Search Legislation

Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/452Show full title

Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/452 of 29 March 2016 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for captan, propiconazole and spiroxamine in or on certain products (Text with EEA relevance)

 Help about what version

What Version

 Help about UK-EU Regulation

Legislation originating from the EU

When the UK left the EU, legislation.gov.uk published EU legislation that had been published by the EU up to IP completion day (31 December 2020 11.00 p.m.). On legislation.gov.uk, these items of legislation are kept up-to-date with any amendments made by the UK since then.

Close

This item of legislation originated from the EU

Legislation.gov.uk publishes the UK version. EUR-Lex publishes the EU version. The EU Exit Web Archive holds a snapshot of EUR-Lex’s version from IP completion day (31 December 2020 11.00 p.m.).

Status:

This is the original version as it was originally adopted in the EU.
This legislation may since have been updated - see the latest available (revised) version

ANNEX

Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 are amended as follows:

(1)

in Annex II, the columns for captan, propiconazole and spiroxamine are replaced by the following:

Pesticide residues and maximum residue levels (mg/kg)

a

Indicates lower limit of analytical determination

b

For the complete list of products of plant and animal origin to which MRLs apply, reference should be made to Annex I.

(**) Pesticide-code combination for which the MRL as set in Annex III Part B applies.
(F)

=

Fat soluble

Sum of captan and THPI, expressed as captan (R) (A)
(A)

=

Footnote for residue defintion: The EU reference labs identified the reference standard for 3-OH THPI and 5-OH THPI as commercially not available. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the commercial availability of the reference standard referred to in the first sentence by 30 March 2017, or, if that reference standard is not commercially available by that date, the unavailability of it.

(R)

=

The residue definition differs for the following combinations pesticide-code number:

code 1000000 except 1040000: Sum of THPI, 3-OH THPI and 5-OH THPI, expressed as captan; code 0151020: captan

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on analytical methods as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

0130000

Pome fruits

0130010

Apples

0130020

Pears

0130030

Quinces

0130040

Medlars

0130050

Loquats/Japanese medlars

0140010

Apricots

0140020

Cherries (sweet)

0140030

Peaches

0140040

Plums

(+) Residue trials are unavailable for the residue definition: sum of captan and THPI, expressed as captan. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

0151020

Wine grapes

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on analytical methods as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

0152000

strawberries

0153010

Blackberries

0153030

Raspberries (red and yellow)

0154010

Blueberries

0154030

Currants (black, red and white)

0154040

Gooseberries (green, red and yellow)

0231010

Tomatoes

(+) The applicable maximum residue level for horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) in the spice group (code 0840040) is the one set for horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) in the Vegetables category, root and tuber vegetables group (code 0213040) taking into account changes in the levels by processing (drying) according to Art. 20 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.

0840040

Horseradish

Propiconazole (sum of isomers) (F)

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on residue trials that include analysis of parent and metabolites convertible to 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid and toxicological data on the metabolites convertible to 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

0110010

Grapefruits

0110030

Lemons

0110040

Limes

0110050

Mandarins

0130010

Apples

0140010

Apricots

0151000

grapes

0151010

Table grapes

0151020

Wine grapes

0163020

Bananas

0401060

Rapeseeds/canola seeds

0500010

Barley

0500050

Oat

0500060

Rice

0500070

Rye

0500090

Wheat

(+) The applicable maximum residue level for horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) in the spice group (code 0840040) is the one set for horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) in the Vegetables category, root and tuber vegetables group (code 0213040) taking into account changes in the levels by processing (drying) according to Art. 20 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.

0840040

Horseradish

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on residue trials that include analysis of parent and metabolites convertible to 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid and toxicological data on the metabolites convertible to 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

0900010

Sugar beet roots

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on toxicological data on the metabolites convertible to 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

1011010

Muscle

1011020

Fat tissue

1012010

Muscle

1012020

Fat tissue

1013010

Muscle

1013020

Fat tissue

1014010

Muscle

1014020

Fat tissue

1016010

Muscle

1016020

Fat tissue

1020010

Cattle

1020020

Sheep

1020030

Goat

1030000

Birds eggs

1030010

Chicken

1030020

Duck

1030030

Geese

1030040

Quail

1030990

Others

Spiroxamine (sum of isomers) (A) (R)
(A)

=

The EU reference labs identified the reference standard for spiroxamine carboxylic acid metabolite M06 as commercially not available. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the commercial availability of the reference standard referred to in the first sentence by 30 March 2017, or, if that reference standard is not commercially available by that date, the unavailability of it.

(R)

=

The residue definition differs for the following combinations pesticide-code number:

Spiroxamine — code 1000000 except 1040000: Spiroxamine carboxylic acid metabolite M06, expressed as spiroxamine (sum of isomers)

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on storage stability and toxicological data of plant metabolites as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

0151010

Table grapes

0151020

Wine grapes

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on toxicological data of plant metabolites as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

0163020

Bananas

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on storage stability as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

0500010

Barley

0500050

Oat

0500070

Rye

0500090

Wheat

(+) The applicable maximum residue level for horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) in the spice group (code 0840040) is the one set for horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) in the Vegetables category, root and tuber vegetables group (code 0213040) taking into account changes in the levels by processing (drying) according to Art. 20 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.

0840040

Horseradish

(+) The European Food Safety Authority identified some information on feeding studies in accordance with the proposed residue definition as unavailable. When re-viewing the MRL, the Commission will take into account the information referred to in the first sentence, if it is submitted by 30 March 2018, or, if that information is not submitted by that date, the lack of it.

1016010

Muscle

1016020

Fat tissue

1016030

Liver

1030000

Birds eggs

1030010

Chicken

1030020

Duck

1030030

Geese

1030040

Quail

1030990

Others

Code numberGroups and examples of individual products to which the MRLs applybSum of captan and THPI, expressed as captan (R) (A)Propiconazole (sum of isomers) (F)Spiroxamine (sum of isomers) (A) (R)
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
0100000 FRUITS, FRESH or FROZEN; TREE NUTS
0110000 Citrus fruits 0,03 a 0,01 a
0110010Grapefruits 5 (+)
0110020Oranges9
0110030Lemons 5 (+)
0110040Limes 5 (+)
0110050Mandarins 5 (+)
0110990Others 0,01 a
0120000 Tree nuts 0,07 a0,05a
0120010Almonds 0,01 a
0120020Brazil nuts 0,01 a
0120030Cashew nuts 0,01 a
0120040Chestnuts 0,01 a
0120050Coconuts 0,01 a
0120060Hazelnuts/cobnuts 0,01 a
0120070Macadamias 0,01 a
0120080Pecans 0,02 a
0120090Pine nut kernels 0,01 a
0120100Pistachios 0,01 a
0120110Walnuts 0,01 a
0120990Others 0,01 a
0130000 Pome fruits 10 (+) 0,01 a
0130010Apples 0,15 (+)
0130020Pears 0,01 a
0130030Quinces 0,01 a
0130040Medlars 0,01 a
0130050Loquats/Japanese medlars 0,01 a
0130990Others 0,01 a
0140000 Stone fruits 0,01 a
0140010Apricots 6 (+) 0,15 (+)
0140020Cherries (sweet) 6 (+) 0,01 a
0140030Peaches 6 (+)5
0140040Plums 10 (+) 0,01 a
0140990Others 0,03 a 0,01 a
0150000 Berries and small fruits
0151000

(a) grapes

0,3 (+)
0151010Table grapes 0,03 a 0,6 (+)
0151020Wine grapes 0,02 a (+) 0,5 (+)
0152000

(b) strawberries

1,5 (+) 0,01 a 0,01 a
0153000

(c) cane fruits

0,01 a 0,01 a
0153010Blackberries 20 (+)
0153020Dewberries 0,03 a
0153030Raspberries (red and yellow) 20 (+)
0153990Others 0,03 a
0154000

(d) other small fruits and berries

0,01 a
0154010Blueberries 30 (+) 0,01 a
0154020Cranberries 0,03 a 0,3
0154030Currants (black, red and white) 30 (+) 0,01 a
0154040Gooseberries (green, red and yellow) 30 (+) 0,01 a
0154050Rose hips 0,03 a 0,01 a
0154060Mulberries (black and white) 0,03 a 0,01 a
0154070Azaroles/Mediterranean medlars 0,03 a 0,01 a
0154080Elderberries 0,03 a 0,01 a
0154990Others 0,03 a 0,01 a
0160000 Miscellaneous fruits with 0,03 a
0161000

(a) edible peel

0,01 a 0,01 a
0161010Dates
0161020Figs
0161030Table olives
0161040Kumquats
0161050Carambolas
0161060Kaki/Japanese persimmons
0161070Jambuls/jambolans
0161990Others
0162000

(b) inedible peel, small

0,01 a 0,01 a
0162010Kiwi fruits (green, red, yellow)
0162020Litchis/lychees
0162030Passionfruits/maracujas
0162040Prickly pears/cactus fruits
0162050Star apples/cainitos
0162060American persimmons/Virginia kaki
0162990Others
0163000

(c) inedible peel, large

0163010Avocados 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163020Bananas 0,15 (+) 3 (+)
0163030Mangoes 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163040Papayas 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163050Granate apples/pomegranates 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163060Cherimoyas 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163070Guavas 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163080Pineapples 0,02 a 0,01 a
0163090Breadfruits 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163100Durians 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163110Soursops/guanabanas 0,01 a 0,01 a
0163990Others 0,01 a 0,01 a
0200000 VEGETABLES, FRESH or FROZEN
0210000 Root and tuber vegetables 0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0211000

(a) potatoes

0212000

(b) tropical root and tuber vegetables

0212010Cassava roots/manioc
0212020Sweet potatoes
0212030Yams
0212040Arrowroots
0212990Others
0213000

(c) other root and tuber vegetables except sugar beets

0213010Beetroots
0213020Carrots
0213030Celeriacs/turnip rooted celeries
0213040Horseradishes
0213050Jerusalem artichokes
0213060Parsnips
0213070Parsley roots/Hamburg roots parsley
0213080Radishes
0213090Salsifies
0213100Swedes/rutabagas
0213110Turnips
0213990Others
0220000 Bulb vegetables 0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0220010Garlic
0220020Onions
0220030Shallots
0220040Spring onions/green onions and Welsh onions
0220990Others
0230000 Fruiting vegetables 0,01 a
0231000

(a) solanacea

0231010Tomatoes 1 (+)3
0231020Sweet peppers/bell peppers 0,03 a 0,01 a
0231030Aubergines/eggplants 0,03 a 0,01 a
0231040Okra/lady's fingers 0,03 a 0,01 a
0231990Others 0,03 a 0,01 a
0232000

(b) cucurbits with edible peel

0,03 a 0,01 a
0232010Cucumbers
0232020Gherkins
0232030Courgettes
0232990Others
0233000

(c) cucurbits with inedible peel

0,03 a 0,01 a
0233010Melons
0233020Pumpkins
0233030Watermelons
0233990Others
0234000

(d) sweet corn

0,03 a 0,05
0239000

(e) other fruiting vegetables

0,03 a 0,01 a
0240000 Brassica vegetables (excluding brassica roots and brassica baby leaf crops) 0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0241000

(a) flowering brassica

0241010Broccoli
0241020Cauliflowers
0241990Others
0242000

(b) head brassica

0242010Brussels sprouts
0242020Head cabbages
0242990Others
0243000

(c) leafy brassica

0243010Chinese cabbages/pe-tsai
0243020Kales
0243990Others
0244000

(d) kohlrabies

0250000 Leaf vegetables, herbs and edible flowers
0251000

(a) lettuces and salad plants

0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0251010Lamb's lettuces/corn salads
0251020Lettuces
0251030Escaroles/broad-leaved endives
0251040Cresses and other sprouts and shoots
0251050Land cresses
0251060Roman rocket/rucola
0251070Red mustards
0251080Baby leaf crops (including brassica species)
0251990Others
0252000

(b) spinaches and similar leaves

0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0252010Spinaches
0252020Purslanes
0252030Chards/beet leaves
0252990Others
0253000

(c) grape leaves and similar species

0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0254000

(d) watercresses

0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0255000

(e) witloofs/Belgian endives

0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0256000

(f) herbs and edible flowers

0,06 a 0,02 a 0,02 a
0256010Chervil
0256020Chives
0256030Celery leaves
0256040Parsley
0256050Sage
0256060Rosemary
0256070Thyme
0256080Basil and edible flowers
0256090Laurel/bay leave
0256100Tarragon
0256990Others
0260000 Legume vegetables 0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0260010Beans (with pods)
0260020Beans (without pods)
0260030Peas (with pods)
0260040Peas (without pods)
0260050Lentils
0260990Others
0270000 Stem vegetables 0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0270010Asparagus
0270020Cardoons
0270030Celeries
0270040Florence fennels
0270050Globe artichokes
0270060Leeks
0270070Rhubarbs
0270080Bamboo shoots
0270090Palm hearts
0270990Others
0280000 Fungi, mosses and lichens 0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0280010Cultivated fungi
0280020Wild fungi
0280990Mosses and lichens
0290000 Algae and prokaryotes organisms 0,03 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0300000 PULSES 0,07 a 0,01 a 0,01 a
0300010Beans
0300020Lentils
0300030Peas
0300040Lupins/lupini beans
0300990Others
0400000 OILSEEDS AND OIL FRUITS 0,07 a0,05a
0401000 Oilseeds
0401010Linseeds 0,01 a
0401020Peanuts/groundnuts 0,01 a
0401030Poppy seeds 0,01 a
0401040Sesame seeds 0,01 a
0401050Sunflower seeds 0,01 a
0401060Rapeseeds/canola seeds 0,05 (+)
0401070Soyabeans 0,07
0401080Mustard seeds 0,01 a
0401090Cotton seeds 0,01 a
0401100Pumpkin seeds 0,01 a
0401110Safflower seeds 0,01 a
0401120Borage seeds 0,01 a
0401130Gold of pleasure seeds 0,01 a
0401140Hemp seeds 0,01 a
0401150Castor beans 0,01 a
0401990Others 0,01 a
0402000 Oil fruits 0,01 a
0402010Olives for oil production
0402020Oil palms kernels
0402030Oil palms fruits
0402040Kapok
0402990Others
0500000 CEREALS 0,07 a
0500010Barley 0,3 (+) 0,05 (+)
0500020Buckwheat and other pseudo-cereals 0,01 a 0,01 a
0500030Maize/corn 0,05 0,01 a
0500040Common millet/proso millet 0,01 a 0,01 a
0500050Oat 0,3 (+) 0,05 (+)
0500060Rice 1,5 (+) 0,01 a
0500070Rye 0,04 (+) 0,05 (+)
0500080Sorghum 0,01 a 0,01 a
0500090Wheat 0,04 (+) 0,05 (+)
0500990Others 0,01 a 0,01 a
0600000 TEAS, COFFEE, HERBAL INFUSIONS, COCOA AND CAROBS 0,1 a 0,05 a
0610000 Teas 0,05 a
0620000 Coffee beans 0,02
0630000 Herbal infusions from 0,05 a
0631000

(a) flowers

0631010Chamomile
0631020Hibiscus/roselle
0631030Rose
0631040Jasmine
0631050Lime/linden
0631990Others
0632000

(b) leaves and herbs

0632010Strawberry
0632020Rooibos
0632030Mate/maté
0632990Others
0633000

(c) roots

0633010Valerian
0633020Ginseng
0633990Others
0639000

(d) any other parts of the plant

0640000 Cocoa beans 0,05 a
0650000 Carobs/Saint John's breads 0,05 a
0700000 HOPS 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0800000 SPICES
0810000 Seed spices 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0810010Anise/aniseed
0810020Black caraway/black cumin
0810030Celery
0810040Coriander
0810050Cumin
0810060Dill
0810070Fennel
0810080Fenugreek
0810090Nutmeg
0810990Others
0820000 Fruit spices 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0820010Allspice/pimento
0820020Sichuan pepper
0820030Caraway
0820040Cardamom
0820050Juniper berry
0820060Peppercorn (black, green and white)
0820070Vanilla
0820080Tamarind
0820990Others
0830000 Bark spices 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0830010Cinnamon
0830990Others
0840000 Root and rhizome spices
0840010Liquorice 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0840020Ginger 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0840030Turmeric/curcuma 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0840040Horseradish (+)(+) (+)
0840990Others 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0850000 Bud spices 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0850010Cloves
0850020Capers
0850990Others
0860000 Flower pistil spices 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0860010Saffron
0860990Others
0870000 Aril spices 0,1 a 0,05 a 0,05 a
0870010Mace
0870990Others
0900000 SUGAR PLANTS 0,03 a 0,01 a
0900010Sugar beet roots 0,15 (+)
0900020Sugar canes 0,02 a
0900030Chicory roots 0,01 a
0900990Others 0,01 a
1000000 PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN -TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS
1010000 Tissues from
1011000

(a) swine

0,03 a 0,02 a
1011010Muscle 0,05 (+)
1011020Fat tissue 0,05 (+)
1011030Liver 0,5
1011040Kidney 0,5
1011050Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) 0,5
1011990Others0,01a
1012000

(b) bovine

1012010Muscle 0,09 0,05 (+) 0,03
1012020Fat tissue 0,06 0,07 (+) 0,05
1012030Liver 0,09 0,5 0,3
1012040Kidney 0,09 0,5 0,15
1012050Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) 0,09 0,5 0,3
1012990Others 0,03 a0,01a 0,02 a
1013000

(c) sheep

1013010Muscle 0,09 0,05 (+) 0,03
1013020Fat tissue 0,06 0,07 (+) 0,05
1013030Liver 0,09 0,5 0,3
1013040Kidney 0,09 0,5 0,15
1013050Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) 0,09 0,5 0,3
1013990Others 0,03 a0,01a 0,02 a
1014000

(d) goat

1014010Muscle 0,09 0,05 (+) 0,03
1014020Fat tissue 0,06 0,07 (+) 0,05
1014030Liver 0,09 0,5 0,3
1014040Kidney 0,09 0,5 0,15
1014050Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) 0,09 0,5 0,3
1014990Others 0,03 a0,01a 0,02 a
1015000

(e) equine

1015010Muscle 0,09 0,05 0,03
1015020Fat tissue 0,06 0,07 0,05
1015030Liver 0,09 0,5 0,3
1015040Kidney 0,09 0,5 0,15
1015050Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) 0,09 0,5 0,3
1015990Others 0,03 a0,01a 0,02 a
1016000

(f) poultry

0,03 a0,01a
1016010Muscle (+) 0,05 (+)
1016020Fat tissue (+) 0,05 (+)
1016030Liver 0,2 (+)
1016040Kidney 0,02 a
1016050Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) 0,2
1016990Others 0,02 a
1017000

(g) other farmed terrestrial animals

1017010Muscle 0,09 0,05 0,03
1017020Fat tissue 0,06 0,07 a 0,05
1017030Liver 0,09 0,5 0,3
1017040Kidney 0,09 0,5 0,15
1017050Edible offals (other than liver and kidney) 0,09 0,5 0,3
1017990Others 0,03 a0,01a 0,02 a
1020000 Milk 0,03 a0,01a 0,015
1020010Cattle (+)
1020020Sheep (+)
1020030Goat (+)
1020040Horse
1020990Others
1030000 Birds eggs 0,03 a 0,01 a (+) 0,05 (+)
1030010Chicken
1030020Duck
1030030Geese
1030040Quail
1030990Others
1040000 Honey and other apiculture products0,05a0,05a 0,05 a
1050000 Amphibians and Reptiles 0,03 a0,01a 0,02 a
1060000 Terrestrial invertebrate animals 0,03 a0,01a 0,02 a
1070000 Wild terrestrial vertebrate animals 0,03 a0,01a 0,02 a
(2)

in Annex III, Part B, the columns for captan, propiconazole and spiroxamine are deleted.

Back to top

Options/Help

Print Options

Close

Legislation is available in different versions:

Latest Available (revised):The latest available updated version of the legislation incorporating changes made by subsequent legislation and applied by our editorial team. Changes we have not yet applied to the text, can be found in the ‘Changes to Legislation’ area.

Original (As adopted by EU): The original version of the legislation as it stood when it was first adopted in the EU. No changes have been applied to the text.

Close

Opening Options

Different options to open legislation in order to view more content on screen at once

Close

More Resources

Access essential accompanying documents and information for this legislation item from this tab. Dependent on the legislation item being viewed this may include:

  • the original print PDF of the as adopted version that was used for the EU Official Journal
  • lists of changes made by and/or affecting this legislation item
  • all formats of all associated documents
  • correction slips
  • links to related legislation and further information resources
Close

More Resources

Use this menu to access essential accompanying documents and information for this legislation item. Dependent on the legislation item being viewed this may include:

  • the original print PDF of the as adopted version that was used for the print copy
  • correction slips

Click 'View More' or select 'More Resources' tab for additional information including:

  • lists of changes made by and/or affecting this legislation item
  • confers power and blanket amendment details
  • all formats of all associated documents
  • links to related legislation and further information resources