The Air Quality Limit Values Regulations 2001
Citation, commencement and extent1.
(1)
These Regulations may be cited as the Air Quality Limit Values Regulations 2001 and shall come into force on 19th July 2001.
(2)
With the exception of regulation 10 which shall apply to the whole of the United Kingdom, these Regulations shall apply to England only.
Definitions2.
In these Regulations—
“agglomeration” means a zone with a population concentration in excess of 250,000 inhabitants, or, where the population concentration is 250,000 inhabitants or less, a population density per km 2 for which the Secretary of State considers that the need for ambient air to be assessed or managed is justified;
“alert threshold” has the meaning given by regulation 8(2);
“ambient air” means outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding work places;
“assessment” means any method used to measure, calculate, predict or estimate the level of a relevant pollutant in the ambient air;
“fixed measurements” means measurements taken at fixed sites either continuously or by random sampling, the number of measurements being sufficiently large to enable the levels observed to be determined;
“level” means the concentration of a relevant pollutant in ambient air;
“limit value” has the meaning given in regulation 3(1);
“lower assessment threshold” has the meaning given in regulation 5(5);
“natural events” means volcanic eruptions, seismic activities, geothermal activities, wild-land fires, high-wind events or the atmospheric resuspension or transport of natural particles from dry regions;
“oxides of nitrogen” means the sum of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide added as parts per billion and expressed as nitrogen dioxide in microgrammes per cubic metre;
“PM2.5” means particulate matter which passes through a size-selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter;
“PM10” means particulate matter which passes through a size-selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter;
“relevant pollutants” means sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead;
“upper assessment threshold” has the meaning given in regulation 5(5); and
“zone” means a part of the territory of England shown on a map published by the Secretary of State on 19th January 2001, deposited at the offices of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Ashdown House, 123 Victoria Street, London SW1E 6DE and displayed on the Department’s website at http://www.environment.detr.gov.uk.
Duty to ensure that ambient air quality is improved3.
(1)
The Secretary of State shall take the measures necessary to ensure that throughout England in each zone concentrations of relevant pollutants in ambient air, as assessed in accordance with regulations 4 to 7, do not exceed the limit values set out in Schedule 1 from the dates specified in that Schedule.
(2)
The measures taken shall—
(a)
take into account an integrated approach to the protection of air, water and soil;
(b)
not contravene Community legislation on the protection of safety and health of workers at work; and
(c)
have no significant negative effects on the environment in the other Member States.
Assessment of ambient air quality4.
The Secretary of State shall ensure that ambient air quality is assessed in each zone in relation to each of the relevant pollutants in accordance with regulations 5 to 7.
Classification of zones5.
(1)
The Secretary of State shall classify each zone in relation to each of the relevant pollutants according to whether ambient air quality in that zone for that pollutant is required to be assessed by—
(a)
measurements;
(b)
a combination of measurements and modelling techniques; or
(c)
by the sole use of modelling or objective estimation techniques.
(2)
Measurements must be used to assess ambient air quality in relation to a relevant pollutant in a zone if—
(a)
the zone is an agglomeration;
(b)
the levels of that pollutant in the zone are between the relevant limit values and upper assessment thresholds; or
(c)
the levels of that pollutant in the zone exceed the limit values for that pollutant.
(3)
A combination of measurements and modelling techniques may be used to assess ambient air quality in any zone in relation to a relevant pollutant where the levels of that pollutant over a representative period are below the relevant upper assessment thresholds.
(4)
Where the levels of a relevant pollutant in any zone over a representative period are below the relevant lower assessment thresholds, the sole use of modelling or objective estimation techniques for assessing levels of that pollutant is permissible unless—
(a)
the zone is an agglomeration; and
(b)
the pollutant being assessed is sulphur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide.
(5)
The upper and lower assessment thresholds for the relevant pollutants shall be determined in accordance with Schedule 2.
(6)
Where a zone is classified in relation to a pollutant under paragraph (1)(a), modelling techniques may be used for supplementing the measurements taken in order to provide an adequate level of information on ambient air quality in relation to a relevant pollutant in a zone.
(7)
The Secretary of State may also designate a zone classified under this regulation in relation to a relevant pollutant as follows.
(8)
(9)
Where the relevant pollutant is PM10, the zone may be designated—
(a)
(b)
Review of classifications6.
(1)
The Secretary of State shall review the classification of each zone under regulation 5 at least once in every five years in accordance with Part II of Schedule 2.
(2)
The Secretary of State shall also review the classification of any zone under regulation 5 in the event of significant changes in activities affecting ambient concentrations in that zone of any of the relevant pollutants.
(3)
In this paragraph, ‘classification’ includes any designation under regulation 5(7) to (9).
Method of assessment of ambient air quality7.
(1)
The Secretary of State shall ensure that ambient air quality is assessed in each zone by following the appropriate method for each relevant pollutant in accordance with its current classification.
(2)
Where a zone is classified under regulation 5(1)(a) or (b) in relation to a relevant pollutant—
(a)
measurements of that pollutant must be taken at fixed sites either continuously or by random sampling; and
(b)
the number of measurements must be sufficiently large to enable the levels of that pollutant to be properly determined.
(3)
Schedule 3 shall have effect for the purposes of determining the location of sampling points for the relevant pollutants.
(4)
For each zone classified under regulation 5(1)(a) in relation to a relevant pollutant, the Secretary of State shall ensure that the minimum number of fixed sampling points determined in accordance with Schedule 4 is used for sampling the concentrations of that pollutant in that zone.
(5)
For each zone classified under regulation 5(1)(b) in relation to a relevant pollutant, the Secretary of State shall ensure that the number of fixed sampling points used for sampling that pollutant in that zone, and the spatial resolution of other techniques, shall be sufficient for the concentrations of that pollutant to be established in accordance with Part I of Schedule 3 and Part I of Schedule 5.
(6)
Reference methods for—
(a)
the analysis of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen;
(b)
the sampling and analysis of lead; and
(c)
the sampling and measurement of PM10,
are set out in Schedule 6 and these methods must be used unless other methods are used which the Secretary of State considers can be demonstrated to give equivalent results.
(7)
The Secretary of State shall ensure that—
(a)
measuring stations to supply representative data on concentrations of PM2.5 are installed and operated using methods for the sampling and measurement of PM2.5 that she considers suitable; and
(b)
sampling points for PM2.5 are, where possible, co-located with sampling points for PM10.
(8)
For zones which are classified under regulation 5(1)(b) or (c), the Secretary of State shall ensure that the information set out in Part II of Schedule 5 is compiled.
(9)
For sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen measurements of volume must be standardised at a temperature of 293°K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa.
Action plans8.
(1)
The Secretary of State shall draw up action plans indicating the measures to be taken in the short term where there is any risk of the limit values for any of the relevant pollutants, or the alert thresholds for sulphur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide, being exceeded, in order to reduce that risk and to limit the duration of such an occurence.
(2)
The alert threshold for sulphur dioxide is set out in paragraph 1.2 of Part I of Schedule 1 and the alert threshold for nitrogen dioxide is set out in paragraph 2.2 of Part II of Schedule 1.
Action to be taken where limit values are exceeded9.
(1)
The Secretary of State shall draw up a list of zones in which the levels of one or more of the relevant pollutants are higher than—
(a)
in a case where there is no margin of tolerance shown in Schedule 1 in relation to a limit value, the limit value;
(b)
in any other case, the limit value plus the margin of tolerance shown in Schedule 1.
(2)
The Secretary of State shall draw up a list of zones in which the levels of one or more of the relevant pollutants are between the limit value and the limit value plus any margin of tolerance.
(3)
Subject to paragraphs (6), (8) and (9), the Secretary of State shall draw up for each zone listed under paragraph (1) a plan or programme for attaining the limit values for the pollutants in question within the time limits specified in Schedule 1 and shall ensure that the plan or programme is implemented.
(4)
The plan or programme shall at least include the information listed in Schedule 7.
(5)
Where in any zone the level of more that one pollutant is higher than the limit values, an integrated plan covering all the pollutants in question shall be prepared.
(6)
For any zone designated under regulation 5(8), the Secretary of State may provide that plans or programmes shall only be required under this regulation where the limit values are exceeded owing to man-made emissions.
(7)
Plans or programmes for PM10 which are prepared in accordance with this regulation shall also have the aim of reducing concentrations of PM2.5.
(8)
For any zone designated under regulation 5(9)(a), the Secretary of State may provide that plans or programmes shall only be required where the limit values are exceeded owing to causes other than natural events.
(9)
For any zone designated under regulation 5(9)(b), the Secretary of State may provide that plans or programmes shall only be required where the limit values are exceeded owing to PM10 levels other than those caused by winter road sanding.
Consultations with other Member States of the European Union10.
(1)
For the purpose of this regulation, a transboundary pollution issue arises when in any part of the United Kingdom the level of a relevant pollutant exceeds, or is likely to exceed, the limit value plus the margin of tolerance or, as the case may be, the alert threshold following significant pollution in another Member State of the European Union.
(2)
It shall be the duty of the relevant administration to notify the Secretary of State of any transboundary pollution issue affecting Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland.
(3)
The Secretary of State shall consult any other Member State directly concerned with a pollution issue with a view to finding a solution to that issue—
(a)
when she considers that a transboundary pollution issue has arisen affecting England;
(b)
on receiving a notification under paragraph (2); or
(c)
on being notified by any other Member State that the limit value or alert threshold for any relevant pollutant may be exceeded in that Member State as a result of pollution originating in any part of the United Kingdom.
(4)
In any case which appears to her to affect Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland respectively, the Secretary of State shall—
(a)
inform the relevant administration of any notification made under paragraph (3)(c); and
(b)
consult the relevant administration about any action which she proposes to take.
(5)
The Commission may be present at any consultations conducted under paragraph (3).
(6)
In this regulation, ‘relevant administration’ means—
(a)
the National Assembly for Wales for matters affecting Wales;
(b)
Scottish Ministers for matters affecting Scotland; and
(c)
Northern Ireland Ministers for matters affecting Northern Ireland.
Extension of power to give directions relating to air quality11.
(1)
(a)
the Secretary of State shall have the same power to give directions to local authorities in Greater London and the Mayor of London; and
(b)
the Mayor of London shall have the same power to give directions to local authorities in Greater London,
(2)
The provisions of subsections (6), (6A) and (7) of section 85 of the Environment Act 1995 shall apply to directions given under this regulation as they apply to directions given under that section, and in the case of subsection (7) as if the Mayor of London were a local authority.
Zones where the levels are lower than the limit value12.
(1)
The Secretary of State shall draw up a list of zones in which the levels of the relevant pollutants are below the limit values.
(2)
The Secretary of State shall ensure that the levels of the relevant pollutants in these zones are maintained below the limit values and shall endeavour to preserve the best ambient air quality compatible with sustainable development.
Public information13.
(1)
The Secretary of State shall ensure that up-to-date information on ambient concentrations of each of the relevant pollutants is routinely made available to the public.
(2)
Information on ambient concentations of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter shall be updated—
(a)
in the case of hourly values for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, where practicable on an hourly basis;
(b)
in all other cases, as a minimum on a daily basis.
(3)
Information on ambient concentrations of lead shall be updated on a three-monthly basis.
(4)
Information made available under paragraph (1) shall include—
(a)
an indication of the extent to which limit values and alert thresholds for relevant pollutants have been exceeded over the averaging periods specified in Schedule 1; and
(b)
a short assessment of those exceedances and their effects on health.
(5)
When an alert threshold is exceeded, the Secretary of State shall ensure that the necessary steps are taken to inform the public, and the information made available shall as a minimum include the information specified in paragraphs 1.3 of Part I and 2.3 of Part II of Schedule 1.
(6)
Information to be made available to the public under this regulation shall include the map mentioned in the definition of “zone” in regulation 2 and action plans, plans and programmes prepared under regulations 8 and 9 respectively.
(7)
For the purposes of this regulation, the public includes, but is not limited to, health care bodies and organisations having an interest in ambient air quality and representing the interests of sensitive populations, consumers and the environment.
(8)
Information made available under this regulation shall be clear, comprehensible and accessible.
Revocations of Air Quality Standards Regulations 1989 and transitional provisions14.
(1)
(2)
Regulation 2(1) (limit values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates) and regulation 4(1) (limit value for lead in air) shall be revoked with effect from 1st January 2005.
(3)
Regulations 3 (measurement of sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates), 5 (measurement of lead in air) and 7 (measurement of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere) shall be revoked.
(4)
Regulation 6 (limit value for nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere) shall be revoked with effect from 1st January 2010.
(5)
Signed by authority of the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
SCHEDULE 1LIMIT VALUES, MARGINS OF TOLERANCE ETC.
PART ISULPHUR DIOXIDE
Limit values for sulphur dioxide
1.1
Averaging period | Limit value | Margin of tolerance11 | Date by which limit value is to be met | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1.Hourly limit value for the protection of human health | 1 hour | 350 μg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 24 times a calendar year | 120 μg/m3 on 19th July 2001, reducing on 1st January of each following year by equal annual amounts to reach 0 μg/m3 by 1st January 2005 | 1st January 2005 |
2.Daily limit value for the protection of human health | 24 hours | 125 μg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 3 times a calendar year | None | 1st January 2005 |
3.Limit value for the protection of ecosystems | Calendar year and winter (1st October to 31st March) | 20 μg/m3 | None | 19th July 2001 |
Alert threshold for sulphur dioxide
1.2
500 μg/m3 measured over three consecutive hours at locations representative of air quality over at least 100 km2 or an entire zone, whichever is the smaller.
Minimum details to be made available to the public when the alert threshold for sulphur dioxide is exceeded
1.3
Details to be made available to the public should include at least:
the date, hour and place of the occurrence and the reasons for the occurrence, where known;
any forecasts of:
changes in concentration (improvement, stabilisation, or deterioration), together with the reasons for those changes,
the geographical area concerned,
the duration of the occurrence;
the type of population potentially sensitive to the occurrence;
the precautions to be taken by the sensitive population concerned.
PART IINITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx)
Limit values for nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
2.1
Averaging period | Limit value | Margin of tolerance | Date by which limit value is to be met | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1.Hourly limit value for the protection of human health | 1 hour | 200 μg/m3 NO2, not to be exceeded more than 18 times a calendar year | 90 μg/m3 on 19th July 2001, reducing on 1st January of each following year by equal annual amounts to reach 0 μg/m3 by 1st January 2010 | 1st January 2010 |
2.Annual limit value for the protection of human health | Calendar year | 40 μg/m3 NO2 | 18 μg/m3 on 19th July 2001, reducing on 1st January of each following year by equal annual amounts to reach 0 μg/m3 by 1st January 2010 | 1st January 2010 |
3.Annual limit value for the protection of vegetation | Calendar year | 30 μg/m3 NOx | None | 19th July 2001 |
Alert threshold for nitrogen dioxide
2.2
400 μg/m3 measured over three consecutive hours at locations representative of air quality over at least 100 km2 or an entire zone or agglomeration, whichever is the smaller.
Minimum details to be made available to the public when the alert threshold for nitrogen dioxide is exceeded
2.3
Details to be made available to the public should include at least:
the date, hour and place of the occurrence and the reasons for the occurrence, where known;
any forecasts of:
changes in concentration (improvement, stabilisation, or deterioration), together with the reasons for those changes,
the geographical area concerned,
the duration of the occurrence;
the type of population potentially sensitive to the occurrence;
the precautions to be taken by the sensitive population concerned.
PART IIIPARTICULATE MATTER (PM10)
Averaging period | Limit value | Margin of tolerance | Date by which limit value is to be met | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1.24-hour limit value for the protection of human health | 24 hours | 50 μg/m3 PM10, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a calendar year | 20 μg/m3 on 19th July 2001, reducing on 1st January of each following year by equal annual amounts to reach 0 μg/m3 by 1st January 2005 | 1st January 2005 |
2.Annual limit value for the protection of human health | Calendar year | 40 μ g/m3 PM10 | 6.4 μg/m3 on 19th July 2001, reducing on 1st January of each following year by equal annual amounts to reach 0 μg/m3 by 1st January 2005 | 1st January 2005 |
PART IVLEAD
Averaging period | Limit value | Margin of tolerance | Date by which limit value is to be met | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual limit value for the protection of human health | Calendar year | 0.5 μg/m3 | 0.4 μg/m3 on 19th July 2001, reducing on 1st January of each following year by equal annual amounts to reach 0 μg/m3 by 1st January 2005 | 1st January 2005 |
SCHEDULE 2UPPER AND LOWER ASSESSMENT THRESHOLDS AND EXCEEDANCES
PART IUpper and lower assessment thresholds
The following upper and lower assessment thresholds will apply:
Health protection | Ecosystem protection | |
|---|---|---|
Upper assessment threshold | 60% of 24-hour limit value (75 μg/m3), not to be exceeded more than 3 times in any calendar year | 60% of winter limit value (12 μg/m3) |
Lower assessment threshold | 40% of 24-hour limit value (50 μg/m3), not to be exceeded more than 3 times in any calendar year | 40% of winter limit value (8 μg/m3) |
Hourly limit value for the protection of human health (NO2) | Annual limit value for the protection of human health (NO2) | Annual limit value for the protection of vegetation (NOx) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Upper assessment value | 70% of limit value (140 μg/m3), not to be exceeded more than 18 times in any calendar year | 80% of limit value (32 μg/m3) | 80% of limit value (24 μg/m3) |
Lower assessment value | 50% of limit value (100 μg/m3), not to be exceeded more than 18 times in any calendar year | 65% of limit value (26 μg/m3) | 65% of limit value (19.5 μg/m3) |
24-hour average | Annual average | |
|---|---|---|
Upper assessment threshold | 60% of limit value (30 μg/m3), not to be exceeded more than seven times in any calendar year | 70% of limit value (14 μg/m3) |
Lower assessment threshold | 40% of limit value (20 μg/m3), not to be exceeded more than seven times in any calendar year | 50% of limit value (10 μg/m3) |
Annual average | |
|---|---|
Upper assessment threshold | 70% of limit value (0.35 μg/m3) |
Lower assessment threshold | 50% of limit value (0.25 μg/m3) |
PART IIDetermination of exceedances of upper and lower assessment thresholds
Exceedances of upper and lower assessment thresholds must be determined on the basis of concentrations during the previous five years where sufficient data are available. An assessment threshold will be deemed to have been exceeded if during those five years the total number of exceedances of the numerical concentration of the threshold is more than three times the number of exceedances allowed each year.
Where fewer than five years' data are available, measurement campaigns of short duration during the period of the year and at locations likely to be typical of the highest pollution levels may be combined with results obtained from emisson inventories and modelling to determine exceedances of the upper and lower assessment thresholds.
SCHEDULE 3LOCATION OF SAMPLING POINTS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN, PARTICULATE MATTER AND LEAD IN AMBIENT AIR
The following considerations will apply to fixed measurement.
PART IMacroscale siting
(a)
Protection of human health
Sampling points directed at the protection of human health should be sited:
(i)
to provide data on the areas within zones where the highest concentrations occur to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit value(s);
(ii)
to provide data on levels in other areas within the zones which are representative of the exposure of the general population.
Sampling points should in general be sited to avoid measuring very small micro-environments in their immediate vicinity. As a guideline, a sampling point should be sited to be representative of air quality in a surrounding area of no less than 200 m2 at traffic-orientated sites and of several square kilometres at urban-background sites.
Sampling points should also, where possible, be representative of similar locations not in their immediate vicinity.
Account should be taken of the need to locate sampling points on islands, where that is necessary for the protection of human health.
(b)
Protection of ecosystems and vegetation
Sampling points targeted at the protection of ecosystems or vegetation should be sited more than 20 km from agglomerations or more than 5 km from other built-up areas, industrial installations or motorways. As a guideline, a sampling point should be sited to be representative of air quality in a surrounding area of at least 1000 km2. A sampling point may be sited at a lesser distance or to be representative of air quality in a less extended area, taking account of geographical conditions.
Account should be taken of the need to assess air quality on islands.
PART IIMicroscale siting
The following guidelines should be met as far as practicable:
the flow around the inlet sampling probe should be unrestricted without any obstructions affecting the airflow in the vicinity of the sampler (normally some metres away from buildings, balconies, trees and other obstacles and at least 0.5 m from the nearest building in the case of sampling points representing air quality at the building line);
in general, the inlet sampling point should be between 1.5 m (the breathing zone) and 4 m above the ground. Higher positions (up to 8 m) may be necessary in some circumstances. Higher siting may also be appropriate if the station is representative of a large area;
the inlet probe should not be positioned in the immediate vicinity of sources in order to avoid the direct intake of emissions unmixed with ambient air;
the sampler’s exhaust outlet should be positioned so that recirculation of exhaust air to the sampler inlet is avoided;
location of traffic-orientated samplers;
for all pollutants, such sampling points should be at least 25 m from the edge of major junctions and at least 4 m from the centre of the nearest traffic lane,
for nitrogen dioxide, inlets should be no more than 5 m from the kerbside,
for particulate matter and lead, inlets should be sited so as to be representative of air quality near to the building line.
The following factors may also be taken into account:
interfering sources;
security;
access;
availability of electrical power and telephone communications;
visibility of the site in relation to its surroundings;
safety of public and operators;
the desirability of co-locating sampling points for different pollutants;
planning requirements.
PART IIIDocumentation and review of site selection
The site-selection procedures should be fully documented at the classification stage by such means as compass-point photographs of the surrounding area and a detailed map. Sites should be reviewed at regular intervals with repeated documentation to ensure that selection criteria remain valid over time.
SCHEDULE 4CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING MINIMUM NUMBERS OF SAMPLING POINTS FOR FIXED MEASUREMENT OF CONCENTRATIONS OF RELEVANT POLLUTANTS IN AMBIENT AIR
PART IMinimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with limit values for the protection of human health and alert thresholds in zones where fixed measurement is the sole source of information
(a)
Diffuse sources
Population of zone (thousands) | If concentrations exceed the upper assessment threshold | If maximum concentrations are between the upper and lower assessment thresholds | For SO2 and NO2 in agglomerations where maximum concentrations are below the lower assessment thresholds |
|---|---|---|---|
0 –250 | 1 | 1 | not applicable |
250 –499 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
500 –749 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
750 –999 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
1,000 –1,499 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
1,500 –1,999 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
2,000 –2,749 | 6 | 3 | 2 |
2,750 –3,749 | 7 | 3 | 2 |
3,750 –4,749 | 8 | 4 | 2 |
4,750 –5,999 | 9 | 4 | 2 |
>6,000 | 10 | 5 | 3 |
For NO2 and particulate matter: to include at least one urban-background station and one traffic-orientated station |
(b)
Point sources
For the assessment of pollution in the vicinity of point sources, the number of sampling points for fixed measurement should be calculated taking into account emission densities, the likely distribution patterns of ambient-air pollution and the potential exposure of the population.
PART IIMinimum number of sampling points for fixed measurements to assess compliance with limit values for the protection of ecosystems or vegetation in zones other than agglomerations
If maximum concentrations exceed the upper assessment threshold | If maximum concentrations are between the upper and lower assessment thresholds |
|---|---|
1 station every 20,000 km2 | 1 station every 40,000 km2 |
In island zones the number of sampling points for fixed measurement should be calculated taking into account the likely distribution patterns of ambient-air pollution and the potential exposure of ecosystems or vegetation. | |
SCHEDULE 5DATA-QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND COMPILATION OF RESULTS OF AIR-QUALITY ASSESSMENT
PART IData-quality objectives
The following data-quality objectives for the required accuracy of assessment methods, of minimum time coverage and of data capture of measurement are laid down to guide quality-assurance programmes.
Suphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen | Particulate matter and lead | |
|---|---|---|
Continuous measurement | ||
Accuracy | 15% | 25% |
Minimum data capture | 90% | 90% |
Indicative measurement | ||
Accuracy | 25% | 50% |
Minimum data capture | 90% | 90% |
Minimum time coverage | 14% (One measurement a week at random, evenly distributed over the year, or eight weeks evenly distributed over the year.) | 14% (One measurement a week at random, evenly distributed over the year, or eight weeks evenly distributed over the year.) |
Modelling | ||
Accuracy: | ||
| 50%–60% | |
| 50% | |
| 30% | 50% |
Objective estimation | ||
Accuracy: | 75% | 100% |
The accuracy for modelling and objective estimation is defined as the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated concentration levels, over the period considered by the limit value, without taking account the timing of the events.
The requirements for minimum data capture and time coverage do not include losses of data due to the regular calibration or the normal maintenance of the instrumentation.
The Secretary of State may allow for random measurements to be made instead of continuous measurements for particulate matter and lead by methods for which accuracy within the 95% confidence interval with respect to continuous monitoring has been demonstrated to be within 10%. Random sampling must be spread evenly over the year.
PART IIResults of air quality assessment
The following information should be compiled for zones within which sources other than measurement are employed to supplement information from measurement or as the sole means of air quality assessment:
a description of assessment activities carried out;
the specific methods used, with references to descriptions of the method;
the sources of data and information;
a description of results, including accuracies and, in particular, the extent of any area or, if relevant, the length of road within the zone over which concentrations exceed limit value(s) or, as may be, limit value(s) plus applicable margin(s) of tolerance and of any area within which concentrations exceed the upper assessment threshold or the lower assessment threshold;
for limit values the object of which is the protection of human health, the population potentially exposed to concentrations in excess of the limit value.
Where possible maps shall be compiled showing concentration distributions within each zone.
SCHEDULE 6REFERENCE METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN, PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1 0 AND PM 2 . 5) AND LEAD
PART IReference method for the analysis of sulphur dioxide
PART IIReference method for the analysis of nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
PART IIIAReference method for the sampling of lead
PART IIIBReference method for the analysis of lead
PART IVReference method for the sampling and measurement of PM10
SCHEDULE 7INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN THE PLAN OR PROGRAMME FOR IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY
1.
Localisation of excess pollution
region
city (map)
measuring station (map, geographical coordinates).
2.
General information
type of zone (city, industrial or rural area)
estimate of the polluted area (km2) and of the population exposed to the pollution
useful climatic data
relevant data on topography
sufficient information on the type of targets requiring protection in the zone.
3.
Responsible authorities
Names and addresses of persons responsible for the development and implementation of improvement plans.
4.
Nature and assessment of pollution
concentrations observed over previous years (before the implementation of the improvement measures)
concentrations measured since the beginning of the project
techniques used for the assessment.
5.
Origin of pollution
list of the main emission sources responsible for pollution (map)
total quantity of emissions from these sources (tonnes/year)
information on pollution imported from other regions.
6.
Analysis of the situation
details of those factors responsible for the excess (transport, including cross-border transport, formation)
details of possible measures for improvement of air quality.
7.
Details of those measures or projects for improvement which existed prior to 21st November 1996
local, regional, national, international measures
observed effects of these measures.
8.
Details of those measures or projects adopted with a view to reducing pollution following 21st November 1996
listing and description of all the measures set out in the project
timetable for implementation
estimate of the improvement of air quality planned and of the expected time required to attain these objectives.
9.
Details of the measures or projects planned or being researched for the long term.
10.
List of the publications, documents, work etc used to supplement information requested in this Schedule.
These Regulations are made in the implementation of Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management, and Council Directive 99/30/EC relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead (‘the relevant pollutants’) in ambient air. The Regulations apply to England, except for regulation 10 which applies to the United Kingdom.
Regulation 3 places the Secretary of State under a duty to take the measures necessary to ensure that in each zone in England concentrations of relevant pollutants do not exceed limit values. The limit values for each pollutant, and the date by which they are to be met, are set out in Schedule 1.
Regulation 4 requires that the Secretary of State ensures that ambient air is assessed for each zone. Regulation 5 requires her to classify each zone in relation to each of the relevant pollutants. Regulation 5 together with Schedule 2 provide for the determination of upper and lower assessment thresholds for each relevant pollutant. Regulation 5 sets out the requirements for measurement or other assessment of air quality depending on pollution levels in relation to these thresholds. It also provides for the designation of zones where action programmes are not required in certain circumstances even though limit values for sulphur dioxide or particulates are exceeded.
Regulation 6 places a duty on the Secretary of State to review the classification of zones every five years or in the event of significant changes affecting levels of any of the relevant pollutants.
Regulation 7 requires the Secretary of State to ensure that specified methods are used for assessing air quality for each pollutant in each zone. Schedule 3 sets out how sampling points for the relevant pollutants are to be determined. Schedule 4 sets out criteria for the minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurements to assess compliance with limit values in zones where that is the only source of information, and with limit values for the protection of ecosystems or vegetation in certain other zones. Schedule 5 makes provision for data quality objectives for the required accuracy of assessment methods, and for compilation of the results of air quality assessment. Schedule 6 prescribes references methods for the analysis, sampling or measurement of the relevant pollutants. Regulation 7 places a duty on the Secretary of State to ensure that measuring stations supply data on concentrations of PM2.5 particulate matter.
Regulation 8 requires the Secretary of State to draw up action plans indicating measures to be taken in the short term where there is a risk that limit values for any of the relevant pollutants, or alert thresholds for sulphur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide, will be exceeded. The alert thresholds for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are set out in paragraph 1.2 of Part I and paragraph 2.2 of Part II of Schedule 1.
Regulation 9 requires the Secretary of State to draw up lists of zones where the levels of one or more of the relevant pollutants is above the limit value, or between the limit value and any margin of tolerance shown in Schedule 1. For such zones, regulation 9 places a duty on the Secretary of State to draw up a plan or programme, which must contain at least the information set out in Schedule 7 (including the location and origin of the pollution, the responsible authorities and the measures taken to deal with the pollution).
Regulation 10 provides for consultations between Member States of the European Union over likely exceedances of limit values or alert thresholds from pollution arising in another Member State. Regulation 10 further provides for consultation between the Secretary of State and the relevant administration for such matters affecting Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.
Regulation 11 extends existing powers, under section 85(5) of the Environment Act 1995, for the Secretary of State to give directions to local authorities for the implementation of any obligations of the United Kingdom under the Community Treaties. Regulation 10 would allow such directions to be given by the Secretary of State to the Mayor of London and local authorities within Greater London for the purposes of the implementation of Council Directives 96/62/EC and 99/30/EC.
Regulation 12 requires the Secretary of State to list zones where levels of the relevant pollutants are below limit values, to ensure that levels of these pollutants are maintained below the limit values, and to endeavour to preserve the best ambient air quality, compatible with sustainable development.
Regulation 13 requires the Secretary of State to ensure that up-to-date information on ambient concentrations of each of the relevant pollutants is routinely made available to the public. It prescribes the frequency and content of such information. Where alert thresholds for sulphur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide are exceeded, further information, set out in paragraphs 1.3 of Part I and 2.3 of Part II of Schedule 1 must be provided (this includes details of the place and time of the occurrence, forecasts, and precautions to be taken by sensitive populations).
Regulation 14 revokes for England and at different dates parts of the Air Quality Standards Regulations 1989 giving effect to limit values for the relevant pollutants in earlier directives. The Air Quality Standards Regulations 1989, as amended by S.I. 1995/3146, in turn implemented Council Directive 80/779/EEC on air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates; Council Directive 82/884/EEC on a limit value for lead in the air; and Council Directive 85/203/EEC on air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide. These Directives are repealed, with transitional provisions lasting up to 2005 and 2010, by Council Directive 99/30/EC.
A number of provisions of existing legislation confer powers on public bodies which are relevant to the achievement of limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. The most notable of these are—
Provisions conferring power on local authorities—
concerning ‘local air quality management ’ under Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 (c. 25);
for control of smoke emissions under the Clean Air Act 1993 (c. 11);
for taking account of air quality issues when making land use planning and transport plans;
for the control of traffic growth and management, under the Road Traffic Reduction Act 1997 (c. 54), the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 (c. 27) and the Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40).
Control of industrial emissions—
by local authorities by means of ‘ local air pollution control ’ and by the Environment Agency under ‘ integrated pollution control ’ under Part I of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (c. 43);
by local authorities and the Environment Agency using their powers under the Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1973).
Control of transport emissions
A series of vehicle emission regulations transposing Council Directives impose limits on vehicle emissions including: S.I. 1992/2137 (covering Directives 91/441/EEC and 91/542/EEC), S.I. 1993/2199 (covering Directive 93/59/EEC); S.I. 1995/2210 (covering Directive 94/12/EC); S.I. 1997/1544 (covering Directive 96/69/EC) and S.I. 2000/3197 (covering Directive 98/69/EC). Environmental standards for fuel were set in 1994 (S.I. 1994/2295) and 1999 (S.I. 1999/3107).
A full account of all the measures through which achievement of limit values will be sought is set out in the ‘ Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland ’ published by the Department of the Environment, Transport & the Regions, Scottish Executive, National Assembly for Wales and Northern Ireland Assembly, January 2000 (Cm. 4548).