92.Section 11 applies to any warranty or other term which can be seen to relate to a particular type of loss, or the risk of loss at a particular time or in a particular place. In the event of non-compliance with such a term, it is intended that the insurer should not be able to rely on that non-compliance to escape liability unless the non-compliance could potentially have had some bearing on the risk of the loss which actually occurred.
93.Section 11(1) refers to contractual terms which, if complied with, “would tend to reduce the risk” of loss of a particular kind, or loss at a particular location or time. This is intended to enable an objective assessment of the “purpose” of the provision, by considering what sorts of loss might be less likely to occur as a consequence of the term being complied with.
94.Section 11(1) does not apply only to warranties and may catch other types of contractual provision such as conditions precedent or exclusion clauses – provided those terms relate to a particular type of loss or loss at a particular location or time. Section 11 does not apply to clauses which define the risk as a whole. This is expected to include, for example, a requirement that a property or vehicle is not to be used commercially.
95.If a loss occurs and a contractual term to which section 11 applies has not been complied with, sections 11(2) and 11(3) mean that the insurer cannot rely on that non-compliance to avoid or limit its liability for the loss, if the insured shows that the non-compliance could not have increased the risk of the loss which actually occurred in the circumstances in which it actually occurred. For example, where a property has been damaged by flooding, it is expected that an insured could show that a failure to use the required type of lock on a window could not have increased the risk of that loss. In this case the insurer should pay out on the flood claim.
96.A direct causal link between the breach and the ultimate loss is not required. That is, the relevant test is not whether the non-compliance actually caused or contributed to the loss which has been suffered.
97.Section 11(4) provides that sections 10 and 11 may apply together. This will only arise where the relevant term is found to be a warranty, because section 10 only applies to warranties.
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