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Council Directive 93/85/EECDangos y teitl llawn

Council Directive 93/85/EEC of 4 October 1993 on the control of potato ring rot

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  1. Introductory Text

  2. Article 1.The Directive concerns the measures to be taken within the...

  3. Article 2.(1) Member States shall conduct systematic official surveys for the...

  4. Article 3.Member States shall ensure that the suspected occurrence or confirmed...

  5. Article 4.(1) In cases of suspected occurrence, the responsible. official bodies...

  6. Article 5.(1) If official or officially supervised laboratory testing using the...

  7. Article 6.Member States shall prescribe that where tubers or plants have...

  8. Article 7.(1) Member States shall prescribe that tubers or plants, designated...

  9. Article 8.(1) Member States shall prescribe that seed potatoes shall meet...

  10. Article 9.Member States shall ban the holding and handling of the...

  11. Article 10.Without prejudice to the provisions of Directive 77/93/EEC, Member States...

  12. Article 11.Member States may adopt such additional or stricter measures as...

  13. Article 12.Amendments to the Annexes to this Directive, to be made...

  14. Article 13.(1) By 15 November 1993 Member States shall adopt and...

  15. Article 14.Directive 80/665/EEC is hereby repealed with effect from 16 November...

  16. Article 15.This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

    1. ANNEX I

      TEST SCHEME FOR DIAGNOSIS, DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE RING ROT BACTERIUM, CLAVIBACTER MICHIGANENSIS (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. SEPEDONICUS (Spieckermann et Kotthoff) Davis et al.

      2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

      3. 1. FLOW CHART DIAGRAM PRESENTATION

        1. 1.1. Detection scheme for the diagnosis of Ring Rot in potato...

        2. 1.2. Scheme for detection and identification of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus in...

          1. Principle

        3. 1.3. Scheme for detection and identification of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus in...

      4. 2. VISUAL EXAMINATION FOR RING ROT SYMPTOMS

        1. 2.1. Potato plants

        2. 2.2. Potato tubers

      5. 3. SAMPLE PREPARATION

        1. 3.1. Potato tubers

          1. Note:

          3. 3.1.1. Remove with a clean and disinfected scalpel or vegetable knife the...

            1. Note:

          4. 3.1.2. Collect the heel end cores in unused disposable containers which...

          5. 3.1.3. Process the heel end cores by one of the following...

            1. Note:

          6. 3.1.4. Decant the supernatant. If excessively cloudy, clarify either by slow...

          7. 3.1.5. Concentrate the bacterial fraction by centrifugation at 7 000  g...

          8. 3.1.6. Resuspend the pellet in 1,5 ml pellet buffer (Appendix 3). Use 500 µl...

          9. 3.1.7. It is imperative that all C. m. subsp. sepedonicus positive...

        2. 3.2. Potato plants

          1. Note:

          2. 3.2.1. With a clean disinfected knife or pruning shears, remove a...

          3. 3.2.2. Process the stem segments by one of the following procedures:...

          4. 3.2.3. Decant the supernatant after settling for 15 minutes.

          5. 3.2.4. Further clarification of the extract or concentration of the bacterial fraction...

          6. 3.2.5. Divide the neat or concentrated sample extract into 2 equal parts....

      6. 4. IF TEST

        1. Principle

          1. Note:

        2. 4.1. Prepare the test slides by one of the following procedures:...

        3. 4.2. Dry the droplets at ambient temperatures or by warming at...

        4. 4.3. IF procedure: According to test slide preparation in 4.1(i): Prepare a...

          2. 4.3.1. Arrange the slides on moist paper. Cover each test window...

          3. 4.3.2. Incubate the slides on moist paper under a cover for...

          4. 4.3.3. Shake the droplets off each slide and rinse carefully with...

          5. 4.3.4. Arrange the slides on moist paper. Cover the test windows...

          6. 4.3.5. Incubate the slides on moist paper under a cover for...

          7. 4.3.6. Shake the droplets of conjugate off the slide. Rinse and...

          8. 4.3.7. Pipette 5 to 10 µl of 0,1M phosphate-buffered glycerol (Appendix 3) or a commercially...

        5. 4.4. Reading the IF test:

          2. 4.4.1. Examine test slides on an epifluorescence microscope with filters suitable...

          3. 4.4.2. Observe for bright fluorescing cells with characteristic morphology of C....

          4. 4.4.3. There are several problems inherent to the specificity of the...

          5. 4.4.4. Consider only fluorescing cells with typical size and morphology at...

          6. 4.4.5. Interpretation of the IF reading:

      7. 5. FISH TEST

        1. Principle

          1. Note:

        2. 5.1. Potato extract fixation

          2. 5.1.1. Prepare fixative solution (see Appendix 7).

          3. 5.1.2. Pipette 100 µl of each sample extract into an Eppendorf tube...

          4. 5.1.3. Remove the supernatant and dissolve the pellet in 500 µl of...

          5. 5.1.4. Centrifuge for 8 min. at 7 000  g, remove the supernatant...

          6. 5.1.5. Spot 16 µl of the fixed suspensions onto a clean multitest...

          7. 5.1.6. Air-dry the slides (or on slide dryer at 37 °C) and...

        3. 5.2. Pre-hybridisation and hybridisation

          1. 5.2.1. Prepare a lysozyme solution containing 10 mg lysozyme (Sigma L–6876) in...

          2. 5.2.2. Dehydrate the cells in a graded ethanol series of 50 %,...

          3. 5.2.3. Prepare a moist incubation chamber by covering the bottom of...

          4. 5.2.4. Prepare the hybridisation solution (Appendix 7) allowing 45 µl per slide, and...

          5. 5.2.5. Place slides on a hot plate at 45 °C and apply...

          6. 5.2.6. Apply two coverslips (24 × 24 mm) to each slide without...

          7. 5.2.7. Prepare three beakers containing 1 l of Ultra pure water...

          8. 5.2.8. Remove the coverslips from the slides and place the slides...

          9. 5.2.9. Wash away excess probe by incubation for 15 mins. in...

          10. 5.2.10. Transfer the slide holder to 1/2 hybmix washing solution and incubate for a...

          11. 5.2.11. Dip the slides briefly in UPW and place them on...

        4. 5.3. Reading the FISH test

          1. 5.3.1. Observe the slides immediately with a microscope fitted for epifluorescence...

          2. 5.3.2. Observe for bright fluorescing cells with characteristic morphology of C....

          3. 5.3.3. If any contamination is suspected the test must be repeated....

          4. 5.3.4. There are several problems inherent to the specificity of the...

          5. 5.3.5. Consider only fluorescing cells with typical size and morphology, see...

          6. 5.3.6. Interpretation of the FISH test result:

      8. 6. PCR TEST

        1. Principles

          1. Note:

        2. 6.1. DNA purification methods

          2. 6.1.(a) Method according to Pastrik (2000)

          3. 6.1.(b) Other methods

        3. 6.2. PCR

          1. 6.2.1. Prepare test and control templates for PCR according to the validated...

          2. 6.2.2. Prepare the appropriate PCR reaction mix in a contamination-free environment...

          3. 6.2.3. Add 5 µl of DNA extract per 25 µl PCR reaction in...

          4. 6.2.4. Incorporate a negative control sample containing only PCR reaction mix...

          5. 6.2.5. Place tubes in the same thermal cycler which was used...

        4. 6.3. Analysis of the PCR product

          1. 6.3.1. Resolve PCR amplicons by agarose gel electrophoresis. Run at least...

          2. 6.3.2. Reveal DNA bands by staining in ethidium bromide (0,5 mg per...

          3. 6.3.3. Observe stained gel under short wave UV transillumination (e.g. λ...

          4. 6.3.4. For all new findings/cases verify authenticity of the PCR amplicon...

            1. Note:

      9. 7. BIOASSAY TEST

        1. Note:

        3. 7.1. Distribute the whole of the remaining test aliquot of the...

        4. 7.2. Do not water eggplants for one to two days prior...

        5. 7.3. Slit inoculation

          2. 7.3.1. Holding the plant between two fingers, pipette a drop (approximately...

          3. 7.3.2. Using a sterile scalpel, make a diagonal slit, about 1,0 cm...

          4. 7.3.3. Seal the cut with sterile vaseline from a syringe.

        6. 7.4. Syringe inoculation

        7. 7.5. As the positive controls, inoculate 5 plants with an aqueous...

        8. 7.6. As the negative control, inoculate 5 plants with sterile pellet...

        9. 7.7. Incubate plants in quarantine facilities for up to four weeks...

        10. 7.8. Examine regularly for symptoms starting after a week. Count the...

        11. 7.9. As soon as symptoms in eggplants are observed reisolation should...

        12. 7.10. Under certain circumstances, in particular where growing conditions are not...

      10. 8. ISOLATION OF C. M. SUBSP. SEPEDONICUS

        1. Note:

        3. 8.1. Selective plating

          1. 8.1.1. From a 100 µl aliquot from a resuspended potato pellet sample...

          2. 8.1.2. Isolation from undiluted potato pellet usually fails due to the...

            1. Note:

          3. 8.1.3. Incubate plates in the dark at 21 to 23 °C.

          4. 8.1.4. Initial examinations of the plates including, by reference to the...

        4. 8.2. Purification of suspicious colonies

          1. Note:

          2. 8.2.1. Streak C. m. subsp. sepedonicus –like colonies on to one...

          3. 8.2.2. Re-streak to establish purity.

          4. 8.2.3. Identify presumptive cultures (see section 9) and perform a pathogenicity test...

      11. 9. IDENTIFICATION

        2. 9.1. Nutritional and enzymatic identification tests

        3. 9.2. IF-test

        4. 9.3. PCR test

        5. 9.4. FISH test

        6. 9.5. Fatty acid profiling (FAP)

        7. 9.6. BOX-PCR

      12. 10. CONFIRMATION TEST

        2. 10.1. Prepare an inoculum of approximately 10 6 cells per ml...

        3. 10.2. Inoculate 5 to 10 eggplant stems of young seedlings at leaf...

        4. 10.3. Incubate at 18 to 24 °C with sufficient light and high relative...

        5. 10.4. Isolate from symptomatic plants by removing a section of stem...

      13. Appendix 1

        Laboratories involved in optimisation and validation of protocols

      14. Appendix 2

        Preparation of positive and negative controls for the core screening tests PCR/IF and FISH

        1. Produce a 72 hour culture of a virulent strain of C....

        2. Remove the heel end cores of 200 tubers taken from...

        3. Process the heel ends as usual and resuspend the pellet...

        4. Prepare 10 sterile 1,5 ml microvials with 900 µl of the resuspended...

        5. Transfer 100 µl of the suspension of C. m. subsp. sepedonicus...

        6. Establish decimal levels of contamination by further diluting in the...

        7. The six contaminated microvials will be used as positive controls....

        8. Prepare aliquots of 100 µl in sterile 1,5 ml microvials thus obtaining...

        9. The presence and quantification of C. m. subsp. sepedonicus in...

        10. For the PCR test perform DNA extraction from positive and...

        11. For IF and FISH tests perform assays on positive and...

        12. For IF, FISH and PCR assays C. m. subsp. sepedonicus...

      15. Appendix 3

        Buffers for test procedures

        2. 1. Buffers for extraction procedure

          1. 1.1. Extraction buffer (50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7,0)

          2. 1.2. Pellet buffer (10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7,2)

        3. 2. Buffers for the IF test

          1. 2.1. IF-Buffer (10 mM phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7,2)

          2. 2.2. IF-buffer-Tween

          3. 2.3. Phosphate buffered glycerol, pH 7,6

      16. Appendix 4

        Determination of contamination level in IF and FISH tests

        1. Count the mean number of typical fluorescent cells per field...

      17. Appendix 5

        Media for isolation and culture of C. m. subsp. sepedonicus

        1. (a) General growth media

          1. Nutrient agar (NA)

          2. Nutrient dextrose agar (NDA)

          3. Yeast peptone glucose agar (YPGA)

          4. Yeast extract mineral salts medium (YGM)

        2. (b) Validated selective growth media

          1. MTNA medium

            1. Note:

          2. NCP-88 medium

            1. Note:

      18. Appendix 6

        Validated PCR protocol and reagents

        1. Note:

        2. 1. Multiplex PCR protocol with internal PCR control (Pastrik, 2000)

          1. 1.1. Oligonucleotide primers

          2. 1.2. PCR reaction mix

          3. 1.3. PCR reaction conditions

            1. Note:

          4. 1.4. Restriction enzyme analysis of amplicon.

        3. 2. Preparation of the Loading buffer

          1. 2.1. Bromphenol blue (10 %-stock solution)

          2. 2.2. Loading buffer

        4. 3. 10x Tris Acetate EDTA (TAE) buffer, pH 8,0

      19. Appendix 7

        Validated reagents for FISH test

        1. 1. Oligo-probes

        2. 2. Fixative solution

        3. 3. 3x Hybmix

        4. 4. Hybridisation solution

        5. 5. 0,1M Phosphate buffer, pH 7,0

      20. Appendix 8

        Eggplant culture

        1. Sow seeds of eggplant ( Solanum melongena ) in pasteurized...

        2. Eggplants should be grown in a glasshouse with the following...

        3. Supplier: see website http://forum.europa.eu.int/Public/irc/sanco/Home/main

      21. Appendix 9

        Gram stain procedure (Hucker's modification) (Doetsch, 1981)

        1. Crystal violet solution

        2. Lugol's iodine

        3. Safranin counterstain solution

        4. Staining procedure

        5. REFERENCES

          1. 1. Anonymous, 1987. Scheme of the detection and diagnosis of the...

          2. 2. Bradbury, J. F., 1970. Isolation and preliminary study of bacteria...

          3. 3. Dinesen, I. G., 1984. The extraction and diagnosis of Corynebacterium...

          4. 4. Doetsch, R. N., 1981. Determinative methods of light microscopy. In:...

          5. 5. Hugh, R. and Leifson, F., 1953. The taxonomic significance of...

          6. 6. Janse, J. D., 1991. Infra- and intra-specific classification of Pseudomonas solanacearum...

          7. 7. Janse, J. D. and J. Van Vaerenbergh. The interpretation of...

          8. 8. Jansing, H. and K. Rudolph, 1998. Physiological capabilities of Clavibacter...

          9. 9. Kovacs, N., 1956. Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyanea by the oxidase...

          10. 10. Klement Z.; Rudolph, K and D. C. Sands, 1990. Methods...

          11. 11. Lelliott, R. A., 1966. The plant pathogenic coryneform bacteria. J....

          12. 12. Lelliott, R. A., E. Billing and A. C. Hayward, 1966....

          13. 13. Lelliott, R. A. and P. W., Sellar, 1976. The detection...

          14. 14. Li, X. and S.H. de Boer, 1995. Selection of Polymerase...

          15. 15. Mills, D., Russell, B., W. and J., W. Hanus, 1997....

          16. 16. Pastrik, K.-H. and R.A. Rainey. 1999. Identification and differentiation of...

          17. 17. Pastrik, K.-H., 2000. Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus in...

          18. 18. Ramamurthi, C. S., 1959. Comparative studies on some Gram-positive phytopathogenic...

          19. 19. Schaad, W., Berthier-Schaad, Y., Sechler, A. and Knorr, D. (1999)...

          20. 20. Schaad, W. 2001. Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic...

          21. 21. Skerman, V. B. D., 1967. A guide to the identification...

          22. 22. Smith, N. C.; Hennesy, J; Stead, D.E., 2001. Repetetive sequence-derived...

          23. 23. Sneath, P. H. A. and V. G. Collins, 1974. A study...

          24. 24. Stead, D.E. 1992. Grouping of plant pathogenic and some other...

          25. 25. Wullings, B. A.; van Beuningen, A. R.; Janse, J. D....

    2. ANNEX II

      1. For each suspected occurrence for which a positive result in...

    3. ANNEX III

      1. The elements to be considered in the determination of the...

    4. ANNEX IV

      1. The officially supervised measures referred to in Article 7(1) shall be: use...

    5. ANNEX V

      1. The officially approved waste disposal methods referred to in Annex IV paragraph 1,...

      2. potato waste (including rejected potatoes and peelings) and any other solid...

      3. The options described in this Annex also apply to the...

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