100.Sections 9 and 10 provide powers for the First-tier and Upper Tribunals to review their own decisions without the need for a full onward appeal and, where the tribunal concludes that an error was made, to re-decide the matter. This is intended to capture decisions that are clearly wrong, so avoiding the need for an appeal. The power has been provided in the form of a discretionary power for the Tribunal so that only appropriate decisions are reviewed. This contrasts with cases where an appeal on a point of law is made, because, for instance, it is important to have an authoritative ruling.
101.Under section 9, the First-tier Tribunal may review a decision made within the tribunal, either of its own initiative or on application by any party who has a right of appeal in respect of the decision. The tribunal has the power to correct accidental errors in the decision or in a record of the decision, amend the reasons given for the decision or set aside the decision. If a decision of the First-tier Tribunal is set aside by the First-tier Tribunal, it must either re-decide the matter concerned, or refer the matter to the Upper Tribunal. If the latter option is taken, the Upper Tribunal will then be responsible for re-deciding the matter.
102.No decision of the First-tier Tribunal may be reviewed more than once, and a decision of the tribunal not to review a decision is not reviewable or appealable. Further challenge of a decision beyond the single review may only be made by appeal on a point of law.
103.Section 10 provides corresponding review powers for the Upper Tribunal - the only difference being that if the decision is set aside by the Upper Tribunal, it must then re-decide the matter concerned (subsection (5)).
104.Sections 9(3) and 10(3) enable these wide review powers to be limited by making them subject to Tribunal Procedure Rules. They allow Rules to:
exclude from review decisions of a description specified in the rules, whether by the tribunal of its own initiative, or on application by the parties;
for decisions of a description specified in the rules, only allow review by the tribunal of its own initiative;
specify in the rules the grounds on which an application for review may be brought and the grounds on which the tribunal can review of its own initiative. These could be the same or different grounds (e.g. there may be no specified grounds for the tribunal to review of its own initiative, but specified grounds upon which a party could make an application).
105.In summary, an exclusion or ground specified in the Rules may apply only to applications from parties or also to the tribunal acting of its own initiative (e.g. rules may state that parties in social security cases are excluded from applying for review but the tribunal may review of its own initiative in such cases).