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PART 6U.K.CALCULATION OF CAPITAL AND INCOME

CHAPTER 1U.K.CAPITAL

IntroductionU.K.

45.  This Chapter provides for the calculation of a person's capital for the purpose of section 5 of the Act (financial conditions) and section 8 of the Act (calculation of awards).

What is included in capital?U.K.

46.—(1) The whole of a person's capital is to be taken into account unless—

(a)it is to be treated as income (see paragraphs (3) and (4)); or

(b)it is to be disregarded (see regulation 48).

(2) A person's personal possessions are not to be treated as capital.

(3) Subject to paragraph (4), any sums that are paid regularly and by reference to a period, for example payments under an annuity, are to be treated as income even if they would, apart from this provision, be regarded as capital or as having a capital element.

(4) Where capital is payable by instalments, each payment of an instalment is to be treated as income if the amount outstanding, combined with any other capital of the person (and, if the person is a member of a couple, the other member), exceeds £16,000, but otherwise such payments are to be treated as capital.

Jointly held capitalU.K.

47.  Where a person and one or more other persons have a beneficial interest in a capital asset, those persons are to be treated, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, as if they were each entitled to an equal share of the whole of that beneficial interest.

Capital disregardedU.K.

48.—(1) Any capital specified in Schedule 10 is to be disregarded from the calculation of a person's capital (see also regulations 75 to 77).

(2) Where a period of 6 months is specified in that Schedule, that period may be extended by the Secretary of State where it is reasonable to do so in the circumstances of the case.

Valuation of capitalU.K.

49.—(1) Capital is to be calculated at its current market value or surrender value less—

(a)where there would be expenses attributable to sale, 10%; and

(b)the amount of any encumbrances secured on it.

(2) The market value of a capital asset possessed by a person in a country outside the United Kingdom is—

(a)if there is no prohibition in that country against the transfer of an amount equal to the value of that asset to the United Kingdom, the market value in that country; or

(b)if there is such a prohibition, the amount it would raise if sold in the United Kingdom to a willing buyer.

(3) Where capital is held in currency other than sterling, it is to be calculated after the deduction of any banking charge or commission payable in converting that capital into sterling.

Notional capitalU.K.

50.—(1) A person is to be treated as possessing capital of which the person has deprived themselves for the purpose of securing entitlement to universal credit or to an increased amount of universal credit.

(2) A person is not to be treated as depriving themselves of capital if the person disposes of it for the purposes of—

(a)reducing or paying a debt owed by the person; or

(b)purchasing goods or services if the expenditure was reasonable in the circumstances of the person's case.

(3) Where a person is treated as possessing capital in accordance with this regulation, then for each subsequent assessment period (or, in a case where the award has terminated, each subsequent month) the amount of capital the person is treated as possessing (“the notional capital”) reduces—

(a)in a case where the notional capital exceeds £16,000, by the amount which the Secretary of State considers would be the amount of an award of universal credit that would be made to the person (assuming they met the conditions in section 4 and 5 of the Act) if it were not for the notional capital; or

(b)in a case where the notional capital exceeds £6,000 but not £16,000 (including where the notional capital has reduced to an amount equal to or less than £16,000 in accordance with sub-paragraph (a)) by the amount of unearned income that the notional capital is treated as yielding under regulation 72.

CHAPTER 2U.K.EARNED INCOME

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1Pt. 6 Ch. 2 excluded in part (27.7.2013) by S.I. 2013/1508, regs. 1(2), 7(3)(b)

C2Pt. 6 Ch. 2 applied (with modifications) by S.I. 2013/383, reg. 13(7) as substituted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(3) of the amending S.I.) by The Universal Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/1754), regs. 1(1), 7

IntroductionU.K.

51.  This Chapter provides for the calculation or estimation of a person's earned income for the purposes of section 8 of the Act (calculation of awards).

Meaning of “earned income”U.K.

52.  “Earned income” means—

(a)the remuneration or profits derived from—

(i)employment under a contract of service or in an office, including elective office,

(ii)a trade, profession or vocation, or

(iii)any other paid work; or

(b)any income treated as earned income in accordance with this Chapter.

Meaning of other terms relating to earned incomeU.K.

53.—(1) In this Chapter—

“car” has the meaning in section 268A of the Capital Allowances Act 2001 M1;

“employed earnings” has the meaning in regulation 55;

“gainful self-employment” has the meaning in regulation 64;

“HMRC” means Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs;

“motor cycle” has the meaning in section 268A of the Capital Allowances Act 2001;

“ PAYE Regulations” means the Income Tax (Pay As You Earn) Regulations 2003 M2;

“relievable pension contributions” has the meaning in section 188 of the Finance Act 2004 M3;

“self-employed earnings” has the meaning in regulation 57; and

“start-up period” has the meaning in regulation 63.

(2) References in this Chapter to a person participating as a service user are to—

(a)a person who is being consulted by or on behalf of—

(i)a body which has a statutory duty to provide services in the field of health, social care or social housing; or

(ii)a body which conducts research or undertakes monitoring for the purpose of planning or improving such services,

in their capacity as a user, potential user, carer of a user or person otherwise affected by the provision of those services; or

[F1(ab)a person who is being consulted by or on behalf of—

(i)the Secretary of State in relation to any of the Secretary of State’s functions in the field of social security or child support or under section 2 of the Employment and Training Act 1973; or

(ii)a body which conducts research or undertakes monitoring for the purpose of planning or improving such functions,

in their capacity as a person affected or potentially affected by the exercise of those functions or the carer of such a person;]

(b)the carer of a person consulted under [F2sub-paragraphs (a) or (ab)].

Textual Amendments

Marginal Citations

M12001 c.2. Section 268A was inserted by section 30 of the Finance Act 2009 (c.10).

Calculation of earned income - general principlesU.K.

54.—(1) The calculation of a person's earned income in respect of an assessment period is, unless otherwise provided in this Chapter, to be based on the actual amounts received in that period.

(2) Where the Secretary of State—

(a)makes a determination as to whether the financial conditions in section 5 of the Act are met before the expiry of the first assessment period in relation to a claim for universal credit; or

(b)makes a determination as to the amount of a person's earned income in relation to an assessment period where a person has failed to report information in relation to that earned income,

that determination may be based on an estimate of the amounts received or expected to be received in that assessment period.

[F3Surplus earningsU.K.

54A.—(1) This regulation applies in relation to a claim for universal credit where—

(a)the claimant, or either of joint claimants, had an award of universal credit (the “old award”) that terminated within the 6 months ending on the first day in respect of which the claim is made;

(b)the claimant has not, or neither of joint claimants has, been entitled to universal credit since the old award terminated; and

(c)the total earned income in the month that would have been the final assessment period for the old award, had it not terminated, exceeded the relevant threshold.

(2) Where this regulation applies in relation to a claim, any surplus earnings determined in accordance with paragraph (3) are to be treated as earned income for the purposes of determining whether there is entitlement to a new award and, if there is entitlement, calculating the amount of the award.

(3) Surplus earnings are—

(a)if the claim in question is the first since the termination of the old award, the amount of the excess referred to in paragraph (1)(c) (“the original surplus”);

(b)if the claim in question is the second since the termination of the old award, the amount, if any, by which—

(i)the original surplus, plus

(ii)the total earned income in the month that would have been the first assessment period in relation to the first claim,

exceeded the relevant threshold (“the adjusted surplus”);

(c)if the claim in question is the third since the termination of the old award, the amount, if any, by which—

(i)the adjusted surplus from the second claim, plus

(ii)the total earned income in the month that would have been the first assessment period in relation to the second claim,

exceeded the relevant threshold;

(d)if the claim in question is the fourth or fifth since the termination of the old award, an amount calculated in the same manner as for the third claim (that is by taking the adjusted surplus from the previous claim).

(4) For the purposes of paragraph (3)—

(a)if the claim in question is the first joint claim by members of a couple, each of whom had an old award (because each was previously entitled to universal credit as a single person or as a member of a different couple), the amounts of any surplus earnings from the old award or from a previous claim that would have been treated as earned income if they had each claimed as a single person are to be aggregated; and

(b)if the claim in question is—

(i)a single claim where the claimant had an old award, or made a subsequent claim, as a joint claimant, or

(ii)a joint claim where either claimant had an old award, or made a subsequent claim, as a member of a different couple,

the original surplus, or any adjusted surplus, in relation to the old award is to be apportioned in the manner determined by the Secretary of State.

(5) No amount of surplus earnings is to be taken into account in respect of a claimant who has, or had at the time the old award terminated, recently been a victim of domestic violence (within the meaning given by regulation 98).

(6) In this regulation—

“total earned income” is the earned income of the claimant or, if the claimant is a member of a couple, the couple’s combined earned income, but does not include any amount a claimant would be treated as having by virtue of regulation 62 (the minimum income floor);

“the nil UC threshold” is the amount of total earned income above which there would be no entitlement to universal credit, expressed by the following formula—F4

where—

  • M is the maximum amount of an award of universal credit;

  • U is unearned income;

  • WA is the work allowance; and

“the relevant threshold” is the nil UC threshold plus £300.]

Textual Amendments

F4Formula in reg. 54A(6) substituted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by The Universal Credit (Work Allowance and Taper) (Amendment) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/1283), regs. 1(1), 2(2)

Employed earningsU.K.

55.—(1) This regulation applies for the purposes of calculating earned income from employment under a contract of service or in an office, including elective office (“employed earnings”).

(2) Employed earnings comprise any amounts that are general earnings, as defined in section 7(3) of ITEPA, but excluding—

(a)amounts that are treated as earnings under Chapters 2 to 11 of Part 3 of ITEPA (the benefits code); and

(b)amounts that are exempt from income tax under Part 4 of ITEPA.

(3) In the calculation of employed earnings the following are to be disregarded—

(a)expenses that are allowed to be deducted under Chapter 2 of Part 5 of ITEPA; and

(b)expenses arising from participation as a service user (see regulation 53(2)).

(4) The following benefits are to be treated as employed earnings—

(a)statutory sick pay;

(b)statutory maternity pay;

(c)F5... statutory paternity pay;

F6(d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e)statutory adoption pay; F7...

[F8(f)statutory shared parental pay;] [F9and

(g)statutory parental bereavement pay.]

[F10(4A) A repayment of income tax or national insurance contributions received by a person from HMRC in respect of a tax year in which the person was in paid work is to be treated as employed earnings unless it is taken into account as self-employed earnings under regulation 57(4).]

(5) In calculating the amount of a person's employed earnings in respect of an assessment period, there are to be deducted from the amount of general earnings or benefits specified in paragraphs (2) to (4)—

(a)any relievable pension contributions made by the person in that period;

(b)any amounts paid by the person in that period in respect of the employment by way of income tax or primary Class 1 contributions under section 6(1) of the Contributions and Benefits Act; and

(c)any sums withheld as donations to an approved scheme under Part 12 of ITEPA (payroll giving) by a person required to make deductions or repayments of income tax under the PAYE Regulations.

Textual Amendments

F10Reg. 55(4A) inserted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by The Universal Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments (No.2) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2888), regs. 1(1), 4(2)

Employee involved in trade disputeU.K.

56.  A person who has had employed earnings and has withdrawn their labour in furtherance of a trade dispute is, unless their contract of service has been terminated, to be assumed to have employed earnings at the same level as they would have had were it not for the trade dispute.

Self-employed earningsU.K.

57.—(1) This regulation applies for the purpose of calculating earned income that is not employed earnings and is derived from carrying on a trade, profession or vocation (“self-employed earnings”).

[F11(2) A person’s self-employed earnings in respect of an assessment period are to be calculated as follows.

Step 1

Calculate the amount of the person’s profit or loss in respect of each trade, profession or vocation carried on by the person by—

(a)taking the actual receipts in that assessment period; and

(b)deducting any amounts allowed as expenses under regulation 58 or 59.

Where a trade, profession or vocation is carried on in a partnership, take the amount of the profit or loss attributable to the person’s share in the partnership.

Step 2

If the person has carried on more than one trade, profession or vocation in the assessment period, add together the amounts resulting from step 1 in respect of each trade, profession or vocation.

Step 3

Deduct from the amount resulting from step 1 or (if applicable) step 2 any payment made by the person to HMRC in the assessment period by way of national insurance contributions or income tax in respect of any trade, profession or vocation carried on by the person.

If the amount resulting from steps 1 to 3 is nil or a negative amount, the amount of the person’s self-employed earnings in respect of the assessment period is nil (and ignore the following steps).

Step 4

If the amount resulting from step 3 is greater than nil, deduct from that amount any relievable pension contributions made by the person in the assessment period (unless a deduction has been made in respect of those contributions in calculating the person’s employed earnings).

If the amount resulting from this step is nil or a negative amount, the person’s self-employed earnings in respect of the assessment period are nil (and ignore the following step).

Step 5

If the amount resulting from step 4 is greater than nil, deduct from that amount any unused losses (see regulation 57A), taking the oldest first.

If the amount resulting from this step is greater than nil, that is the amount of the person’s self-employed earnings for the assessment period.

If the amount resulting from this step is nil or a negative amount, the amount of the person’s self-employed earnings in respect of the assessment period is nil.]

(4) The receipts referred to in [F12paragraph (2)] include receipts in kind and any refund or repayment of income tax, value added tax or national insurance contributions relating to the trade, profession or vocation.

[F13(5) Where the purchase of an asset has been deducted as an expense in any assessment period and, in a subsequent assessment period, the asset is sold or ceases to be used for the purposes of a trade, profession or vocation carried on by the person, the proceeds of sale (or, as the case may be, the amount that would be received for the asset if it were sold at its current market value) are to be treated as a receipt in that subsequent assessment period.]

Textual Amendments

F13Reg. 57(5) inserted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by The Universal Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments (No.2) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2888), regs. 1(1), 4(3)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

[F14Unused lossesU.K.

57A.—(1) For the purposes of regulation 57(2), a person has an unused loss if—

(a)in calculating the person’s self-employed earnings for any of the previous assessment periods, the amount resulting from steps 1 to 3 in regulation 57(2) was a negative amount (a “loss”); and

(b)the loss has not been extinguished in a subsequent assessment period.

(2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) a loss is extinguished if no amount of that loss remains after it has been deducted at step 5 in regulation 57(2).

(3) Where a person was entitled to a previous award of universal credit and the last day of entitlement in respect of that award fell within the 6 months preceding the first day of entitlement in respect of the new award, the Secretary of State may, for the purposes of this regulation (provided the person provides such information as the Secretary of State requires), treat—

(a)the assessment periods under the previous award; and

(b)any months between that award and the current award in respect of which a claim has been made,

as assessment periods under the current award.]

Textual Amendments

Permitted expensesU.K.

58.—(1) The deductions allowed in the calculation of self-employed earnings are amounts paid in the assessment period in respect of—

(a)expenses that have been wholly and exclusively incurred for purposes of the trade, profession or vocation; or

(b)in the case of expenses that have been incurred for more than one purpose, an identifiable part or proportion that has been wholly and exclusively incurred for the purposes of the trade, profession or vocation,

excluding any expenses that were incurred unreasonably.

(2) Payments deducted under paragraph (1) may include value added tax.

(3) No deduction may be made for payments in respect of—

(a)expenditure on non-depreciating assets (including property, shares or other assets held for investment purposes);

F15(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c)repayment of capital F16. . . in relation to a loan taken out for the purposes of the trade, profession or vocation;

(d)expenses for business entertainment.

[F17(3A) A deduction for a payment of interest in relation to a loan taken out for the purposes of the trade, profession or vocation may not exceed £41.]

(4) This regulation is subject to regulation 59.

Textual Amendments

Flat rate deductions for mileage and use of home and adjustment for personal use of business premisesU.K.

59.—(1) This regulation provides for alternatives to the deductions that would otherwise be allowed under regulation 58.

(2) Instead of a deduction in respect of the actual expenses incurred in relation to the acquisition or use of a motor vehicle, the following deductions are allowed according to the mileage covered on journeys undertaken in the assessment period for the purposes of the trade, profession or vocation—

(a)in a car, van or other motor vehicle (apart from a motorcycle), 45 pence per mile for the first 833 miles and 25 pence per mile thereafter; and

(b)on a motorcycle, 24 pence per mile,

and, if the motor vehicle is a car F18. . . , the only deduction allowed for the acquisition or use of that vehicle is a deduction under this paragraph.

(3) Where a person carrying on a trade, profession or vocation incurs expenses in relation to the use of accommodation occupied as their home, instead of a deduction in respect of the actual expenses, a deduction is allowed according to the number of hours spent in the assessment period on income generating activities related to the trade, profession or vocation as follows—

(a)at least 25 hours but no more than 50 hours, £10;

(b)more than 50 hours but no more than 100 hours, £18;

(c)more than 100 hours, £26.

(4) Where premises which are used by a person mainly for the purposes of a trade, profession or vocation are also occupied by that person for their personal use, whether alone or with other persons, the deduction allowed for expenses in relation to those premises is the amount that would be allowed under regulation 58(1) if the premises were used wholly and exclusively for purposes of the trade, profession or vocation, but reduced by the following amount according to the number of persons occupying the premises for their personal use—

(a)£350 for one person;

(b)£500 for two persons;

(c)£650 for three or more persons.

Textual Amendments

Notional earned incomeU.K.

60.—(1) A person who has deprived themselves of earned income, or whose employer has arranged for them to be so deprived, for the purpose of securing entitlement to universal credit or to an increased amount of universal credit is to be treated as possessing that earned income.

(2) Such a purpose is to be treated as existing if, in fact, entitlement or higher entitlement to universal credit did result and, in the opinion of the Secretary of State, this was a foreseeable and intended consequence of the deprivation.

(3) If a person provides services for another person and—

(a)the other person makes no payment for those services or pays less than would be paid for comparable services in the same location; and

(b)the means of the other person were sufficient to pay for, or pay more for, those services,

the person who provides the services is to be treated as having received the remuneration that would be reasonable for the provision of those services.

(4) Paragraph (3) does not apply where—

(a)the person is engaged to provide the services by a charitable or voluntary organisation and the Secretary of State is satisfied that it is reasonable to provide the services free of charge or at less than the rate that would be paid for comparable services in the same location;

(b)the services are provided by a person who is participating as a service user (see regulation 53(2)); or

(c)the services are provided under or in connection with a person's participation in an employment or training programme approved by the Secretary of State.

[F19Information for calculating earned income – real time information etc.U.K.

61.—(1) Unless paragraph (2) applies, a person must provide such information for the purposes of calculating their earned income at such times as the Secretary of State may require.

Real time information

(2) Where a person is, or has been, engaged in an employment in respect of which their employer is a Real Time Information employer—

(a)the amount of the person’s employed earnings from that employment in respect of each assessment period is to be based on the information reported to HMRC under the PAYE Regulations and received by the Secretary of State from HMRC in that assessment period; and

(b)in respect of an assessment period in which no information is received from HMRC, the amount of employed earnings in relation to that employment is to be taken to be nil.

Exceptions to use of Real Time Information

(3) Paragraph (2) does not apply where—

(a)in relation to a particular employment the Secretary of State considers that the employer is unlikely to report information to HMRC in a sufficiently accurate or timely manner;

(b)it appears to the Secretary of State that the amount of a payment reported to HMRC is incorrect, or fails to reflect the definition of employed earnings in regulation 55 (employed earnings), in some material respect; or

(c)no information is received from HMRC in an assessment period and the Secretary of State considers that this is likely to be because of a failure to report information (which includes the failure of a computer system operated by HMRC, the employer or any other person).

(4) Where paragraph (2) does not apply by virtue of any of the exceptions in paragraph (3) the Sectary of State must determine the amount of employed earnings for the assessment period in question (or, where the exception in paragraph (3)(a) applies, for each assessment period in which the person is engaged in that employment) in accordance with regulation 55 (employed earning) using such information or evidence as the Secretary of State thinks fit.

Reallocation of reported payments

(5) Where it appears to the Secretary of State that a payment of employed earnings has been reported late, or otherwise reported in the wrong assessment period, the Secretary of State may determine that the payment is to be treated as employed earnings in the assessment period in which it was received.

(6) Where a person is engaged in an employment where they are paid on a regular monthly basis and more than one payment in relation to that employment is reported in the same assessment period, the Secretary of State may, for the purposes of maintaining a regular pattern, determine that one of those payments is to be treated as employed earnings in respect of a different assessment period.

Consequential adjustments

(7) Where the Secretary of State makes a determination under any of paragraphs (4) to (6), the Secretary of State may make such other adjustments to the calculation of the person’s employed earnings as may be necessary to avoid duplication or to maintain a regular payment pattern.

(8) In this regulation “Real Time Information Employer” has the meaning in regulation 2A(1) of the PAYE Regulations.]

Textual Amendments

Gainful self-employmentU.K.

[F20Minimum income floorU.K.

62.—(1) This regulation applies to a claimant who—

(a)is in gainful self-employment (see regulation 64); and

(b)would, apart from this regulation [F21or regulation 90], fall within section 22 of the Act (claimants subject to all work-related requirements).

(2) Where this regulation applies to a single claimant, for any assessment period in respect of which the claimant’s earned income is less than their individual threshold, the claimant is to be treated as having earned income equal to that threshold.

(3) Where this regulation applies to a claimant who is a member of a couple, for any assessment period in respect of which—

(a)the claimant’s earned income is less than their individual threshold; and

(b)the couple’s combined earned income is less than the couple threshold,

the claimant is to be treated as having earned income equal to their individual threshold minus any amount by which that amount of earned income combined with their partner’s earned income would exceed the couple threshold.

(4) In this regulation, references to the claimant’s individual threshold and to the couple threshold are to the amounts set out in regulation 90(2) and 90(3) respectively, converted to net F22... amounts by—

F23(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b)deducting such amount for income tax and national insurance contributions as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.

(4A) [F24Where this regulation applies in respect of an assessment period in which surplus earnings are treated as an amount of earned income under regulation 54A (surplus earnings), that amount is to be added to the claimant’s earned income before this regulation is applied and, in the case of joint claimants, it is to be added to the earned income of either member of the couple so as to produce the lowest possible amount of combined earned income after this regulation is applied.]

(5) An assessment period referred to in this regulation does not include an assessment period which falls wholly within a start-up period or begins or ends in a start-up period.]

Textual Amendments

F20Reg. 62 substituted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by The Universal Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments (No.2) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2888), regs. 1(1), 4(5)

F22Word in reg. 62(4) omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(3) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Universal Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/1754), regs. 1(1), 2(5)(a)

F23Reg. 62(4)(a) omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(3) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Universal Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/1754), regs. 1(1), 2(5)(b)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

Start-up periodU.K.

63.—(1) A “start-up period” is a period of 12 months and applies from the beginning of the assessment period in which the Secretary of State determines that a claimant is in gainful self-employment where—

[F25(a)regulation 62 (minimum income floor) has not previously applied to the claimant in relation to the trade, profession or vocation which is currently the claimant's main employment (whether in relation to the current award or a previous award); and]

(b)the claimant is taking active steps to increase their earnings from that employment to the level of the claimant's individual threshold (see regulation 90).

(2) But no start-up period may apply in relation to a claimant where a start-up period has previously applied in relation to that claimant, whether in relation to the current award or any previous award of universal credit, unless that previous start-up period—

(a)began more than 5 years before the beginning of assessment period referred to in paragraph (1); and

(b)applied in relation to a different trade, profession or vocation which the claimant has ceased to carry on.

(3) The Secretary of State may terminate a start-up period at any time if the person is no longer in gainful self-employment or is no longer taking the steps referred to in paragraph (1)(b).

Textual Amendments

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C6Reg. 63 applied (with modifications) by S.I 2014/1230, reg. 59 (as inserted (24.7.2019) by The Universal Credit (Managed Migration Pilot and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/1152), regs. 1(2), 3(7))

Meaning of “gainful self-employment”U.K.

64.  A claimant is in gainful self-employment for the purposes of regulations 62 and 63 where the Secretary of State has determined that—

(a)the claimant is carrying on a trade, profession or vocation as their main employment;

(b)their earnings from that trade, profession or vocation are self-employed earnings; and

(c)the trade, profession or vocation is organised, developed, regular and carried on in expectation of profit.

CHAPTER 3U.K.UNEARNED INCOME

IntroductionU.K.

65.  This Chapter provides for the calculation of a person's unearned income for the purposes of section 8 of the Act (calculation of awards).

What is included in unearned income?U.K.

66.—(1) A person's unearned income is any of their income, including income the person is treated as having by virtue of regulation 74 (notional unearned income), falling within the following descriptions—

(a)retirement pension income (see regulation 67) [F26to which the person is entitled, subject to any adjustment to the amount payable in accordance with regulations under section 73 of the Social Security Administration Act 1992 (overlapping benefits)];

(b)any of the following benefits to which the person is entitled, subject to any adjustment to the amount payable in accordance with regulations under section 73 of the Social Security Administration Act 1992 M4 (overlapping benefits)—

(i)jobseeker's allowance,

(ii)employment and support allowance,

(iii)carer's allowance,

[F27(iiia)carer support payment but only up to a maximum of the amount a claimant would receive if they had an entitlement to carer’s allowance,]

F28(iv). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(v)widowed mother's allowance,

(vi)widowed parent's allowance,

(vii)widow's pension,

(viii)maternity allowance, or

(ix)industrial injuries benefit, excluding any increase in that benefit under section 104 or 105 of the Contributions and Benefits Act (increases where constant attendance needed and for exceptionally severe disablement);

(c)any benefit, allowance, or other payment which is paid under the law of a country outside the United Kingdom and is analogous to a benefit mentioned in sub-paragraph (b);

(d)payments made towards the maintenance of the person by their spouse, civil partner, former spouse or former civil partner under a court order or an agreement for maintenance;

[F29(da)foreign state retirement pension;]

(e)student income (see regulation 68);

(f)a payment made under section 2 of the Employment and Training Act 1973 or section 2 of the Enterprise and New Towns (Scotland) Act 1990 which is a substitute for universal credit or is for a person's living expenses;

(g)a payment made by one of the Sports Councils named in section 23(2) of the National Lottery etc. Act 1993 M5 out of sums allocated to it for distribution where the payment is for the person's living expenses;

(h)a payment received under an insurance policy to insure against—

(i)the risk of losing income due to illness, accident or redundancy, or

F30(ii). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(i)income from an annuity (other than retirement pension income), unless disregarded under regulation 75 (compensation for personal injury);

(j)income from a trust, unless disregarded under regulation 75 (compensation for personal injury) or 76 (special schemes for compensation);

(k)income that is treated as the yield from a person's capital by virtue of regulation 72;

(l)capital that is treated as income by virtue of regulation 46(3) or (4);

[F31(la)PPF periodic payments;]

(m)income that does not fall within sub-paragraphs [F32(a) to (la)] and is taxable under Part 5 of the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 M6(miscellaneous income).

[F33(2) In this regulation—

(a)in paragraph (1)(da) “foreign state retirement pension” means any pension which is paid under the law of a country outside the United Kingdom and is in the nature of social security;

(b)in paragraph (1)(f) and (g) a person's “living expenses” are the cost of—

(i)food;

(ii)ordinary clothing or footwear;

(iii)household fuel, rent or other housing costs (including council tax),

for the person, their partner and any child or qualifying young person for whom the person is responsible;

(c)in paragraph (1)(la) “PPF periodic payments” has the meaning given in section 17(1) of the State Pension Credit Act 2002 .]

Textual Amendments

F28Reg. 66(1)(b)(iv) omitted (coming into force in accordance with arts. 1-3 of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Pensions Act 2014 (Consequential, Supplementary and Incidental Amendments) Order 2017 (S.I. 2017/422), arts. 1(2), 43(3)

F30Reg. 66(1)(h)(ii) omitted (with effect in accordance with regs. 19 - 21 of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Loans for Mortgage Interest Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/725), reg. 1(2)(a), Sch. 5 para. 5(d)

Marginal Citations

Meaning of “retirement pension income”U.K.

67.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), in regulation 66(1)(a) “retirement pension income” has the same meaning as in section 16 of the State Pension Credit Act 2002 M7 as extended by regulation 16 of the State Pension Credit Regulations 2002 M8.

(2) Retirement pension income includes any increase in a Category A or Category B retirement pension mentioned in section 16(1)(a) of the State Pension Credit Act 2002 which is payable under Part 4 of the Contributions and Benefits Act in respect of a person's partner.

Marginal Citations

Person treated as having student incomeU.K.

68.—(1) A person who is undertaking a course [F34of education, study or training] (see regulation 13) and has a student loan[F35, a postgraduate F36... loan] or a grant in respect of that course, is to be treated as having student income in respect of—

(a)an assessment period in which the course begins;

(b)in the case of a course which lasts for two or more years, an assessment period in which the second or subsequent year begins;

(c)any other assessment period in which, or in any part of which, the person is undertaking the course, excluding—

(i)an assessment period in which the long vacation begins or which falls within the long vacation, or

(ii)an assessment period in which the course ends.

(2) Where a person has a student loan [F37or a postgraduate F38... loan], their student income for any assessment period referred to in paragraph (1) is to be based on the amount of that loan.

(3) Where paragraph (2) applies, any grant in relation to the period to which the loan applies is to be disregarded except for—

(a)any specific amount included in the grant to cover payments which are rent payments in respect of which an amount is included in an award of universal credit for the housing costs element;

(b)any amount intended for the maintenance of another person in respect of whom an amount is included in the award.

(4) Where paragraph (2) does not apply, the person's student income for any assessment period in which they are treated as having that income is to be based on the amount of their grant.

(5) A person is to be treated as having a student loan [F39or a postgraduate F40... loan] where the person could acquire [F41a student loan or a postgraduate F40 ... loan] by taking reasonable steps to do so.

(6) Student income does not include any payment referred to in regulation 66(1)(f) (training allowances).

(7) In this regulation and regulations 69 to 71—

“grant” means any kind of educational grant or award, excluding a student loan or a payment made under a scheme to enable persons under the age of 21 to complete courses of education or training that are not advanced education;

“the long vacation” is a period of no less than one month which, in the opinion of the Secretary of State, is the longest vacation during a course which is intended to last for two or more years;

[F42“postgraduate loan” means a loan to a student undertaking a postgraduate master’s degree course or a postgraduate doctoral degree course pursuant to regulations made under section 22 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998;]

“student loan” means a loan towards a student's maintenance pursuant to any regulations made under section 22 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 M9, section 73 of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 M10 or Article 3 of the Education (Student Support) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 M11 F43... .

Textual Amendments

Marginal Citations

Calculation of student income - student loans [F44and postgraduate F45... loans]U.K.

69.—(1) Where, in accordance with regulation 68(2), a person's student income is to be based on the amount of a student loan for a year, the amount to be taken into account is the maximum student loan (including any increases for additional weeks) that the person would be able to acquire in respect of that year by taking reasonable steps to do so.

[F46(1A) Where, in accordance with regulation 68(2), a person’s student income is to be based on the amount of a postgraduate F47... loan for a year, the amount to be taken into account is 30 per cent. of the maximum postgraduate F47... loan that the person would be able to acquire by taking reasonable steps to do so.]

(2) For the purposes of calculating the maximum student loan in paragraph (1) [F48or the maximum postgraduate F49... loan in paragraph (1A)] it is to be assumed no reduction has been made on account of—

(a)the person's means or the means of their partner, parent or any other person; or

(b)any grant made to the person.

Textual Amendments

Calculation of student income - grantsU.K.

70.  Where, in accordance with regulation 68(4), a person's student income is to be based on the amount of a grant, the amount to be taken into account is the whole of the grant excluding any payment—

(a)intended to meet tuition fees or examination fees;

(b)in respect of the person's disability;

(c)intended to meet additional expenditure connected with term time residential study away from the person's educational establishment;

(d)intended to meet the cost of the person maintaining a home at a place other than that at which they reside during their course, except where an award of universal credit includes an amount for the housing costs element in respect of those costs;

(e)intended for the maintenance of another person, but only if an award of universal credit does not include any amount in respect of that person;

(f)intended to meet the cost of books and equipment;

(g)intended to meet travel expenses incurred as a result of the person's attendance on the course; or

(h)intended to meet childcare costs.

Calculation of student income - amount for an assessment periodU.K.

71.  The amount of a person's student income in relation to each assessment period in which the person is to be treated as having student income in accordance with regulation 68(1) is calculated as follows.

Step 1

Determine whichever of the following amounts is applicable—

(a)[F50in so far as regulation 68(2) applies to a person with a student loan,] the amount of the loan (and, if applicable, the amount of any grant) in relation to the year of the course in which the assessment period falls; F51...

[F52(aa)in so far as regulation 68(2) applies to a person with a postgraduate F53... loan, 30 per cent. of the amount of the loan in relation to the year of the course in which the assessment period falls; or]

(b)if regulation 68(4) applies (person with a grant but no student loan [F54or postgraduate F53... loan]) the amount of the grant in relation to the year of the course in which the assessment period falls.

But if the period of the course is less than a year determine the amount of the grant or loan in relation to the course.

Step 2

Determine in relation to—

(a)the year of the course in which the assessment period falls; or

(b)if the period of the course is less than a year, the period of the course,

the number of assessment periods for which the person is to be treated as having student income under regulation 68(1).

[F55But where the first day of the person’s universal credit award is on a date later than the first day of the year of the course, or period of the course, in question, each period of one month beginning on the same day as the assessment periods for, and preceding the commencement of, that award is to be treated as an assessment period when determining the number of assessment periods for which the person is to be treated as having student income.]

Step 3

Divide the amount produced by step 1 by the number of assessment periods produced by step 2.

Step 4

Deduct £110.

Textual Amendments

GeneralU.K.

Assumed yield from capitalU.K.

72.—(1) A person's capital is to be treated as yielding a monthly income of £4.35 for each £250 in excess of £6,000 and £4.35 for any excess which is not a complete £250.

(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply where the capital is disregarded or the actual income from that capital is taken into account under regulation 66(1)(i) (income from an annuity) or (j) (income from a trust).

(3) Where a person's capital is treated as yielding income, any actual income derived from that capital, for example rental, interest or dividends, is to be treated as part of the person's capital from the day it is due to be paid to the person.

Unearned income calculated monthlyU.K.

73.—(1) A person's unearned income is to be calculated as a monthly amount.

(2) Where the period in respect of which a payment of income is made is not a month, an amount is to be calculated as the monthly equivalent, so for example—

(a)weekly payments are multiplied by 52 and divided by 12;

(b)four weekly payments are multiplied by 13 and divided 12;

(c)three monthly payments are multiplied by 4 and divided by 12; and

(d)annual payments are divided by 12.

[F56(2A) Where the period in respect of which unearned income is paid begins or ends during an assessment period the amount of unearned income for that assessment period is to be calculated as follows—

where N is the number of days in respect of which unearned income is paid that fall within the assessment period and M is the monthly amount referred to in paragraph (1) or, as the case may be, the monthly equivalent referred to in paragraph (2).]

(3) Where the amount of a person's unearned income fluctuates, the monthly equivalent is to be calculated—

(a)where there is an identifiable cycle, over the duration of one such cycle; or

(b)where there is no identifiable cycle, over three months or such other period as may, in the particular case, enable the monthly equivalent of the person's income to be determined more accurately.

(4) This regulation does not apply to student income.

Textual Amendments

Notional unearned incomeU.K.

74.—(1) If unearned income would be available to a person upon the making of an application for it, the person is to be treated as having that unearned income.

(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to the benefits listed in regulation 66(1)(b).

(3) A person who has reached the qualifying age for state pension credit is to be treated as possessing the amount of any retirement pension income for which no application has been made and to which the person might expect to be entitled if a claim were made.

(4) The circumstances in which a person is to be treated as possessing retirement pension income for the purposes of universal credit are the same as the circumstances set out in regulation 18 of the State Pension Credit Regulations 2002 M12 in which a person is treated as receiving retirement pension income for the purposes of state pension credit.

Marginal Citations

M12S.I. 2002/1972 amended by S.I. 2005/2677, 2006/2378, 2007/2618, 2009/2655 and 2010/641.

CHAPTER 4U.K.MISCELLANEOUS

Compensation for personal injuryU.K.

75.—(1) This regulation applies where a sum has been awarded to a person, or has been agreed by or behalf of a person, in consequence of a personal injury to that person.

(2) If, in accordance with an order of the court or an agreement, the person receives all or part of that sum by way of regular payments, those payments are to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's unearned income.

(3) If the sum has been used to purchase an annuity, payments under the annuity are to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's unearned income.

(4) If the sum is held in trust, any capital of the trust derived from that sum is to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's capital and any income from the trust is to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's unearned income.

(5) If the sum is administered by the court on behalf of the person or can only be disposed of by direction of the court, it is to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's capital and any regular payments from that amount are to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's unearned income.

(6) If the sum is not held in trust or has not been used to purchase an annuity or otherwise disposed of, but has been paid to the person within the past 12 months, that sum is to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's capital.

Special schemes for compensation etc.U.K.

76.—(1) This regulation applies where a person receives a payment from a scheme established or approved by the Secretary of State or from a trust established with funds provided by the Secretary of State for the purpose of—

(a)providing compensation [F57or support] in respect of [F58any of the following]—

(i)a person having been diagnosed with variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease or infected from contaminated blood products,

(ii)the bombings in London on 7th July 2005,

(iii)persons who have been interned or suffered forced labour, injury, property loss or loss of a child during the Second World War; F59...

[F60(iv)the terrorist attacks in London on 22nd March 2017 or 3rd June 2017,

(v)the bombing in Manchester on 22nd May 2017; F61...]

F62(vi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[F63(vii)historic institutional child abuse in the United Kingdom;]

(b)supporting persons with a disability to live independently in their accommodation.

[F64(1A) This regulation also applies where a person receives a payment from—

(a)the National Emergencies Trust, registered charity number 1182809;

(b)the Child Migrants Trust, registered charity number 1171479, under the scheme for former British child migrants; or]

F65(c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[F66(d)the scheme established by the Windrush Compensation Scheme (Expenditure) Act 2020F67...]

[F68(e)the Post Office or the Secretary of State for the purpose of providing compensation or support which is—

(i)in connection with the failings of the Horizon system; or

(ii)otherwise payable following the judgment in Bates and Others v Post Office Ltd ((No. 3) “Common Issues”) [F69; or]]

[F70(f)the Victims of Overseas Terrorism Compensation Scheme established by the Ministry of Justice in 2012 under section 47 of the Crime and Security Act 2010.]

[F71(1B) This regulation also applies where a person receives a payment made for the purpose of providing compensation or support in respect of the fire on 14th June 2017 at Grenfell Tower.

(1C) This regulation also applies where a person—

(a)receives a vaccine damage payment or is a person for whose benefit a vaccine damage payment is made;

(b)is the partner of a person referred to in sub-paragraph (a) and receives a payment by or on behalf of that person which is derived from a vaccine damage payment;

(c)was the partner of a person referred to in sub-paragraph (a) immediately before the latter’s death and receives a payment from their estate which is derived from a vaccine damage payment;

(d)in a case where a vaccine damage payment is made to the personal representative of a person who was severely disabled as a result of vaccination (“P”), was P’s partner immediately before P’s death and receives a payment from P’s estate which is derived from a vaccine damage payment.]

(2) Any such payment, if it is capital, is to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's capital and, if it is income, is to be disregarded in the calculation of the person's income.

[F72(3) In relation to a claim for universal credit made by a person other than the diagnosed or infected person referred to in paragraph (1)(a)(i), a payment received from the scheme or trust or which derives from a payment received from the scheme or trust, is to be disregarded if it would be disregarded in relation to an award of state pension credit by virtue of paragraph 13 or 15 of Schedule 5 to the State Pension Credit Regulations 2002.]

[F73(4) In this regulation—

“the Horizon system” means any version of the computer system used by the Post Office known as Horizon, Horizon Legacy, Horizon Online or HNG-X;

“the Post Office” means Post Office Limited (registered number 02154540);

“vaccine damage payment” means a payment made under the Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979.]

Textual Amendments

F59Word in reg. 76(1)(a)(iii) omitted (19.6.2017) by virtue of The Social Security (Emergency Funds) (Amendment) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/689), regs. 1, 9(b)

Company analogous to a partnership or one person businessU.K.

77.—(1) Where a person stands in a position analogous to that of a sole owner or partner in relation to a company which is carrying on a trade or a property business, the person is to be treated, for the purposes of this Part, as the sole owner or partner.

(2) Where paragraph (1) applies, the person is to be treated, subject to paragraph (3)(a), as possessing an amount of capital equal to the value, or the person's share of the value, of the capital of the company and the value of the person's holding in the company is to be disregarded.

(3) Where paragraph (1) applies in relation to a company which is carrying on a trade—

(a)any assets of the company that are used wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the trade are to be disregarded from the person's capital while they are engaged in activities in the course of that trade;

(b)the income of the company or the person's share of that income is to be treated as the person's income and calculated in the manner set out in regulation 57 as if it were self-employed earnings; and

(c)where the person's activities in the course of the trade are their main employment, the person is to be treated as if they were in gainful self-employment and, accordingly, regulation 62 (minimum income floor) applies. F74....

(4) Any self-employed earnings which the person is treated as having by virtue of paragraph (3)(b) are in addition to any employed earnings the person receives as a director or employee of the company.

(5) This regulation does not apply where the person derives income from the company that is employed earnings by virtue of Chapter 8 (workers under arrangements made by intermediaries)[F75, Chapter 9 (managed service companies) or Chapter 10 (workers’ services provided through intermediaries) of Part 2 of ITEPA and that income is derived from activities that are the person’s main employment].

(6) In paragraph (1) “property business” has the meaning in section 204 of the Corporation Tax Act 2009 M13.

Textual Amendments

F74Words in reg. 77(3)(c) omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Universal Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments (No.2) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2888), regs. 1(1), 4(6)

Marginal Citations

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