In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires—

• “damage” includes loss;

• “discharge or escape”, in relation to pollution damage, means the discharge or escape of oil from the ship;

• “guarantor” means any person providing insurance or other financial security to cover the owner’s liability of the kind described in section 163;

• “incident” means any occurrence, or series of occurrences having the same origin, resulting in a discharge or escape of oil from a ship or in a relevant threat of contamination;

• “oil”, except in sections 173 and 174, means persistent hydrocarbon mineral oil;

• “owner” means the person or persons registered as the owner of the ship or, in the absence of registration, the person or persons owning the ship, except that, in relation to a ship owned by a State which is operated by a person registered as the ship’s operator, it means the person registered as its operator;

• “pollution damage” means—

  1. a

     damage caused outside a ship by contamination resulting from a discharge or escape of oil from the ship,

  2. b

     the cost of preventive measures, and

  3. c

     further damage caused by preventive measures,

  but does not include any damage attributable to any impairment of the environment except to the extent that any such damage consists of—

  1. i

     any loss of profits, or

  2. ii

     the cost of any reasonable measures of reinstatement actually taken or to be taken;

• “preventive measures” means any reasonable measures taken by any person to prevent or minimise pollution damage, being measures taken—

  1. a

     after an incident has occurred, or

  2. b

     in the case of an incident consisting of a series of occurrences, after the first of those occurrences;

• “relevant threat of contamination” means a grave and imminent threat of damage being caused outside a ship by contamination resulting from a discharge or escape of oil from the ship; and

• “ship” means any ship (within the meaning of Chapter III of this Part) to which section 153 applies.

References in this Chapter to the territory of any country shall be construed in accordance with section 170(4) reading the reference to a Liability Convention country as a reference to a Fund Convention country.