Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005Show full title

ANNEX I TECHNICAL RULES(as referred to in Article 6(3), Article 8(1), Article 9(1) and (2)(a))

CHAPTER I FITNESS FOR TRANSPORT

1. No animal shall be transported unless it is fit for the intended journey, and all animals shall be transported in conditions guaranteed not to cause them injury or unnecessary suffering.

2. Animals that are injured or that present physiological weaknesses or pathological processes shall not be considered fit for transport and in particular if:

(a)

they are unable to move independently without pain or to walk unassisted;

(b)

they present a severe open wound, or prolapse;

(c)

they are pregnant females for whom 90 % or more of the expected gestation period has already passed, or females who have given birth in the previous week;

(d)

they are new-born mammals in which the navel has not completely healed;

(e)

they are pigs of less than three weeks, lambs of less than one week and calves of less than ten days of age, unless they are transported less than 100 km;

(f)

they are dogs and cats of less than eight weeks of age, unless they are accompanied by their mother;

(g)

they are cervine animals in velvet.

3. However, sick or injured animals may be considered fit for transport if they are:

(a)

slightly injured or ill and transport would not cause additional suffering; in cases of doubt, veterinary advice shall be sought;

(b)

transported for the purposes of Council Directive 86/609/EEC(1) if the illness or injury is part of a research programme;

(c)

transported under veterinary supervision for or following veterinary treatment or diagnosis. However, such transport shall be permitted only where no unnecessary suffering or ill treatment is caused to the animals concerned;

(d)

animals that have been submitted to veterinary procedures in relation to farming practices such as dehorning or castration, provided that wounds have completely healed.

4. When animals fall ill or are injured during transport, they shall be separated from the others and receive first-aid treatment as soon as possible. They shall be given appropriate veterinary treatment and if necessary undergo emergency slaughter or killing in a way which does not cause them any unnecessary suffering.

5. Sedatives shall not be used on animals to be transported unless strictly necessary to ensure the welfare of the animals and shall only be used under veterinary supervision.

6. Lactating females of bovine, ovine and caprine species not accompanied by their offspring shall be milked at intervals of not more than 12 hours.

7. Requirements of paragraphs 2(c) and 2(d) do not apply for registered Equidae if the purpose of the journeys is to improve the health and welfare conditions of birth, or for newly born foals with their registered mares, provided that in both cases the animals are permanently accompanied by an attendant, dedicated to them during the journey.

CHAPTER II MEANS OF TRANSPORT

1. Provisions for all means of transport

1.1. Means of transport, containers and their fittings shall be designed, constructed, maintained and operated so as to:

(a)

avoid injury and suffering and to ensure the safety of the animals;

(b)

protect the animals from inclement weather, extreme temperatures and adverse changes in climatic conditions;

(c)

be cleaned and disinfected;

(d)

prevent the animals escaping or falling out and be able to withstand the stresses of movements;

(e)

ensure that air quality and quantity appropriate to the species transported can be maintained;

(f)

provide access to the animals to allow them to be inspected and cared for;

(g)

present a flooring surface that is anti-slip;

(h)

present a flooring surface that minimises the leakage of urine or faeces;

(i)

provide a means of lighting sufficient for inspection and care of the animals during transport.

1.2. Sufficient space shall be provided inside the animals' compartment and at each of its levels to ensure that there is adequate ventilation above the animals when they are in a naturally standing position, without on any account hindering their natural movement.

1.3. For wild animals and for species other than domestic Equidae or domestic animals of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine species where appropriate, the following documents shall accompany the animals:

(a)

a notice indicating that the animals are wild, timid or dangerous;

(b)

written instructions about feeding, watering and any special care required.

1.4. Partitions shall be strong enough to withstand the weight of animals. Fittings shall be designed for quick and easy operation.

1.5. Piglets of less than 10 kgs, lambs of less than 20 kgs, calves of less than six months and foals of less than four months of age shall be provided with appropriate bedding material or equivalent material which guarantees their comfort appropriate to the species, the number of animals being transported, the journey time, and the weather. This material has to ensure adequate absorption of urine and faeces.

1.6. Without prejudice to Community or national rules on crew and passenger safety, where transport on a vessel, an aircraft or a rail wagon is to last more than three hours, a means of killing suitable for the species shall be available to the attendant or a person on board who has the necessary skill to perform this task humanely and efficiently.

2. Additional provisions for transport by road or rail

2.1. Vehicles in which animals are transported shall be clearly and visibly marked indicating the presence of live animals, except when the animals are transported in containers marked in accordance with paragraph 5.1.

2.2. Road vehicles shall carry suitable equipment for loading and unloading.

2.3. When assembling trains and during all other movement of rail wagons every precaution shall be taken to avoid jolting of a rail wagon containing animals.

3. Additional provisions for transport on roll-on-roll-off vessels

3.1. Before loading onto a vessel the master shall verify that when vehicles are loaded:

(a)

on enclosed decks, the vessel is equipped with an appropriate forced ventilation system and it is fitted with an alarm system and an adequate secondary source of power in case of failure;

(b)

on open decks, adequate protection from sea water is provided.

3.2. Road vehicles and rail wagons shall be equipped with a sufficient number of adequately designed, positioned and maintained securing points enabling them to be securely fastened to the vessel. Road vehicles and rail wagons shall be secured to the vessel before the start of the sea journey to prevent them being displaced by the motion of the vessel.

4. Additional provisions for transport by air

4.1. Animals shall be transported in containers, pens or stalls appropriate for the species, which comply with International Air Transport Association (IATA) live animals Regulations, in its version referred to in Annex VI.

4.2. Animals shall be transported only in conditions where air quality, temperature and pressure can be maintained within an appropriate range during the entire journey, having regard to the species of animals.

5. Additional provisions for transport in containers

5.1. Containers in which animals are transported shall be clearly and visibly marked, indicating the presence of live animals and with a sign indicating the top of the container.

5.2. During transport and handling, containers shall always be kept upright and severe jolts or shaking shall be minimised. Containers shall be secured so as to prevent displacement due to the movement of the means of transport.

5.3. Containers of more that 50 kg shall be equipped with a sufficient number of adequately designed, positioned and maintained securing points enabling them to be securely fastened to the means of transport where they are to be loaded. Containers shall be secured to the means of transport before the start of the journey to prevent displacement due to the motion of the means of transport.

CHAPTER III TRANSPORT PRACTICES

1. Loading, unloading and handling

1.1. Due regard shall be paid to the need of certain categories of animals, such as wild animals, to become acclimatised to the mode of transport prior to the proposed journey.

1.2. Where loading or unloading operations last for more than four hours, except for poultry:

(a)

appropriate facilities shall be available in order to keep, feed and water the animals outside the means of transport without being tied;

(b)

operations shall be supervised by an authorised veterinarian and particular precautions shall be taken to ensure that the welfare of the animals is properly maintained during these operations.

Facilities and procedures

1.3. Facilities for loading and unloading, including the flooring, shall be designed, constructed, maintained and operated so as to:

(a)

prevent injury and suffering and minimise excitement and distress during animal movements as well as to ensure the safety of the animals. In particular, surfaces shall not be slippery and lateral protections shall be provided so as to prevent animals from escaping;

(b)

be cleaned and disinfected.

1.4.

(a)

Ramps shall not be steeper than an angle of 20 degrees, that is 36,4 % to the horizontal for pigs, calves and horses and an angle of 26 degrees 34 minutes, that is 50 % to the horizontal for sheep and cattle other than calves. Where the slope is steeper than 10 degrees, that is 17,6 % to the horizontal, ramps shall be fitted with a system, such as provided by foot battens, which ensure that the animals climb or go down without risks or difficulties;

(b)

lifting platforms and upper floors shall have safety barriers so as to prevent animals falling or escaping during loading and unloading operations.

1.5. Goods which are being transported in the same means of transport as animals shall be positioned so that they do not cause injury, suffering or distress to the animals.

1.6. Appropriate lighting shall be provided during loading and unloading.

1.7. When containers loaded with animals are placed one on top of the other on the means of transport, the necessary precautions shall be taken:

(a)

to avoid, or in the case of poultry, rabbits and fur animals, to limit urine and faeces falling on the animals placed underneath;

(b)

to ensure stability of the containers;

(c)

to ensure that ventilation is not impeded.

Handling

1.8. It shall be prohibited to:

(a)

strike or kick the animals;

(b)

apply pressure to any particularly sensitive part of the body in such a way as to cause them unnecessary pain or suffering;

(c)

suspend the animals themselves by mechanical means;

(d)

lift or drag the animals by head, ears, horns, legs, tail or fleece, or handle them in such a way as to cause them unnecessary pain or suffering;

(e)

use prods or other implements with pointed ends;

(f)

knowingly obstruct any animal which is being driven or led through any part where animals are handled.

1.9. The use of instruments which administer electric shocks shall be avoided as far as possible. In any case, these instruments shall only be used for adult bovine animals and adult pigs which refuse to move and only when they have room ahead of them in which to move. The shocks shall last no longer than one second, be adequately spaced and shall only be applied to the muscles of the hindquarters. Shocks shall not be used repeatedly if the animal fails to respond.

1.10. Markets or assembly centres shall provide equipment for tethering animals when necessary. Animals not used to being tied shall remain untied. Animals shall have access to water.

1.11. Animals shall not be tied by the horns, the antlers, the nose rings nor by legs tied together. Calves shall not be muzzled. Domestic Equidae older than eight months shall wear halters during transport except for unbroken horses.

When animals need to be tied, the ropes, tethers or other means used shall be:

(a)

strong enough not to break during normal transport conditions;

(b)

such as to allow the animals, if necessary, to lie down and to eat and drink;

(c)

designed in such a way as to eliminate any danger of strangulation or injury, and so as to allow animals to be quickly released.

Separation

1.12. Animals shall be handled and transported separately in the following cases:

(a)

animals of different species;

(b)

animals of significantly different sizes or ages;

(c)

adult breeding boars or stallions;

(d)

sexually mature males from females;

(e)

animals with horns from animals without horns;

(f)

animals hostile to each other;

(g)

tied animals from untied animals.

1.13. Points (a), (b), (c) and (e) of paragraph 1.12. shall not apply where the animals have been raised in compatible groups, are accustomed to each other, where separation will cause distress or where females are accompanied by dependent young.

2. During transport

2.1. Space allowances shall at least comply with the figures laid down, in respect of the animals and the means of transport referred to, in Chapter VII.

2.2. Domestic Equidae except mares travelling with their foals shall be transported in individual stalls when the vehicle is loaded onto a Roll-on-Roll-off vessel. Derogation to this provision may be granted under national rules provided that they are notified by the Member States to the Standing Committee on the food Chain and Animal Health.

2.3. Equidae shall not be transported in multi-deck vehicles except if animals are loaded on the lowest deck with no animals on higher deck. The minimum internal height of compartment shall be at least 75 cm higher than the height of the withers of the highest animal.

2.4. Unbroken Equidae shall not be transported in groups of more than four individuals.

2.5. Paragraphs 1.10. to 1.13. shall apply mutatis mutandis to the means of transport.

2.6. Sufficient ventilation shall be provided to ensure that the needs of the animals are fully met taking into account in particular the number and type of the animals to be transported and the expected weather conditions during the journey. Containers shall be stored in a way which does not impede their ventilation.

2.7. During transport, animals shall be offered water, feed and the opportunity to rest as appropriate to their species and age, at suitable intervals and in particular as referred to in Chapter V. If not otherwise specified, Mammals and Birds shall be fed at least every 24 hours and watered at least every 12 hours. The water and feed shall be of good quality and presented to the animals in a way which minimises contamination. Due regard shall be paid to the need of animals to become accustomed to the mode of feeding and watering.

CHAPTER IV ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS FOR LIVESTOCK VESSELS OR VESSELS TRANSPORTING SEA CONTAINERS

SECTION 1 Construction and equipment requirements for livestock vessels

1. Strength for pen rails and decks shall be appropriate to the transported animals. Strength calculations of pen rails and decks shall be verified during construction or conversion of the livestock vessel by a classification society approved by the competent authority.

2. Compartments where animals are to be transported shall be equipped with a forced ventilation system which gives sufficient capacity to change the air in its entire volume as follows:

(a)

40 air changes per hour if the compartment is fully enclosed and the clear height is less or equal to 2,30 meters;

(b)

30 air changes per hour if the compartment is fully enclosed and the clear height is more than 2,30 meters;

(c)

75 % of the above relevant capacity if the compartment is partially enclosed.

3. Storage or production capacity for fresh water shall be appropriate to meet the water requirement laid down in Chapter VI taking into account the maximum number and the type of animals to be transported as well as the maximum duration of the intended journeys.

4. The fresh water system shall be capable of supplying freshwater continuously in each livestock area and sufficient receptacles shall be available to ensure that all animals have easy and constant access to fresh water. Alternative pumping equipment shall be available to ensure water supply in the event of failure of the primary pumping system.

5. The drainage system shall be of appropriate capacity to drain fluids from pens and decks under all conditions. Drainpipes and channels shall collect the fluids in wells or tanks from where sewage can be discharged by means of pumps or ejectors. Alternative pumping equipment shall be available to ensure drainage in the event of failure of the primary pumping system.

6. Livestock areas, passageways and ramps to livestock areas shall be provided with sufficient lighting. Emergency lighting shall be available in case of a failure of the main electrical installation. Sufficient portable lighting shall be provided to allow the attendant adequate inspection and care of the animals.

7. A fire fighting system shall be appropriately installed in all livestock areas and fire equipment within the livestock areas shall comply with the most recent the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) standards regarding fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction.

8. The following systems for livestock shall be equipped with a monitoring, control and alarm system in the wheelhouse:

(a)

ventilation;

(b)

fresh water supply and drainage;

(c)

lighting;

(d)

fresh water production if necessary.

9. A primary source of power shall be sufficient to supply continuous power for the systems for livestock referred to in paragraphs (2) (4) (5) and (6) under normal operation of the livestock vessel. A secondary source of power shall be sufficient to replace the primary source of power for a continuous period of three days.

SECTION 2 Feed and water supply on livestock vessels or vessels transporting sea containers

Livestock vessels or vessels transporting sea containers with domestic Equidae and domestic animals of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine species, for journeys exceeding 24 hours, shall carry from the time of departure sufficient bedding as well as sufficient feed and water to cover the minimum daily feed and water supply requirements set out in Table 1 for the intended journey plus 25 % or three days' spare supply of bedding, feed and water, whichever is the greater.

Table 1 Minimum daily feed and water supply on livestock vessels or vessels transporting sea containers

a The minimum water supply requirements laid down in the fourth column may be replaced for all species by a water supply of 10 % of the live weight of the animals.
Category	Feed(in % of live weight of animals)		Fresh water (litres per animal)a
	Fodder	Concentrated feed
Cattle and Equidae	2	1,6	45
Sheep	2	1,8	4
Pigs	—	3	10

Fodder may be replaced by concentrated feed and vice versa. However, due regard shall be paid to the need of certain categories of animals, to become accustomed to the change of feed with regard to their metabolic needs.

CHAPTER V WATERING AND FEEDING INTERVAL, JOURNEY TIMES AND RESTING PERIODS

1. Domestic Equidae, domestic animals of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine species

1.1. The requirements laid down in this Section apply to the movement of domestic Equidae, except registered Equidae, domestic animals of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine species, except in the case of air transport.

1.2. Journey times for animals belonging to the species referred to in point 1.1. shall not exceed eight hours.

1.3. The maximum journey time in point 1.2. may be extended if the additional requirements of Chapter VI are met.

1.4. The watering and feeding intervals, journey times and rest periods when using road vehicles which meet the requirements in point 1.3. are defined as follows:

(a)

Unweaned calves, lambs, kids and foals which are still on a milk diet and unweaned piglets must, after nine hours of travel, be given a rest period of at least one hour sufficient in particular for them to be given liquid and if necessary fed. After this rest period, they may be transported for a further nine hours;

(b)

Pigs may be transported for a maximum period of 24 hours. During the journey, they must have continuous access to water;

(c)

Domestic Equidae may be transported for a maximum period of 24 hours. During the journey they must be given liquid and if necessary fed every eight hours;

(d)

All other animals of the species referred to in point 1.1. must, after 14 hours of travel, be given a rest period of at least one hour sufficient for them in particular to be given liquid and if necessary fed. After this rest period, they may be transported for a further 14 hours.

1.5. After the journey time laid down, animals must be unloaded, fed and watered and be rested for at least 24 hours.

1.6. Animals must not be transported by train if the maximum journey time exceeds that laid down in point 1.2. However, the journey times laid down in point 1.4. shall apply where the conditions laid down in points 1.3. and 1.4, except for rest periods, are met.

1.7.

(a)

Animals must not be transported by sea if the maximum journey time exceeds that laid down in point 1.2, unless the conditions laid down in points 1.3. and 1.4, apart from journey times and rest periods, are met.

(b)

In the case of transport by sea on a regular and direct link between two geographical points of the Community by means of vehicles loaded on to vessels without unloading of the animals, the latter must be rested for 12 hours after unloading at the port of destination or in its immediate vicinity unless the journey time at sea is such that the voyage can be included in the general scheme of points 1.2. to 1.4.

1.8. In the interests of the animals, the journey times in points 1.3, 1.4. and 1.7(b) may be extended by two hours, taking account in particular of proximity to the place of destination.

1.9. Without prejudice to the provisions of points 1.3. to 1.8, Member States are authorised to provide for a maximum non-extendible journey time of eight hours for the transport of animals destined for slaughter, where the transport is carried out exclusively from a place of departure to a place of destination both situated on their own territory.

2. Other species

2.1. For poultry, domestic birds and domestic rabbits, suitable food and water shall be available in adequate quantities, save in the case of a journey lasting less than:

(a)

12 hours disregarding loading and unloading time; or

(b)

24 hours for chicks of all species, provided that it is completed within 72 hours after hatching.

2.2. Dogs and cats being transported shall be fed at intervals of not more than 24 hours and given water at intervals of not more than eight hours. There shall be clear written instructions about feeding and watering.

2.3. Other species other than those referred to in point 2.1. or 2.2. shall be transported in accordance with the written instructions about feeding and watering and taking into account any special care required.

CHAPTER VI ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS FOR LONG JOURNEYS OF DOMESTIC EQUIDAE AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS OF BOVINE, OVINE, CAPRINE AND PORCINE SPECIES

1. All long journeys

Roof

1.1. The means of transport shall be equipped with a roof of light-colour and be properly insulated.

Floor and Bedding

1.2. Animals shall be provided with appropriate bedding or equivalent material which guarantees their comfort appropriate to the species, the number of animals being transported, the journey time, and the weather. This material has to ensure adequate absorption of urine and faeces.

Feed

1.3. The means of transport shall carry a sufficient quantity of appropriate feedingstuff for the feeding requirements of the animals in question during the journey concerned. The feedingstuffs shall be protected from the weather and from contaminants such as dust, fuel, exhaust gases and animal urine and dung.

1.4. Where specific feeding equipment is used for the feeding of animals, that equipment shall be transported in the means of transport.

1.5. Where feeding equipment as referred to in paragraph 1.4. is used, it shall be so designed that, if necessary, it is attached to the means of transport to prevent its being overturned. When the means of transport is moving and when the equipment is not in use, it shall be stored separate from the animals.

Partitions

1.6. Equidae shall be transported in individual stalls except mares travelling with their foals.

1.7. The means of transport must be fitted with partitions so that separate compartments may be created, while providing all the animals with free access to water.

1.8. The partitions shall be constructed in such a way that they can be placed in different positions so that the size of compartment can be adapted to specific requirements, and to the type, size and number of animals.

Minimum criteria for certain species

1.9. Except if accompanied by their mother, long journeys are only permitted for domestic Equidae and domestic animals of bovine and porcine species if:

• domestic Equidae are older than four months, with the exception of registered Equidae,

• calves are older than fourteen days,

• pigs are heavier than 10 kgs.

Unbroken horses shall not be transported on long journeys.

2. Water supply for transport by road, rail or sea containers

2.1. The means of transport and sea containers shall be equipped with a water supply that makes it possible for the attendant to provide water instantly whenever it is necessary during the journey, so that each animal has access to water.

2.2. The watering devices shall be in good working order and be appropriately designed and positioned for the categories of animals to be watered on board the vehicle.

2.3. The water tanks' total capacity for each means of transport shall be at least equal to 1,5 % of its maximum payload. Water tanks must be designed so that they can be drained and cleaned after each journey and must be fitted with a system allowing their water level to be checked. They must be connected to drinking devices within the compartments and maintained in good working order.

2.4. A derogation from point 2.3. may apply to sea containers exclusively used on vessels that supply water to them from the vessel's own water tanks.

3. Ventilation for means of transport by road and temperature monitoring

3.1. Ventilation systems on means of transport by road shall be designed, constructed and maintained in such way that, at any time during the journey, whether the means of transport is stationary or moving, they are capable of maintaining a range of temperatures from 5 ^oC to 30 ^oC within the means of transport, for all animals, with a +/- 5 ^oC tolerance, depending on the outside temperature.

3.2. The ventilation system must be capable of ensuring even distribution throughout with a minimum airflow of nominal capacity of 60 m3/h/KN of payload. It must be capable of operating for at least 4 hours, independently of the vehicle engine.

3.3. Means of transport by road must be fitted with a temperature monitoring system as well as with a means of recording such data. Sensors must be located in the parts of the lorry which, depending on its design characteristics, are most likely to experience the worst climatic conditions. Temperature recordings obtained in such manner shall be dated and made available to the competent authority upon request.

3.4. Means of transport by road must be fitted with a warning system in order to alert the driver when the temperature in the compartments where animals are located reaches the maximum or the minimum limit.

3.5. The Commission shall elaborate before 31 July 2005 a report on the basis of an opinion of the European Food Safety Authority, accompanied by appropriate draft measures with a view to establishing a range of maximum and minimum temperatures for the transported animals, to be adopted in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 31(2), taking into account the prevailing temperatures within certain regions of the Community having particular climatic conditions.

4. Navigation System

4.1. Means of transport by road must be equipped as from 1 January 2007 for means of transport by road for the first time in service and as from 1 January 2009 onwards for all means of transport, with the appropriate Navigation System allowing for recording and providing information equivalent to those mentioned in the journey log as referred to in Annex II, Section 4, and information concerning opening/closing of the loading flap.

4.2. The Commission shall submit to the Council, by 1 January 2008, the results of study of navigation systems and the application of such technology for the purpose of this Regulation.

4.3. The Commission shall submit to the Council, not later than 1 January 2010, a report on the implementation of the Navigation System referred to in paragraph 4.2, accompanied by any proposals it would deem appropriate, aimed in particular at defining specifications of the Navigation System to be used for all means of transport. The Council shall act on such proposals by qualified majority.

CHAPTER VII SPACE ALLOWANCES

Space allowances for animals shall comply at least with the following figures:

A. Domestic equidae

Transport by rail

a The standard useable width of wagons is 2 to 2 m.
Adult horses	1,75 m2 (0,7 × 2,5 m)a
Young horses (6 — 24 months) (for journeys of up to 48 hours)	1,2 m2 (0,6 × 2 m)
Young horses (6 — 24 months) (for journeys over 48 hours)	2,4 m2 (1,2 × 2 m)
Ponies (under 144 cm)	1 m2 (0,6 × 1,8 m)
Foals (0 — 6 months)	1,4 m2 (1 × 1,4 m)

Note: During long journeys, foals and young horses must be able to lie down

These figures may vary by a maximum of 10 % for adult horses and ponies and by a maximum of 20 % for young horses and foals, depending not only on the horses' weight and size but also on their physical condition, the meteorological conditions and the likely journey time.

Transport by road

Adult horses	1,75 m2 (0,7 × 2,5 m)
Young horses (6 — 24 months) (for journeys of up to 48 hours)	1,2 m2 (0,6 × 2 m)
Young horses (6 — 24 months) (for journeys over 48 hours)	2,4 m2 (1,2 × 2 m)
Ponies (under 144 cm)	1 m2 (0,6 × 1,8 m)
Foals (0 — 6 months)	1,4 m2 (1 × 1,4 m)

Note: During long journeys, foals and young horses must be able to lie down

These figures may vary by a maximum of 10 % for adult horses and ponies and by a maximum of 20 % for young horses and foals, depending not only on the horses' weight and size but also on their physical condition, the meteorological conditions and the likely journey time.

Transport by air

Loading density of horses in relation to surface area

0 — 100 kg	0,42 m2
100 — 200 kg	0,66 m2
200 — 300 kg	0,87 m2
300 — 400 kg	1,04 m2
400 — 500 kg	1,19 m2
500 — 600 kg	1,34 m2
600 — 700 kg	1,51 m2
700 — 800 kg	1,73 m2

Transport by sea

Live weight in kg	m2/animal
200 — 300	0,9 — 1,175
300 — 400	1,175 — 1,45
400 — 500	1,45 — 1,725
500 — 600	1,725 — 2
600 — 700	2 — 2,25

B. Bovine animals

Transport by rail

Category	Approximate weight (in kg)	Area in m2/animal
Small calves	50	0,3 to 0,4
Medium sized calves	110	0,4 to 0,7
Heavy calves	200	0,7 to 0,95
Medium sized cattle	325	0,95 to 1,3
Heavy cattle	550	1,3 to 1,6
Very heavy cattle	> 700	> 1,6

These figures may vary, depending not only on the animals' weight and size but also on their physical condition, the meteorological conditions and the likely journey time.

Transport by road

Category	Approximate weight (in kg)	Area in m2/animal
Small calves	50	0,3 to 0,4
Medium sized calves	110	0,4 to 0,7
Heavy calves	200	0,7 to 0,95
Medium sized cattle	325	0,95 to 1,3
Heavy cattle	550	1,3 to 1,6
Very heavy cattle	> 700	> 1,6

These figures may vary, depending not only on the animals' weight and size but also on their physical condition, the meteorological conditions and the likely journey time.

Transport by air

Category	Approximate weight (in kg)	Area in m2/animal
Calves	50 70	0,23 0,28
Cattle	300 500	0,84 1,27

Transport by sea

Live weight in kg	m2/animal
200 — 300	0,81 — 1,0575
300 — 400	1,0575 — 1,305
400 — 500	1,305 — 1,5525
500 — 600	1,5525 — 1,8
600 — 700	1,8 — 2,025

Pregnant animals must be allowed 10 % more space.

C. Sheep/Goats

Transport by rail

Category	Weight in kg	Area in m2/animal
Shorn sheep	< 55	0,2 to 0,3
	> 55	> 0,3
Unshorn sheep	< 55	0,3 to 0,4
	> 55	> 0,4
Heavily pregnant ewes	< 55	0,4 to 0,5
	> 55	> 0,5
Goats	< 35	0,2 to 0,3
	35 to 55	0,3 to 0,4
	> 55	0,4 to 0,75
Heavily pregnant goats	< 55	0,4 to 0,5
	> 55	> 0,5

The surface area indicated above may vary depending on the breed, the size, the physical condition and the length of fleece of the animals, as well as on the meteorological conditions and the journey time.

Transport by road

Category	Weight in kg	Area in m2/animal
Shorn sheep and lambs of 26 kg and over	< 55	0,2 to 0,3
	> 55	> 0,3
Unshorn sheep	< 55	0,3 to 0,4
	> 55	> 0,4
Heavily pregnant ewes	< 55	0,4 to 0,5
	> 55	> 0,5
Goats	< 35	0,2 to 0,3
	35 to 55	0,3 to 0,4
	> 55	0,4 to 0,75
Heavily pregnant goats	< 55	0,4 to 0,5
	> 55	> 0,5

The surface area indicated above may vary depending on the breed, the size, the physical condition and the length of fleece of the animals, as well as on the meteorological conditions and the journey time. As an indication: for small lambs, an area of under 0,2 m² per animal may be provided.

Transport by air

Loading density for sheep and goats in relation to surface area

Average weight (in kg)	Surface area per sheep/goat (in m2)
25	0,2
50	0,3
75	0,4

Transport by sea

Live weight in kg	m2/animal
20 — 30	0,24 — 0,265
30 — 40	0,265 — 0,29
40 — 50	0,29 — 0,315
50 — 60	0,315 — 0,34
60 — 70	0,34 — 0,39

D. Pigs

Transport by rail and by road

All pigs must at least be able to lie down and stand up in their natural position.

In order to comply with these minimum requirements, the loading density for pigs of around 100 kg should not exceed 235 kg/m².

The breed, size and physical condition of the pigs may mean that the minimum required surface area given above has to be increased; a maximum increase of 20 % may also be required depending on the meteorological conditions and the journey time.

Transport by air

The loading density should be relatively high to preclude injury on takeoff or landing or in the event of turbulence, although all animals must still be able to lie down. The climate, total journey time and hour of arrival should be taken into account in deciding on the loading density.

Average weight	Surface area per pig
15 kg	0,13 m2
25 kg	0,15 m2
50 kg	0,35 m2
100 kg	0,51 m2

Transport by sea

Live weight in kg	m2/animal
10 or less	0,2
20	0,28
45	0,37
70	0,6
100	0,85
140	0,95
180	1,1
270	1,5

E. Poultry

Densities applicable to the transport of poultry in containers

Minimum floor areas shall be provided as follows:

Category	Area in cm2
Day-old chicks	21 — 25 per chick
Poultry other than day-old chicks: weight in kg	Area in cm2 per kg
< 1,6	180 — 200
1,6 to < 3	160
3 to < 5	115
> 5	105

These figures may vary depending not only on the weight and size of the birds but also on their physical condition, the meteorological conditions and the likely journey time.

(1)

OJ L 358, 18.12.1986 p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive 2003/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 230, 16.9.2003, p. 32).