Part I General Principles as to Legal Estates, Equitable Interests and Powers
1 Legal estates and equitable interests.
(1)
The only estates in land which are capable of subsisting or of being conveyed or created at law are—
(a)
An estate in fee simple absolute in possession;
(b)
A term of years absolute.
(2)
The only interests or charges in or over land which are capable of subsisting or of being conveyed or created at law are—
(a)
An easement, right, or privilege in or over land for an interest equivalent to an estate in fee simple absolute in possession or a term of years absolute;
(b)
A rentcharge in possession issuing out of or charged on land being either perpetual or for a term of years absolute;
(c)
A charge by way of legal mortgage;
(d)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F1 and any other similar charge on land which is not created by an instrument;
(e)
Rights of entry exercisable over or in respect of a legal term of years absolute, or annexed, for any purpose, to a legal rentcharge.
(3)
All other estates, interests, and charges in or over land take effect as equitable interests.
(4)
The estates, interests, and charges which under this section are authorised to subsist or to be conveyed or created at law are (when subsisting or conveyed or created at law) in this Act referred to as “legal estates,” and have the same incidents as legal estates subsisting at the commencement of this Act; and the owner of a legal estate is referred to as “an estate owner” and his legal estate is referred to as his estate.
(5)
A legal estate may subsist concurrently with or subject to any other legal estate in the same land in like manner as it could have done before the commencement of this Act.
(6)
A legal estate is not capable of subsisting or of being created in an undivided share in land or of being held by an infant.
(7)
Every power of appointment over, or power to convey or charge land or any interest therein, whether created by a statute or other instrument or implied by law, and whether created before or after the commencement of this Act (not being a power vested in a legal mortgagee or an estate owner in right of his estate and exercisable by him or by another person in his name and on his behalf), operates only in equity.
(8)
Estates, interests, and charges in or over land which are not legal estates are in this Act referred to as “equitable interests,” and powers which by this Act are to operate in equity only are in this Act referred to as “equitable powers.”
(9)
The provisions in any statute or other instrument requiring land to be conveyed to uses shall take effect as directions that the land shall (subject to creating or reserving thereout any legal estate authorised by this Act which may be required) be conveyed to a person of full age upon the requisite trusts.
(10)
The repeal of the Statute of Uses (as amended) does not affect the operation thereof in regard to dealings taking effect before the commencement of this Act.
2 Conveyances overreaching certain equitable interests and powers.
(1)
A conveyance to a purchaser of a legal estate in land shall overreach any equitable interest or power affecting that estate, whether or not he has notice thereof, if—
(i)
the conveyance is made under the powers conferred by the M1Settled Land Act, 1925, or any additional powers conferred by a settlement, and the equitable interest or power is capable of being overreached thereby, and the statutory requirements respecting the payment of capital money arising under the settlement are complied with;
(ii)
the conveyance is made by F2trustees of land and the equitable interest or power is at the date of the conveyance capable of being overreached by such trustees under the provisions of subsection (2) of this section or independently of that subsection, and F2the requirements of section 27 of this Act respecting the payment of capital money arising on such a conveyance are complied with;
(iii)
the conveyance is made by a mortgagee or personal representative in the exercise of his paramount powers, and the equitable interest or power is capable of being overreached by such conveyance, and any capital money arising from the transaction is paid to the mortgagee or personal representative;
(iv)
the conveyance is made under an order of the court and the equitable interest or power is bound by such order, and any capital money arising from the transaction is paid into, or in accordance with the order of, the court.
F3(1A)
An equitable interest in land subject to a trust of land which remains in, or is to revert to, the settlor shall (subject to any contrary intention) be overreached by the conveyance if it would be so overreached were it an interest under the trust.
(2)
F4Where the legal estate affected is subject to F5a trust of land, then if at the date of a conveyance made after the commencement of this Act F5by the trustees, the trustees (whether original or substituted) are either—
(a)
two or more individuals approved or appointed by the court or the successors in office of the individuals so approved or appointed; or
(b)
a trust corporation,
F4any equitable interest or power having priority F5to the trust shall, notwithstanding any stipulation to the contrary, be overreached by the conveyance, and shall, according to its priority, take effect as if created or arising by means of a primary trust affecting the proceeds of sale and the income of the land until sale.
(3)
The following equitable interests and powers are excepted from the operation of subsection (2) of this section, namely—
(i)
Any equitable interest protected by a deposit of documents relating to the legal estate affected;
(ii)
The benefit of any covenant or agreement restrictive of the user of land;
(iii)
Any easement, liberty, or privilege over or affecting land and being merely an equitable interest (in this Act referred to as an “equitable easement”);
(iv)
The benefit of any contract (in this Act referred to as an “estate contract”) to convey or create a legal estate, including a contract conferring either expressly or by statutory implication a valid option to purchase, a right of pre-emption, or any other like right;
(v)
Any equitable interest protected by registration under the M2Land Charges Act, 1925, other than—
(a)
an annuity within the meaning of Part II. of that Act;
(b)
a limited owner’s charge or a general equitable charge within the meaning of that Act.
(4)
Subject to the protection afforded by this section to the purchaser of a legal estate, nothing contained in this section shall deprive a person entitled to an equitable charge of any of his rights or remedies for enforcing the same.
(5)
So far as regards the following interests, created before the commencement of this Act (which accordingly are not within the provisions of the M3Land Charges Act, 1925), namely—
(a)
the benefit of any covenant or agreement restrictive of the user of the land;
(b)
any equitable easement;
(c)
the interest under a puisne mortgage within the meaning of the Land Charges Act, 1925, unless and until acquired under a transfer made after the commencement of this Act;
(d)
the benefit of an estate contract, unless and until the same is acquired under a conveyance made after the commencement of this Act;
a purchaser of a legal estate shall only take subject thereto if he has notice thereof, and the same are not overreached under the provisions contained or in the manner referred to in this section.
3 Manner of giving effect to equitable interests and powers.
(1)
All equitable interests and powers in or over land shall be enforceable against the estate owner of the legal estate affected in manner following (that is to say):—
(a)
Where the legal estate affected is settled land, the tenant for life or statutory owner shall be bound to give effect to the equitable interests and powers in manner provided by the M4Settled Land Act, 1925;
F6(b)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c)
F7In any other case, the estate owner shall be bound to give effect to the equitable interests and powers affecting his estate of which he has notice according to their respective priorities. This provision does not affect the priority or powers of a legal mortgagee, or the powers of personal representatives for purposes of administration.
F6(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(3)
Where, by reason . . . F8of an equitable right of entry taking effect, or for any other reason, a person becomes entitled to require a legal estate to be vested in him, then and in any such case the estate owner whose estate is affected shall be bound to convey or create such legal estate as the case may require.
(4)
If any question arises whether any and what legal estate ought to be transferred or created as aforesaid, any person interested may apply to the court for directions in the manner provided by this Act.
(5)
If the F9. . . estate owners refuse or neglect for one month after demand to transfer or create any such legal estate, or if by reason of their being out of the United Kingdom or being unable to be found, or by reason of the dissolution of a corporation, or for any other reason, the court is satisfied that the transaction cannot otherwise be effected, or cannot be effected without undue delay or expense, the court may, on the application of any person interested, make a vesting order transferring or creating a legal estate in the manner provided by this Act.
(6)
This section does not affect a purchaser of a legal estate taking free from an equitable interest or power.
F10(7)
4 Creation and disposition of equitable interests.
(1)
Interests in land validly created or arising after the commencement of this Act, which are not capable of subsisting as legal estates, shall take effect as equitable interests, and, save as otherwise expressly provided by statute, interests in land which under the Statute of Uses or otherwise could before the commencement of this Act have been created as legal interests, shall be capable of being created as equitable interests:
Provided that, after the commencement of this Act (and save as hereinafter expressly enacted), an equitable interest in land shall only be capable of being validly created in any case in which an equivalent equitable interest in property real or personal could have been validly created before such commencement.
(2)
All rights and interests in land may be disposed of, including—
(a)
a contingent, executory or future equitable interest in any land, or a possibility coupled with an interest in any land, whether or not the object of the gift or limitation of such interest or possibility be ascertained;
(b)
a right of entry, into or upon land whether immediate or future, and whether vested or contingent.
(3)
All rights of entry affecting a legal estate which are exercisable on condition broken or for any other reason may after the commencement of this Act, be made exercisable by any person and the persons deriving title under himF13....
5 Satisfied terms, whether created out of freehold or leasehold land to cease.
(1)
Where the purposes of a term of years created or limited at any time out of freehold land, become satisfied either before or after the commencement of this Act (whether or not that term either by express declaration or by construction of law becomes attendant upon the freehold reversion) it shall merge in the reversion expectant thereon and shall cease accordingly.
(2)
Where the purposes of a term of years created or limited, at any time, out of leasehold land, become satisfied after the commencement of this Act, that term shall merge in the reversion expectant thereon and shall cease accordingly.
(3)
Where the purposes are satisfied only as respects part of the land comprised in a term, this section shall have effect as if a separate term had been created in regard to that part of the land.
6 Saving of lessors’ and lessees’ covenants.
(1)
Nothing in this Part of this Act affects prejudicially the right to enforce any lessor’s or lessee’s covenants, agreements or conditions (including a valid option to purchase or right of pre-emption over the reversion), contained in any such instrument as is in this section mentioned, the benefit or burden of which runs with the reversion or the term.
(2)
This section applies where the covenant, agreement or condition is contained in any instrument—
(a)
creating a term of years absolute, or
(b)
varying the rights of the lessor or lessee under the instrument creating the term.
7 Saving of certain legal estates and statutory powers.
(1)
A fee simple which, by virtue of the Lands Clauses Acts, . . . F14 or any similar statute, is liable to be divested, is for the purposes of this Act a fee simple absolute, and remains liable to be divested as if this Act had not been passed F15and a fee simple subject to a legal or equitable right of entry or re-entry is for the purposes of this Act a fee simple absolute.
(2)
A fee simple vested in a corporation which is liable to determine by reason of the dissolution of the corporation is, for the purposes of this Act, a fee simple absolute.
(3)
The provisions of—
(a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F16
(b)
the Friendly Societies Act, 1896, in regard to land to which that Act applies;
(c)
any other statutes conferring special facilities or prescribing special modes (whether by way of registered memorial or otherwise) for disposing of or acquiring land, or providing for the vesting (by conveyance or otherwise) of the land in trustees or any person, or the holder for the time being of an office or any corporation sole or aggregate (including the Crown);
shall remain in full force.
F17. . ..
(4)
Where any such power for disposing of or creating a legal estate is exercisable by a person who is not the estate owner, the power shall, when practicable, be exercised in the name and on behalf of the estate owner.
8 Saving of certain legal powers to lease.
(1)
All leases or tenancies at a rent for a term of years absolute authorised to be granted by a mortgagor or mortgagee or by the M5Settled Land Act, 1925, or any other statute (whether or not extended by any instrument) may be granted in the name and on behalf of the estate owner by the person empowered to grant the same, whether being an estate owner or not, with the same effect and priority as if this Part of this Act had not been passed; but this section does not (except as respects the usual qualified covenant for quiet enjoyment) authorise any person granting a lease in the name of an estate owner to impose any personal liability on him.
(2)
Where a rentcharge is held for a legal estate, the owner thereof may under the statutory power or under any corresponding power, create a legal term of years absolute for securing or compelling payment of the same; but in other cases terms created under any such power shall, unless and until the estate owner of the land charged gives legal effect to the transaction, take effect only as equitable interests.
9 Vesting orders and dispositions of legal estates operating as conveyances by an estate owner.
(1)
Every such order, declaration, or conveyance as is hereinafter mentioned, namely—
(a)
every vesting order made by any court or other competent authority;
(b)
every vesting declaration (express or implied) under any statutory power;
(c)
every vesting instrument made by the trustees of a settlement or other persons under the provisions of the M6Settled Land Act, 1925;
(d)
every conveyance by a person appointed for the purpose under an order of the court or authorised under any statutory power to convey in the name or on behalf of an estate owner;
(e)
every conveyance made under any power reserved or conferred by this Act,
which is made or executed for the purpose of vesting, conveying, or creating a legal estate, shall operate to convey or create the legal estate disposed of in like manner as if the same had been a conveyance executed by the estate owner of the legal estate to which the order, declaration, vesting instrument, or conveyance relates.
(2)
Where the order, declaration, or conveyance is made in favour of a purchaser, the provisions of this Act relating to a conveyance of a legal estate to a purchaser shall apply thereto.
(3)
The provisions of the M7Trustee Act, 1925, relating to vesting orders and orders appointing a person to convey shall apply to all vesting orders authorised to be made by this Part of this Act.
10 Title to be shown to legal estates.
(1)
Where title is shown to a legal estate in land, it shall be deemed not necessary or proper to include in the abstract of title an instrument relating only to interests or powers which will be over-reached by the conveyance of the estate to which title is being shown; but nothing in this Part of this Act affects the liability of any person to disclose an equitable interest or power which will not be so over-reached, or to furnish an abstract of any instrument creating or affecting the same.
(2)
A solicitor delivering an abstract framed in accordance with this Part of this Act shall not incur any liability on account of an omission to include therein an instrument which, under this section, is to be deemed not necessary or proper to be included, nor shall any liability be implied by reason of the inclusion of any such instrument.
11 Registration in Middlesex and Yorkshire as respects legal estates.
(1)
It shall not be necessary to register a memorial of any instrument made after the commencement of this Act in any local deeds registry unless the instrument operates to transfer or create a legal estate, or to create a charge thereon by way of legal mortgage; nor shall the registration of a memorial of any instrument not required to be registered affect any priority.
(2)
Probates and letters of administration shall be treated as instruments capable of transferring a legal estate to personal representatives.
(3)
Memorials of all instruments capable of transferring or creating a legal estate or charge by way of legal mortgage, may, when so operating, be registered.
12 Limitation and Prescription Acts.
Nothing in this Part of this Act affects the operation of any statute, or of the general law for the limitation of actions or proceedings relating to land or with reference to the acquisition of easements or rights over or in respect of land.
13 Effect of possession of documents.
This Act shall not prejudicially affect the right or interest of any person arising out of or consequent on the possession by him of any documents relating to a legal estate in land, nor affect any question arising out of or consequent upon any omission to obtain or any other absence of possession by any person of any documents relating to a legal estate in land.
14 Interests of persons in possession.
This Part of this Act shall not prejudicially affect the interest of any person in possession or in actual occupation of land to which he may be entitled in right of such possession or occupation.
15 Presumption that parties are of full age.
The persons expressed to be parties to any conveyance shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to be of full age at the date thereof.
Death Duties
16–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F18
Infants and Lunatics
F1919. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 Infants not to be appointed trustees.
The appointment of an infant to be a trustee in relation to any settlement or trust shall be void, but without prejudice to the power to appoint a new trustee to fill the vacancy.
21 Receipts by married infants.
A married infant shall have power to give valid receipts for all income (including statutory accumulations of income made during the minority) to which the infant may be entitled in like manner as if the infant were of full age.
F2022 Conveyances on behalf of persons suffering from mental disorder and as to land held by them F21in trust.
(1)
Where a legal estate in land (whether settled or not) is vested F22, either solely or jointly with any other person or persons, in a person lacking capacity (within the meaning of the Mental Capacity Act 2005) to convey or create a legal estate, a deputy appointed for him by the Court of Protection or (if no deputy is appointed for him) any person authorised in that behalf shall, under an order of F23the Court of Protection , or of the court, or under any statutory power, make or concur in making all requisite dispositions for conveying or creating a legal estate in his name and on his behalf.
(2)
If land F21subject to a trust of land is vested, either solely or jointly with any other person or persons, in a person who F24lacks capacity (within the meaning of that Act) to exercise his functions as trustee, a new trustee shall be appointed in the place of that person, or he shall be otherwise discharged from the trust, before the legal estate is dealt with F21by the trustees.
F25(3)
Subsection (2) of this section does not prevent a legal estate being dealt with without the appointment of a new trustee, or the discharge of the incapable trustee, at a time when the donee of F26an enduring power of attorney or lasting power of attorney (within the meaning of the 2005 Act) is entitled to act for the trustee who lacks capacity inrelation to the dealing.
F27. . .
F2823. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F29 Trusts of land
F3024 Appointment of trustees of land.
(1)
The persons having power to appoint new trustees of land shall be bound to appoint the same persons (if any) who are for the time being trustees of any trust of the proceeds of sale of the land.
(2)
A purchaser shall not be concerned to see that subsection (1) of this section has been complied with.
(3)
This section applies whether the trust of land and the trust of proceeds of sale are created, or arise, before or after the commencement of this Act.
F3125. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F3226. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 Purchaser not to be concerned with the trusts of the proceeds of sale which are to be paid to two or more trustees or to a trust corporation.
F33(1)
A purchaser of a legal estate from trustees of land shall not be concerned with the trusts affecting the land, the net income of the land or the proceeds of sale of the land whether or not those trusts are declared by the same instrument as that by which the trust of land is created.
F34(2)
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the instrument (if any) creating a F35trust of land or in F35any trust affecting the net proceeds of sale of the land if it is sold, the proceeds of sale or other capital money shall not be paid to or applied by the direction of fewer than two persons as F35trustees, except where the trustee is a trust corporation, but this subsection does not affect the right of a sole personal representative as such to give valid receipts for, or direct the application of, proceeds of sale or other capital money, nor, except where capital money arises on the transaction, render it necessary to have more than one trustee.
F3628. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F3729. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F3830. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31F39Trust of mortgaged property where right of redemption is barred.
(1)
Where any property, vested in trustees by way of security, becomes, by virtue of the statutes of limitation, or of an order for foreclosure or otherwise, discharged from the right of redemption, it shall be held by them F40in trust—
(a)
to apply the income from the property in the same manner as interest paid on the mortgage debt would have been applicable; and
(b)
if the property is sold, to apply the net proceeds of sale, after payment of costs and expenses, in the same manner as repayment of the mortgage debt would have been applicable.
F41(2)
Subsection (1) of this section operates without prejudice to any rule of law relating to the apportionment of capital and income between tenant for life and remainderman.
F42(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F43(4)
Where—
(a)
the mortgage money is capital money for the purposes of the Settled Land Act 1925;
(b)
land other than any forming the whole or part of the property mentioned in subsection (1) of this section is, or is deemed to be, subject to the settlement; and
(c)
the tenant for life or statutory owner requires the trustees to execute with respect to land forming the whole or part of that property a vesting deed such as would have been required in relation to the land if it had been acquired on a purchase with capital money,
the trustees shall execute such a vesting deed.
(5)
This section applies whether the right of redemption was discharged before or after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and twelve, but has effect without prejudice to any dealings or arrangements made before that date.
F4432. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33 Application of Pt. I. to personal representatives.
Transitional Provisions
39 Transitional provisions in First Schedule.
For the purpose of effecting the transition from the law existing prior to the commencement of the M9Law of Property Act, 1922, to the law enacted by that Act (as amended), the provisions set out in the First Schedule to this Act shall have effect—
(1)
for converting existing legal estates, interests and charges not capable under the said Act of taking effect as legal interests into equitable interests;
(2)
for discharging, getting in or vesting outstanding legal estates;
(3)
for making provision with respect to legal estates vested in infants;
(4)
for subjecting land held in undivided shares to F55trusts;
(5)
for dealing with party structures and open spaces held in common;
(6)
F56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(7)
for converting existing freehold mortgages into mortgages by demise;
(8)
for converting existing leasehold mortgages into mortgages by sub-demise.