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- Original (As adopted by EU)
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Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for waste water emissions given in these BAT conclusions refer to the average value of a composite sample taken over a period of 2 hours or 24 hours.
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all installations.
The process-specific BAT included in Sections 1.2 – 1.9 apply in addition to the general BAT mentioned in this section.
commitment of the management, including senior management;
definition of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement for the installation by the management;
planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, in conjunction with financial planning and investment;
implementation of the procedures paying particular attention to:
structure and responsibility
training, awareness and competence
communication
employee involvement
documentation
efficient process control
maintenance programmes
emergency preparedness and response
safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation.
checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to:
monitoring and measurement (see also the reference document on the General Principles of Monitoring)
corrective and preventive action
maintenance of records
independent (where practicable) internal or external auditing in order to determine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained;
review of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness by senior management;
following the development of cleaner technologies;
consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning of the installation at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life;
application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis.
The scope (e.g. level of details) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
Storage of raw materials
Store bulk powder materials in enclosed silos equipped with a dust abatement system (e.g. fabric filter)
Store fine materials in enclosed containers or sealed bags
Store under cover stockpiles of coarse dusty materials
Use of road cleaning vehicles and water damping techniques
Handling of raw materials
Use of tank paint with low solar absorbency for bulk storage subject to temperature changes due to solar heating.
Control of temperature in the storage of volatile raw materials.
Tank insulation in the storage of volatile raw materials.
Inventory management
Use of floating roof tanks in the storage of large quantities of volatile petroleum products.
Use of vapour return transfer systems in the transfer of volatile fluids (e.g. from tank trucks to storage tank).
Use of bladder roof tanks in the storage of liquid raw materials.
Use of pressure/vacuum valves in tanks designed to withstand pressure fluctuations.
Application of a release treatment (e.g. adsorption, absorption, condensation) in the storage of hazardous materials.
Application of subsurface filling in the storage of liquids that tend to foam.
Technique | Applicability |
---|---|
The technique consists of a series of monitoring and maintenance operations which can be used individually or in combination appropriate to the type of furnace, with the aim of minimising the ageing effects on the furnace, such as sealing the furnace and burner blocks, keep the maximum insulation, control the stabilised flame conditions, control the fuel/air ratio, etc. | Applicable to regenerative, recuperative, and oxy-fuel fired furnaces. The applicability to other types of furnaces requires an installation-specific assessment |
Special procedures can be defined for specific operating conditions, in particular:
during start-up and shutdown operations
during other special operations which could affect the proper functioning of the systems (e.g. regular and extraordinary maintenance work and cleaning operations of the furnace and/or of the waste gas treatment system, or severe production change)
in the case of insufficient waste gas flow or temperature which prevents the use of the system at full capacity.
Technique | Applicability |
---|---|
Primary techniques for the reduction of NOX emissions are based on combustion modifications (e.g. reduction of air/fuel ratio, staged combustion low-NOX burners, etc.). Chemical reduction by fuel consists of the addition of hydrocarbon fuel to the waste gas stream to reduce the NOX formed in the furnace. The increase in CO emissions due to the application of these techniques can be limited by a careful control of the operational parameters | Applicable to conventional air/fuel fired furnaces. |
BAT-AELs for carbon monoxide emissions from melting furnaces
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
Carbon monoxide, expressed as CO | < 100 mg/Nm3 |
Technique | Applicability |
---|---|
The technique consists of adopting and maintaining suitable operating conditions of the SCR or SNCR waste gas treatment systems, with the aim of limiting emissions of unreacted ammonia | Applicable to melting furnaces fitted with SCR or SNCR |
BAT-AELs for ammonia emissions, when SCR or SNCR techniques are applied
a The higher levels are associated with higher inlet NOX concentrations, higher reduction rates and the ageing of the catalyst. | |
Parameter | BAT-AELsa |
---|---|
Ammonia, expressed as NH3 | < 5 – 30 mg/Nm3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.1, 1.10.4 and 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Operation of a filtration system at a suitable temperature for enhancing the separation of boron compounds in the solid state, taking into account that some boric acid species may be present in the flue-gas as gaseous compounds at temperatures below 200 °C, but also as low as 60 °C | The applicability to existing plants may be limited by technical constraints associated with the position and characteristics of the existing filter system |
(ii)Use of dry or semi-dry scrubbing in combination with a filtration system | The applicability may be limited by a decreased removal efficiency of other gaseous pollutants (SOX, HCl, HF) caused by the deposition of boron compounds on the surface of the dry alkaline reagent |
(iii)Use of wet scrubbing | The applicability to existing plants may be limited by the need of a specific waste water treatment |
The monitoring of boron emissions should be carried out according to a specific methodology which allows measurement of both solid and gaseous forms and to determine the effective removal of these species from the flue gases.
BAT-AELs for waste water discharges to surface waters from the manufacture of glass
a The relevance of the pollutants listed in the table depends on the sector of the glass industry and on the different activities carried out at the plant. | ||
b The levels refer to a composite sample taken over a time period of 2 hours or 24 hours. | ||
c For the continuous filament glass fibre sector, BAT-AEL is < 200 mg/l. | ||
d The level refers to treated water coming from activities involving acid polishing. | ||
e In general, total hydrocarbons are composed of mineral oils. | ||
f The higher level of the range is associated with downstream processes for the production of lead crystal glass. | ||
Parametera | Unit | BAT-AELb(composite sample) |
---|---|---|
pH | — | 6,5 – 9 |
Total suspended solids | mg/l | < 30 |
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) | mg/l | < 5 – 130c |
Sulphates, expressed as SO4 2– | mg/l | < 1 000 |
Fluorides, expressed as F– | mg/l | < 6d |
Total hydrocarbons | mg/l | < 15e |
Lead, expressed as Pb | mg/l | < 0,05 – 0,3f |
Antimony, expressed as Sb | mg/l | < 0,5 |
Arsenic, expressed as As | mg/l | < 0,3 |
Barium, expressed as Ba | mg/l | < 3,0 |
Zinc, expressed as Zn | mg/l | < 0,5 |
Copper, expressed as Cu | mg/l | < 0,3 |
Chromium, expressed as Cr | mg/l | < 0,3 |
Cadmium, expressed as Cd | mg/l | < 0,05 |
Tin, expressed as Sn | mg/l | < 0,5 |
Nickel, expressed as Ni | mg/l | < 0,5 |
Ammonia, expressed as NH4 | mg/l | < 10 |
Boron, expressed as B | mg/l | < 1 – 3 |
Phenol | mg/l | < 1 |
Make an environmental noise assessment and formulate a noise management plan as appropriate to the local environment
Enclose noisy equipment/operation in a separate structure/unit
Use embankments to screen the source of noise
Carry out noisy outdoor activities during the day
Use noise protection walls or natural barriers (trees, bushes) between the installation and the protected area, on the basis of local conditions.
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all container glass manufacturing installations.
a A description of filtration systems (i.e. electrostatic precipitator, bag filter) is given in Section 1.10.1. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
The flue-gas cleaning systems consist of end-of-pipe techniques based on the filtration of all materials that are solid at the point of measurement | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
a The conversion factors of 1,5 × 10–3 and 3 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and higher value of the range respectively. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Dust | < 10 – 20 | < 0,015 – 0,06 |
primary techniques, such as:
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i) Combustion modifications | |
(a)Reduction of air/fuel ratio | Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(b)Reduced combustion air temperature | Applicable only under installation-specific circumstances due to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use of recuperative furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces) |
(c)Staged combustion:
| Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces. Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical complexity |
(d)Flue-gas recirculation | The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas |
(e)Low-NOX burners | The technique is generally applicable. The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for applications to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(f)Fuel choice | The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(ii)Special furnace design | The applicability is limited to batch formulations that contain high levels of external cullet (> 70 %). The application requires a complete rebuild of the melting furnace. The shape of the furnace (long and narrow) may pose space restrictions |
(iii)Electric melting | Not applicable for large volume glass productions (> 300 tonnes/day). Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations. The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild |
(iv)Oxy-fuel melting | The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
secondary techniques, such as:
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) | The application may require an upgrade of the dust abatement system in order to guarantee a dust concentration of below 10 – 15 mg/Nm3 and a desulphurisation system for the removal of SOX emissions. Due to the optimum operating temperature window, the applicability is limited to the use of electrostatic precipitators. In general, the technique is not used with a bag filter system because the low operating temperature, in the range of 180 – 200 °C, would require reheating of the waste gases. The implementation of the technique may require significant space availability |
(ii)Selective non-catalytic reduction(SNCR) | The technique is applicable to recuperative furnaces. Very limited applicability to conventional regenerative furnaces, where the correct temperature window is difficult to access or does not allow a good mixing of the flue-gases with the reagent. It may be applicable to new regenerative furnaces equipped with split regenerators; however, the temperature window is difficult to maintain due to the reversal of fire between the chambers that causes a cyclical temperature change |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
a The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for general cases (1,5 × 10–3) has been applied, with the exception of electric melting (specific cases: 3 × 10–3). | |||
b The lower value refers to the use of special furnace designs, where applicable. | |||
c These values should be reconsidered in the occasion of a normal or complete rebuild of the melting furnace. | |||
d The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content). | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Combustion modifications, special furnace designsb c | 500 – 800 | 0,75 – 1,2 |
Electric melting | < 100 | < 0,3 | |
Oxy-fuel meltingd | Not applicable | < 0,5 – 0,8 | |
Secondary techniques | < 500 | < 0,75 |
The BAT-AELs are set out in Table 7.
If nitrates are used in the batch formulation for short campaigns or for melting furnaces with a capacity of < 100 t/day, the BAT-AEL is set out in Table 8.
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
Primary techniques:
| The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental impact of the alternative materials |
BAT-AEL for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector, when nitrates are used in the batch formulation and/or special oxidising combustion conditions in cases of short campaigns or for melting furnaces with a capacity of < 100 t/day
a The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for specific cases (3 × 10–3) has been applied. | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Primary techniques | < 1 000 | < 3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
(ii)Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance | The minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation is generally applicable within the constraints of quality requirements of the final glass product. The application of sulphur balance optimisation requires a trade-off approach between the removal of SOX emissions and the management of the solid waste (filter dust). The effective reduction of SOX emissions depends on the retention of sulphur compounds in the glass which may vary significantly depending on the glass type |
(iii)Use of low sulphur content fuels | The applicability may be limited by the constraints associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
BAT-AELs for SOX emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
a For special types of coloured glasses (e.g. reduced green glasses), concerns related to the achievable emission levels may require investigating the sulphur balance. Values reported in the table may be difficult to achieve in combination with filter dust recycling and the rate of recycling of external cullet. | |||
b The lower levels are associated with conditions where the reduction of SOX is a high priority over a lower production of solid waste corresponding to the sulphate-rich filter dust. | |||
c The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for general cases (1,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | |||
d The associated emission levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques. | |||
Parameter | Fuel | BAT-AELa b | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassc | ||
SOX expressed as SO2 | Natural gas | < 200 – 500 | < 0,3 – 0,75 |
Fuel oild | < 500 – 1 200 | < 0,75 – 1,8 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The applicability may be limited by the constraints of the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
a The conversion factor for general cases, reported in Table 2 (1,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | ||
b The higher levels are associated with the simultaneous treatment of flue-gases from hot-end coating operations. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HClb | < 10 – 20 | < 0,02 – 0,03 |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | < 1 – 5 | < 0,001 – 0,008 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The applicability may be limited by the constraints imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of the raw materials |
(ii)Minimising the use of metal compounds in the batch formulation, where colouring and decolourising of glass is needed, subject to consumer glass quality requirements | |
(iii)Applying a filtration system (bag filter or electrostatic precipitator) | The techniques are generally applicable |
(iv)Applying a dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system |
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
a The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b The lower levels are BAT-AELs when metal compounds are not intentionally used in the batch formulation. | ||
c The upper levels are associated with the use of metals for colouring or decolourising the glass, or when the flue-gases from the hot-end coating operations are treated together with the melting furnace emissions. | ||
d The conversion factor for general cases, reported in Table 2 (1,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | ||
e In specific cases, when high quality flint glass is produced requiring higher amounts of selenium for decolourising (depending on the raw materials), higher values are reported, up to 3 mg/Nm3. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa b c | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassd | |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 0,2 – 1e | < 0,3 – 1,5 × 10–3 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 1 – 5 | < 1,5 – 7,5 × 10–3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.4 and 1.10.7. | |
Technique | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the losses of the coating product by ensuring a good sealing of the application system and applying an effective extracting hood.A good construction and sealing of the application system is essential for minimising losses of unreacted product into the air | The technique is generally applicable |
(ii)Combining the flue-gas from the coating operations with the waste gas from the melting furnace or with the combustion air of the furnace, when a secondary treatment system is applied (filter and dry or semi-dry scrubber).Based on the chemical compatibility, the waste gases from the coating operations may be combined with other flue-gases before treatment. These two options may be applied:
| The combination with flue gases from the melting furnace is generally applicable. The combination with combustion air may be affected by technical constraints due to some potential effects on the glass chemistry and on the regenerator materials |
(iii)Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing, dry scrubbing plus filtrationa | The techniques are generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for air emissions from hot-end coating activities in the container glass sector when the flue-gases from downstream operations are treated separately
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Dust | < 10 |
Titanium compounds expressed as Ti | < 5 |
Tin compounds, including organotin, expressed as Sn | < 5 |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl | < 30 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the product losses by ensuring a good sealing of the application systemA good construction and maintenance of the application system is essential for minimising the losses of unreacted product into the air | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing |
BAT-AEL for SOX emissions from downstream activities when SO3 is used for surface treatment operations in the container glass sector, when treated separately
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
SOx, expressed as SO2 | < 100 – 200 |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all flat glass manufacturing installations.
A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.1.
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector
a The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Dust | < 10 – 20 | < 0,025 – 0,05 |
primary techniques, such as:
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i) Combustion modifications | |
(a)Reduction of air/fuel ratio | Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(b)Reduced combustion air temperature | The applicability is restricted to small capacity furnaces for the production of specialty flat glass and under installation-specific circumstances, due to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use of recuperative furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces) |
(c)Staged combustion:
| Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces. Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical complexity |
(d)Flue-gas recirculation | The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas |
(e)Low-NOX burners | The technique is generally applicable. The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for applications to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(f)Fuel choice | The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(ii)Fenix processBased on the combination of a number of primary techniques for the optimisation of the combustion of cross-fired regenerative float furnaces. The main features are:
| The applicability is limited to cross-fired regenerative furnaces. Applicable to new furnaces. For existing furnaces, the technique requires being directly integrated during the design and construction of the furnace, at a complete furnace rebuild |
(iii)Oxy-fuel melting | The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
secondary techniques, such as:
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Chemical reduction by fuel | Applicable to regenerative furnaces. The applicability is limited by an increased fuel consumption and consequent environmental and economic impact |
(ii)Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) | The application may require an upgrade of the dust abatement system in order to guarantee a dust concentration of below 10 – 15 mg/Nm3 and a desulphurisation system for the removal of SOX emissions Due to the optimum operating temperature window, the applicability is limited to the use of electrostatic precipitators. In general, the technique is not used with a bag filter system because the low operating temperature, in the range of 180 – 200 °C, would require reheating of the waste gases. The implementation of the technique may require significant space availability |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector
a Higher emission levels are expected when nitrates are used occasionally for the production of special glasses. | |||
b The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | |||
c The lower levels of the range are associated with the application of the Fenix process. | |||
d The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content). | |||
e The higher levels of the range are associated with existing plants until a normal or complete rebuild of the melting furnace. The lower levels are associated with newer/retrofitted plants. | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Combustion modifications, Fenix processc | 700 – 800 | 1,75 – 2,0 |
Oxy-fuel meltingd | Not applicable | < 1,25 – 2,0 | |
Secondary techniquese | 400 – 700 | 1,0 – 1,75 |
If nitrates are used in the batch formulation for the production of special glasses in a limited number of short campaigns, the BAT-AELs are set out in Table 16.
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
Primary techniques:
| The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental impact of the alternative materials |
BAT-AEL for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector, when nitrates are used in the batch formulation for the production of special glasses in a limited number of short campaigns
a The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for specific cases (2,5 × 10–3) has been applied | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Primary techniques | < 1 200 | < 3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
(ii)Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance | The minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation is generally applicable within the constraints of quality requirements of the final glass product. The application of sulphur balance optimisation requires a trade-off approach between the removal of SOX emissions and the management of the solid waste (filter dust) |
(iii)Use of low sulphur content fuels | The applicability may be limited by the constraints associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
BAT-AELs for SOX emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector
a The lower levels are associated with conditions where the reduction of SOX has a high priority over a lower production of solid waste corresponding to the sulphate-rich filter dust. | |||
b The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | |||
c The associated emission levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques. | |||
d For large flat glass furnaces, concerns related to the achievable emission levels may require investigating the sulphur balance. Values reported in the table may be difficult to achieve in combination with filter dust recycling. | |||
Parameter | Fuel | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | ||
SOx expressedas SO2 | Natural gas | < 300 – 500 | < 0,75 – 1,25 |
Fuel oilc d | 500 – 1 300 | 1,25 – 3,25 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The applicability may be limited by the constraints of the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector
a The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | ||
b The higher levels of the range are associated with the recycling of filter dust in the batch formulation | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HClb | < 10 – 25 | < 0,025 – 0,0625 |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | < 1 – 4 | < 0,0025 – 0,010 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The applicability may be limited by the constraints imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of the raw materials. |
(ii)Applying a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
(iii)Applying a dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system |
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector, with the exception of selenium coloured glasses
a The ranges refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10–3) has been applied | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 0,2 – 1 | < 0,5 – 2,5 × 10–3 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 1 – 5 | < 2,5 – 12,5 × 10–3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the evaporation of selenium from the batch composition by selecting raw materials with a higher retention efficiency in the glass and reduced volatilisation | The applicability may be limited by the constraints imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of the raw materials |
(ii)Applying a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
(iii)Applying a dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system |
BAT-AELs for selenium emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector for the production of coloured glass
a The values refer to the sum of selenium present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b The lower levels correspond to conditions where the reduction of Se emissions is a priority over a lower production of solid waste from filter dust. In this case, a high stoichiometric ratio (reagent/pollutant) is applied and a significant solid waste stream is generated. | ||
c The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa b | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassc | |
Selenium compounds, expressed as Se | 1 – 3 | 2,5 – 7,5 × 10–3 |
a A description of the secondary treatment systems is given in Sections 1.10.3 and 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the losses of coating products applied to the flat glass by ensuring a good sealing of the application system | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Minimising the losses of SO2 from the annealing lehr, by operating the control system in an optimum manner | |
(iii)Combining the SO2 emissions from the lehr with the waste gas from the melting furnace, when technically feasible, and where a secondary treatment system is applied (filter and dry or semi-dry scrubber) | |
(iv)Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing, or dry scrubbing and filtration | The techniques are generally applicable. The selection of the technique and its performance will depend on the inlet waste gas composition |
BAT-AELs for air emissions from downstream processes in the flat glass sector, when treated separately
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Dust | < 15 – 20 |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl | < 10 |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | < 1 – 5 |
SOX, expressed as SO2 | < 200 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 1 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 5 |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all continuous filament glass fibre manufacturing installations.
The BAT-AELs reported in this section for dust refer to all materials that are solid at the point of measurement, including solid boron compounds. Gaseous boron compounds at the point of measurement are not included.
a A description of the secondary treatment systems is given in Sections 1.10.1 and 1.10.7. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Reduction of the volatile components by raw material modificationsThe formulation of batch compositions without boron compounds or with low levels of boron is a primary measure for reducing dust emissions which are mainly generated by volatilisation phenomena. Boron is the main constituent of particulate matter emitted from the melting furnace | The application of the technique is limited by proprietary issues, since the boron-free or low-boron batch formulations are covered by a patent |
(ii)Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter | The technique is generally applicable. The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications on new plants where the positioning and characteristics of the filter may be decided without restrictions |
(iii)Wet scrubbing system | The application to existing plants may be limited by technical constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment plant |
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
a Values at levels of < 30 mg/Nm3 (< 0,14 kg/tonne melted glass) have been reported for boron-free formulations, with the application of primary techniques. | ||
b The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |
Dust | < 10 – 20 | < 0,045 – 0,09 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i) Combustion modifications | |
(a)Reduction of air/fuel ratio | Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(b)Reduced combustion air temperature | Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces within the constraints of the furnace energy efficiency and higher fuel demand. Most furnaces are already of the recuperative type. |
(c)Staged combustion:(d) Air staging (e) Fuel staging | Fuel staging is applicable to most air/fuel, oxy-fuel furnaces. Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical complexity |
(d)Flue-gas recirculation | The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas |
(e)Low-NOX burners | The technique is generally applicable. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(f)Fuel choice | The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(ii)Oxy-fuel melting | The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
a The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | |||
b The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content). | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glass | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Combustion modifications | < 600 – 1 000 | < 2,7 – 4,5a |
Oxy-fuel meltingb | Not applicable | < 0,5 – 1,5 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.3 and 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of quality requirements of the final glass product. The application of sulphur balance optimisation requires a trade-off approach between the removal of SOX emissions and the management of the solid waste (filter dust), which needs to be disposed of |
(ii)Use of low sulphur content fuels | The applicability may be limited by the constraints associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable. The presence of high concentrations of boron compounds in the flue-gases may limit the abatement efficiency of the reagent used in the dry or semi-dry scrubbing systems |
(iv)Use of wet scrubbing | The technique is generally applicable within technical constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment plant |
BAT-AELs for SOX emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
a The higher levels of the range are associated with the use of sulphates in the batch formulation for refining the glass. | |||
b The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | |||
c For oxy-fuel furnaces with the application of wet scrubbing, the BAT-AEL is reported to be < 0,1 kg/tonne melted glass of SOX, expressed as SO2. | |||
d The associated emission levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques. | |||
e The lower levels correspond to conditions where the reduction of SOX is a priority over a lower production of solid waste corresponding to the sulphate-rich filter dust. In this case, the lower levels are associated with the use of a bag filter. | |||
Parameter | Fuel | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | ||
SOx expressed as SO2 | Natural gasc | < 200 – 800 | < 0,9 – 3,6 |
Fuel oild e | < 500 – 1 000 | < 2,25 – 4,5 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.4 and 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the batch formulation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Minimisation of the fluorine content in the batch formulationThe minimisation of fluorine emissions from the melting process may be achieved as follows:
| The substitution of fluorine compounds with alternative materials is limited by quality requirements of the product |
(iii)dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
(iv)wet scrubbing | The technique is generally applicable within technical constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment plant. |
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
a The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | ||
b The higher levels of the range are associated with the use of fluorine compounds in the batch formulation. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl | < 10 | < 0,05 |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HFb | < 5 – 15 | < 0,02 – 0,07 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.5 and 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Applying a dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
(iii)Applying wet scrubbing | The technique is generally applicable within technical constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment plant. |
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
a The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 0,2 – 1 | < 0,9 – 4,5 × 10–3 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 1 – 3 | < 4,5 – 13,5 × 10–3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.7 and 1.10.8. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Wet scrubbing systems | The techniques are generally applicable for the treatment of waste gases from the forming process (application of the coating to the fibres) or secondary processes which involve the use of binder that must be cured or dried |
(ii)Wet electrostatic precipitator | |
(iii)Filtration system (bag filter) | The technique is generally applicable for the treatment of waste gases from cutting and milling operations of the products |
BAT-AELs for air emissions from downstream processes in the continuous filament glass fibre sector, when treated separately
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Emissions from forming and coating | |
Dust | < 5 – 20 |
Formaldehyde | < 10 |
Ammonia | < 30 |
Total volatile organic compounds, expressed as C | < 20 |
Emissions from cutting and milling | |
Dust | < 5 – 20 |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all domestic glass manufacturing installations.
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.5 and 1.10.7. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Reduction of the volatile components by raw material modifications.The formulation of the batch composition may contain very volatile components (e.g. boron, fluorides) which significantly contribute to the formation of dust emissions from the melting furnace | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the type of glass produced and the availability of substitute raw materials |
(ii)Electric melting | Not applicable for large volume glass productions (> 300 tonnes/day). Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild |
(iii)Oxy-fuel melting | The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications made at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
(iv)Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter | The techniques are generally applicable |
(v)Wet scrubbing system | The applicability is limited to specific cases, in particular to electric melting furnaces, where flue-gas volumes and dust emissions are generally low and related to carryover of the batch formulation |
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector
a A conversion factor of 3 × 10–3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case by case conversion factor may have to be applied for specific productions. | ||
b Considerations concerning the economic viability for achieving the BAT-AELs in the case of furnaces with a capacity of < 80 t/d, producing soda-lime glass, are reported. | ||
c This BAT-AEL applies to batch formulations containing significant amounts of constituents meeting the criteria as dangerous substances, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Dust | < 10 – 20b | < 0,03 – 0,06 |
< 1 – 10c | < 0,003 – 0,03 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i) Combustion modifications | |
(a)Reduction of air/fuel ratio | Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(b)Reduced combustion air temperature | Applicable only under installation-specific circumstances due to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use of recuperative furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces) |
(c)Staged combustion:(f) Air staging (g) Fuel staging | Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces. Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical complexity |
(d)Flue-gas recirculation | The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas |
(e)Low-NOX burners | The technique is generally applicable. The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for applications to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(f)Fuel choice | The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(ii)Special furnace design | The applicability is limited to batch formulations that contain high levels of external cullet (> 70 %). The application requires a complete rebuild of the melting furnace. The shape of the furnace (long and narrow) may pose space restrictions |
(iii)Electric melting | Not applicable for large volume glass productions (> 300 tonnes/day). Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations. The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild |
(iv)Oxy-fuel melting | The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector
a A conversion factor of 2,5 × 10–3 has been applied for combustion modifications and special furnace designs and a conversion factor of 3 × 10–3 has been applied for electric melting (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for specific productions. | |||
b The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content). | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
NOx expressed as NO2 | Combustion modifications, special furnace designs | < 500 – 1 000 | < 1,25 – 2,5 |
Electric melting | < 100 | < 0,3 | |
Oxy-fuel meltingb | Not applicable | < 0,5 – 1,5 |
The BAT-AELs are set out in Table 29.
If nitrates are used in the batch formulation for a limited number of short campaigns or for melting furnaces with a capacity < 100 t/day producing special types of soda-lime glasses (clear/ultra-clear glass or coloured glass using selenium) and other special glasses (i.e. borosilicate, glass ceramics, opal glass, crystal and lead crystal), the BAT-AELs are set out in Table 30.
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
Primary techniques: | |
| The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental impact of the alternative materials |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector, when nitrates are used in the batch formulation for a limited number of short campaigns or for melting furnaces with a capacity < 100 t/day producing special types of soda-lime glasses (clear/ultra-clear glass or coloured glass using selenium) and other special glasses (i.e. borosilicate, glass ceramics, opal glass, crystal and lead crystal
a The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for soda-lime glass (2,5 × 10–3) has been applied. | |||
Parameter | Type of furnace | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glass | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Fuel/air conventional furnaces | < 500 – 1 500 | < 1,25 – 3,75a |
Electric melting | < 300 – 500 | < 8 – 10 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance | The minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation is generally applicable within the constraints of quality requirements of the final glass product. The application of sulphur balance optimisation requires a trade-off approach between the removal of SOX emissions and the management of the solid waste (filter dust) |
(ii)Use of low sulphur content fuels | The applicability may be limited by the constraints associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for SOX emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector
a A conversion factor of 2,5 × 10–3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for specific productions. | |||
b The levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques. | |||
Parameter | Fuel/melting technique | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
SOx expressed as SO2 | Natural gas | < 200 – 300 | < 0,5 – 0,75 |
Fuel oilb | < 1 000 | < 2,5 | |
Electric melting | < 100 | < 0,25 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.4 and 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The applicability may be limited by the constraints of the batch formulation for the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Minimisation of the fluorine content in the batch formulation and optimisation of the fluorine mass balanceThe minimisation of fluorine emissions from the melting process may be achieved by minimising/reducing the quantity of fluorine compounds (e.g. fluorspar) used in the batch formulation to the minimum commensurate with the quality of the final product. Fluorine compounds are added to the batch formulation to give an opaque or cloudy appearance to the glass | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the quality requirements for the final product |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
(iv)Wet scrubbing | The technique is generally applicable within technical constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment plant. High costs, waste water treatment aspects, including restrictions in the recycle of sludge or solid residues from the water treatment, may limit the applicability of this technique |
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector
a A conversion factor of 3 × 10–3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for specific productions. | ||
b The lower levels are associated with the use of electric melting. | ||
c In cases where KCl or NaCl are used as a refining agents, the BAT-AEL is < 30 mg/Nm3 or < 0,09 kg/tonne melted glass. | ||
d The lower levels are associated with the use of electric melting. The higher levels are associated with the production of opal glass, the recycling of filter dust or where high levels of external cullet are used in the batch formulation. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HClb c | < 10 – 20 | < 0,03 – 0,06 |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HFd | < 1 – 5 | < 0,003 – 0,015 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The applicability may be limited by the constraints imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Minimising the use of metal compounds in the batch formulation, through a suitable selection of the raw materials where colouring and decolourising of glass is needed or where specific characteristics are conferred to the glass | For the production of crystal and lead crystal glasses the minimisation of metal compounds in the batch formulation is restricted by the limits defined in Directive 69/493/EEC which classifies the chemical composition of the final glass products. |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector with the exception of glasses where selenium is used for decolourising
a The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b A conversion factor of 3 × 10–3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for specific productions. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 0,2 – 1 | < 0,6 – 3 × 10–3 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 1 – 5 | < 3 – 15 × 10–3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the use of selenium compounds in the batch formulation, through a suitable selection of the raw materials | The applicability may be limited by the constraints imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for selenium emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector when selenium compounds are used for decolourising the glass
a The values refer to the sum of selenium present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b A conversion factor of 3 × 10–3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for specific productions. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |
Selenium compounds, as Se | < 1 | < 3 × 10–3 |
a A description of the technique is given in Sections 1.10.1 and 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Electric melting | Not applicable for large volume glass productions (> 300 tonnes/day). Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations. The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild |
(ii)Bag filter | The technique is generally applicable |
(iii)Electrostatic precipitator | |
(iv)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system |
BAT-AELs for lead emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector when lead compounds are used for manufacturing lead crystal glass
a The values refer to the sum of lead present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b A conversion factor of 3 × 10–3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for specific productions. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |
Lead compounds, expressed as Pb | < 0,5 – 1 | < 1 – 3 × 10–3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.8. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Performing dusty operations (e.g. cutting, grinding, polishing) under liquid | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Applying a bag filter system |
BAT-AELs for air emissions from dusty downstream processes in the domestic glass sector, when treated separately
a The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the waste gas. | |
b The levels refer to downstream operations on lead crystal glass. | |
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Dust | < 1 – 10 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI)a | < 1 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn)a | < 1 – 5 |
Lead compounds, expressed as Pbb | < 1 – 1,5 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the losses of polishing product by ensuring a good sealing of the application system | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing. |
BAT-AELs for HF emissions from acid polishing processes in the domestic glass sector, when treated separately
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | < 5 |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all special glass manufacturing installations.
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.1. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Reduction of the volatile components by raw material modificationsThe formulation of the batch composition may contain very volatile components (e.g. boron, fluorides) which represent the main constituents of dust emitted from the melting furnace | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the quality of the glass produced |
(ii)Electric melting | Not applicable for large volume glass productions (> 300 tonnes/day) Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild |
(iii)Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
a The conversions factors of 2,5 × 10–3 and 6,5 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the BAT-AELs range (see Table 2), with some values being approximated. However, a-case-by-case conversion factor needs to be applied, depending on the type of glass produced (see Table 2). | ||
b The BAT-AELs apply to batch formulations containing significant amounts of constituents meeting the criteria as dangerous substances, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Dust | < 10 – 20 | < 0,03 – 0,13 |
< 1 – 10b | < 0,003 – 0,065 |
primary techniques, such as:
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i) Combustion modifications | |
(a)Reduction of air/fuel ratio | Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(b)Reduced combustion air temperature | Applicable only under installation-specific circumstances due to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use of recuperative furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces) |
(c)Staged combustion:
| Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces. Air staging has very limited applicability due to the technical complexity |
(d)Flue-gas recirculation | The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas |
(e)Low-NOX burners | The technique is generally applicable. The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for applications to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(f)Fuel choice | The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(ii)Electric melting | Not applicable for large volume glass productions (> 300 tonnes/day). Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations. The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild |
(iii)Oxy-fuel melting | The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
secondary techniques, such as:
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) | The application may require an upgrade of the dust abatement system in order to guarantee a dust concentration of below 10 – 15 mg/Nm3 and a desulphurisation system for the removal of SOX emissions Due to the optimum operating temperature window, the applicability is limited to the use of electrostatic precipitators. In general, the technique is not used with a bag filter system because the low operating temperature, in the range of 180 – 200 °C, would require reheating of the waste gases. The implementation of the technique may require significant space availability |
(ii)Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) | Very limited applicability to conventional regenerative furnaces, where the correct temperature window is difficult to access or does not allow a good mixing of the flue-gases with the reagent It may be applicable to new regenerative furnaces equipped with split regenerators; however, the temperature window is difficult to maintain due to the reversal of fire between the chambers that causes a cyclical temperature change |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
a The conversion factors of 2,5 × 10–3 and 4 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the BAT-AEL range (see Table 2), with some values being approximated. However, a case-by-case conversion factor needs to be applied based on the type of production (see Table 2). | |||
b The higher values are related to a special production of borosilicate glass tubes for pharmaceutical use. | |||
c The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content). | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Combustion modifications | 600 – 800 | 1,5 – 3,2 |
Electric melting | < 100 | < 0,25 – 0,4 | |
Oxy-fuel meltingb c | Not applicable | < 1 – 3 | |
Secondary techniques | < 500 | < 1 – 3 |
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
Primary techniques | |
| The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental impact of the alternative materials |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector when nitrates are used in the batch formulation
a The lower levels are associated with the use of electric melting. | |||
b The conversion factors of 2,5 × 10–3 and 6,5 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the BAT-AEL range respectively, with values being approximated. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of production (see Table 2). | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Minimisation of nitrate input in the batch formulation combined with primary or secondary techniques | < 500 – 1 000 | < 1 – 6 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of quality requirements of the final glass product |
(ii)Use of low sulphur content fuels | The applicability may be limited by the constraints associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for SOX emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
a The ranges take into account the variable sulphur balances associated with the type of glass produced. | |||
b The conversion factor of 2,5 × 10–3 (see Table 2) has been used. However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of production. | |||
c The lower levels are associated with the use of electric melting and batch formulations without sulphates. | |||
d The associated emission levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques. | |||
Parameter | Fuel/melting technique | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | ||
SOX expressed as SO2 | Natural gas, electric meltingc | < 30 – 200 | < 0,08 – 0,5 |
Fuel oild | 500 – 800 | 1,25 – 2 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The applicability may be limited by the constraints of the batch formulation for the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Minimisation of the fluorine and/or chlorine compounds in the batch formulation and optimisation of the fluorine and/or chlorine mass balanceFluorine compounds are used to confer particular characteristics to special glasses (i.e. opaque lighting glass, optical glass). Chlorine compounds may be used as fining agents for borosilicate glass production | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the quality requirements for the final product. |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
a The conversion factor of 2,5 × 10–3 (see Table 2) has been used; with some values being approximated. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of production. | ||
b The higher levels are associated with the use of materials containing chlorine in the batch formulation. | ||
c The upper value of the range has been derived from specific reported data. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HClb | < 10 – 20 | < 0,03 – 0,05 |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | < 1 – 5 | < 0,003 – 0,04c |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The applicability may be limited by the constraints imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Minimising the use of metal compounds in the batch formulation, through a suitable selection of the raw materials where colouring and decolourising of glass is needed or where specific characteristics are conferred to the glass | The techniques are generally applicable |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system |
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
a The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b The lower levels are BAT-AELs when metal compounds are not intentionally used in the batch formulation. | ||
c The conversion factor of 2,5 × 10–3 (see Table 2) has been used, with some values indicated in the table having been approximated. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of production. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa b | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassc | |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 0,1 – 1 | < 0,3 – 3 × 10–3 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 1 – 5 | < 3 – 15 × 10–3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.8. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Performing dusty operations (e.g. cutting, grinding, polishing) under liquid | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Applying a bag filter system |
BAT-AELs for dust and metal emissions from downstream processes in the special glass sector, when treated separately
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Description |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the losses of polishing product by ensuring a good sealing of the application system | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing |
BAT-AELs for HF emissions from acid polishing processes in the special glass sector, when treated separately
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | < 5 |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all mineral wool manufacturing installations.
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.1. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter | The technique is generally applicable. Electrostatic precipitators are not applicable to cupola furnaces for stone wool production, due to the risk of explosion from the ignition of carbon monoxide produced within the furnace |
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
a The conversion factors of 2 × 10–3 and 2,5 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the BAT-AELs range (see Table 2), in order to cover both the production of glass wool and stone wool. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Dust | < 10 – 20 | < 0,02 – 0,050 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i) Combustion modifications | |
(a)Reduction of air/fuel ratio | Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(b)Reduced combustion air temperature | Applicable only under installation-specific circumstances due to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use of recuperative furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces) |
(c)Staged combustion:
| Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces. Air staging has very limited applicability due to the technical complexity |
(d)Flue-gas recirculation | The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas |
(e)Low-NOX burners | The technique is generally applicable. The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for applications to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(f)Fuel choice | The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(ii)Electric melting | Not applicable for large volume glass productions (> 300 tonnes/day). Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations. The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild |
(iii)Oxy-fuel melting | The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
a The conversion factors of 2 × 10–3 for glass wool and 2,5 × 10–3 for stone wool have been used (see Table 2). | ||||
b The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content). | ||||
Parameter | Product | Melting technique | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Glass wool | Fuel/air and electric furnaces | < 200 – 500 | < 0,4 – 1,0 |
Oxy-fuel meltingb | Not applicable | < 0,5 | ||
Stone wool | All types of furnaces | < 400 – 500 | < 1,0 – 1,25 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the use of nitrates in the batch formulationThe use of nitrates is applied as an oxidising agent in batch formulations with high levels of external cullet to compensate for the presence of organic material contained in the cullet | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the quality requirements for the final product |
(ii)Electric melting | The technique is generally applicable. The implementation of electric melting requires a complete furnace rebuild |
(iii)Oxy-fuel melting | The technique is generally applicable. The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications made at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in glass wool production when nitrates are used in the batch formulation
a The conversion factor of 2 × 10–3 has been used (see Table 2). | |||
b The lower levels of the ranges are associated with the application of oxy-fuel melting. | |||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Minimisation of nitrate input in the batch formulation, combined with primary techniques | < 500 – 700 | < 1,0 – 1,4b |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.3 and 1.10.6. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance | In glass wool production, the technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the availability of low-sulphur raw materials, in particular external cullet. High levels of external cullet in the batch formulation limit the possibility of optimising the sulphur balance due to a variable sulphur content. In the stone wool production, the optimisation of the sulphur balance may require a trade-off approach between the removal of SOX emissions from the flue-gases and the management of the solid waste, deriving from the treatment of the flue-gases (filter dust) and/or from the fiberising process, which may be recycled into the batch formulation (cement briquettes) or may need to be disposed of |
(ii)Use of low sulphur content fuels | The applicability may be limited by the constraints associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | Electrostatic precipitators are not applicable to cupola furnaces for stone wool production (see BAT 56) |
(iv)Use of wet scrubbing | The technique is generally applicable within technical constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment plant |
BAT-AELs for SOX emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
a The conversion factors of 2 × 10–3 for glass wool and 2,5 × 10–3 for stone wool have been used (see Table 2). | |||
b The lower levels of the ranges are associated with the use of electric melting. The higher levels are associated with high levels of cullet recycling. | |||
c The BAT-AEL is associated with conditions where the reduction of SOX emissions has a high priority over a lower production of solid waste. | |||
d When reduction of waste has a high priority over SOX emissions, higher emission values may be expected. The achievable levels should be based on a sulphur balance. | |||
Parameter | Product/conditions | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
SOX expressed as SO2 | Glass wool | ||
Gas-fired and electric furnacesb | < 50 – 150 | < 0,1 – 0,3 | |
Stone wool | |||
Gas-fired and electric furnaces | < 350 | < 0,9 | |
Cupola furnaces, no briquettes or slag recyclingc | < 400 | < 1,0 | |
Cupola furnaces, with cement briquettes or slag recyclingd | < 1 400 | < 3,5 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4. | |
Techniquea | Description |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the batch formulation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | Electrostatic precipitators are not applicable to cupola furnaces for stone wool production (see BAT 56) |
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
a The conversion factors of 2 × 10–3 for glass wool and 2,5 × 10–3 for stone wool have been used (see Table 2). | |||
b The conversion factors of 2 × 10–3 and 2,5 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper values of the BAT-AELs range (see Table 2). | |||
Parameter | Product | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | ||
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl | Glass wool | < 5 – 10 | < 0,01 – 0,02 |
Stone wool | < 10 – 30 | < 0,025 – 0,075 | |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | All products | < 1 – 5 | < 0,002 – 0,013b |
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.9. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
Waste gas incinerator system | The technique is generally applicable to stone wool cupola furnaces |
BAT-AELs for H2S emissions from the melting furnace in stone wool production
a The conversion factor of 2,5 × 10–3 for stone wool has been applied (see Table 2). | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Hydrogen sulphide, expressed as H2S | < 2 | < 0,005 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the availability of raw materials. In glass wool production, the use of manganese in the batch formulation as an oxidising agent depends on the quantity and quality of external cullet employed in the batch formulation and may be minimised accordingly |
(ii)Application of a filtration system | Electrostatic precipitators are not applicable to cupola furnaces for stone wool production (see BAT 56) |
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
a The ranges refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b The conversion factors of 2 × 10–3 and 2,5 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper values of the BAT-AELs range (see Table 2). | ||
c Higher values are associated with the use of cupola furnaces for the production of stone wool. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 0,2 – 1c | < 0,4 – 2,5 × 10–3 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 1 – 2c | < 2 – 5 × 10–3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.7 and 1.10.9. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Impact jets and cyclonesThe technique is based on the removal of particles and droplets from waste gases by impaction/impingement, as well as gaseous substances by partial absorption with water. Process water is normally used for impact jets. The recycling process water is filtered before it is reapplied | The technique is generally applicable to the mineral wool sector, in particular to glass wool processes for the treatment of emissions from the forming area (application of the coating to the fibres). Limited applicability to stone wool processes since it could adversely affect other abatement techniques being used. |
(ii)Wet scrubbers | The technique is generally applicable for the treatment of waste gases from the forming process (application of the coating to the fibres) or for combined waste gases (forming plus curing) |
(iii)Wet electrostatic precipitators | The technique is generally applicable for the treatment of waste gases from the forming process (application of the coating to the fibres), from curing ovens or for combined waste gases (forming plus curing) |
(iv)Stone wool filtersIt consists of a steel or concrete structure in which stone wool slabs are mounted and act as a filter medium. The filtering medium needs to be cleaned or exchanged periodically. This filter is suitable for waste gases with a high moisture content and particulate matter with an adhesive nature | The applicability is mainly limited to stone wool processes for waste gases from the forming area and/or curing ovens |
(v)Waste gas incineration | The technique is generally applicable for the treatment of waste gases from curing ovens, in particular in the stone wool processes. The application to combined waste gases (forming plus curing) is not economically viable because of the high volume, low concentration, low temperature of the waste gases |
BAT-AELs for air emissions from downstream processes in the mineral wool sector, when treated separately
a Emission levels expressed in kg/tonne of finished product are not affected by the thickness of the mineral wool mat produced nor by extreme concentration or dilution of the flue-gases. A conversion factor of 6,5 × 10–3 has been used. | ||
b If high density or high binder content mineral wools are produced, the emission levels associated with the techniques listed as BAT for the sector could be significantly higher than these BAT-AELs. If these types of products represent the majority of the production from a given installation, then consideration should be given to other techniques. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne finished product | |
Forming area – Combined forming and curing emissions-Combined forming, curing and cooling emissions | ||
Total particulate matter | < 20 – 50 | — |
Phenol | < 5 – 10 | — |
Formaldehyde | < 2 – 5 | — |
Ammonia | 30 – 60 | — |
Amines | < 3 | — |
Total volatile organic compounds expressed as C | 10 – 30 | — |
Curing oven emissions a b | ||
Total particulate matter | < 5 – 30 | < 0,2 |
Phenol | < 2 – 5 | < 0,03 |
Formaldehyde | < 2 – 5 | < 0,03 |
Ammonia | < 20 – 60 | < 0,4 |
Amines | < 2 | < 0,01 |
Total volatile organic compounds expressed as C | < 10 | < 0,065 |
NOX, expressed as NO2 | < 100 – 200 | < 1 |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all HTIW manufacturing installations.
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.1. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
The filtration system usually consists of a bag filter | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the HTIW sector
a The values are associated with the use of a bag filter system. | ||
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | ||
Dust | Flue-gas cleaning by filtration systems | < 5 – 20a |
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.1. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the losses of product by ensuring a good sealing of the production line, where technically applicable.The potential sources of dust and fibre emissions are:
A good construction, sealing and maintenance of the downstream processing systems are essential for minimising the losses of product into the air | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Cutting, trimming and packaging under vacuum, by applying an efficient extraction system in conjunction with a fabric filter.A negative pressure is applied to the workstation (i.e. cutting machine, cardboard box for packaging) in order to extract particulate and fibrous releases and convey it to a fabric filter | |
(iii)Applying a fabric filter systemaWaste gases from downstream operations (e.g. fiberising, mat formation, lubricant burn-off) are conveyed to a treatment system consisting of a bag filter |
BAT-AELs from dusty downstream processes in the HTIW sector, when treated separately
a The lower level of the range is associated with emissions of aluminium silicate glass wool/refractory ceramic fibres (ASW/RCF). | |
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Dusta | 1 – 5 |
Technique | Applicability |
---|---|
Combustion control and/or modifications Techniques to reduce the formation of thermal NOX emissions include a control of the main combustion parameters:
A good combustion control consists of generating those conditions which are least favourable for NOX formation | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for NOX from the lubricant burn-off oven in the HTIW sector
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | ||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Combustion control and/or modifications | 100 – 200 |
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.3. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of sulphur | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Use of low sulphur content fuel | The applicability may be limited by the constraints associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
BAT-AELs for SOX emissions from the melting furnaces and downstream processes in the HTIW sector
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | ||
SOx expressed as SO2 | Primary techniques | < 50 |
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.4. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the HTIW sector
Parameter | BAT-AEL |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl | < 10 |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | < 5 |
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Applying a filtration system |
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace and/or downstream processes in the HTIW sector
a The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | |
Parameter | BAT-AELa |
---|---|
mg/Nm3 | |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 1 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 5 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.6 and 1.10.9. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Combustion control, including monitoring the associated emissions of CO.The technique consists of the control of combustion parameters (e.g. oxygen content in the reaction zone, flame temperature) in order to ensure a complete combustion of the organic components (i.e. polyethylene glycol) in the waste gas. The monitoring of carbon monoxide emissions allows for controlling the presence of uncombusted organic materials | The technique is generally applicable |
(ii)Waste gas incineration | The economic viability may limit the applicability of these techniques because of low waste gas volumes and VOC concentrations |
(iii)Wet scrubbers |
BAT-AELs for VOC emissions from the lubricant burn-off oven in the HTIW sector, when treated separately
Parameter | BAT | BAT-AEL |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | ||
Volatile organic compounds expressed as C | Primary and/or secondary techniques | 10 – 20 |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all frits glass manufacturing installations.
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.1. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the frits sector
a The conversion factors of 5 × 10–3 and 7,5 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the BAT-AELs range (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of combustion. | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Dust | < 10 – 20 | < 0,05 – 0,15 |
a A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.2. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Minimising the use of nitrates in the batch formulationIn the frits production, nitrates are used in the batch formulation of many products in order to obtain the required characteristics | The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental impact of the alternative materials and/or the quality requirements of the final product |
(ii)Reduction of the parasitic air entering the furnaceThe technique consists of preventing the ingress of air into the furnace by sealing the burner blocks, the batch material feeder and any other opening of the melting furnace | The technique is generally applicable |
(iii) Combustion modifications | |
(a)Reduction of air/fuel ratio | Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(b)Reduced combustion air temperature | Applicable only under installation-specific circumstances due to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand |
(c)Staged combustion:
| Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces. Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical complexity |
(d)Flue-gas recirculation | The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas |
(e)Low-NOX burners | The technique is generally applicable. Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry |
(f)Fuel choice | The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
(iv)Oxy-fuel melting | The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications at the time of a complete furnace rebuild |
BAT-AELs for NOX emissions from the melting furnace in the frits glass sector
a The ranges take into account the combination of flue-gases from furnaces applying different melting techniques and producing a variety of frit types, with or without nitrates in the batch formulations, which may be conveyed to a single stack, precluding the possibility of characterising each applied melting technique and the different products. | ||||
b The conversion factors of 5 × 10–3 and 7,5 × 10–3 have been used for the determination of the lower and higher values of the range. However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of combustion (see Table 2). | ||||
c The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content). | ||||
Parameter | BAT | Operating conditions | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |||
NOX expressed as NO2 | Primary techniques | Oxy-fuel firing, without nitratesc | Not applicable | < 2,5 – 5 |
Oxy-fuel firing, with use of nitrates | Not applicable | 5 – 10 | ||
Fuel/air, fuel/oxygen-enriched air combustion, without nitrates | 500 – 1 000 | 2,5 – 7,5 | ||
Fuel/air, fuel/oxygen-enriched air combustion, with use of nitrates | < 1 600 | < 12 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of sulphur | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
(iii)Use of low sulphur content fuels | The applicability may be limited by the constraints associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
BAT-AELs for SOX emissions from the melting furnace in the frits sector
a The conversion factors of 5 × 10–3 and 7,5 × 10–3 have been used; however, the values indicated in the table may have been approximated. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of combustion (see Table 2). | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
SOX, expressed as SO2 | < 50 – 200 | < 0,25 – 1,5 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the batch formulation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Minimisation of the fluorine compounds in the batch formulation when used to ensure the quality of the final productFluorine compounds are used to confer particular characteristics to the frits (i.e. thermal and chemical resistance) | The minimisation or substitution of fluorine compounds with alternative materials is limited by quality requirements of the product |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | The technique is generally applicable |
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the frits sector
a The conversion factor of 5 × 10–3 has been used with some values being approximated. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of combustion (see Table 2). | ||
Parameter | BAT-AEL | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassa | |
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl | < 10 | < 0,05 |
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF | < 5 | < 0,03 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of the type of frit produced at the installation and the availability of raw materials |
(ii)Minimising of the use of metal compounds in the batch formulation, where colouring is required or other specific characteristics are conferred to the frit | The techniques are generally applicable |
(iii)Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system |
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the frits sector
a The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases. | ||
b The conversion factor of 7,5 × 10–3 has been used. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of combustion (see Table 2). | ||
Parameter | BAT-AELa | |
---|---|---|
mg/Nm3 | kg/tonne melted glassb | |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI) | < 1 | < 7,5 × 10–3 |
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, CrVI, Sb, Pb, CrIII, Cu, Mn, V, Sn) | < 5 | < 37 × 10–3 |
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.1. | |
Techniquea | Applicability |
---|---|
(i)Applying wet milling techniquesThe technique consists of grinding the frit to the desired particle size distribution with sufficient liquid to form a slurry. The process is generally carried out in alumina ball mills with water | The techniques are generally applicable |
(ii)Operating dry milling and dry product packaging under an efficient extraction system in conjunction with a fabric filterA negative pressure is applied to the milling equipment or to the work station where packaging is carried out in order to convey dust emissions to a fabric filter | |
(iii)Applying a filtration system |
BAT-AELs for air emissions from downstream processes in the frits sector, when treated separately
Technique | Description |
---|---|
Electrostatic precipitator | Electrostatic precipitators operate such that particles are charged and separated under the influence of an electrical field. Electrostatic precipitators are capable of operating over a wide range of conditions |
Bag filter | Bag filters are constructed from porous woven or felted fabric through which gases are flowed to remove particles. The use of a bag filter requires a fabric material selection adequate to the characteristics of the waste gases and the maximum operating temperature |
Reduction of the volatile components by raw material modifications | The formulation of batch compositions might contain very volatile components (e.g. boron compounds) which could be minimised or substituted for reducing dust emissions mainly generated by volatilisation phenomena |
Electric melting | The technique consists of a melting furnace where the energy is provided by resistive heating. In the cold-top furnaces (where the electrodes are generally inserted at the bottom of the furnace) the batch blanket covers the surface of the melt with a consequent, significant reduction of the volatilisation of batch components (i.e. lead compounds) |
Technique | Description |
---|---|
Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | Dry powder or a suspension/solution of alkaline reagent are introduced and dispersed in the waste gas stream. The material reacts with the sulphur gaseous species to form a solid which has to be removed by filtration (bag filter or electrostatic precipitator). In general, the use of a reaction tower improves the removal efficiency of the scrubbing system |
Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance | The minimisation of sulphur content in the batch formulation is applied to reduce SOX emissions deriving from the decomposition of sulphur-containing raw materials (in general, sulphates) used as fining agents. The effective reduction of SOX emissions depends on the retention of sulphur compounds in the glass, which may vary significantly depending on the glass type, and on the optimisation of the sulphur balance |
Use of low sulphur content fuels | The use of natural gas or low sulphur fuel oil is applied to reduce the amount of SOX emissions deriving from the oxidation of sulphur contained in the fuel during combustion |
Technique | Description |
---|---|
Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine | The technique consists of a careful selection of raw materials that may contain chlorides and fluorides as impurities (e.g. synthetic soda ash, dolomite, external cullet, recycled filter dust) in order to reduce at source HCl and HF emissions which arise from the decomposition of these materials during the melting process |
Minimisation of the fluorine and/or chlorine compounds in the batch formulation and optimisation of the fluorine and/or chlorine mass balance | The minimisation of fluorine and/or chlorine emissions from the melting process may be achieved by minimising/reducing the quantity of these substances used in the batch formulation to the minimum commensurate with the quality of the final product. Fluorine compounds (e.g. fluorspar, cryolite, fluorsilicate) are used to confer particular characteristics to special glasses (e.g. opaque glass, optical glass). Chlorine compounds may be used as fining agents |
Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | Dry powder or a suspension/solution of alkaline reagent are introduced and dispersed in the waste gas stream. The material reacts with the gaseous chlorides and fluorides to form a solid which has to be removed by filtration (electrostatic precipitator or bag filter) |
Technique | Description |
---|---|
Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low content of metals | The technique consists of a careful selection of batch materials that may contain metals as impurities (e.g. external cullet), in order to reduce at source metal emissions which arise from the decomposition of these materials during the melting process |
Minimising the use of metal compounds in the batch formulation, where colouring and decolourising of glass is needed, subject to consumer glass quality requirements | The minimisation of metal emissions from the melting process may be achieved as follows:
|
Minimising the use of selenium compounds in the batch formulation, through a suitable selection of the raw materials | The minimisation of selenium emissions from the melting process may be achieved by:
|
Application of a filtration system | Dust abatement systems (bag filter and electrostatic precipitator) can reduce both dust and metal emissions since the emissions to air of metals from glass melting processes are largely contained in particulate form. However, for some metals presenting extremely volatile compounds (e.g. selenium) the removal efficiency may vary significantly with the filtration temperature |
Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration system | Gaseous metals can be substantially reduced by the use of a dry or semi-dry scrubbing technique with an alkaline reagent. The alkaline reagent reacts with the gaseous species to form a solid which has to be removed by filtration (bag filter or electrostatic precipitator) |
Wet scrubbing | In the wet scrubbing process, gaseous compounds are dissolved in a suitable liquid (water or alkaline solution). Downstream of the wet scrubber, the flue-gases are saturated with water and a separation of the droplets is required before discharging the flue-gases. The resulting liquid has to be treated by a waste water process and the insoluble matter is collected by sedimentation or filtration |
Technique | Description |
---|---|
Wet scrubbing | In a wet scrubbing process (by a suitable liquid: water or alkaline solution), the simultaneous removal of solid and gaseous compounds may be achieved. The design criteria for particulate or gas removal are different; therefore, the design is often a compromise between the two options. The resulting liquid has to be treated by a waste water process and the insoluble matter (solid emissions and products from chemical reactions) is collected by sedimentation or filtration. In the mineral wool and continuous filament glass fibre sector, the most common systems applied are:
|
Wet electrostatic precipitator | The technique consists of an electrostatic precipitator in which the collected material is removed from the plates of the collectors by flushing with a suitable liquid, usually water. Some mechanism is usually installed to remove water droplets before discharge of the waste gas (demister or a last dry field) |
Technique | Description |
---|---|
Performing dusty operations (e.g. cutting, grinding, polishing) under liquid | Water is generally used as a coolant for cutting, grinding and polishing operations and for preventing dust emissions. An extraction system equipped with a mist eliminator may be necessary |
Applying a bag filter system | The use of bag filters is suitable for the reduction of both dust and metal emissions since metals from downstream processes are largely contained in particulate form |
Minimising the losses of polishing product by ensuring a good sealing of the application system | Acid polishing is performed by immersion of the glass articles in a polishing bath of hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids. The release of fumes may be minimised by a good design and maintenance of the application system in order to minimise losses |
Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing | Wet scrubbing with water is used for the treatment of waste gases, due to the acidic nature of the emissions and the high solubility of the gaseous pollutants to be removed |
Waste gas incineration | The technique consists of an afterburner system which oxidises the hydrogen sulphide (generated by strong reducing conditions in the melting furnace) to sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Volatile organic compounds are thermally incinerated with consequent oxidation to carbon dioxide, water and other combustion products (e.g. NOX, SOX) |
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