The Civil Procedure Rules 1998

[F1 PART 21 E+W CHILDREN AND PROTECTED PARTIES

Textual Amendments

F1 Pt. 21 substituted (1.10.2007) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2007 (S.I. 2007/2204), rule 1, Sch. 2

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 Pt. 21 applied (1.11.2009) by The Water Industry (Special Administration) Rules 2009 (S.I. 2009/2477), rules 2, 97

Contents of this Part

Scope of this Part	Rule 21.1
Requirement for a litigation friend in proceedings by or against children and protected parties	Rule 21.2
Stage of proceedings at which a litigation friend becomes necessary	Rule 21.3
Who may be a litigation friend without a court order	Rule 21.4
How a person becomes a litigation friend without a court order	Rule 21.5
How a person becomes a litigation friend by court order	Rule 21.6
Court’s power to change a litigation friend and to prevent a person acting as a litigation friend	Rule 21.7
Appointment of a litigation friend by court order- supplementary	Rule 21.8
Procedure where appointment of a litigation friend ceases	Rule 21.9
Compromise etc. by or on behalf of a child or protected party	Rule 21.10
Control of money recovered by or on behalf of a child or protected party	Rule 21.11
Expenses incurred by a litigation friend	Rule 21.12
Appointment of a guardian of a child’s estate	Rule 21.13

Scope of this Part E+W

21.1.— (1) This Part—

(a) contains special provisions which apply in proceedings involving children and protected parties;

(b) sets out how a person becomes a litigation friend; and

[F2 (c) does not apply to—

(i) proceedings under Part 75;

(ii) enforcement of specified debts by taking control of goods; or

(iii) applications in relation to enforcement of specified debts by taking control of goods,

where one of the parties to the proceedings is a child.]

(2) In this Part—

(a) ‘the 2005 Act’ means the Mental Capacity Act 2005;

(b) ‘child’ means a person under 18;

(c) ‘lacks capacity’ means lacks capacity within the meaning of the 2005 Act;

(d) ‘protected party’ means a party, or an intended party, who lacks capacity to conduct the proceedings;

(e) ‘protected beneficiary’ means a protected party who lacks capacity to manage and control any money recovered by him or on his behalf or for his benefit in the proceedings[F3 ;]

[F4 (f) “specified debts” has the same meaning as in rule 75.1(2)(e); and

(g) “taking control of goods” means using the procedure to take control of goods contained in Schedule 12 to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007.]

([F5 Rules 6.13 and 6.25 contain] provisions about the service of documents on children and protected parties.)

(Rule [F6 46.4] deals with costs where money is payable by or to a child or protected party.)

Textual Amendments

F2 Rule 21.1(1)(c) substituted (6.4.2014) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/407), rules 2(3), 12(a) (with rule 41)

F3 Rule 21.1(2)(e): semicolon substituted for full stop (6.4.2014) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/407), rules 2(3), 12(b)(i) (with rule 41)

F4 Rule 21.1(2)(f)(g) inserted (6.4.2014) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/407), rules 2(3), 12(b)(ii) (with rule 41)

F5 Words in rule 21.1 substituted (1.10.2008) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2178), rules 1(2), 15(a)

F6 Word in rule 21.1 substituted (1.10.2013) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No.7) Rules 2013 (S.I. 2013/1974), rules 2, 9(a)

Requirement for a litigation friend in proceedings by or against children and protected parties E+W

21.2.— (1) A protected party must have a litigation friend to conduct proceedings on his behalf.

(2) A child must have a litigation friend to conduct proceedings on his behalf unless the court makes an order under paragraph (3).

(3) The court may make an order permitting a child to conduct proceedings without a litigation friend.

(4) An application for an order under paragraph (3)—

(a) may be made by the child;

(b) if the child already has a litigation friend, must be made on notice to the litigation friend; and

(c) if the child has no litigation friend, may be made without notice.

(5) Where—

(a) the court has made an order under paragraph (3); and

(b) it subsequently appears to the court that it is desirable for a litigation friend to conduct the proceedings on behalf of the child,

the court may appoint a person to be the child’s litigation friend.

Stage of proceedings at which a litigation friend becomes necessary E+W

21.3.— (1) This rule does not apply where the court has made an order under rule 21.2(3).

(2) A person may not, without the permission of the court—

(a) make an application against a child or protected party before proceedings have started; or

(b) take any step in proceedings except—

(i) issuing and serving a claim form; or

(ii) applying for the appointment of a litigation friend under rule 21.6,

until the child or protected party has a litigation friend.

(3) If during proceedings a party lacks capacity to continue to conduct proceedings, no party may take any further step in the proceedings without the permission of the court until the protected party has a litigation friend.

(4) Any step taken before a child or protected party has a litigation friend has no effect unless the court orders otherwise.

Who may be a litigation friend without a court order E+W

21.4.— (1) This rule does not apply if the court has appointed a person to be a litigation friend.

(2) A deputy appointed by the Court of Protection under the 2005 Act with power to conduct proceedings on the protected party’s behalf is entitled to be the litigation friend of the protected party in any proceedings to which his power extends.

(3) If nobody has been appointed by the court or, in the case of a protected party, has been appointed as a deputy as set out in paragraph (2), a person may act as a litigation friend if he—

(a) can fairly and competently conduct proceedings on behalf of the child or protected party;

(b) has no interest adverse to that of the child or protected party; and

(c) where the child or protected party is a claimant, undertakes to pay any costs which the child or protected party may be ordered to pay in relation to the proceedings, subject to any right he may have to be repaid from the assets of the child or protected party.

How a person becomes a litigation friend without a court order E+W

21.5.— (1) If the court has not appointed a litigation friend, a person who wishes to act as a litigation friend must follow the procedure set out in this rule.

(2) A deputy appointed by the Court of Protection under the 2005 Act with power to conduct proceedings on the protected party’s behalf must file an official copy^(GL) of the order of the Court of Protection which confers his power to act either—

(a) where the deputy is to act as a litigation friend for a claimant, at the time the claim is made; or

(b) where the deputy is to act as a litigation friend for a defendant, at the time when he first takes a step in the proceedings on behalf of the defendant.

(3) Any other person must file a certificate of suitability stating that he satisfies the conditions specified in rule 21.4(3) either—

(a) where the person is to act as a litigation friend for a claimant, at the time when the claim is made; or

(b) where the person is to act as a litigation friend for a defendant, at the time when he first takes a step in the proceedings on behalf of the defendant.

(4) The litigation friend must—

(a) serve the certificate of suitability on every person on whom, in accordance with rule [F7 6.13] (service on a parent, guardian etc.), the claim form should be served; and

(b) file a certificate of service when [F8 filing] the certificate of suitability.

( [F9 Rules 6.17 and 6.29 set] out the details to be contained in a certificate of service.)

Textual Amendments

F7 Word in rule 21.5(4)(a) substituted (1.10.2008) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2178), rules 1(2), 15(b)(i)

F8 Word in rule 21.5(4)(b) substituted (1.10.2008) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2178), rules 1(2), 15(b)(ii)

F9 Word in rule 21.5 substituted (1.10.2008) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2178), rules 1(2), 15(c)

How a person becomes a litigation friend by court order E+W

21.6.— (1) The court may make an order appointing a litigation friend.

(2) An application for an order appointing a litigation friend may be made by—

(a) a person who wishes to be the litigation friend; or

(b) a party.

(3) Where—

(a) a person makes a claim against a child or protected party;

(b) the child or protected party has no litigation friend;

(c) the court has not made an order under rule 21.2(3) (order that a child can conduct proceedings without a litigation friend); and

(d) either—

(i) someone who is not entitled to be a litigation friend files a defence; or

(ii) the claimant wishes to take some step in the proceedings,

the claimant must apply to the court for an order appointing a litigation friend for the child or protected party.

(4) An application for an order appointing a litigation friend must be supported by evidence.

(5) The court may not appoint a litigation friend under this rule unless it is satisfied that the person to be appointed satisfies the conditions in rule 21.4(3).

Court’s power to change a litigation friend and to prevent person acting as a litigation friend E+W

21.7.— (1) The court may—

(a) direct that a person may not act as a litigation friend;

(b) terminate a litigation friend’s appointment; or

(c) appoint a new litigation friend in substitution for an existing one.

(2) An application for an order under paragraph (1) must be supported by evidence.

(3) The court may not appoint a litigation friend under this rule unless it is satisfied that the person to be appointed satisfies the conditions in rule 21.4(3).

Appointment of a litigation friend by court order – supplementary E+W

21.8.— (1) An application for an order under rule 21.6 or 21.7 must be served on every person on whom, in accordance with rule [F10 6.13] (service on parent, guardian etc.), the claim form must be served.

(2) Where an application for an order under rule 21.6 is in respect of a protected party, the application must also be served on the protected party unless the court orders otherwise.

(3) An application for an order under rule 21.7 must also be served on—

(a) the person who is the litigation friend, or who is purporting to act as the litigation friend, when the application is made; and

(b) the person who it is proposed should be the litigation friend, if he is not the applicant.

(4) On an application for an order under rule 21.6 or 21.7, the court may appoint the person proposed or any other person who satisfies the conditions specified in rule 21.4(3).

Textual Amendments

F10 Word in rule 21.8(1) substituted (1.10.2008) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2008 (S.I. 2008/2178), rules 1(2), 15(d)

Procedure where appointment of a litigation friend ceases E+W

21.9.— (1) When a child who is not a protected party reaches the age of 18, the litigation friend’s appointment ceases.

(2) Where a protected party regains or acquires capacity to conduct the proceedings, the litigation friend’s appointment continues until it is ended by court order.

(3) An application for an order under paragraph (2) may be made by—

(a) the former protected party;

(b) the litigation friend; or

(c) a party.

(4) The child or protected party in respect of whom the appointment to act has ceased must serve notice on the other parties—

(a) stating that the appointment of his litigation friend to act has ceased;

(b) giving his address for service; and

(c) stating whether or not he intends to carry on the proceedings.

(5) If the child or protected party does not serve the notice required by paragraph (4) within 28 days after the day on which the appointment of the litigation friend ceases the court may, on application, strike out^(GL) any claim brought by or defence raised by the child or protected party.

(6) The liability of a litigation friend for costs continues until—

(a) the person in respect of whom his appointment to act has ceased serves the notice referred to in paragraph (4); or

(b) the litigation friend serves notice on the parties that his appointment to act has ceased.

Compromise etc. by or on behalf of a child or protected party E+W

21.10.— (1) Where a claim is made—

(a) by or on behalf of a child or protected party; or

(b) against a child or protected party,

no settlement, compromise or payment (including any voluntary interim payment) and no acceptance of money paid into court shall be valid, so far as it relates to the claim by, on behalf of or against the child or protected party, without the approval of the court.

(2) Where—

(a) before proceedings in which a claim is made by or on behalf of, or against, a child or protected party (whether alone or with any other person) are begun, an agreement is reached for the settlement of the claim; and

(b) the sole purpose of proceedings is to obtain the approval of the court to a settlement or compromise of the claim,

the claim must—

(i) be made using the procedure set out in Part 8 (alternative procedure for claims); and

(ii) include a request to the court for approval of the settlement or compromise.

(3) In proceedings to which Section II [F11 or [F12 Section III]] of Part 45 applies, the court will not make an order for detailed assessment of the costs payable to the child or protected party but will assess the costs in the manner set out in that Section.

(Rule [F13 46.4] contains provisions about costs where money is payable to a child or protected party.)

Textual Amendments

F11 Words in rule 21.10(3) inserted (30.4.2010) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2010 (S.I. 2010/621), rules 1(2), 4

F12 Word in rule 21.10(3) substituted (1.4.2013) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2013 (S.I. 2013/262), rules 2, 7(a)(i) (with rule 22)

F13 Word in rule 21.10 substituted (1.4.2013) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2013 (S.I. 2013/262), rules 2, 7(a)(ii) (with rule 22)

Control of money recovered by or on behalf of a child or protected party E+W

21.11.— (1) Where in any proceedings—

(a) money is recovered by or on behalf of or for the benefit of a child or protected party; or

(b) money paid into court is accepted by or on behalf of a child or protected party,

the money will be dealt with in accordance with directions given by the court under this rule and not otherwise.

(2) Directions given under this rule may provide that the money shall be wholly or partly paid into court and invested or otherwise dealt with.

(3) Where money is recovered by or on behalf of a protected party or money paid into court is accepted by or on behalf of a protected party, before giving directions in accordance with this rule, the court will first consider whether the protected party is a protected beneficiary.

Expenses incurred by a litigation friend E+W

21.12.— (1) [F14 Subject to paragraph (1A), in] proceedings to which rule 21.11 applies, a litigation friend who incurs [F15 costs or] expenses on behalf of a child or protected party in any proceedings is entitled on application to recover the amount paid or payable out of any money recovered or paid into court to the extent that it—

(a) has been reasonably incurred; and

(b) is reasonable in amount.

[F16 (1A) Costs recoverable under this rule are limited to—

(a) costs incurred by or on behalf of a child and which have been assessed by way of detailed assessment pursuant to rule 46.4(2); or

(b) costs incurred by or on behalf of a child by way of success fee under a conditional fee agreement or sum payable under a damages based agreement in a claim for damages for personal injury where the damages agreed or ordered to be paid do not exceed £25,000, where such costs have been assessed summarily pursuant to rule 46.4(5).]

(2) Expenses may include all or part of—

(a) [F17 a premium in respect of a costs insurance policy (as defined by section 58C(5) of the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990)]; or

(b) interest on a loan taken out to pay [F18 a premium in respect of a costs insurance policy] or other recoverable disbursement.

(3) No application may be made under [F19 this] rule for [F20 costs or] expenses that —

(a) are of a type that may be recoverable on an assessment of costs payable by or out of money belonging to a child or protected party; but

(b) are disallowed in whole or in part on such an assessment.

[F21 (Costs and expenses which are also “costs” as defined in rule 44.1(1) are subject to rule 46.4(2) and (3).)]

(4) In deciding whether the [F22 costs or] expenses were reasonably incurred and reasonable in amount, the court will have regard to all the circumstances of the case including the factors set out in rule [F23 44.4(3)] [F24 and rule 46.9].

(5) When the court is considering the factors to be taken into account in assessing the reasonableness of the [F25 costs or] expenses, it will have regard to the facts and circumstances as they reasonably appeared to the litigation friend or to the child’s or protected party’s legal representative when the [F26 cost or] expense was incurred.

(6) [F27 Subject to paragraph (7), where] the claim is settled or compromised, or judgment is given, on terms that an amount not exceeding £5,000 is paid to the child or protected party, the total amount the litigation friend may recover under paragraph (1) must not exceed 25% of the sum so agreed or awarded, unless the court directs otherwise. Such total amount must not exceed 50% of the sum so agreed or awarded.

[F28 (7) The amount which the litigation friend may recover under paragraph (1) in respect of costs must not (in proceedings at first instance) exceed 25% of the amount of the sum agreed or awarded in respect of—

(a) general damages for pain, suffering and loss of amenity; and

(b) damages for pecuniary loss other than future pecuniary loss,

net of any sums recoverable by the Compensation Recovery Unit of the Department for Work and Pensions.

(8) Except in a case in which the costs payable to a child or protected party are fixed by these rules, no application may be made under this rule for a payment out of the money recovered by the child or protected party until the costs payable to the child or protected party have been assessed or agreed.]

Textual Amendments

F14 Words in rule 21.12(1) substituted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(a)(i)

F15 Words in rule 21.12(1) inserted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(a)(ii)

F16 Rule 21.12(1A) inserted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(b) (as amended by S.I. 2015/760, rules 2(1), 11)

F17 Words in rule 21.12(2)(a) substituted (1.4.2013) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2013 (S.I. 2013/262), rules 2, 7(b)(i)(aa) (with rule 22)

F18 Words in rule 21.12(2)(b) substituted (1.4.2013) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2013 (S.I. 2013/262), rules 2, 7(b)(i)(bb) (with rule 22)

F19 Word in rule 21.12(3) substituted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(c)(i)

F20 Words in rule 21.12(3) inserted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(c)(ii)

F21 Words in rule 21.12 substituted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(c)(iii)

F22 Words in rule 21.12(4) inserted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(d)(i)

F23 Word in rule 21.12(4) substituted (1.4.2013) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2013 (S.I. 2013/262), rules 2, 7(c) (with rule 22)

F24 Words in rule 21.12(4) inserted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(d)(ii)

F25 Words in rule 21.12(5) inserted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(e)(i)

F26 Words in rule 21.12(5) inserted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(e)(ii)

F27 Words in rule 21.12(6) substituted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(f)

F28 Rule 21.12(7)(8) inserted (6.4.2015) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 8) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/3299), rules 2(c), 5(g)

Appointment of a guardian of a child’s estate E+W

21.13.— (1) The court may appoint the Official Solicitor to be a guardian of a child’s estate where—

(a) money is paid into court on behalf of the child in accordance with directions given under rule 21.11 (control of money received by a child or protected party);

(b) the Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority notifies the court that it has made or intends to make an award to the child;

(c) a court or tribunal outside England and Wales notifies the court that it has ordered or intends to order that money be paid to the child;

(d) the child is absolutely entitled to the proceeds of a pension fund; or

(e) in any other case, such an appointment seems desirable to the court.

(2) The court may not appoint the Official Solicitor under this rule unless—

(a) the persons with parental responsibility (within the meaning of section 3 of the Children Act 1989) agree; or

(b) the court considers that their agreement can be dispensed with.

(3) The Official Solicitor’s appointment may continue only until the child reaches 18.]