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Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilShow full title

Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast) (Text with EEA relevance)

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Changes over time for: Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Annexes only)

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ANNEX IU.K. NATIONAL OVERALL TARGETS FOR THE SHARE OF ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES IN GROSS FINAL CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IN 2020 (1)

A.National overall targetsU.K.

Share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy, 2005 (S2005)Target for share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy, 2020 (S2020)
Belgium2,2 %13 %
Bulgaria9,4 %16 %
Czech Republic6,1 %13 %
Denmark17,0 %30 %
Germany5,8 %18 %
Estonia18,0 %25 %
Ireland3,1 %16 %
Greece6,9 %18 %
Spain8,7 %20 %
France10,3 %23 %
Croatia12,6 %20 %
Italy5,2 %17 %
Cyprus2,9 %13 %
Latvia32,6 %40 %
Lithuania15,0 %23 %
Luxembourg0,9 %11 %
Hungary4,3 %13 %
Malta0,0 %10 %
Netherlands2,4 %14 %
Austria23,3 %34 %
Poland7,2 %15 %
Portugal20,5 %31 %
Romania17,8 %24 %
Slovenia16,0 %25 %
Slovak Republic6,7 %14 %
Finland28,5 %38 %
Sweden39,8 %49 %
United Kingdom1,3 %15 %

ANNEX IIU.K. NORMALISATION RULE FOR ACCOUNTING FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATED FROM HYDROPOWER AND WIND POWER

The following rule shall be applied for the purposes of accounting for electricity generated from hydropower in a given Member State:

where:

N=reference year;
QN(norm)=normalised electricity generated by all hydropower plants of the Member State in year N, for accounting purposes;
Qi=the quantity of electricity actually generated in year i by all hydropower plants of the Member State measured in GWh, excluding production from pumped storage units using water that has previously been pumped uphill;
Ci=the total installed capacity, net of pumped storage, of all hydropower plants of the Member State at the end of year i, measured in MW.

The following rule shall be applied for the purposes of accounting for electricity generated from onshore wind power in a given Member State:

where:

N=reference year;
QN(norm)=normalised electricity generated by all onshore wind power plants of the Member State in year N, for accounting purposes;
Qi=the quantity of electricity actually generated in year i by all onshore wind power plants of the Member State measured in GWh;
Cj=the total installed capacity of all the onshore wind power plants of the Member State at the end of year j, measured in MW;
n=4 or the number of years preceding year N for which capacity and production data are available for the Member State in question, whichever is lower.

The following rule shall be applied for the purposes of accounting for electricity generated from offshore wind power in a given Member State:

where:

N=reference year;
QN(norm)=normalised electricity generated by all offshore wind power plants of the Member State in year N, for accounting purposes;
Qi=the quantity of electricity actually generated in year i by all offshore wind power plants of the Member State measured in GWh;
Cj=the total installed capacity of all the offshore wind power plants of the Member State at the end of year j, measured in MW;
n=4 or the number of years preceding year N for which capacity and production data are available for the Member State in question, whichever is lower.

ANNEX IIIU.K. ENERGY CONTENT OF FUELS

FuelEnergy content by weight (lower calorific value, MJ/kg)Energy content by volume (lower calorific value, MJ/l)
FUELS FROM BIOMASS AND/OR BIOMASS PROCESSING OPERATIONS
Bio-Propane4624
Pure vegetable oil (oil produced from oil plants through pressing, extraction or comparable procedures, crude or refined but chemically unmodified)3734
Biodiesel - fatty acid methyl ester (methyl-ester produced from oil of biomass origin)3733
Biodiesel - fatty acid ethyl ester (ethyl-ester produced from oil of biomass origin)3834
Biogas that can be purified to natural gas quality50
Hydrotreated (thermochemically treated with hydrogen) oil of biomass origin, to be used for replacement of diesel4434
Hydrotreated (thermochemically treated with hydrogen) oil of biomass origin, to be used for replacement of petrol4530
Hydrotreated (thermochemically treated with hydrogen) oil of biomass origin, to be used for replacement of jet fuel4434
Hydrotreated oil (thermochemically treated with hydrogen) of biomass origin, to be used for replacement of liquefied petroleum gas4624
Co-processed oil (processed in a refinery simultaneously with fossil fuel) of biomass or pyrolysed biomass origin to be used for replacement of diesel4336
Co-processed oil (processed in a refinery simultaneously with fossil fuel) of biomass or pyrolysed biomass origin, to be used to replace petrol4432
Co-processed oil (processed in a refinery simultaneously with fossil fuel) of biomass or pyrolysed biomass origin, to be used to replace jet fuel4333
Co-processed oil (processed in a refinery simultaneously with fossil fuel) of biomass or pyrolysed biomass origin, to be used to replace liquefied petroleum gas4623
RENEWABLE FUELS THAT CAN BE PRODUCED FROM VARIOUS RENEWABLE SOURCES, INCLUDING BIOMASS
Methanol from renewable sources2016
Ethanol from renewable sources2721
Propanol from renewable sources3125
Butanol from renewable sources3327
Fischer-Tropsch diesel (a synthetic hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons to be used for replacement of diesel)4434
Fischer-Tropsch petrol (a synthetic hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons produced from biomass, to be used for replacement of petrol)4433
Fischer-Tropsch jet fuel (a synthetic hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons produced from biomass, to be used for replacement of jet fuel)4433
Fischer-Tropsch liquefied petroleum gas (a synthetic hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons, to be used for replacement of liquefied petroleum gas4624
DME (dimethylether)2819
Hydrogen from renewable sources120
ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis of ethanol)36 (of which 37 % from renewable sources)27 (of which 37 % from renewable sources)
MTBE (methyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis of methanol)35 (of which 22 % from renewable sources)26 (of which 22 % from renewable sources)
TAEE (tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether produced on the basis of ethanol)38 (of which 29 % from renewable sources)29 (of which 29 % from renewable sources)
TAME (tertiary-amyl-methyl-ether produced on the basis of methanol)36 (of which 18 % from renewable sources)28 (of which 18 % from renewable sources)
THxEE (tertiary-hexyl-ethyl-ether produced on the basis of ethanol)38 (of which 25 % from renewable sources)30 (of which 25 % from renewable sources)
THxME (tertiary-hexyl-methyl-ether produced on the basis of methanol)38 of which 14 % from renewable sources)30 (of which 14 % from renewable sources)
FOSSIL FUELS
Petrol4332
Diesel4336

ANNEX IVU.K. CERTIFICATION OF INSTALLERS

The certification schemes or equivalent qualification schemes referred to in Article 18(3) shall be based on the following criteria:

1.

The certification or qualification process shall be transparent and clearly defined by the Member States or by the administrative body that they appoint.

2.

Installers of biomass, heat pump, shallow geothermal and solar photovoltaic and solar thermal energy shall be certified by an accredited training programme or training provider.

3.

The accreditation of the training programme or provider shall be effected by Member States or by the administrative body that they appoint. The accrediting body shall ensure that the training programme offered by the training provider has continuity and regional or national coverage. The training provider shall have adequate technical facilities to provide practical training, including some laboratory equipment or corresponding facilities to provide practical training. The training provider shall also offer in addition to the basic training, shorter refresher courses on topical issues, including on new technologies, to enable life-long learning in installations. The training provider may be the manufacturer of the equipment or system, institutes or associations.

4.

The training leading to certification or qualification of an installer shall include theoretical and practical parts. At the end of the training, the installer must have the skills required to install the relevant equipment and systems to meet the performance and reliability needs of the customer, incorporate quality craftsmanship, and comply with all applicable codes and standards, including energy and eco-labelling.

5.

The training course shall end with an examination leading to a certificate or qualification. The examination shall include a practical assessment of successfully installing biomass boilers or stoves, heat pumps, shallow geothermal installations, solar photovoltaic or solar thermal installations.

6.

The certification schemes or equivalent qualification schemes referred to in Article 18(3) shall take due account of the following guidelines:

(a)

Accredited training programmes should be offered to installers with work experience, who have undergone, or are undergoing, the following types of training:

(i)

in the case of biomass boiler and stove installers: training as a plumber, pipe fitter, heating engineer or technician of sanitary and heating or cooling equipment as a prerequisite;

(ii)

in the case of heat pump installers: training as a plumber or refrigeration engineer and have basic electrical and plumbing skills (cutting pipe, soldering pipe joints, gluing pipe joints, lagging, sealing fittings, testing for leaks and installation of heating or cooling systems) as a prerequisite;

(iii)

in the case of a solar photovoltaic or solar thermal installer: training as a plumber or electrician and have plumbing, electrical and roofing skills, including knowledge of soldering pipe joints, gluing pipe joints, sealing fittings, testing for plumbing leaks, ability to connect wiring, familiar with basic roof materials, flashing and sealing methods as a prerequisite; or

(iv)

a vocational training scheme to provide an installer with adequate skills corresponding to a three years education in the skills referred to in point (a), (b) or (c), including both classroom and workplace learning.

(b)

The theoretical part of the biomass stove and boiler installer training should give an overview of the market situation of biomass and cover ecological aspects, biomass fuels, logistics, fire protection, related subsidies, combustion techniques, firing systems, optimal hydraulic solutions, cost and profitability comparison as well as the design, installation and maintenance of biomass boilers and stoves. The training should also provide good knowledge of any European standards for technology and biomass fuels, such as pellets, and biomass related national and Union law.

(c)

The theoretical part of the heat pump installer training should give an overview of the market situation for heat pumps and cover geothermal resources and ground source temperatures of different regions, soil and rock identification for thermal conductivity, regulations on using geothermal resources, feasibility of using heat pumps in buildings and determining the most suitable heat pump system, and knowledge about their technical requirements, safety, air filtering, connection with the heat source and system layout. The training should also provide good knowledge of any European standards for heat pumps, and of relevant national and Union law. The installer should demonstrate the following key competences:

(i)

a basic understanding of the physical and operation principles of a heat pump, including characteristics of the heat pump circle: context between low temperatures of the heat sink, high temperatures of the heat source, and the efficiency of the system, determination of the coefficient of performance and seasonal performance factor (SPF);

(ii)

an understanding of the components and their function within a heat pump circle, including the compressor, expansion valve, evaporator, condenser, fixtures and fittings, lubricating oil, refrigerant, superheating and sub-cooling and cooling possibilities with heat pumps; and

(iii)

the ability to choose and size the components in typical installation situations, including determining the typical values of the heat load of different buildings and for hot water production based on energy consumption, determining the capacity of the heat pump on the heat load for hot water production, on the storage mass of the building and on interruptible current supply; determine the buffer tank component and its volume and integration of a second heating system.

(d)

The theoretical part of the solar photovoltaic and solar thermal installer training should give an overview of the market situation of solar products and cost and profitability comparisons, and cover ecological aspects, components, characteristics and dimensioning of solar systems, selection of accurate systems and dimensioning of components, determination of the heat demand, fire protection, related subsidies, as well as the design, installation and maintenance of solar photovoltaic and solar thermal installations. The training should also provide good knowledge of any European standards for technology, and certification such as Solar Keymark, and related national and Union law. The installer should demonstrate the following key competences:

(i)

the ability to work safely using the required tools and equipment and implementing safety codes and standards and to identify plumbing, electrical and other hazards associated with solar installations;

(ii)

the ability to identify systems and their components specific to active and passive systems, including the mechanical design, and to determine the components' location and system layout and configuration;

(iii)

the ability to determine the required installation area, orientation and tilt for the solar photovoltaic and solar water heater, taking account of shading, solar access, structural integrity, the appropriateness of the installation for the building or the climate and to identify different installation methods suitable for roof types and the balance of system equipment required for the installation; and

(iv)

for solar photovoltaic systems in particular, the ability to adapt the electrical design, including determining design currents, selecting appropriate conductor types and ratings for each electrical circuit, determining appropriate size, ratings and locations for all associated equipment and subsystems and selecting an appropriate interconnection point.

(e)

The installer certification should be time restricted, so that a refresher seminar or event would be necessary for continued certification.

ANNEX VU.K. RULES FOR CALCULATING THE GREENHOUSE GAS IMPACT OF BIOFUELS, BIOLIQUIDS AND THEIR FOSSIL FUEL COMPARATORS

A.TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS IF PRODUCED WITH NO NET CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGEU.K.

a

Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation) (OJ L 300, 14.11.2009, p. 1).

Biofuel production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions saving – typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions saving – default value
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)67 %59 %
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)77 %73 %
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))73 %68 %
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))79 %76 %
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))58 %47 %
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))71 %64 %
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)48 %40 %
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))55 %48 %
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))40 %28 %
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP plant (*))69 %68 %
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)47 %38 %
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))53 %46 %
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))37 %24 %
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP plant (*))67 %67 %
sugar cane ethanol70 %70 %
the part from renewable sources of ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether (ETBE)Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part from renewable sources of tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE)Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel52 %47 %
sunflower biodiesel57 %52 %
soybean biodiesel55 %50 %
[X1palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond) 33 % 20 %]
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)51 %45 %
waste cooking oil biodiesel88 %84 %
animal fats from rendering biodiesel (**)84 %78 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed51 %47 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower58 %54 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean55 %51 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)34 %22 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)53 %49 %
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil87 %83 %
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from rendering (**)83 %77 %
pure vegetable oil from rape seed59 %57 %
pure vegetable oil from sunflower65 %64 %
pure vegetable oil from soybean63 %61 %
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)40 %30 %
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)59 %57 %
pure oil from waste cooking oil98 %98 %
(*)Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.
(**)Applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Councila, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

B.ESTIMATED TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR FUTURE BIOFUELS THAT WERE NOT ON THE MARKET OR WERE ON THE MARKET ONLY IN NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES IN 2016, IF PRODUCED WITH NO NET CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGEU.K.

Biofuel production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions saving - typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions saving - default value
wheat straw ethanol85 %83 %
[X1waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant 83 % 83 %]
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant82 %82 %
[X1waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant 83 % 83 %]
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant82 %82 %
[X1waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant 84 % 84 %]
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant83 %83 %
[X1waste wood methanol in free-standing plant 84 % 84 %]
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant83 %83 %
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill89 %89 %
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill89 %89 %
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill89 %89 %
Methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill89 %89 %
the part from renewable sources of methyl-tertio-butyl-ether (MTBE)Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used

C.METHODOLOGYU.K.

1.Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of transport fuels, biofuels and bioliquids shall be calculated as follows:U.K.

(a)

greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biofuels shall be calculated as:

E = eec + el + ep + etd + eu – esca – eccs – eccr,

where

E=total emissions from the use of the fuel;
eec=emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;
el=annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;
ep=emissions from processing;
etd=emissions from transport and distribution;
eu=emissions from the fuel in use;
esca=emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management;
eccs=emission savings from CO2 capture and geological storage; and
eccr=emission savings from CO2 capture and replacement.

Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account.

(b)

Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of bioliquids shall be calculated as for biofuels (E), but with the extension necessary for including the energy conversion to electricity and/or heat and cooling produced, as follows:

(i)

For energy installations delivering only heat:

(ii)

For energy installations delivering only electricity:

where

ECh,el

=

Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.

E

=

Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion.

ηel

=

The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual bioliquid input based on its energy content.

ηh

=

The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual bioliquid input based on its energy content.

(iii)

For the electricity or mechanical energy coming from energy installations delivering useful heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy:

(iv)

For the useful heat coming from energy installations delivering heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy:

where:

ECh,el

=

Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.

E

=

Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion.

ηel

=

The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual fuel input based on its energy content.

ηh

=

The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual fuel input based on its energy content.

Cel

=

Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to 100 % (Cel = 1).

Ch

=

Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat).

The Carnot efficiency, Ch, for useful heat at different temperatures is defined as:

where

Th

=

Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.

T0

=

Temperature of surroundings, set at 273,15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C)

If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), Ch can alternatively be defined as follows:

Ch

=

Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), which is: 0,3546

For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply:

(a)

‘cogeneration’ means the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electricity and/or mechanical energy;

(b)

‘useful heat’ means heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating and cooling purposes;

(c)

‘economically justifiable demand’ means the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.

2.Greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels and bioliquids shall be expressed as follows:U.K.

(a)

greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels, E, shall be expressed in terms of grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g CO2eq/MJ.

(b)

greenhouse gas emissions from bioliquids, EC, in terms of grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of final energy commodity (heat or electricity), g CO2eq/MJ.

When heating and cooling are co-generated with electricity, emissions shall be allocated between heat and electricity (as under 1(b)), irrespective if the heat is used for actual heating purposes or for cooling(2).

Where the greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials eec are expressed in unit g CO2eq/dry-ton of feedstock, the conversion to grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g CO2eq/MJ, shall be calculated as follows(3):

where

Emissions per dry-ton feedstock shall be calculated as follows:

3.Greenhouse gas emissions savings from biofuels and bioliquids shall be calculated as follows:U.K.

(a)

greenhouse gas emissions savings from biofuels:

SAVING = (EF(t) – EB)/EF(t),

where

EB=total emissions from the biofuel; and
EF(t)=total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for transport
(b)

greenhouse gas emissions savings from heat and cooling, and electricity being generated from bioliquids:

SAVING = (ECF(h&c,el) – ECB(h&c,el))/ECF(h&c,el),

where

ECB(h&c,el)

=

total emissions from the heat or electricity; and

ECF(h&c,el)

=

total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for useful heat or electricity.

4.The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes of point 1 shall be CO2, N2O and CH4. For the purposes of calculating CO2 equivalence, those gases shall be valued as follows:U.K.

CO2:1
N2O:298
CH4:25

5.Emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials, eec, shall include emissions from the extraction or cultivation process itself; from the collection, drying and storage of raw materials; from waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation. Capture of CO2 in the cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded. Estimates of emissions from agriculture biomass cultivation may be derived from the use of regional averages for cultivation emissions included in the reports referred to in Article 31(4) or the information on the disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions included in this Annex, as an alternative to using actual values. In the absence of relevant information in those reports it is allowed to calculate averages based on local farming practises based for instance on data of a group of farms, as an alternative to using actual values.U.K.

6.For the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 1(a), greenhouse gas emissions savings from improved agriculture management, esca, such as shifting to reduced or zero-tillage, improved crop/rotation, the use of cover crops, including crop residue management, and the use of organic soil improver (e.g. compost, manure fermentation digestate), shall be taken into account only if solid and verifiable evidence is provided that the soil carbon has increased or that it is reasonable to expect to have increased over the period in which the raw materials concerned were cultivated while taking into account the emissions where such practices lead to increased fertiliser and herbicide use(4).U.K.

7.Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, el, shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over 20 years. For the calculation of those emissions, the following rule shall be applied:U.K.

el = (CSR – CSA) × 3,664 × 1/20 × 1/P – eB,(5)

where

a

Cropland as defined by IPCC.

b

Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation coppice and oil palm.

el=annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass (grams) of CO2-equivalent per unit of biofuel or bioliquid energy (megajoules)). ‘Cropland’a and ‘perennial cropland’b shall be regarded as one land use;
CSR=the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-use shall be the land-use in January 2008 or 20 years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later;
CSA=the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CSA shall be the estimated stock per unit area after 20 years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier;
P=the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel or bioliquid energy per unit area per year) and
eB=bonus of 29 g CO2eq/MJ biofuel or bioliquid if biomass is obtained from restored degraded land under the conditions laid down in point 8.

8.The bonus of 29 g CO2eq/MJ shall be attributed if evidence is provided that the land:U.K.

(a)

was not in use for agriculture or any other activity in January 2008; and

(b)

is severely degraded land, including such land that was formerly in agricultural use.

The bonus of 29 g CO2eq/MJ shall apply for a period of up to 20 years from the date of conversion of the land to agricultural use, provided that a steady increase in carbon stocks as well as a sizable reduction in erosion phenomena for land falling under (b) are ensured.

9.‘Severely degraded land’ means land that, for a significant period of time, has either been significantly salinated or presented significantly low organic matter content and has been severely eroded.U.K.

10.The Commission shall review, by 31 December 2020, guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks(6) drawing on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – volume 4 and in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council(7). The Commission guidelines shall serve as the basis for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purposes of this Directive.U.K.

11.Emissions from processing, ep, shall include emissions from the processing itself; from waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used in processing including the CO2 emissions corresponding to the carbon contents of fossil inputs, whether or not actually combusted in the process.U.K.

In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced within the fuel production plant, the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of the production and distribution of that electricity shall be assumed to be equal to the average emission intensity of the production and distribution of electricity in a defined region. By way of derogation from this rule, producers may use an average value for an individual electricity production plant for electricity produced by that plant, if that plant is not connected to the electricity grid.

Emissions from processing shall include emissions from drying of interim products and materials where relevant.

12.Emissions from transport and distribution, etd, shall include emissions from the transport of raw and semi-finished materials and from the storage and distribution of finished materials. Emissions from transport and distribution to be taken into account under point 5 shall not be covered by this point.U.K.

13.Emissions of the fuel in use, eu, shall be taken to be zero for biofuels and bioliquids.U.K.

Emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (N2O and CH4) of the fuel in use shall be included in the eu factor for bioliquids.

14.Emission savings from CO2 capture and geological storage, eccs, that have not already been accounted for in ep, shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture and storage of emitted CO2 directly related to the extraction, transport, processing and distribution of fuel if stored in compliance with Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(8).U.K.

15.Emission savings from CO2 capture and replacement, eccr, shall be related directly to the production of biofuel or bioliquid they are attributed to, and shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture of CO2 of which the carbon originates from biomass and which is used to replace fossil-derived CO2 in production of commercial products and services.U.K.

16.Where a cogeneration unit – providing heat and/or electricity to a fuel production process for which emissions are being calculated – produces excess electricity and/or excess useful heat, the greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the electricity and the useful heat according to the temperature of the heat (which reflects the usefulness (utility) of the heat). The useful part of the heat is found by multiplying its energy content with the Carnot efficiency, Ch, calculated as follows:U.K.

where

Th

=

Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.

T0

=

Temperature of surroundings, set at 273,15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C)

If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), Ch can alternatively be defined as follows:

Ch

=

Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), which is: 0,3546

For the purposes of that calculation, the actual efficiencies shall be used, defined as the annual mechanical energy, electricity and heat produced respectively divided by the annual energy input.

For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply:

(a)

‘cogeneration’ shall mean the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy;

(b)

‘useful heat’ shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling purposes;

(c)

‘economically justifiable demand’ shall mean the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.

17.Where a fuel production process produces, in combination, the fuel for which emissions are being calculated and one or more other products (co-products), greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the fuel or its intermediate product and the co-products in proportion to their energy content (determined by lower heating value in the case of co-products other than electricity and heat). The greenhouse gas intensity of excess useful heat or excess electricity is the same as the greenhouse gas intensity of heat or electricity delivered to the fuel production process and is determined from calculating the greenhouse intensity of all inputs and emissions, including the feedstock and CH4 and N2O emissions, to and from the cogeneration unit, boiler or other apparatus delivering heat or electricity to the fuel production process. In the case of cogeneration of electricity and heat, the calculation is performed following point 16.U.K.

18.For the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 17, the emissions to be divided shall be eec + el + esca + those fractions of ep, etd, eccs, and eccr that take place up to and including the process step at which a co-product is produced. If any allocation to co-products has taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the fraction of those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the intermediate fuel product shall be used for those purposes instead of the total of those emissions.U.K.

In the case of biofuels and bioliquids, all co-products shall be taken into account for the purposes of that calculation. No emissions shall be allocated to wastes and residues. Co-products that have a negative energy content shall be considered to have an energy content of zero for the purposes of the calculation.

Wastes and residues, including tree tops and branches, straw, husks, cobs and nut shells, and residues from processing, including crude glycerine (glycerine that is not refined) and bagasse, shall be considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions up to the process of collection of those materials irrespectively of whether they are processed to interim products before being transformed into the final product.

In the case of fuels produced in refineries, other than the combination of processing plants with boilers or cogeneration units providing heat and/or electricity to the processing plant, the unit of analysis for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 17 shall be the refinery.

19.For biofuels, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 3, the fossil fuel comparator EF(t) shall be 94 g CO2eq/MJ.U.K.

For bioliquids used for the production of electricity, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 3, the fossil fuel comparator ECF(e) shall be 183 g CO2eq/MJ.

For bioliquids used for the production of useful heat, as well as for the production of heating and/or cooling, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 3, the fossil fuel comparator ECF(h&c) shall be 80 g CO2eq/MJ.

D.DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOLIQUIDSU.K.

Disaggregated default values for cultivation: ‘eec’ as defined in Part C of this Annex, including soil N2O emissions

a

Applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol9,69,6
corn (maize) ethanol25,525,5
other cereals excluding corn (maize) ethanol27,027,0
sugar cane ethanol17,117,1
the part from renewable sources of ETBEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part from renewable sources of TAEEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel32,032,0
sunflower biodiesel26,126,1
soybean biodiesel21,221,2
[X1palm oil biodiesel 26,0 26,0]
waste cooking oil biodiesel00
animal fats from rendering biodiesela00
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed33,433,4
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower26,926,9
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean22,122,1
[X1hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil 27,3 27,3]
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil00
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from renderinga00
pure vegetable oil from rape seed33,433,4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower27,227,2
pure vegetable oil from soybean22,222,2
pure vegetable oil from palm oil27,127,1
pure oil from waste cooking oil00

Disaggregated default values for cultivation: ‘eec’ – for soil N2O emissions only (these are already included in the disaggregated values for cultivation emissions in the ‘eec’ table)

a

Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol4,94,9
corn (maize) ethanol13,713,7
other cereals excluding corn (maize) ethanol14,114,1
sugar cane ethanol2,12,1
the part from renewable sources of ETBEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part from renewable sources of TAEEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel17,617,6
sunflower biodiesel12,212,2
soybean biodiesel13,413,4
palm oil biodiesel16,516,5
waste cooking oil biodiesel00
animal fats from rendering biodiesela00
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed18,018,0
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower12,512,5
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean13,713,7
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil16,916,9
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil00
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from renderinga00
pure vegetable oil from rape seed17,617,6
pure vegetable oil from sunflower12,212,2
pure vegetable oil from soybean13,413,4
pure vegetable oil from palm oil16,516,5
pure oil from waste cooking oil00

Disaggregated default values for processing: ‘ep’ as defined in Part C of this Annex

a

Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.

b

Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)18,826,3
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)9,713,6
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)13,218,5
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)7,610,6
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)27,438,3
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)15,722,0
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)20,829,1
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)14,820,8
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)28,640,1
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP planta)1,82,6
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)21,029,3
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)15,121,1
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)30,342,5
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP planta)1,52,2
sugar cane ethanol1,31,8
the part from renewable sources of ETBEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part from renewable sources of TAEEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel11,716,3
sunflower biodiesel11,816,5
soybean biodiesel12,116,9
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)30,442,6
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)13,218,5
waste cooking oil biodiesel9,313,0
animal fats from rendering biodieselb13,619,1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed10,715,0
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower10,514,7
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean10,915,2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)27,838,9
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)9,713,6
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil10,214,3
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from renderingb14,520,3
[X1pure vegetable oil from rape seed 3,7 5,2]
pure vegetable oil from sunflower3,85,4
pure vegetable oil from soybean4,25,9
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)22,631,7
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)4,76,5
pure oil from waste cooking oil0,60,8

Disaggregated default values for oil extraction only (these are already included in the disaggregated values for processing emissions in the ‘ep’ table)

a

Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
rape seed biodiesel3,04,2
sunflower biodiesel2,94,0
soybean biodiesel3,24,4
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)20,929,2
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)3,75,1
waste cooking oil biodiesel00
animal fats from rendering biodiesela4,36,1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed3,14,4
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower3,04,1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean3,34,6
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)21,930,7
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)3,85,4
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil00
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from renderinga4,36,0
pure vegetable oil from rape seed3,14,4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower3,04,2
pure vegetable oil from soybean3,44,7
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)21,830,5
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)3,85,3
pure oil from waste cooking oil00

Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: ‘etd’ as defined in Part C of this Annex

a

Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.

b

Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)2,32,3
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)2,32,3
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)2,32,3
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)2,32,3
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)2,32,3
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)2,32,3
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)2,22,2
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)2,22,2
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)2,22,2
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP planta)2,22,2
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)2,22,2
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)2,22,2
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)2,22,2
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP planta)2,22,2
sugar cane ethanol9,79,7
the part from renewable sources of ETBEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part from renewable sources of TAEEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel1,81,8
sunflower biodiesel2,12,1
soybean biodiesel8,98,9
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)6,96,9
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)6,96,9
waste cooking oil biodiesel1,91,9
[X1animal fats from rendering biodiesel a 1,6 1,6]
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed1,71,7
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower2,02,0
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean9,29,2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)7,07,0
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)7,07,0
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil1,71,7
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from renderingb1,51,5
pure vegetable oil from rape seed1,41,4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower1,71,7
pure vegetable oil from soybean8,88,8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)6,76,7
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)6,76,7
pure oil from waste cooking oil1,41,4

Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution of final fuel only. These are already included in the table of ‘transport and distribution emissions etd’ as defined in Part C of this Annex, but the following values are useful if an economic operator wishes to declare actual transport emissions for crops or oil transport only).

a

Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.

b

Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)1,61,6
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)1,61,6
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)1,61,6
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)1,61,6
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP planta)1,61,6
sugar cane ethanol6,06,0
the part of ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether (ETBE) from renewable ethanolWill be considered to be equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part of tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE) from renewable ethanolWill be considered to be equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel1,31,3
sunflower biodiesel1,31,3
soybean biodiesel1,31,3
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)1,31,3
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)1,31,3
waste cooking oil biodiesel1,31,3
animal fats from rendering biodieselb1,31,3
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed1,21,2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower1,21,2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean1,21,2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)1,21,2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)1,21,2
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil1,21,2
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from renderingb1,21,2
pure vegetable oil from rape seed0,80,8
pure vegetable oil from sunflower0,80,8
pure vegetable oil from soybean0,80,8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)0,80,8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill)0,80,8
pure oil from waste cooking oil0,80,8

Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution

a

Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.

b

Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)30,738,2
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)21,625,5
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)25,130,4
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)19,522,5
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)39,350,2
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)27,633,9
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)48,556,8
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)42,548,5
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)56,367,8
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP planta)29,530,3
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)50,258,5
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP planta)44,350,3
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP planta)59,571,7
[X1other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP plant a 30,7 31,4
sugar cane ethanol 28,1 28,6]
the part from renewable sources of ETBEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part from renewable sources of TAEEEqual to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel45,550,1
sunflower biodiesel40,044,7
soybean biodiesel42,247,0
[X1palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond) 63,3 75,5
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill) 46,1 51,4]
waste cooking oil biodiesel11,214,9
[X1animals fats from rendering biodiesel a 15,2 20,7]
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed45,850,1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower39,443,6
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean42,246,5
[X1hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond) 62,1 73,2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill) 44,0 47,9]
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil11,916,0
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from renderingb16,021,8
pure vegetable oil from rape seed38,540,0
pure vegetable oil from sunflower32,734,3
pure vegetable oil from soybean35,236,9
[X1pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond) 56,4 65,5
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill) 38,5 40,3]
pure oil from waste cooking oil2,02,2

E.ESTIMATED DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR FUTURE BIOFUELS AND BIOLIQUIDS THAT WERE NOT ON THE MARKET OR WERE ONLY ON THE MARKET IN NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES IN 2016U.K.

Disaggregated default values for cultivation: ‘eec’ as defined in Part C of this Annex, including N2O emissions (including chipping of waste or farmed wood)

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol1,81,8
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant3,33,3
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant8,28,2
[X1waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant 3,3 3,3
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant 8,2 8,2]
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant3,13,1
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant7,67,6
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant3,13,1
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant7,67,6
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill2,52,5
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill2,52,5
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill2,52,5
Methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill2,52,5
the part from renewable sources of MTBEEqual to that of the methanol production pathway used

Disaggregated default values for soil N2O emissions (included in disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions in the ‘eec’ table)

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol00
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant00
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant4,44,4
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant00
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant4,44,4
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant00
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant4,14,1
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant00
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant4,14,1
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill00
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill00
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill00
Methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill00
the part from renewable sources of MTBEEqual to that of the methanol production pathway used

Disaggregated default values for processing: ‘ep’ as defined in Part C of this Annex

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol4,86,8
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant0,10,1
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant0,10,1
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant0,10,1
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant0,10,1
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant00
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant00
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant00
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant00
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill00
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill00
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill00
methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill00
the part from renewable sources of MTBEEqual to that of the methanol production pathway used

Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: ‘etd’ as defined in Part C of this Annex

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol7,17,1
[X1waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant 12,2 12,2]
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant8,48,4
[X1waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant 12,2 12,2]
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant8,48,4
[X1waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant 12,1 12,1]
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant8,68,6
[X1waste wood methanol in free-standing plant 12,1 12,1]
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant8,68,6
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill7,77,7
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill7,97,9
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill7,77,7
methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill7,97,9
the part from renewable sources of MTBEEqual to that of the methanol production pathway used

Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution of final fuel only. These are already included in the table of ‘transport and distribution emissions etd’ as defined in Part C of this Annex, but the following values are useful if an economic operator wishes to declare actual transport emissions for feedstock transport only).

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol1,61,6
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant1,21,2
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant1,21,2
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant1,21,2
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant1,21,2
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant2,02,0
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant2,02,0
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant2,02,0
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant2,02,0
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill2,02,0
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill2,02,0
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill2,02,0
methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill2,02,0
the part from renewable sources of MTBEEqual to that of the methanol production pathway used

Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution

Biofuel and bioliquid production pathwayGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol13,715,7
[X1waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant 15,6 15,6]
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing plant16,716,7
[X1waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant 15,6 15,6]
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing plant16,716,7
[X1waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant 15,2 15,2]
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant16,216,2
[X1waste wood methanol in free-standing plant 15,2 15,2]
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant16,216,2
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill10,210,2
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill10,410,4
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill10,210,2
methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with pulp mill10,410,4
the part from renewable sources of MTBEEqual to that of the methanol production pathway used

ANNEX VIU.K. RULES FOR CALCULATING THE GREENHOUSE GAS IMPACT OF BIOMASS FUELS AND THEIR FOSSIL FUEL COMPARATORS

A.Typical and default values of greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomass fuels if produced with no net-carbon emissions from land-use changeU.K.

WOODCHIPS
Biomass fuel production systemTransport distanceGreenhouse gas emissions savings –typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions savings – default value
HeatElectricityHeatElectricity
Woodchips from forest residues1 to 500 km93 %89 %91 %87 %
500 to 2 500 km89 %84 %87 %81 %
2 500 to 10 000 km82 %73 %78 %67 %
Above 10 000 km67 %51 %60 %41 %
Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus)2 500 to 10 000 km77 %65 %73 %60 %
Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised)1 to 500 km89 %83 %87 %81 %
500 to 2 500 km85 %78 %84 %76 %
2 500 to 10 000 km78 %67 %74 %62 %
Above 10 000 km63 %45 %57 %35 %
Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation)1 to 500 km91 %87 %90 %85 %
500 to 2 500 km88 %82 %86 %79 %
2 500 to 10 000 km80 %70 %77 %65 %
Above 10 000 km65 %48 %59 %39 %
Woodchips from stemwood1 to 500 km93 %89 %92 %88 %
500 to 2 500 km90 %85 %88 %82 %
2 500 to 10 000 km82 %73 %79 %68 %
Above 10 000 km67 %51 %61 %42 %
Woodchips from industry residues1 to 500 km94 %92 %93 %90 %
500 to 2 500 km91 %87 %90 %85 %
2 500 to 10 000 km83 %75 %80 %71 %
Above 10 000 km69 %54 %63 %44 %
a

Case 1 refers to processes in which a natural gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;

Case 2a refers to processes in which a woodchips boiler, fed with pre-dried chips, is used to provide process heat. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;

Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fed with pre-dried woodchips, is used to provide electricity and heat to the pellet mill.

WOOD PELLETSa
Biomass fuel production systemTransport distanceGreenhouse gas emissions savings – typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions savings – default value
HeatElectricityHeatElectricity
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residuesCase 11 to 500 km58 %37 %49 %24 %
500 to 2 500 km58 %37 %49 %25 %
2 500 to 10 000 km55 %34 %47 %21 %
Above 10 000 km50 %26 %40 %11 %
Case 2a1 to 500 km77 %66 %72 %59 %
500 to 2 500 km77 %66 %72 %59 %
2 500 to 10 000 km75 %62 %70 %55 %
Above 10 000 km69 %54 %63 %45 %
Case 3a1 to 500 km92 %88 %90 %85 %
500 to 2 500 km92 %88 %90 %86 %
2 500 to 10 000 km90 %85 %88 %81 %
Above 10 000 km84 %76 %81 %72 %
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus)Case 12 500 to 10 000 km52 %28 %43 %15 %
Case 2a2 500 to 10 000 km70 %56 %66 %49 %
Case 3a2 500 to 10 000 km85 %78 %83 %75 %
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised)Case 11 to 500 km54 %32 %46 %20 %
500 to 10 000 km52 %29 %44 %16 %
Above 10 000 km47 %21 %37 %7 %
Case 2a1 to 500 km73 %60 %69 %54 %
500 to 10 000 km71 %57 %67 %50 %
Above 10 000 km66 %49 %60 %41 %
Case 3a1 to 500 km88 %82 %87 %81 %
500 to 10 000 km86 %79 %84 %77 %
Above 10 000 km80 %71 %78 %67 %
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation)Case 11 to 500 km56 %35 %48 %23 %
500 to 10 000 km54 %32 %46 %20 %
Above 10 000 km49 %24 %40 %10 %
Case 2a1 to 500 km76 %64 %72 %58 %
500 to 10 000 km74 %61 %69 %54 %
Above 10 000 km68 %53 %63 %45 %
Case 3a1 to 500 km91 %86 %90 %85 %
500 to 10 000 km89 %83 %87 %81 %
Above 10 000 km83 %75 %81 %71 %
StemwoodCase 11 to 500 km57 %37 %49 %24 %
500 to 2 500 km58 %37 %49 %25 %
2 500 to 10 000 km55 %34 %47 %21 %
Above 10 000 km50 %26 %40 %11 %
Case 2a1 to 500 km77 %66 %73 %60 %
500 to 2 500 km77 %66 %73 %60 %
2 500 to 10 000 km75 %63 %70 %56 %
Above 10 000 km70 %55 %64 %46 %
Case 3a1 to 500 km92 %88 %91 %86 %
500 to 2 500 km92 %88 %91 %87 %
2 500 to 10 000 km90 %85 %88 %83 %
Above 10 000 km84 %77 %82 %73 %
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residuesCase 11 to 500 km75 %62 %69 %55 %
500 to 2 500 km75 %62 %70 %55 %
2 500 to 10 000 km72 %59 %67 %51 %
Above 10 000 km67 %51 %61 %42 %
Case 2a1 to 500 km87 %80 %84 %76 %
500 to 2 500 km87 %80 %84 %77 %
2 500 to 10 000 km85 %77 %82 %73 %
Above 10 000 km79 %69 %75 %63 %
Case 3a1 to 500 km95 %93 %94 %91 %
500 to 2 500 km95 %93 %94 %92 %
2 500 to 10 000 km93 %90 %92 %88 %
Above 10 000 km88 %82 %85 %78 %
a

This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).

b

The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).

AGRICULTURE PATHWAYS
Biomass fuel production systemTransport distanceGreenhouse gas emissions savings – typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions savings – default value
HeatElectricityHeatElectricity
Agricultural Residues with density < 0,2 t/m3 a1 to 500 km95 %92 %93 %90 %
500 to 2 500 km89 %83 %86 %80 %
2 500 to 10 000 km77 %66 %73 %60 %
Above 10 000 km57 %36 %48 %23 %
Agricultural Residues with density > 0,2 t/m3 b1 to 500 km95 %92 %93 %90 %
500 to 2 500 km93 %89 %92 %87 %
2 500 to 10 000 km88 %82 %85 %78 %
Above 10 000 km78 %68 %74 %61 %
Straw pellets1 to 500 km88 %82 %85 %78 %
500 to 10 000 km86 %79 %83 %74 %
Above 10 000 km80 %70 %76 %64 %
Bagasse briquettes500 to 10 000 km93 %89 %91 %87 %
Above 10 000 km87 %81 %85 %77 %
Palm Kernel MealAbove 10 000 km20 %-18 %11 %-33 %
Palm Kernel Meal (no CH4 emissions from oil mill)Above 10 000 km46 %20 %42 %14 %
a

Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by the CHP engine itself.

Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration.

Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane).

b

The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw manure management. The value of esca considered is equal to – 45 g CO2eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion.

c

Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of CH4 and N2O. The magnitude of those emissions changes with ambient conditions, substrate types and the digestion efficiency.

d

Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas-tight tank and that the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane. No greenhouse gas emissions are included in that process.

e

Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.

BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITYa
Biogas production systemTechnological optionGreenhouse gas emissions savings – typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions savings – default value
Wet manurebCase 1Open digestatec146 %94 %
Close digestated246 %240 %
Case 2Open digestate136 %85 %
Close digestate227 %219 %
Case 3Open digestate142 %86 %
Close digestate243 %235 %
Maize whole planteCase 1Open digestate36 %21 %
Close digestate59 %53 %
Case 2Open digestate34 %18 %
Close digestate55 %47 %
Case 3Open digestate28 %10 %
Close digestate52 %43 %
BiowasteCase 1Open digestate47 %26 %
Close digestate84 %78 %
Case 2Open digestate43 %21 %
Close digestate77 %68 %
Case 3Open digestate38 %14 %
Close digestate76 %66 %
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE
Biogas production systemTechnological optionGreenhouse gas emissions savings – typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions savings – default value

Manure – Maize

80 % - 20 %

Case 1Open digestate72 %45 %
Close digestate120 %114 %
Case 2Open digestate67 %40 %
Close digestate111 %103 %
Case 3Open digestate65 %35 %
Close digestate114 %106 %

Manure – Maize

70 % - 30 %

Case 1Open digestate60 %37 %
Close digestate100 %94 %
Case 2Open digestate57 %32 %
Close digestate93 %85 %
Case 3Open digestate53 %27 %
Close digestate94 %85 %

Manure – Maize

60 % - 40 %

Case 1Open digestate53 %32 %
Close digestate88 %82 %
Case 2Open digestate50 %28 %
Close digestate82 %73 %
Case 3Open digestate46 %22 %
Close digestate81 %72 %
a

The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO2eq/MJ.

BIOMETHANE FOR TRANSPORTa
Biomethane production systemTechnological optionsGreenhouse gas emissions savings – typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions savings – default value
Wet manureOpen digestate, no off-gas combustion117 %72 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion133 %94 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion190 %179 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion206 %202 %
Maize whole plantOpen digestate, no off-gas combustion35 %17 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion51 %39 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion52 %41 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion68 %63 %
BiowasteOpen digestate, no off-gas combustion43 %20 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion59 %42 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion70 %58 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion86 %80 %
a

The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO2eq/MJ.

b

This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0,03 MJ CH4/MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-gases.

c

This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any).

BIOMETHANE – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZEa
Biomethane production systemTechnological optionsGreenhouse gas emissions savings – typical valueGreenhouse gas emissions savings – default value

Manure – Maize

80 % - 20 %

Open digestate, no off-gas combustionb62 %35 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustionc78 %57 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion97 %86 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion113 %108 %

Manure – Maize

70 % - 30 %

Open digestate, no off-gas combustion53 %29 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion69 %51 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion83 %71 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion99 %94 %

Manure – Maize

60 % - 40 %

Open digestate, no off-gas combustion48 %25 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion64 %48 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion74 %62 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion90 %84 %

B.METHODOLOGYU.K.

1.Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biomass fuels, shall be calculated as follows:U.K.

(a)

Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biomass fuels before conversion into electricity, heating and cooling, shall be calculated as:

E = eec + el + ep + etd + eu – esca – eccs – eccr,

Where

E

=

total emissions from the production of the fuel before energy conversion;

eec

=

emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;

el

=

annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;

ep

=

emissions from processing;

etd

=

emissions from transport and distribution;

eu

=

emissions from the fuel in use;

esca

=

emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management;

eccs

=

emission savings from CO2 capture and geological storage; and

eccr

=

emission savings from CO2 capture and replacement.

Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account.

(b)

In the case of co-digestion of different substrates in a biogas plant for the production of biogas or biomethane, the typical and default values of greenhouse gas emissions shall be calculated as:

[X1 ]

where

E

=

greenhouse gas emissions per MJ biogas or biomethane produced from co-digestion of the defined mixture of substrates

Sn

=

Share of feedstock n in energy content

En

=

Emission in g CO2/MJ for pathway n as provided in Part D of this Annex (*)

[X1 ]

where

Pn

=

energy yield [MJ] per kilogram of wet input of feedstock n (**)

Wn

=

weighting factor of substrate n defined as:

where:

In

=

Annual input to digester of substrate n [tonne of fresh matter]

AMn

=

Average annual moisture of substrate n [kg water/kg fresh matter]

SMn

=

Standard moisture for substrate n (***).

(*)For animal manure used as substrate, a bonus of 45 g CO2eq/MJ manure (– 54 kg CO2eq/t fresh matter) is added for improved agricultural and manure management.U.K.
(**)The following values of Pn shall be used for calculating typical and default values:U.K.
  • P(Maize): 4,16 [MJbiogas/kg wet maize @ 65 % moisture]

  • P(Manure): 0,50 [MJbiogas/kg wet manure @ 90 % moisture]

  • P(Biowaste) 3,41 [MJbiogas/kg wet biowaste @ 76 % moisture]

(***)The following values of the standard moisture for substrate SMn shall be used:U.K.
  • SM(Maize): 0,65 [kg water/kg fresh matter]

  • SM(Manure): 0,90 [kg water/kg fresh matter]

  • SM(Biowaste): 0,76 [kg water/kg fresh matter]

(c)

In the case of co-digestion of n substrates in a biogas plant for the production of electricity or biomethane, actual greenhouse gas emissions of biogas and biomethane are calculated as follows:

where

E

=

total emissions from the production of the biogas or biomethane before energy conversion;

Sn

=

Share of feedstock n, in fraction of input to the digester;

eec,n

=

emissions from the extraction or cultivation of feedstock n;

etd,feedstock,n

=

emissions from transport of feedstock n to the digester;

el,n

=

annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, for feedstock n;

esca

=

emission savings from improved agricultural management of feedstock n (*);

ep

=

emissions from processing;

etd,product

=

emissions from transport and distribution of biogas and/or biomethane;

eu

=

emissions from the fuel in use, that is greenhouse gases emitted during combustion;

eccs

=

emission savings from CO2 capture and geological storage; and

eccr

=

emission savings from CO2 capture and replacement.

(*)For esca a bonus of 45 g CO2eq/MJ manure shall be attributed for improved agricultural and manure management in the case animal manure is used as a substrate for the production of biogas and biomethane.U.K.
(d)

Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of biomass fuels in producing electricity, heating and cooling, including the energy conversion to electricity and/or heat or cooling produced, shall be calculated as follows:

(i)

For energy installations delivering only heat:

(ii)

For energy installations delivering only electricity:

where

ECh,el

=

Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.

E

=

Total greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel before end-conversion.

ηel

=

The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual fuel input, based on its energy content.

ηh

=

The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual fuel input, based on its energy content.

(iii)

For the electricity or mechanical energy coming from energy installations delivering useful heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy:

(iv)

For the useful heat coming from energy installations delivering heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy:

where:

ECh,el

=

Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.

E

=

Total greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel before end-conversion.

ηel

=

The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual energy input, based on its energy content.

ηh

=

The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual energy input, based on its energy content.

Cel

=

Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to 100 % (Cel = 1).

Ch

=

Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat).

The Carnot efficiency, Ch, for useful heat at different temperatures is defined as:

where:

Th

=

Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.

T0

=

Temperature of surroundings, set at 273,15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C).

If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), Ch can alternatively be defined as follows:

Ch

=

Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), which is: 0,3546

For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply:

(i)

‘cogeneration’ shall mean the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electricity and/or mechanical energy;

(ii)

‘useful heat’ shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling purposes;

(iii)

‘economically justifiable demand’ shall mean the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.

2.Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass fuels shall be expressed as follows:U.K.

(a)

greenhouse gas emissions from biomass fuels, E, shall be expressed in terms of grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of biomass fuel, g CO2eq/MJ;

(b)

greenhouse gas emissions from heating or electricity, produced from biomass fuels, EC, shall be expressed in terms of grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of final energy commodity (heat or electricity), g CO2eq/MJ.

When heating and cooling are co-generated with electricity, emissions shall be allocated between heat and electricity (as under point 1(d)), irrespective if the heat is used for actual heating purposes or for cooling.(9)

Where the greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials eec are expressed in unit g CO2eq/dry-ton of feedstock, the conversion to grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g CO2eq /MJ, shall be calculated as follows(10):

Where

Emissions per dry-ton feedstock shall be calculated as follows:

3.Greenhouse gas emissions savings from biomass fuels shall be calculated as follows:U.K.

(a)

greenhouse gas emissions savings from biomass fuels used as transport fuels:

SAVING = (EF(t) – EB)/EF(t)

where

EB

=

total emissions from biomass fuels used as transport fuels; and

EF(t)

=

total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for transport

(b)

greenhouse gas emissions savings from heat and cooling, and electricity being generated from biomass fuels:

SAVING = (ECF(h&c,el) – ECB(h&c,el))/ECF (h&c,el),

where

ECB(h&c,el)

=

total emissions from the heat or electricity,

ECF(h&c,el)

=

total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for useful heat or electricity.

4.The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes of point 1 shall be CO2, N2O and CH4. For the purposes of calculating CO2 equivalence, those gases shall be valued as follows:U.K.

  • CO2: 1

  • N2O: 298

  • CH4: 25

5.Emissions from the extraction, harvesting or cultivation of raw materials, eec, shall include emissions from the extraction, harvesting or cultivation process itself; from the collection, drying and storage of raw materials; from waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation. Capture of CO2 in the cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded. Estimates of emissions from agriculture biomass cultivation may be derived from the regional averages for cultivation emissions included in the reports referred to in Article 31(4) of this Directive or the information on the disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions included in this Annex, as an alternative to using actual values. In the absence of relevant information in those reports it is allowed to calculate averages based on local farming practises based for instance on data of a group of farms, as an alternative to using actual values.U.K.

Estimates of emissions from cultivation and harvesting of forestry biomass may be derived from the use of averages for cultivation and harvesting emissions calculated for geographical areas at national level, as an alternative to using actual values.

6.For the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 1(a), emission savings from improved agriculture management, esca, such as shifting to reduced or zero-tillage, improved crop/rotation, the use of cover crops, including crop residue management, and the use of organic soil improver (e.g. compost, manure fermentation digestate), shall be taken into account only if solid and verifiable evidence is provided that the soil carbon has increased or that it is reasonable to expect to have increased over the period in which the raw materials concerned were cultivated while taking into account the emissions where such practices lead to increased fertiliser and herbicide use(11).U.K.

7.Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, el, shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over 20 years. For the calculation of those emissions the following rule shall be applied:U.K.

el = (CSR – CSA) × 3,664 × 1/20 × 1/P – eB,(12)

where

el

=

annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass of CO2-equivalent per unit biomass fuel energy). ‘Cropland’(13) and ‘perennial cropland’(14) shall be regarded as one land use;

CSR

=

the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land use shall be the land use in January 2008 or 20 years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later;

CSA

=

the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CSA shall be the estimated stock per unit area after 20 years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier;

P

=

the productivity of the crop (measured as biomass fuel energy per unit area per year); and

eB

=

bonus of 29 g CO2eq/MJ biomass fuel if biomass is obtained from restored degraded land under the conditions laid down in point 8.

8.The bonus of 29 g CO2eq/MJ shall be attributed if evidence is provided that the land:U.K.

(a)

was not in use for agriculture in January 2008 or any other activity; and

(b)

is severely degraded land, including such land that was formerly in agricultural use.

The bonus of 29 g CO2eq/MJ shall apply for a period of up to 20 years from the date of conversion of the land to agricultural use, provided that a steady increase in carbon stocks as well as a sizable reduction in erosion phenomena for land falling under (b) are ensured.

9.‘Severely degraded land’ means land that, for a significant period of time, has either been significantly salinated or presented significantly low organic matter content and has been severely eroded.U.K.

10.In accordance with point 10 of Part C of Annex V to this Directive, Commission Decision 2010/335/EU(15), which provides for guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks in relation to this Directive, drawing on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – volume 4, and in accordance with Regulations (EU) No 525/2013 and (EU) 2018/841, shall serve as the basis for the calculation of land carbon stocks.U.K.

11.Emissions from processing, ep, shall include emissions from the processing itself; from waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used in processing, including the CO2 emissions corresponding to the carbon contents of fossil inputs, whether or not actually combusted in the process.U.K.

In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced within the solid or gaseous biomass fuel production plant, the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of the production and distribution of that electricity shall be assumed to be equal to the average emission intensity of the production and distribution of electricity in a defined region. By way of derogation from this rule, producers may use an average value for an individual electricity production plant for electricity produced by that plant, if that plant is not connected to the electricity grid.

Emissions from processing shall include emissions from drying of interim products and materials where relevant.

12.Emissions from transport and distribution, etd, shall include emissions from the transport of raw and semi-finished materials and from the storage and distribution of finished materials. Emissions from transport and distribution to be taken into account under point 5 shall not be covered by this point.U.K.

13.Emissions of CO2 from fuel in use, eu, shall be taken to be zero for biomass fuels. Emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (CH4 and N2O) from the fuel in use shall be included in the eu factor.U.K.

14.Emission savings from CO2 capture and geological storage, eccs, that have not already been accounted for in ep, shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture and storage of emitted CO2 directly related to the extraction, transport, processing and distribution of biomass fuel if stored in compliance with Directive 2009/31/EC.U.K.

15.Emission savings from CO2 capture and replacement, eccr, shall be related directly to the production of biomass fuel they are attributed to, and shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture of CO2 of which the carbon originates from biomass and which is used to replace fossil-derived CO2 in production of commercial products and services.U.K.

16.Where a cogeneration unit – providing heat and/or electricity to a biomass fuel production process for which emissions are being calculated – produces excess electricity and/or excess useful heat, the greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the electricity and the useful heat according to the temperature of the heat (which reflects the usefulness (utility) of the heat). The useful part of the heat is found by multiplying its energy content with the Carnot efficiency, Ch, calculated as follows:U.K.

where

Th

=

Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.

T0

=

Temperature of surroundings, set at 273,15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C).

If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), Ch can alternatively be defined as follows:

Ch

=

Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), which is: 0,3546

For the purposes of that calculation, the actual efficiencies shall be used, defined as the annual mechanical energy, electricity and heat produced respectively divided by the annual energy input.

For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply:

(a)

‘cogeneration’ shall mean the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy;

(b)

‘useful heat’ shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling purposes;

(c)

‘economically justifiable demand’ shall mean the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.

17.Where a biomass fuel production process produces, in combination, the fuel for which emissions are being calculated and one or more other products (‘co-products’), greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the fuel or its intermediate product and the co-products in proportion to their energy content (determined by lower heating value in the case of co-products other than electricity and heat). The greenhouse gas intensity of excess useful heat or excess electricity is the same as the greenhouse gas intensity of heat or electricity delivered to the biomass fuel production process and is determined from calculating the greenhouse gas intensity of all inputs and emissions, including the feedstock and CH4 and N2O emissions, to and from the cogeneration unit, boiler or other apparatus delivering heat or electricity to the biomass fuel production process. In the case of cogeneration of electricity and heat, the calculation is performed following point 16.U.K.

18.For the purposes of the calculations referred to in point 17, the emissions to be divided shall be eec + el + esca + those fractions of ep, etd, eccs and eccr that take place up to and including the process step at which a co-product is produced. If any allocation to co-products has taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the fraction of those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the intermediate fuel product shall be used for those purposes instead of the total of those emissions.U.K.

[X1In the case of biogas and biomethane, all co-products shall be taken into account for the purposes of that calculation.] No emissions shall be allocated to wastes and residues. Co-products that have a negative energy content shall be considered to have an energy content of zero for the purposes of the calculation.

Wastes and residues, including tree tops and branches, straw, husks, cobs and nut shells, and residues from processing, including crude glycerine (glycerine that is not refined) and bagasse, shall be considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions up to the process of collection of those materials irrespectively of whether they are processed to interim products before being transformed into the final product.

In the case of biomass fuels produced in refineries, other than the combination of processing plants with boilers or cogeneration units providing heat and/or electricity to the processing plant, the unit of analysis for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 17 shall be the refinery.

19.For biomass fuels used for the production of electricity, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 3, the fossil fuel comparator ECF(el) shall be 183 g CO2eq/MJ electricity or 212 g CO2eq/MJ electricity for the outermost regions.U.K.

For biomass fuels used for the production of useful heat, as well as for the production of heating and/or cooling, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 3, the fossil fuel comparator ECF(h) shall be 80 g CO2eq/MJ heat.

For biomass fuels used for the production of useful heat, in which a direct physical substitution of coal can be demonstrated, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 3, the fossil fuel comparator ECF(h) shall be 124 g CO2eq/MJ heat.

For biomass fuels used as transport fuels, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in point 3, the fossil fuel comparator EF(t) shall be 94 g CO2eq/MJ.

C.DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUELSU.K.

Wood briquettes or pelletsU.K.

Biomass fuel production systemTransport distanceGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
CultivationProcessingTransportNon-CO2 emissions from the fuel in useCultivationProcessingTransportNon-CO2 emissions from the fuel in use
Wood chips from forest residues1 to 500 km0,01,63,00,40,01,93,60,5
500 to 2 500 km0,01,65,20,40,01,96,20,5
2 500 to 10 000 km0,01,610,50,40,01,912,60,5
Above 10 000 km0,01,620,50,40,01,924,60,5
Wood chips from SRC (Eucalyptus)2 500 to 10 000 km4,40,011,00,44,40,013,20,5
Wood chips from SRC (Poplar – fertilised)1 to 500 km3,90,03,50,43,90,04,20,5
500 to 2 500 km3,90,05,60,43,90,06,80,5
2 500 to 10 000 km3,90,011,00,43,90,013,20,5
Above 10 000 km3,90,021,00,43,90,025,20,5
Wood chips from SRC (Poplar – Not fertilised)1 to 500 km2,20,03,50,42,20,04,20,5
500 to 2 500 km2,20,05,60,42,20,06,80,5
2 500 to 10 000 km2,20,011,00,42,20,013,20,5
Above 10 000 km2,20,021,00,42,20,025,20,5
Wood chips from stemwood1 to 500 km1,10,33,00,41,10,43,60,5
500 to 2 500 km1,10,35,20,41,10,46,20,5
2 500 to 10 000 km1,10,310,50,41,10,412,60,5
Above 10 000 km1,10,320,50,41,10,424,60,5
Wood chips from wood industry residues1 to 500 km0,00,33,00,40,00,43,60,5
500 to 2 500 km0,00,35,20,40,00,46,20,5
2 500 to 10 000 km0,00,310,50,40,00,412,60,5
Above 10 000 km0,00,320,50,40,00,424,60,5

Wood briquettes or pelletsU.K.

Biomass fuel production systemTransport distanceGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
CultivationProcessingTransport & distributionNon-CO2 emissions from the fuel in useCultivationProcessingTransport & distributionNon-CO2 emissions from the fuel in use
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 1)1 to 500 km0,025,82,90,30,030,93,50,3
500 to 2 500 km0,025,82,80,30,030,93,30,3
2 500 to 10 000 km0,025,84,30,30,030,95,20,3
Above 10 000 km0,025,87,90,30,030,99,50,3
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 2a)1 to 500 km0,012,53,00,30,015,03,60,3
500 to 2 500 km0,012,52,90,30,015,03,50,3
2 500 to 10 000 km0,012,54,40,30,015,05,30,3
Above 10 000 km0,012,58,10,30,015,09,80,3
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 3a)1 to 500 km0,02,43,00,30,02,83,60,3
500 to 2 500 km0,02,42,90,30,02,83,50,3
2 500 to 10 000 km0,02,44,40,30,02,85,30,3
Above 10 000 km0,02,48,20,30,02,89,80,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Eucalyptus – case 1)

2 500 to 10 000 km3,924,54,30,33,929,45,20,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Eucalyptus – case 2a)

2 500 to 10 000 km5,010,64,40,35,012,75,30,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Eucalyptus – case 3a)

2 500 to 10 000 km5,30,34,40,35,30,45,30,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Poplar – Fertilised – case 1)

1 to 500 km3,424,52,90,33,429,43,50,3
500 to 10 000 km3,424,54,30,33,429,45,20,3
Above 10 000 km3,424,57,90,33,429,49,50,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Poplar – Fertilised – case 2a)

1 to 500 km4,410,63,00,34,412,73,60,3
500 to 10 000 km4,410,64,40,34,412,75,30,3
Above 10 000 km4,410,68,10,34,412,79,80,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Poplar – Fertilised – case 3a)

1 to 500 km4,60,33,00,34,60,43,60,3
500 to 10 000 km4,60,34,40,34,60,45,30,3
Above 10 000 km4,60,38,20,34,60,49,80,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Poplar – no fertilisation – case 1)

1 to 500 km2,024,52,90,32,029,43,50,3
500 to 2 500 km2,024,54,30,32,029,45,20,3
2 500 to 10 000 km2,024,57,90,32,029,49,50,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Poplar – no fertilisation – case 2a)

1 to 500 km2,510,63,00,32,512,73,60,3
500 to 10 000 km2,510,64,40,32,512,75,30,3
Above 10 000 km2,510,68,10,32,512,79,80,3

Wood briquettes from short rotation coppice

(Poplar – no fertilisation– case 3a)

1 to 500 km2,60,33,00,32,60,43,60,3
500 to 10 000 km2,60,34,40,32,60,45,30,3
Above 10 000 km2,60,38,20,32,60,49,80,3
Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 1)1 to 500 km1,124,82,90,31,129,83,50,3
500 to 2 500 km1,124,82,80,31,129,83,30,3
2 500 to 10 000 km1,124,84,30,31,129,85,20,3
Above 10 000 km1,124,87,90,31,129,89,50,3
Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 2a)1 to 500 km1,411,03,00,31,413,23,60,3
500 to 2 500 km1,411,02,90,31,413,23,50,3
2 500 to 10 000 km1,411,04,40,31,413,25,30,3
Above 10 000 km1,411,08,10,31,413,29,80,3
Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 3a)1 to 500 km1,40,83,00,31,40,93,60,3
500 to 2 500 km1,40,82,90,31,40,93,50,3
2 500 to 10 000 km1,40,84,40,31,40,95,30,3
Above 10 000 km1,40,88,20,31,40,99,80,3
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 1)1 to 500 km0,014,32,80,30,017,23,30,3
500 to 2 500 km0,014,32,70,30,017,23,20,3
2 500 to 10 000 km0,014,34,20,30,017,25,00,3
Above 10 000 km0,014,37,70,30,017,29,20,3
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 2a)1 to 500 km0,06,02,80,30,07,23,40,3
500 to 2 500 km0,06,02,70,30,07,23,30,3
2 500 to 10 000 km0,06,04,20,30,07,25,10,3
Above 10 000 km0,06,07,80,30,07,29,30,3
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 3a)1 to 500 km0,00,22,80,30,00,33,40,3
500 to 2 500 km0,00,22,70,30,00,33,30,3
2 500 to 10 000 km0,00,24,20,30,00,35,10,3
Above 10 000 km0,00,27,80,30,00,39,30,3

Agriculture pathwaysU.K.

Biomass fuel production systemTransport distanceGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO2eq/MJ)
CultivationProcessingTransport & distributionNon-CO2 emissions from the fuel in useCultivationProcessingTransport & distributionNon-CO2 emissions from the fuel in use
Agricultural Residues with density < 0,2 t/m31 to 500 km0,00,92,60,20,01,13,10,3
500 to 2 500 km0,00,96,50,20,01,17,80,3
2 500 to 10 000 km0,00,914,20,20,01,117,00,3
Above 10 000 km0,00,928,30,20,01,134,00,3
Agricultural Residues with density > 0,2 t/m31 to 500 km0,00,92,60,20,01,13,10,3
500 to 2 500 km0,00,93,60,20,01,14,40,3
2 500 to 10 000 km0,00,97,10,20,01,18,50,3
Above 10 000 km0,00,913,60,20,01,116,30,3
Straw pellets1 to 500 km0,05,03,00,20,06,03,60,3
500 to 10 000 km0,05,04,60,20,06,05,50,3
Above 10 000 km0,05,08,30,20,06,010,00,3
Bagasse briquettes500 to 10 000 km0,00,34,30,40,00,45,20,5
Above 10 000 km0,00,38,00,40,00,49,50,5
Palm Kernel MealAbove 10 000 km21,621,111,20,221,625,413,50,3
Palm Kernel Meal (no CH4 emissions from oil mill)Above 10 000 km21,63,511,20,221,64,213,50,3

Disaggregated default values for biogas for the production of electricityU.K.

a

The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw manure management. The value of esca considered is equal to – 45 g CO2eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion.

b

Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.

c

Transport of agricultural raw materials to the transformation plant is, according to the methodology provided in the Commission's report of 25 February 2010 on sustainability requirements for the use of solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating and cooling, included in the ‘cultivation’ value. The value for transport of maize silage accounts for 0,4 g CO2eq/MJ biogas.

Biomass fuel production systemTechnologyTYPICAL VALUE [g CO2eq/MJ]DEFAULT VALUE [g CO2eq/MJ]
CultivationProcessingNon-CO2 emissions from the fuel in useTransportManure creditsCultivationProcessingNon-CO2 emissions from the fuel in useTransportManure credits
Wet manureacase 1Open digestate0,069,68,90,8– 107,30,097,412,50,8– 107,3
Close digestate0,00,08,90,8– 97,60,00,012,50,8– 97,6
case 2Open digestate0,074,18,90,8– 107,30,0103,712,50,8– 107,3
Close digestate0,04,28,90,8– 97,60,05,912,50,8– 97,6
case 3Open digestate0,083,28,90,9– 120,70,0116,412,50,9– 120,7
Close digestate0,04,68,90,8– 108,50,06,412,50,8– 108,5
Maize whole plantbcase 1Open digestate15,613,58,90,0c15,618,912,50,0
Close digestate15,20,08,90,015,20,012,50,0
case 2Open digestate15,618,88,90,015,626,312,50,0
Close digestate15,25,28,90,015,27,212,50,0
case 3Open digestate17,521,08,90,017,529,312,50,0
Close digestate17,15,78,90,017,17,912,50,0
Biowastecase 1Open digestate0,021,88,90,50,030,612,50,5
Close digestate0,00,08,90,50,00,012,50,5
case 2Open digestate0,027,98,90,50,039,012,50,5
Close digestate0,05,98,90,50,08,312,50,5
case 3Open digestate0,031,28,90,50,043,712,50,5
Close digestate0,06,58,90,50,09,112,50,5

Disaggregated default values for biomethaneU.K.

Biomethane production systemTechnological optionTYPICAL VALUE [g CO2eq/MJ]DEFAULT VALUE [g CO2eq/MJ]
CultivationProcessingUpgradingTransportCompression at filling stationManure creditsCultivationProcessingUpgradingTransportCompression at filling stationManure credits
Wet manureOpen digestateno off-gas combustion0,084,219,51,03,3– 124,40,0117,927,31,04,6– 124,4
off-gas combustion0,084,24,51,03,3– 124,40,0117,96,31,04,6– 124,4
Close digestateno off-gas combustion0,03,219,50,93,3– 111,90,04,427,30,94,6– 111,9
off-gas combustion0,03,24,50,93,3– 111,90,04,46,30,94,6– 111,9
Maize whole plantOpen digestateno off-gas combustion18,120,119,50,03,318,128,127,30,04,6
off-gas combustion18,120,14,50,03,318,128,16,30,04,6
Close digestateno off-gas combustion17,64,319,50,03,317,66,027,30,04,6
off-gas combustion17,64,34,50,03,317,66,06,30,04,6
BiowasteOpen digestateno off-gas combustion0,030,619,50,63,30,042,827,30,64,6
off-gas combustion0,030,64,50,63,30,042,86,30,64,6
Close digestateno off-gas combustion0,05,119,50,53,30,07,227,30,54,6
off-gas combustion0,05,14,50,53,30,07,26,30,54,6

D.TOTAL TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUEL PATHWAYSU.K.

Biomass fuel production systemTransport distanceGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO2eq/MJ)
Woodchips from forest residues1 to 500 km56
500 to 2 500 km79
2 500 to 10 000 km1215
Above 10 000 km2227
Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus)2 500 to 10 000 km1618
Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised)1 to 500 km89
500 to 2 500 km1011
2 500 to 10 000 km1518
Above 10 000 km2530
Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation)1 to 500 km67
500 to 2 500 km810
2 500 to 10 000 km1416
Above 10 000 km2428
Woodchips from stemwood1 to 500 km56
500 to 2 500 km78
2 500 to 10 000 km1215
Above 10 000 km2227
Woodchips from industry residues1 to 500 km45
500 to 2 500 km67
2 500 to 10 000 km1113
Above 10 000 km2125
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 1)1 to 500 km2935
500 to 2 500 km2935
2 500 to 10 000 km3036
Above 10 000 km3441
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 2a)1 to 500 km1619
500 to 2 500 km1619
2 500 to 10 000 km1721
Above 10 000 km2125
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 3a)1 to 500 km67
500 to 2 500 km67
2 500 to 10 000 km78
Above 10 000 km1113
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 1)2 500 to 10 000 km3339
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 2a)2 500 to 10 000 km2023
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 3a)2 500 to 10 000 km1011
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised – case 1)1 to 500 km3137
500 to 10 000 km3238
Above 10 000 km3643
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised – case 2a)1 to 500 km1821
500 to 10 000 km2023
Above 10 000 km2327
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised – case 3a)1 to 500 km89
500 to 10 000 km1011
Above 10 000 km1315
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation – case 1)1 to 500 km3035
500 to 10 000 km3137
Above 10 000 km3541
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation – case 2a)1 to 500 km1619
500 to 10 000 km1821
Above 10 000 km2125
Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation – case 3a)1 to 500 km67
500 to 10 000 km89
Above 10 000 km1113
Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 1)1 to 500 km2935
500 to 2 500 km2934
2 500 to 10 000 km3036
Above 10 000 km3441
Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 2a)1 to 500 km1618
500 to 2 500 km1518
2 500 to 10 000 km1720
Above 10 000 km2125
Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 3a)1 to 500 km56
500 to 2 500 km56
2 500 to 10 000 km78
Above 10 000 km1112
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 1)1 to 500 km1721
500 to 2 500 km1721
2 500 to 10 000 km1923
Above 10 000 km2227
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 2a)1 to 500 km911
500 to 2 500 km911
2 500 to 10 000 km1013
Above 10 000 km1417
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 3a)1 to 500 km34
500 to 2 500 km34
2 500 to 10 00056
Above 10 000 km810

Case 1 refers to processes in which a Natural Gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Process electricity is purchased from the grid.U.K.

Case 2a refers to processes in which a boiler fuelled with wood chips is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Process electricity is purchased from the grid.U.K.

Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fuelled with wood chips, is used to provide heat and electricity to the pellet mill.U.K.

a

This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).

b

The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).

Biomass fuel production systemTransport distanceGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO2eq/MJ)
Agricultural Residues with density < 0,2 t/m3 a1 to 500 km44
500 to 2 500 km89
2 500 to 10 000 km1518
Above 10 000 km2935
Agricultural Residues with density > 0,2 t/m3 b1 to 500 km44
500 to 2 500 km56
2 500 to 10 000 km810
Above 10 000 km1518
Straw pellets1 to 500 km810
500 to 10 000 km1012
Above 10 000 km1416
Bagasse briquettes500 to 10 000 km56
Above 10 000 km910
Palm Kernel MealAbove 10 000 km5461
Palm Kernel Meal (no CH4 emissions from oil mill)Above 10 000 km3740

Typical and default values – biogas for electricityU.K.

a

Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of methane which change with the weather, the substrate and the digestion efficiency. In these calculations the amounts are taken to be equal to 0,05 MJ CH4/MJ biogas for manure, 0,035 MJ CH4/MJ biogas for maize and 0,01 MJ CH4/MJ biogas for biowaste.

b

Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas tight tank and the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane.

Biogas production systemTechnological optionTypical valueDefault value
Greenhouse gas emissions(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions(g CO2eq/MJ)
Biogas for electricity from wet manureCase 1Open digestatea– 283
Close digestateb– 88– 84
Case 2Open digestate– 2310
Close digestate– 84– 78
Case 3Open digestate– 289
Close digestate– 94– 89
Biogas for electricity from maize whole plantCase 1Open digestate3847
Close digestate2428
Case 2Open digestate4354
Close digestate2935
Case 3Open digestate4759
Close digestate3238
Biogas for electricity from biowasteCase 1Open digestate3144
Close digestate913
Case 2Open digestate3752
Close digestate1521
Case 3Open digestate4157
Close digestate1622

Typical and default values for biomethaneU.K.

a

This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0,03 MJ CH4/MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-gases.

b

This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any).

Biomethane production systemTechnological optionGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)
Biomethane from wet manureOpen digestate, no off-gas combustiona– 2022
Open digestate, off-gas combustionb– 351
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion– 88– 79
Close digestate, off-gas combustion– 103– 100
Biomethane from maize whole plantOpen digestate, no off-gas combustion5873
Open digestate, off-gas combustion4352
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion4151
Close digestate, off-gas combustion2630
Biomethane from biowasteOpen digestate, no off-gas combustion5171
Open digestate, off-gas combustion3650
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion2535
Close digestate, off-gas combustion1014

Typical and default values – biogas for electricity – mixtures of manure and maize: greenhouse gas emissions with shares given on a fresh mass basisU.K.

Biogas production systemTechnological optionsGreenhouse gas emissions – typical value(g CO2eq/MJ)Greenhouse gas emissions – default value(g CO2eq/MJ)

Manure – Maize

80 % - 20 %

Case 1Open digestate1733
Close digestate– 12– 9
Case 2Open digestate2240
Close digestate– 7– 2
Case 3Open digestate2343
Close digestate– 9– 4

Manure – Maize

70 % - 30 %

Case 1Open digestate2437
Close digestate03
Case 2Open digestate2945
Close digestate410
Case 3Open digestate3148
Close digestate410

Manure – Maize

60 % - 40 %

Case 1Open digestate2840
Close digestate711
Case 2Open digestate3347
Close digestate1218
Case 3Open digestate3652
Close digestate1218
CommentsU.K.

Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by the CHP engine itself.U.K.

Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration.U.K.

Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane).U.K.

Typical and default values – biomethane - mixtures of manure and maize: greenhouse gas emissions with shares given on a fresh mass basisU.K.

Biomethane production systemTechnological optionsTypical valueDefault value
(g CO2eq/MJ)(g CO2eq/MJ)

Manure – Maize

80 % - 20 %

Open digestate, no off-gas combustion3257
Open digestate, off-gas combustion1736
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion– 19
Close digestate, off-gas combustion– 16– 12

Manure – Maize

70 % - 30 %

Open digestate, no off-gas combustion4162
Open digestate, off-gas combustion2641
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion1322
Close digestate, off-gas combustion– 21

Manure – Maize

60 % - 40 %

Open digestate, no off-gas combustion4666
Open digestate, off-gas combustion3145
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion2231
Close digestate, off-gas combustion710

Where biomethane is used as Compressed Biomethane as a transport fuel, a value of 3,3 g CO2eq/MJ biomethane needs to be added to the typical values and a value of 4,6 g CO2eq/MJ biomethane to the default values.

ANNEX VIIU.K. ACCOUNTING OF ENERGY FROM HEAT PUMPS

The amount of aerothermal, geothermal or hydrothermal energy captured by heat pumps to be considered to be energy from renewable sources for the purposes of this Directive, ERES, shall be calculated in accordance with the following formula:

ERES = Qusable * (1 – 1/SPF)

where

— Qusable

=

the estimated total usable heat delivered by heat pumps fulfilling the criteria referred to in Article 7(4), implemented as follows: Only heat pumps for which SPF > 1,15 * 1/η shall be taken into account,

— SPF

=

the estimated average seasonal performance factor for those heat pumps,

— η

=

the ratio between total gross production of electricity and the primary energy consumption for the production of electricity and shall be calculated as an EU average based on Eurostat data.

ANNEX VIIIU.K.

PART A.U.K.PROVISIONAL ESTIMATED INDIRECT LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS FROM BIOFUEL, BIOLIQUID AND BIOMASS FUEL FEEDSTOCK (g CO2eq/MJ)(16)

a

The mean values included here represent a weighted average of the individually modelled feedstock values.

b

The range included here reflects 90 % of the results using the fifth and ninety-fifth percentile values resulting from the analysis. The fifth percentile suggests a value below which 5 % of the observations were found (namely, 5 % of total data used showed results below 8, 4, and 33 g CO2eq/MJ). The ninety-fifth percentile suggests a value below which 95 % of the observations were found (namely, 5 % of total data used showed results above 16, 17, and 66 g CO2eq/MJ).

Feedstock groupMeanaInterpercentile range derived from the sensitivity analysisb
Cereals and other starch-rich crops128 to 16
Sugars134 to 17
Oil crops5533 to 66

PART B.U.K.BIOFUELS, BIOLIQUIDS AND BIOMASS FUELS FOR WHICH THE ESTIMATED INDIRECT LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ZERO

Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from the following feedstock categories will be considered to have estimated indirect land-use change emissions of zero:

(1)

feedstocks which are not listed under part A of this Annex.

(2)

feedstocks, the production of which has led to direct land-use change, namely, a change from one of the following IPCC land cover categories: forest land, grassland, wetlands, settlements, or other land, to cropland or perennial cropland(17). In such a case a direct land-use change emission value (el) should have been calculated in accordance with point 7 of part C of Annex V.

ANNEX IXU.K.

Part A. Feedstocks for the production of biogas for transport and advanced biofuels, the contribution of which towards the minimum shares referred to in the first and fourth subparagraphs of Article 25(1) may be considered to be twice their energy content:

(a)

Algae if cultivated on land in ponds or photobioreactors;

(b)

Biomass fraction of mixed municipal waste, but not separated household waste subject to recycling targets under point (a) of Article 11(2) of Directive 2008/98/EC;

(c)

Biowaste as defined in point (4) of Article 3 of Directive 2008/98/EC from private households subject to separate collection as defined in point (11) of Article 3 of that Directive;

(d)

Biomass fraction of industrial waste not fit for use in the food or feed chain, including material from retail and wholesale and the agro-food and fish and aquaculture industry, and excluding feedstocks listed in part B of this Annex;

(e)

Straw;

(f)

Animal manure and sewage sludge;

(g)

Palm oil mill effluent and empty palm fruit bunches;

(h)

Tall oil pitch;

(i)

Crude glycerine;

(j)

Bagasse;

(k)

Grape marcs and wine lees;

(l)

Nut shells;

(m)

Husks;

(n)

Cobs cleaned of kernels of corn;

(o)

Biomass fraction of wastes and residues from forestry and forest-based industries, namely, bark, branches, pre-commercial thinnings, leaves, needles, tree tops, saw dust, cutter shavings, black liquor, brown liquor, fibre sludge, lignin and tall oil;

(p)

Other non-food cellulosic material;

(q)

Other ligno-cellulosic material except saw logs and veneer logs.

Part B. Feedstocks for the production of biofuels and biogas for transport, the contribution of which towards the minimum share established in the first subparagraph of Article 25(1) shall be limited and may be considered to be twice their energy content:

(a)

Used cooking oil;

(b)

Animal fats classified as categories 1 and 2 in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009.

ANNEX XU.K.

PART AU.K. Repealed Directive with a list of the successive amendments thereto (referred to in Article 37)

Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

(OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 16)

Council Directive 2013/18/EU

(OJ L 158, 10.6.2013, p. 230)

Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council

(OJ L 239, 15.9.2015, p. 1)

Only Article 2

PART BU.K. Time-limits for transposition into national law (referred to in Article 36)

DirectiveTime-limit for transposition
2009/28/EC25 June 2009
2013/18/EU1 July 2013
(EU) 2015/151310 September 2017

ANNEX XIU.K.Correlation table

Directive 2009/28/ECThis Directive
Article 1Article 1
Article 2, first subparagraphArticle 2, first subparagraph
Article 2, second subparagraph, introductory wordingArticle 2, second subparagraph, introductory wording
Article 2, second subparagraph, point (a)Article 2, second subparagraph, point (1)
Article 2, second subparagraph, point (b)
Article 2, second subparagraph, point (2)
Article 2, second subparagraph, point (c)Article 2, second subparagraph, point (3)
Article 2, second subparagraph, point (d)
Article 2, second subparagraph, points (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l), (m), (n), (o), (p), (q), (r), (s), (t), (u), (v) and (w)Article 2, second subparagraph, points (24), (4), (19), (32), (33), (12), (5), (6), (45), (46), (47), (23), (39), (41), (42), (43), (36), (44) and (37)
Article 2, second subparagraph, points (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (20), (21), (22), (25), (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), (34), (35), (38) and (40)
Article 3
Article 3
Article 4
Article 4
Article 5
Article 6
Article 5(1)Article 7(1)
Article 5(2)
Article 5(3)Article 7(2)
Article 5(4), first, second, third and fourth subparagraphsArticle 7(3), first, second, third and fourth subparagraphs
Article 7(3), fifth and sixth subparagraphs
Article 7(4)
Article 5(5),Article 27(1), first subparagraph, point (c)
Article 5(6) and (7)Article 7(5) and (6)
Article 6(1)Article 8(1)
Article 8(2) and (3)
Article 6(2) and (3)Article 8(4) and (5)
Article 7(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5)Article 9(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5)
Article 9(6)
Article 8Article 10
Article 9(1)Article 11(1)
Article 9(2), first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c)Article 11(2), first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c)
Article 11(2), first subparagraph, point (d)
Article 10Article 12
Article 11(1), (2) and (3)Article 13(1), (2) and (3)
Article 13(4)
Article 12Article 14
Article 13(1), first subparagraphArticle 15(1), first subparagraph
Article 13(1), second subparagraphArticle 15(1), second subparagraph
Article 13(1), second subparagraph, points (a) and (b)
Article 13(1), second subparagraph, points (c), (d), (e) and (f)Article 15(1), second subparagraph, points (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Article 13(2), (3), (4) and (5)Article 15(2), (3), (4) and (5)
Article 13(6), first subparagraphArticle 15(6), first subparagraph
Article 13(6), second, third, fourth and fifth subparagraphs
Article 15, (7) and (8)
Article 16
Article 17
Article 14Article 18
Article 15(1)Article 19(1)
Article 15(2), first, second and third subparagraphsArticle 19(2) first, second and third subparagraphs
Article 19(2), fourth and fifth subparagraphs
Article 15(2), fourth subparagraphArticle 19(2), sixth subparagraph
Article 15(3)
Article 19(3) and (4)
Article 15(4) and (5)Article 19(5) and (6)
Article 15(6), first subparagraph, point (a)Article 19(7), first subparagraph, point (a)
Article 15(6), first subparagraph, point (b)(i)Article 19(7), first subparagraph, point (b)(i)
Article 19(7), first subparagraph, point (b)(ii)
Article 15(6), first subparagraph, point (b)(ii)Article 19(7), first subparagraph, point (b)(iii)
Article 15(6), first subparagraph, points (c), (d), (e) and (f)Article 19(7), first subparagraph, points (c), (d), (e) and (f)
Article 19(7), second subparagraph
Article 15(7)Article 19(8)
Article 15(8)
Article 15(9) and (10)Article 19(9) and (10)
Article 19(11)
Article 15(11)Article 19(12)
Article 15(12)
Article 19(13)
Article 16(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8)
Article 16(9), (10) and (11)Article 20(1), (2) and (3)
Article 21
Article 22
Article 23
Article 24
Article 25
Article 26
Article 27
Article 28
Article 17(1), first and second subparagraphsArticle 29(1), first and second subparagraphs
Article 29(1), third, fourth and fifth subparagraphs
Article 29(2)
Article 17(2), first and second subparagraphs
Article 17(2), third subparagraphArticle 29(10), third subparagraph
Article 17(3), first subparagraph, point (a)Article 29(3), first subparagraph, point (a)
Article 29(3), first subparagraph, point (b)
Article 17(3), first subparagraph, points (b) and (c)Article 29(3), first subparagraph, points (c) and (d)
Article 29(3), second subparagraph
Article 17(4)Article 29(4)
Article 17(5)Article 29(5)
Article 17(6) and (7)
Article 29(6), (7), (8), (9), (10) and (11)
Article 17(8)Article 29(12)
Article 17(9)
Article 29(13) and (14)
Article 18(1), first subparagraphArticle 30(1), first subparagraph
Article 18(1), first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c)Article 30(1), first subparagraph, points (a), (c) and (d)
Article 30(1), first subparagraph, point (b)
Article 30(1), second subparagraph
Article 18(2)
Article 30(2)
Article 18(3), first subparagraphArticle 30(3), first subparagraph
Article 18(3), second and third subparagraphs
Article 18(3), fourth and fifth subparagraphsArticle 30(3), second and third subparagraphs
Article 18(4), first subparagraph
Article 18(4), second and third subparagraphsArticle 30(4), first and second subparagraphs
Article 18(4), fourth subparagraph
Article 18(5), first and second subparagraphsArticle 30(7), first and second subparagraphs
Article 18(5), third subparagraphArticle 30(8), first and second subparagraphs
Article 18(5), fourth subparagraphArticle 30(5), third subparagraph
Article 30(6), first subparagraph
Article 18(5), fifth subparagraphArticle 30(6), second subparagraph
Article 18(6), first and second subparagraphsArticle 30(5), first and second subparagraphs
Article 18(6), third subparagraph
Article 18(6), fourth subparagraphArticle 30(6), third subparagraph
Article 30(6), fourth subparagraph
Article 18(6), fifth subparagraphArticle 30(6), fifth subparagraph
Article 18(7)Article 30(9), first subparagraph
Article 30(9), second subparagraph
Article 18(8) and (9)
Article 30(10)
Article 19(1), first subparagraphArticle 31(1), first subparagraph
Article 19(1), first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c)Article 31(1), first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c)
Article 31(1), first subparagraph, point (d)
Article 19(2), (3) and (4)Article 31(2), (3) and (4)
Article 19(5)
Article 19(7), first subparagraphArticle 31(5), first subparagraph
Article 19(7), first subparagraph, first, second third and fourth indents
Article 19(7), second and third subparagraphsArticle 31(5), second and third subparagraphs
Article 19(8)Article 31(6)
Article 20Article 32
Article 22
Article 23(1) and (2)Article 33(1) and (2)
Article 23(3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8)
Article 23(9)Article 33(3)
Article 23(10)Article 33(4)
Article 24
Article 25(1)Article 34(1)
Article 25(2)Article 34(2)
Article 25(3)Article 34(3)
Article 25a(1)Article 35(1)
Article 25a(2)Article 35(2) and (3)
Article 25a(3)Article 35(4)
Article 35(5)
Article 25a(4) and (5)Article 35(6) and (7)
Article 26
Article 27Article 36
Article 37
Article 28Article 38
Article 29Article 39
Annex IAnnex I
Annex IIAnnex II
Annex IIIAnnex III
Annex IVAnnex IV
Annex VAnnex V
Annex VI
Annex VI
Annex VIIAnnex VII
Annex VIIIAnnex VIII
Annex IXAnnex IX
Annex X
Annex XI
(1)

In order to be able to achieve the national objectives set out in this Annex, it is underlined that the State aid guidelines for environmental protection recognise the continued need for national mechanisms of support for the promotion of energy from renewable sources.

(2)

Heat or waste heat is used to generate cooling (chilled air or water) through absorption chillers . Therefore, it is appropriate to calculate only the emissions associated to the heat produced per MJ of heat, irrespectively if the end-use of the heat is actual heating or cooling via absorption chillers.

(3)

The formula for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials eec describes cases where feedstock is converted into biofuels in one step. For more complex supply chains, adjustments are needed for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials eec for intermediate products.

(4)

Measurements of soil carbon can constitute such evidence, e.g. by a first measurement in advance of the cultivation and subsequent ones at regular intervals several years apart. In such a case, before the second measurement is available, increase in soil carbon would be estimated on the basis of representative experiments or soil models. From the second measurement onwards, the measurements would constitute the basis for determining the existence of an increase in soil carbon and its magnitude.

(5)

The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight of CO2 (44,010 g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12,011 g/mol) is equal to 3,664.

(6)

Commission Decision 2010/335/EU of 10 June 2010 on guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC (OJ L 151, 17.6.2010, p. 19).

(7)

Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 1).

(8)

Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 114).

(9)

Heat or waste heat is used to generate cooling (chilled air or water) through absorption chillers. Therefore, it is appropriate to calculate only the emissions associated to the heat produced, per MJ of heat, irrespectively if the end-use of the heat is actual heating or cooling via absorption chillers.

(10)

The formula for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials eec describes cases where feedstock is converted into biofuels in one step. For more complex supply chains, adjustments are needed for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials eec for intermediate products.

(11)

Measurements of soil carbon can constitute such evidence, e.g. by a first measurement in advance of the cultivation and subsequent ones at regular intervals several years apart. In such a case, before the second measurement is available, increase in soil carbon would be estimated on the basis of representative experiments or soil models. From the second measurement onwards, the measurements would constitute the basis for determining the existence of an increase in soil carbon and its magnitude.

(12)

The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight of CO2 (44,010 g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12,011 g/mol) is equal to 3,664.

(13)

Cropland as defined by IPCC.

(14)

Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation coppice and oil palm.

(15)

Commission Decision 2010/335/EU of 10 June 2010 on guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC (OJ L 151, 17.6.2010, p. 19).

(16)

The mean values reported here represent a weighted average of the individually modelled feedstock values. The magnitude of the values in the Annex is sensitive to the range of assumptions (such as treatment of co-products, yield developments, carbon stocks and displacement of other commodities) used in the economic models developed for their estimation. Although it is therefore not possible to fully characterise the uncertainty range associated with such estimates, a sensitivity analysis conducted on the results based on a random variation of key parameters, a so-called Monte Carlo analysis, was conducted.

(17)

Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation coppice and oil palm.

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