by the Treasury.
6AF48 Notional payment of primary Class 1 contribution where earnings not less than lower earnings limit.
1
This section applies where in any tax week earnings are paid to or for the benefit of an earner over the age of 16 in respect of any one employment of his which is employed earner’s employment and the amount paid—
a
is not less than the current lower earnings limit (or the prescribed equivalent), but
b
does not exceed the current primary threshold (or the prescribed equivalent).
2
Subject to any prescribed exceptions or modifications—
a
the earner shall be treated as having actually paid a primary Class 1 contribution in respect of that week, and
b
those earnings shall be treated as earnings upon which such a contribution has been paid,
for any of the purposes mentioned in subsection (3) below.
3
The purposes are—
a
the purposes of section 14(1)(a) below;
b
the purposes of the provisions mentioned in section 21(5A)(a) to (c) below;
c
any other purposes relating to contributory benefits; F131...
d
any purposes relating to jobseeker’s allowanceF130; and
e
any purposes relating to employment and support allowance.
4
Regulations may provide for any provision of this Act which, in whatever terms, refers—
a
to primary Class 1 contributions being payable by a person, or
b
otherwise to a person’s liability to pay such contributions,
to have effect for the purposes of this section with any prescribed modifications.
5
Except as may be prescribed, nothing in this section applies in relation to earnings paid to or for the benefit of an employed earner after he attains pensionable age.
6
Except as provided by this Act, this section applies in relation to earnings paid to or for the benefit of an earner in respect of any one employment of his irrespective of any other such payment of earnings in respect of any other employment of his.
7
Regulations under this section shall be made by the Treasury.
7“Secondary contributor".
1
For the purposes of this Act, the “secondary contributor” in relation to any payment of earnings to or for the benefit of an employed earner, is—
a
in the case of an earner employed under a contract of service, his employer;
b
i
such person as may be prescribed in relation to that office; or
but this subsection is subject to subsection (2) below.
2
In relation to employed earners who—
a
are paid earnings in a tax week by more than one person in respect of different employments; or
b
work under the general control or management of a person other than their immediate employer,
and in relation to any other case for which it appears to the F18Treasury that such provision is needed, regulations may provide that the prescribed person is to be treated as the secondary contributor in respect of earnings paid to or for the benefit of an earner.
F1552A
Regulations under subsection (2) may make provision treating a person as the secondary contributor in respect of earnings paid to or for the benefit of an earner if arrangements have been entered into the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of which is to secure that the person is not so treated by other provision in regulations under subsection (2).
2B
In subsection (2A) “arrangements” include any scheme, transaction or series of transactions, agreement or understanding, whether or not legally enforceable, and any associated operations.
F193
Regulations under any provision of this section shall be made by the Treasury.
F538 Calculation of primary Class 1 contributions.
1
Where a primary Class 1 contribution is payable as mentioned in section 6(1)(a) above, the amount of that contribution is the aggregate of—
a
the main primary percentage of so much of the earner’s earnings paid in the tax week, in respect of the employment in question, as—
i
exceeds the current primary threshold (or the prescribed equivalent); but
ii
does not exceed the current upper earnings limit (or the prescribed equivalent); and
b
the additional primary percentage of so much of those earnings as exceeds the current upper earnings limit (or the prescribed equivalent).
2
For the purposes of this Act—
b
the additional primary percentage is F1372 per cent;
but the main primary percentage is subject to alteration under sections 143 and 145 of the Administration Act.
3
Subsection (1) above is subject to—
a
regulations under section 6(6) above;
b
regulations under sections 116 to 120 below; and
c
sections 41 and 42A of the Pensions Act (reduced rates of Class 1 contributions for earners in contracted-out employment).
F499 Calculation of secondary Class 1 contributions.
1
Where a secondary Class 1 contribution is payable as mentioned in section 6(1)(b) above, the amount of that contribution shall be F175the relevant percentage of so much of the earnings paid in the tax week, in respect of the employment in question, as exceeds the current secondary threshold (or the prescribed equivalent).
F1761A
For the purposes of subsection (1) “the relevant percentage” is—
a
if section 9A below applies to the earnings, the age-related secondary percentage;
b
otherwise, the secondary percentage.
F542
For the purposes of this Act the secondary percentage is F13813.8 per cent; but that percentage is subject to alteration under sections 143 and 145 of the Administration Act.
3
Subsection (1) above is subject to—
a
regulations under section 6(6) above;
b
regulations under sections 116 to 120 below; and
c
sections 41 and 42A of the Pensions Act (reduced rates of Class 1 contributions for earners in contracted-out employment).
9AF174The age-related secondary percentage
1
Where a secondary Class 1 contribution is payable as mentioned in section 6(1)(b) above, this section applies to the earnings paid in the tax week, in respect of the employment in question, if the earner falls within an age group specified in column 1 of the table in subsection (3).
2
For the purposes of section 9(1A)(a) above, the age-related secondary percentage is the percentage for the earner's age group specified in column 2 of the table.
3
Here is the table—
Age group | Age-related secondary percentage |
|---|---|
Under 21 | 0% |
4
The Treasury may by regulations amend the table—
a
so as to add an age group in column 1 and to specify the percentage in column 2 for that age group;
b
so as to reduce (or further reduce) the percentage specified in column 2 for an age group already specified in column 1 (whether for the whole of the age group or only part of it).
5
A percentage specified under subsection (4)(a) must be lower than the secondary percentage.
6
For the purposes of this Act a person is still to be regarded as being liable to pay a secondary Class 1 contribution even though the amount of the contribution is £0 because the age-related secondary percentage is 0%.
7
The Treasury may by regulations provide that, in relation to an age group specified in the table, there is to be for every tax year an upper secondary threshold for secondary Class 1 contributions.
That threshold is to be the amount specified for that year by regulations made by the Treasury.
8
Subsections (4) and (5) of section 5 above (which confer power to prescribe an equivalent of a secondary threshold in relation to earners paid otherwise than weekly), and subsection (6) of that section as it applies for the purposes of those subsections, apply for the purposes of an upper secondary threshold in relation to an age group as they apply for the purposes of a secondary threshold.
9
Where—
a
a secondary Class 1 contribution is payable as mentioned in section 6(1)(b) above,
b
the earner falls within an age group in relation to which provision has been made under subsection (7), and
c
the earnings paid in the tax week, in respect of the employment in question, exceed the current upper secondary threshold (or the prescribed equivalent) in relation to the age group,
this section is not to apply to the earnings so far as they exceed that threshold (or the prescribed equivalent); and for the purposes of section 9(1) above the relevant percentage in respect of the earnings so far as they exceed that threshold (or the prescribed equivalent) is, accordingly, to be the secondary percentage.
10
In subsections (7) to (9) references to an age group include a part of an age group.
9BF185Zero-rate secondary Class 1 contributions for certain apprentices
1
Where a secondary Class 1 contribution is payable as mentioned in section 6(1)(b) above, this section applies to the earnings paid in the tax week, in respect of the employment in question, if the earner is a relevant apprentice in relation to that employment.
2
An earner is a “relevant apprentice”, in relation to an employment, if the earner—
a
is aged under 25, and
b
is employed, in the employment, as an apprentice.
3
For the purposes of this Act a person is still to be regarded as being liable to pay a secondary Class 1 contribution even if the amount of the contribution is £0 because this section applies to the earnings in question.
4
The Treasury may by regulations provide that, in relation to relevant apprentices, there is to be for every tax year an upper secondary threshold for secondary Class 1 contributions.
That threshold is to be the amount specified for that year by regulations made by the Treasury.
5
Subsections (4) and (5) of section 5 above (which confer power to prescribe an equivalent of a secondary threshold in relation to earners paid otherwise than weekly), and subsection (6) of that section as it applies for the purposes of those subsections, apply for the purposes of an upper secondary threshold in relation to relevant apprentices as they apply for the purposes of a secondary threshold.
6
Subsection (7) applies if—
a
a secondary Class 1 contribution is payable as mentioned in section 6(1)(b) above,
b
the earnings paid in the tax week, in respect of the employment in question, exceed the current upper secondary threshold (or the prescribed equivalent) in relation to relevant apprentices, and
c
the earner is a relevant apprentice in relation to the employment.
7
This section does not apply to those earnings so far as they exceed that threshold (or the prescribed equivalent) (“the excess earnings”) and, accordingly, for the purposes of section 9(1) above the relevant percentage in respect of the excess earnings is the secondary percentage.
8
But the Treasury may by regulations modify the effect of subsection (7) in a case in which the earner falls within an age group specified in column 1 of the table in section 9A(3) above.
9
In subsection (2)(b) “apprentice” has such meaning as the Treasury may prescribe.
10
The Treasury may by regulations amend subsection (2)(a) so as to alter the age that an earner must be in order to be a relevant apprentice (and regulations under this subsection may have the effect of allowing anyone who is of an age at which secondary Class 1 contributions are payable to be a relevant apprentice).
Class 1A contributions
10F20Class 1A contributions: benefits in kind etc
1
Where—
F74a
for any tax year an earner is chargeable to income tax under ITEPA 2003 on an amount of general earnings received by him from any employment (“the relevant employment”),
F75b
the relevant employment is both—
i
employed earner’s employment, and
ii
an employment, other than F168lower-paid employment as a minister of religion, within the meaning of the benefits code (see Chapter 2 of Part 3 of ITEPA 2003), and
c
the whole or a part of the F76general earnings falls, for the purposes of Class 1 contributions, to be left out of account in the computation of the earnings paid to or for the benefit of the earner,
a Class 1A contribution shall be payable for that tax year, in accordance with this section, in respect of that earner and so much of the F77general earnings as falls to be so left out of account.
2
Subject to section 10ZA below, a Class 1A contribution for any tax year shall be payable by—
a
the person who is liable to pay the secondary Class 1 contribution relating to the last (or only) relevant payment of earnings in that tax year in relation to which there is a liability to pay such a Class 1 contribution; or
b
if paragraph (a) above does not apply, the person who, if the F78general earnings in respect of which the Class 1A contribution is payable were earnings in respect of which Class 1 contributions would be payable, would be liable to pay the secondary Class 1 contribution.
3
In subsection (2) above “relevant payment of earnings” means a payment which for the purposes of Class 1 contributions is a payment of earnings made to or for the benefit of the earner in respect of the relevant employment.
4
5
In subsection (4) above “the Class 1A percentage” means a percentage rate equal to the F55secondary percentage for the tax year in question.
6
No Class 1A contribution shall be payable for any tax year in respect of so much of any F81general earnings as are taken for the purposes of the making of Class 1B contributions for that year to be included in a PAYE settlement agreement.
F827
In calculating for the purposes of this section the amount of general earnings received by an earner from an employment, a deduction under any of the excluded provisions is to be disregarded.
This subsection does not apply in relation to a deduction if subsection (7A) applies in relation to it.
7A
Where—
a
a deduction in respect of a matter is allowed under an excluded provision, and
b
the amount deductible is at least equal to the whole of any corresponding amount which would (but for this section) fall by reference to that matter to be included in the general earnings mentioned in subsection (7),
the whole of the corresponding amount shall be treated as not included.
7B
For the purposes of subsections (7) and (7A) “excluded provision” means—
a
any provision of Chapter 2 of Part 5 of ITEPA 2003 (deductions for employee’s expenses), other than section 352 (limited deduction for agency fees paid by entertainers), F117...
F118aa
any of sections 363 to 365 of ITEPA 2003 (certain deductions from benefits code earnings), or
b
any provision of Chapter 5 of Part 5 of ITEPA 2003 (deductions for earnings representing benefits or reimbursed expenses).
8
The Treasury may by regulations—
F83a
modify the effect of subsections (7) and (7A) above by amending subsection (7B) so as to include any enactment contained in the Income Tax Acts within the meaning of “excluded provision”; or
9
The Treasury may by regulations provide—
a
for Class 1A contributions not to be payable, in prescribed circumstances, by prescribed persons or in respect of prescribed persons or F86general earnings;
b
for reducing Class 1A contributions in prescribed circumstances.
F8710
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F14511
The Treasury may by regulations modify the law relating to Class 1A contributions in the case of an employed earner's employment which is treated as existing by virtue of regulations under section 4AA.
10ZAF21Liability of third party provider of benefits in kind.
1
This section applies, where—
a
a Class 1A contribution is payable for any tax year in respect of the whole or any part of F92general earnings received by an earner;
b
c
the person providing the benefit is a person other than the person (“the relevant employer”) by whom, but for this section, the Class 1A contribution would be payable in accordance with section 10(2) above; and
d
the provision of the benefit by that other person has not been arranged or facilitated by the relevant employer.
2
For the purposes of this Act if—
a
the person providing the benefit pays an amount for the purpose of discharging any liability of the earner to income tax for any tax year, and
b
the income tax in question is tax chargeable in respect of the provision of the benefit or of the making of the payment itself,
the amount of the payment shall be treated as if it were F95general earnings consisting in the provision of a benefit to the earner in that tax year and falling, for the purposes of Class 1 contributions, to be left out of account in the computation of the earnings paid to or for the benefit of the earner.
3
Subject to subsection (4) below, the liability to pay any Class 1A contribution in respect of—
a
the benefit provided to the earner, and
b
any further benefit treated as so provided in accordance with subsection (2) above,
shall fall on the person providing the benefit, instead of on the relevant employer.
4
Subsection (3) above applies in the case of a Class 1A contribution for the tax year beginning with 6th April 2000 only if the person providing the benefit in question gives notice in writing to the Inland Revenue on or before 6th July 2001 that he is a person who provides benefits in respect of which a liability to Class 1A contributions is capable of falling by virtue of this section on a person other than the relevant employer.
5
The Treasury may by regulations make provision specifying the circumstances in which a person is or is not to be treated for the purposes of this Act as having arranged or facilitated the provision of any benefit.
6
In this section references to a member of a person’s family or household shall be construed in accordance with F96section 721(5) of ITEPA 2003.
10ZBF21Non-cash vouchers provided by third parties.
1
In section 10ZA above references to the provision of a benefit include references to the provision of a non-cash voucher.
2
Where—
a
b
3
In this section “non-cash voucher” has the same meaning as in F100section 84 of ITEPA 2003.
10ZCF116Class 1A contributions: power to make provision in consequence of retrospective tax legislation
1
The Treasury may by regulations make such provision as appears to the Treasury to be expedient for any purpose of the law relating to Class 1A contributions in consequence of any relevant retrospective tax provision—
a
which is passed or made at or before the time when the regulations are made, or
b
which may be passed or made after that time.
2
“Relevant retrospective tax provision” means a provision of the Income Tax Acts which—
a
has retrospective effect, and
b
affects the amount of general earnings received by an earner from an employment on which he is chargeable to income tax under the employment income Parts of ITEPA 2003 for a tax year.
3
It does not matter whether the relevant retrospective tax provision was passed or made before the commencement day.
4
Regulations under this section may, in particular, make provision—
a
modifying any provision of any enactment (including this Act and any enactment passed or made on or after the commencement day);
b
for any provision of any such enactment to apply in such cases, and with such modifications (if any), as the regulations may prescribe.
5
Regulations under this section may be made so as to have retrospective effect but must not have effect in relation to any time before 2nd December 2004.
6
In particular, regulations under this section made by virtue of subsection (5)—
a
may affect matters determined before the time when the regulations are made, and
b
may provide for those matters to be redetermined accordingly.
7
Regulations under this section—
a
may not impose any liability to pay a Class 1A contribution, and
b
may not increase the amount of any Class 1A contribution.
8
The powers conferred by this section are without prejudice to—
a
any liability to pay a Class 1A contribution which arises by virtue of any relevant retrospective tax provision, and
b
any powers conferred by or by virtue of any other provision of this Act or any other enactment.
9
In particular, any modification of any provision of an instrument by regulations under this section is without prejudice to any other power to amend or revoke the provisions of the instrument (including the modified provision).
10
For the purposes of this section—
“the commencement day” means the day on which the National Insurance Contributions Act 2006 was passed;
“enactment” includes an instrument made under an Act.
F22Class 1B contributions
S. 10A and cross-heading inserted (8.9.1998 for specified purposes, 6.4.1999 in so far as not already in force) by Social Security Act 1998 (c. 14), ss. 53, 87(2); S.I. 1998/2209, art. 2(b)(c), Sch. Pts. 2, 3
10AF22Class 1B contributions
1
Where for any tax year a person is accountable to the Inland Revenue in respect of income tax on F88general earnings of his employees in accordance with a PAYE settlement agreement, a Class 1B contribution shall be payable by him for that tax year in accordance with this section.
2
The Class 1B contribution referred to in subsection (1) above is payable in respect of—
a
the amount of any of F89the general earnings included in the PAYE settlement agreement which are chargeable emoluments; and
b
the total amount of income tax in respect of which the person is accountable for the tax year in accordance with the PAYE settlement agreement.
3
The amount of the Class 1B contribution referred to in subsection (1) above shall be the Class 1B percentage of the aggregate of the amounts mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (2) above.
4
F90General earnings are chargeable emoluments for the purposes of subsection (2) above if, apart from section F1046(2) or 10(6) above, the person accountable in accordance with the PAYE settlement agreement would be liable or entitled to pay secondary Class 1 contributions or Class 1A contributions in respect of them.
5
Where—
a
the PAYE settlement agreement was entered into after the beginning of the tax year; and
b
Class 1 contributions were due in respect of any F91general earnings before it was entered into,
those F91general earnings shall not be taken to be included in the PAYE settlement agreement.
F506
In subsection (3) above “the Class 1B percentage” means a percentage rate equal to F56the secondary percentage for the tax year in question.
7
F51The Treasury may by regulations provide for persons to be excepted in prescribed circumstances from liability to pay Class 1B contributions.
Class 2 contributions
F15611Class 2 contributions
1
This section applies if an earner is in employment as a self-employed earner in a tax year (the “relevant tax year”).
2
If the earner has relevant profits of, or exceeding, the small profits threshold, the earner is liable to pay Class 2 contributions for the relevant tax year at the rate of £2.80 in respect of each week in that year that the earner is in the employment.
3
“Relevant profits” means profits, from the employment, in respect of which Class 4 contributions are payable under section 15 for the relevant tax year (or would be payable if the amount of the profits were to exceed the amount specified in subsection (3)(a) of that section in excess of which the main Class 4 percentage is payable).
4
The “small profits threshold” is £5,965.
5
Class 2 contributions under subsection (2) are to be payable in the same manner that Class 4 contributions in respect of relevant profits are, or would be, payable (but see section 11A for the application of certain provisions in relation to such Class 2 contributions).
6
If the earner does not have relevant profits of, or exceeding, the small profits threshold, the earner may pay a Class 2 contribution of £2.80 in respect of any week in the relevant tax year that the earner is in the employment.
7
No Class 2 contributions are to be paid under this section in respect of any week in the relevant tax year—
a
before that in which the earner attains the age of 16, or
b
after that in which the earner attains pensionable age.
8
The Treasury may by regulations make provision so that, in relation to an earner, the Class 2 contribution in respect of a week is higher than that specified in subsections (2) and (6) where—
a
in respect of any employment of the earner, the earner is treated by regulations made under section 2(2)(b) as being a self-employed earner, and
b
in any period or periods the earner has earnings from that employment and—
i
those earnings are such that (disregarding their amount) the earner would be liable for Class 1 contributions in respect of them if the earner were not so treated in respect of the employment, and
ii
no Class 4 contribution is payable in respect of the earnings by virtue of regulations under section 18(1).
9
The Treasury may by regulations—
a
modify the meaning of “relevant profits”;
b
provide that Class 2 contributions under subsection (6) may not be paid—
i
if the employment or the earner is of a prescribed description, or
ii
in prescribed circumstances.
10
Regulations under subsection (9)(a) may amend this section.
11
Regulations under subsection (9)(b) are to be made with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.
11AF156Application of certain provisions of the Income Tax Acts in relation to Class 2 contributions under section 11(2)
1
The following provisions apply, with the necessary modifications, in relation to Class 2 contributions under section 11(2) as if those contributions were income tax chargeable under Chapter 2 of Part 2 of the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 in respect of profits of a trade, profession or vocation which is not carried on wholly outside the United Kingdom—
a
Part 2 (returns), Part 4 (assessment and claims), Part 5 (appeals), Part 5A (payment of tax), Part 6 (collection and recovery) and Part 10 (penalties) of the Taxes Management Act 1970;
b
Schedule 24 to the Finance Act 2007 (penalties for errors);
c
sections 101 and 102 of the Finance Act 2009 (interest);
d
Schedules 55 and 56 to that Act (penalties for failure to make returns etc or for failure to make payments on time);
e
Part 4 (follower notices and accelerated payments) and Part 5 (promoters of tax avoidance schemes) of the Finance Act 2014;
f
any other provisions of the Income Tax Acts as to assessment, collection, repayment or recovery.
2
But section 59A of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (payments on account) does not apply in relation to Class 2 contributions under section 11(2).
3
This section and section 11(5) are subject to any contrary provision in regulations made under Schedule 1 in relation to Class 2 contributions under section 11(2).
12 Late paid Class 2 contributions.
1
This section applies to any Class 2 contribution F157under section 11(6) paid in respect of a week falling within a tax year (“the contribution year") earlier than the tax year in which it is paid (“the payment year").
2
Subject to subsections (3) F158and (4) below, the amount of a contribution to which this section applies shall be the amount which the earner would have had to pay if he had paid the contribution in the contribution year.
3
Subject to subsections F159(4) and (6) below, in any case where—
a
the earner pays an ordinary contribution to which this section applies after the end of the tax year immediately following the contribution year; and
b
the weekly rate of ordinary contributions for the week in respect of which the contribution was payable in the contribution year differs from the weekly rate applicable at the time of payment in the payment year,
the amount of the contribution shall be computed by reference to the highest weekly rate of ordinary contributions in the period beginning with the week in respect of which the contribution is paid and ending with the day on which it is paid.
4
The F23Treasury may by regulations direct that subsection (3) above shall have effect in relation to a higher-rate contribution to which this section applies subject to such modifications as may be prescribed.
F1605
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
The F23Treasury may by regulations provide that the amount of any contribution which, apart from the regulations, would fall to be computed in accordance with subsection (3) F161... above shall instead be computed by reference to a tax year not earlier than the contribution year but earlier—
F163b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1647
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Class 3 contributions
13 Class 3 contributions.
C8C10C41
F24The Treasury shall by regulations provide for earners and others, if over the age of 16, to be entitled if they so wish, but subject to any prescribed conditions, to pay Class 3 contributions; and, subject to the following provisions of this section, the amount of a Class 3 contribution shall be F179£14.10.
2
Payment of Class 3 contributions shall be allowed only with a view to enabling the contributor to satisfy contribution conditions of entitlement to benefit by acquiring the requisite earnings factor for the purposes described in section 22 below.
3
F25 The Secretary of State may by regulations provide for Class 3 contributions, although paid in one tax year, to be appropriated in prescribed circumstances to the earnings factor of another tax year.
4
The amount of a Class 3 contribution in respect of a tax year earlier than the tax year in which it is paid shall be the same as if it had been paid in the earlier year and in respect of that year, unless it falls to be calculated in accordance with subsection (6) below or regulations under subsection (7) below.
5
In this section—
“the payment year” means the tax year in which a contribution is paid; and
“the contribution year” means the earlier year mentioned in subsection (4) above.
6
Subject to subsection (7) below, in any case where—
a
a Class 3 contribution is paid after the end of the next tax year but one following the contribution year; and
b
the amount of a Class 3 contribution applicable had the contribution been paid in the contribution year differs from the amount of a Class 3 contribution applicable at the time of payment in the payment year,
the amount of the contribution shall be computed by reference to the highest of those two amounts and of any other amount of a Class 3 contribution in the intervening period.
7
The F26Treasury may by regulations provide that the amount of a contribution which apart from the regulations would fall to be computed in accordance with subsection (6) above shall instead be computed by reference to the amount of a Class 3 contribution for a tax year earlier than the payment year but not earlier than the contribution year.
13AF132Right to pay additional Class 3 contributions in certain cases
1
An eligible person is entitled, if he so wishes, but subject to any conditions prescribed by regulations made by the Treasury and to the following provisions of this section, to pay Class 3 contributions in respect of a missing year.
2
A missing year is a tax year not earlier than 1975-76 in respect of which the person would under regulations under section 13 be entitled to pay Class 3 contributions but for a limit on the time within which contributions may be paid in respect of that year.
3
A person is not entitled to pay contributions in respect of more than 6 tax years under this section.
4
A person is not entitled to pay any contribution under this section after the end of 6 years beginning with the day on which he attains pensionable age.
5
A person is an eligible person if the following conditions are satisfied.
6
The first condition is that the person attained or will attain pensionable age in the period—
a
beginning with 6th April 2008, and
b
ending with 5th April 2015.
7
The second condition is that there are at least 20 tax years each of which is a year to which subsection (8) or (10) applies.
8
This subsection applies if—
a
the year is one in respect of which the person has paid or been credited with contributions that are of a relevant class for the purposes of paragraph 5 or 5A of Schedule 3 or been credited (in the case of 1987-88 or any subsequent year) with earnings, and
b
in the case of that year, the earnings factor derived as mentioned in subsection (9) is not less than the qualifying earnings factor for that year.
9
For the purposes of subsection (8)(b) the earnings factor—
a
in the case of 1987-88 or any subsequent year, is that which is derived from—
i
so much of the person's earnings as did not exceed the upper earnings limit and upon which such of the contributions mentioned in subsection (8)(a) as are primary Class 1 contributions were paid or treated as paid or earnings credited, and
ii
any Class 2 or Class 3 contributions for the year, or
b
in the case of any earlier year, is that which is derived from the contributions mentioned in subsection (8)(a).
10
This subsection applies (in the case of a person who attained or will attain pensionable age before 6th April 2010) if the year is one in which the person was precluded from regular employment by responsibilities at home within the meaning of regulations under paragraph 5(7) of Schedule 3.
11
The third condition applies only if the person attained or will attain pensionable age before 6th April 2010.
12
That condition is that—
a
the person has, in respect of any one tax year before that in which he attains pensionable age, actually paid contributions that are of a relevant class for the purposes of paragraph 5 of Schedule 3, and
b
in the case of that year, the earnings factor derived as mentioned in subsection (13) is not less than the qualifying earnings factor for that year.
13
For the purposes of subsection (12)(b) the earnings factor—
a
in the case of 1987-88 or any subsequent year, is that which is derived from—
i
so much of the person's earnings as did not exceed the upper earnings limit and upon which such of the contributions mentioned in subsection (12)(a) as are primary Class 1 contributions were paid or treated as paid, and
ii
any Class 2 or Class 3 contributions for the year, or
b
in the case of any earlier year, is that which is derived from the contributions mentioned in subsection (12)(a).
14 Restriction on right to pay Class 3 contributions.
1
No person shall be entitled to pay a Class 3 contribution in respect of any tax year if his earnings factor, or the aggregate of his earnings factors, for that year derived—
a
in the case of 1987-88 or any subsequent year, from earnings upon which Class 1 contributions have been paid or treated as paid or from Class 2 contributions actually paid; or
b
in the case of any earlier year, from contributions actually paid,
is equal to or exceeds the qualifying earnings factor for that year; and regulations may provide for precluding the payment of Class 3 contributions in other cases.
2
Regulations may provide for the repayment of Class 3 contributions that have been paid in cases where their payment was precluded by, or by regulations made under, subsection (1) above.
3
Contributions repayable by virtue of regulations under subsection (2) above shall, for the purpose of determining the contributor’s entitlement to any benefit, be treated as not having been paid (but nothing in this subsection shall be taken to imply that any other repayable contributions are to be treated for the purposes of benefit as having been paid).
F274
Where primary Class 1 contributions have been paid or treated as paid on any part of a person’s earnings, subsection (1)(a) above shall have effect as if such contributions had been paid or treated as paid on so much of those earnings as did not exceed the upper earnings limit.
F285
Regulations under subsection (1) or (2) above shall be made by the Treasury.
F187Class 3A contributions
Ss. 14A-14C and cross-heading inserted (1.10.2014 for specified purposes, 12.10.2015 in so far as not already in force) by Pensions Act 2014 (c. 19), s. 56(1), Sch. 15 para. 3 (with Sch. 15 para. 4); S.I. 2014/2377, art. 2(1)(a)(ii)(3)(d)(i); S.I. 2015/1475, art. 3(b)
14AClass 3A contributions in return for units of additional pension
F1911
An eligible person is entitled to pay a Class 3A contribution before the cut-off date, in return for a unit of additional pension.
1A
The cut-off date is—
a
5th April 2017, or
b
if later the end of the 30-day period beginning with the day on which the person is sent information about Class 3A contributions by Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs in response to a request made before 6th April 2017.
2
A person is eligible to pay a Class 3A contribution if the person—
a
is entitled to a Category A, Category B or Category D retirement pension or graduated retirement benefit, or
b
has deferred entitlement to a Category A or Category B retirement pension or graduated retirement benefit.
3
The amount of a Class 3A contribution needed to obtain a unit of additional pension is to be determined in accordance with regulations made by the Treasury.
4
Before making those regulations the Treasury must consult the Government Actuary or the Deputy Government Actuary.
5
A person—
a
may pay Class 3A contributions on more than one occasion, but
b
may not obtain more than the maximum number of units of additional pension.
6
The maximum number of units of additional pension that a person may obtain is to be specified by the Treasury in regulations.
7
In this section “deferred”, in relation to graduated retirement benefit, has the meaning given by section 36(4A) of the National Insurance Act 1965.
8
For the meaning of “deferred” in relation to a Category A or Category B retirement pension, see section 55(3) of this Act.
14BClass 3A contributions: repayment
1
The Treasury may by regulations provide for a Class 3A contribution to be repaid in specified circumstances.
2
Regulations under subsection (1) may, in particular, make provision about applications for repayments and other procedural matters.
3
A person is to be treated as never having had a unit of additional pension if the Class 3A contribution paid in respect of it is repaid.
4
Regulations under subsection (1) may provide for benefits paid to a person because of the unit of additional pension to be recovered by deducting them from the repayment.
14CClass 3A contributions: power to change eligibility or remove the option to pay
1
The Treasury may by regulations change who is eligible to pay Class 3A contributions.
2
The Treasury may by regulations remove the option for people to pay Class 3A contributions.
3
Regulations under this section may, in particular, amend an Act.
Class 4 contributions
15 Class 4 contributions recoverable under the Income Tax Acts.
1
Class 4 contributions shall be payable for any tax year in respect of all F106profits which—
a
are immediately derived from the carrying on or exercise of one or more trades, professions or vocations, F107...
b
c
are not profits of a trade, profession or vocation carried on wholly outside the United Kingdom.
2
Class 4 contributions in respect of profits F110... shall be payable—
a
in the same manner as any income tax which is, or would be, chargeable in respect of those profits F110... (whether or not income tax in fact falls to be paid), and
b
by the person on whom the income tax is (or would be) charged,
in accordance with assessments made from time to time under the Income Tax Acts.
C1F573
The amount of a Class 4 contribution under this section for any tax year is equal to the aggregate of—
a
but the figures specified in this subsection are subject to alteration under section 141 of the Administration Act.
3ZA
For the purposes of this Act—
b
the additional Class 4 percentage is F1402 per cent;
but the main Class 4 percentage is subject to alteration under section 143 of the Administration Act.
F363A
Where income tax is (or would be) charged on a member of a limited liability partnership in respect of profits F112... arising from the carrying on of a trade or profession by the limited liability partnership, Class 4 contributions shall be payable by him if they would be payable were the trade or profession carried on in partnership by the members.
F1134
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
For the purposes of this section the year of assessment which corresponds to a tax year is the year of assessment (within the meaning of the Tax Acts) which consists of the same period as that tax year.
16 Application of Income Tax Acts and destination of Class 4 contributions.
1
All the provisions of the Income Tax Acts, including in particular—
a
provisions as to assessment, collection, repayment and recovery, and
F29b
the provisions of Part VA (payment of tax) and Part X (penalties) of the Taxes Management Act 1970,F135and
c
d
the provisions of Part 4 (follower notices and accelerated payments) and Part 5 (promoters of tax avoidance schemes) of the Finance Act 2014,
shall, with the necessary modifications, apply in relation to Class 4 contributions under this Act and the Northern Ireland Contributions and Benefits Act as if those contributions were income tax chargeable under F114Chapter 2 of Part 2 of the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 in respect of the profits of a trade, profession or vocation which is not carried on wholly outside the United Kingdom.
2
Subsection (1) above is subject to any provision made by or under—
a
sections 17(3) and (4) and 18 below;
b
sections 17(3) and (4) and 18 of the Northern Ireland Contributions and Benefits Act; and
c
Schedule 2 to this Act.
3
Schedule 2 to this Act has effect for the application or modification, in relation to Class 4 contributions under this Act and the Northern Ireland Contributions and Benefits Act, of certain provisions of the Income Tax Acts, and the exclusion of other provisions, and generally with respect to the contributions.
F304
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F585
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 Exceptions, deferment and incidental matters relating to Class 4 contributions.
1
F31The Inland Revenue may by regulations provide—
a
for excepting persons from liability to pay Class 4 contributionsF59, or any prescribed part of such contributions, in accordance with sections 15 and 16(1) to (3) above; or
b
for deferring any person’s liability,
F34...
2
Exception from liability, or deferment, under subsection (1) above may, in particular, be by reference—
a
to a person otherwise liable for contributions being under a prescribed age at the beginning of a tax year;
b
to a person having attained pensionable age;
c
to a person being in receipt of earnings in respect of which primary Class 1 contributions are, or may be, payable; or
d
to a person not satisfying prescribed conditions as to residence or presence in the United Kingdom.
3
F32The Inland Revenue may by regulations provide for any incidental matters arising out of the payment of any Class 4 contributions recovered by the Inland Revenue, including in particular the return, in whole or in part, of such contributions in cases where—
a
payment has been made in error; or
b
repayment ought for any other reason to be made.
4
F32The Inland Revenue may by regulations provide for any matters arising out of the deferment of liability F60to pay Class 4 contributions, or any part of such contributions, under subsection (1) above, including in particular provision for the amount of a person’s profits or gains (as computed in accordance with Schedule 2 to this Act) to be certified by the Inland Revenue to F35... the person liable.
F615
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F336
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 Class 4 contributions recoverable under regulations.
C31
F37The Inland Revenue may by regulations make provision so that where—
a
an earner, in respect of any one or more employments of his, is treated by regulations under section 2(2)(b) above as being self-employed; and
b
in any tax year he has earnings from any such employment (one or more) which fall within paragraph (b)(i) of F167subsection (8) of section 11 above but is not liable for a higher weekly rate of Class 2 contributions by virtue of regulations under that subsection; and
c
the total of those earnings exceeds F182£8,060,
he is to be liable, in respect of those earnings, to pay a Class 4 contribution F63....
F621A
The amount of a Class 4 contribution payable by virtue of regulations under this section is equal to the aggregate of—
a
b
the additional Class 4 percentage of so much of that total as exceeds F184£42,385;
but the figures specified in this subsection are subject to alteration under section 141 of the Administration Act.
2
F39In relation to Class 4 contributions payable by virtue of regulations under this section, F38regulations made by the Inland Revenue may—
a
apply any of the provisions of Schedule 1 to this Act (except a provision conferring power to make regulations); and
b
make any such provision as may be made by regulations under that Schedule, except paragraph 6 F105or 7BZA.
18AF148Class 4 contributions: partnerships
1
The Treasury may by regulations—
a
modify the way in which liabilities for Class 4 contributions of a partner in a firm are determined, or
b
otherwise modify the law relating to Class 4 contributions,
as they consider appropriate to take account of the passing or making of a provision of the Income Tax Acts relating to firms or partners in firms.
2
“Firm” has the same meaning as in the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 (and includes a limited liability partnership in relation to which section 863(1) of that Act applies); and “partner” is to be read accordingly and includes a former partner.
3
Regulations under this section may have retrospective effect; but they may not have effect before the beginning of the tax year in which they are made.
General
19 General power to regulate liability for contributions.
1
Regulations may provide either generally or in relation to—
a
any prescribed category of earners; or
b
earners in any prescribed category of employments,
that their liability in a particular tax year in respect of contributions of prescribed classesF64, or any prescribed part of such contributions, is not to exceed such maximum amount or amounts as may be prescribed.
2
Regulations made for the purposes of subsection (1) above may provide—
a
for an earner whose liability is subject to a maximum prescribed under that subsection to be liable in the first instance for the full amount of any contributions due from him apart from the regulations, or to be relieved from liability for such contributions in prescribed circumstances and to the prescribed extent; and
b
for contributions paid in excess of any such maximum to be repaid at such times, and in accordance with such conditions, as may be prescribed.
3
Regulations may provide, in relation to earners otherwise liable for contributions of any class F65or any part of such contributions, for excepting them from the liability for such periods, and in such circumstances, as may be prescribed.
4
As respects any woman who was married or a widow on 6th April 1977 (the date of the coming into force of the repeal of the old provisions that primary Class 1 contributions might be paid at a reduced rate and Class 2 contributions need not be paid by a married woman or a widow) regulations shall provide—
a
for enabling her to elect that F66so much of her liability in respect of primary Class 1 contributions as is attributable to section 8(1)(a) above shall be a liability to contribute at such reduced rate as may be prescribed; and
b
either for enabling her to elect that her liability in respect of Class 2 contributions shall be a liability to contribute at such reduced rate as may be prescribed or for enabling her to elect that she shall be under no liability to pay such contributions; and
c
for enabling her to revoke any such election.
5
Regulations under subsection (4) above may—
a
provide for the making or revocation of any election under the regulations to be subject to prescribed exceptions and conditions;
b
preclude a person who has made such an election from paying Class 3 contributions while the election has effect;
c
provide for treating an election made or revoked for the purpose of any provision of the regulations as made or revoked also for the purpose of any other provision of the regulations;
d
provide for treating an election made in accordance with regulations under section 130(2) of the 1975 Act as made for the purpose of regulations under subsection (4) above.
F405A
Regulations under any of subsections (1) to (5) above shall be made by the Treasury.
6
F41The Secretary of State may by regulations provide for earnings factors to be derived, for such purposes as may be prescribed, as follows, that is to say—
a
in the case of earnings factors for 1987-88 or any subsequent tax year—
i
from earnings upon which primary Class 1 contributions are paid at a reduced rate by virtue of regulations under subsection (4) above; or
ii
from Class 2 contributions paid at a reduced rate by virtue of such regulations; and
b
in the case of earnings factors for any earlier tax year, from contributions which are paid at a reduced rate by virtue of regulations under subsection (4) above;
and if provision is made for a person to have earnings factors so derived for the purpose of establishing entitlement to any benefit, the regulations may, in relation to that person, vary or add to the requirements for entitlement to that benefit.
19AF45Class 1, 1A or 1B contributions paid in error
1
This section applies where—
a
payments by way of Class 1, Class 1A or Class 1B contributions are made in respect of earnings paid to or for the benefit of an earner (or in respect of a benefit made available to an earner) in 1998-99 or a subsequent tax year (“year 1”);
b
the payments are made in error, in that the employment from which the earnings are derived (or by reason of which the benefit is made available) is not employed earner’s employment; and
c
the person making the payments has not been notified of the error by the F42Inland Revenue before the end of the tax year following year 1 (“year 2”).
2
After the end of year 2 the earner shall, except in such circumstances as may be prescribed, be treated for all purposes relating to—
a
contributions and contributory benefits; and
b
statutory sick pay and statutory maternity pay,
as if the earnings were derived from (or the benefit were made available by reason of) employed earner’s employment.
F1423
Regulations under subsection (2) above shall be made by the Treasury.
Pt. 1 modified (2.4.1999) by The New Deal (25 plus) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999/779), arts. 1(1), 2