War Crimes Act 1991

1991 CHAPTER 13

An Act to confer jurisdiction on United Kingdom courts in respect of certain grave violations of the laws and customs of war committed in German-held territory during the Second World War; and for connected purposes.

[9th May 1991]

Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, and by authority of the same, as follows:—

1 Jurisdiction over certain war crimes. U.K.

(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, proceedings for murder, manslaughter or culpable homicide may be brought against a person in the United Kingdom irrespective of his nationality at the time of the alleged offence if that offence—

(a) was committed during the period beginning with 1st September 1939 and ending with 5th June 1945 in a place which at the time was part of Germany or under German occupation; and

(b) constituted a violation of the laws and customs of war.

(2) No proceedings shall by virtue of this section be brought against any person unless he was on 8th March 1990, or has subsequently become, a British citizen or resident in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man or any of the Channel Islands.

(3) No proceedings shall by virtue of this section be brought in England and Wales or in Northern Ireland except by or with the consent of the Attorney General or, as the case may be, the Attorney General for Northern Ireland.

[F1 (4) The Schedule to this Act provides a procedure for use instead of committal proceedings where a person is charged in [F2 England, Wales or] Northern Ireland with an offence to which this section applies.]

Textual Amendments

F1 S. 1(4) repealed (N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1), 80, Sch. 5 (as substituted by 1996 c. 25, s. 79(4), Sch. 4 paras. 19(1), 36) (with s. 78(1))

F2 Words in s. 1(4) repealed (E.W.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 44, 46(1)(a), 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

Commencement Information

I1 S. 1 partly in force; s. 1(1)-(3) in force at 9.5.1991, s. 1(4) not in force at Royal Assent see s. 3(4)

2 Expenses. U.K.

There shall be paid out of money provided by Parliament—

(a) such sums as the Secretary of State may with the consent of the Treasury determine in respect of expenditure by the Receiver for the Metropolitan Police District on the investigation by officers of the Metropolitan Police (with or without other officers) of offences to which section 1 above applies; and

(b) any increase attributable to this Act in the sums payable out of such money under any other Act.

3 Short title, consequential amendments, commencement and extent. U.K.

(1) This Act may be cited as the War Crimes Act 1991.

[F3 (2) In section 20(4) of the M1 Legal Aid Act 1988 (power of magistrates’ court to grant legal aid for Crown Court proceedings) the word “or” at the end of paragraph (b) shall be omitted and after that paragraph there shall be inserted—

“(bb) which has been given a notice of transfer under Part I of the Schedule to the War Crimes Act 1991, or”].

[F4 (3) In Article 29(2) of the M2 Legal Aid, Advice and Assistance (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (free legal aid in Crown Court) after sub-paragraph (c) there shall be inserted “or

(d) where a notice of transfer is given under Part II of the Schedule to the War Crimes Act 1991, by the magistrates’ court before which the person to whom the notice relates is brought.”]

(4) Section 1(4) above and the Schedule to this Act shall not come into force until a day appointed by the Secretary of State by an order made by statutory instrument.

(5) This Act extends to Northern Ireland.

(6) Her Majesty may by Order in Council direct that the provisions of this Act shall extend, with such exceptions and modifications as appear to Her Majesty to be appropriate, to the Isle of Man, any of the Channel Islands or any colony.

Textual Amendments

F3 S. 3(2) repealed (E.W.N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, s. 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

F4 S. 3(3) repealed (N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, s. 80, Sch. 5 (as substituted by 1996 c. 25, s. 79, Sch. 4 para. 36) (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M1 1988 c. 34.

M2 S.I.1981/228 (N.I.8).

Prospective

Section 1(4).

SCHEDULE U.K. Procedure in Lieu of Committal

[F5 Part I U.K. England and Wales]

Textual Amendments

F5 Sch. Pt. I repealed (E.W.N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1)(b), 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

Notice of transfer U.K.

[F6 1 (1) Where a person has been charged in England or Wales with an offence to which section 1 of this Act applies and in the opinion of the Attorney General or the Director of Public Prosecutions (or of an officer of either of them acting on his behalf) the evidence of the offence charged— U.K.

(a) would be sufficient for that person to be committed for trial; but

(b) reveals a case of such complexity that it is appropriate that the case should without delay be taken over by the Crown Court,

a notice certifying that opinion may be served by the Attorney General or the Director of Public Prosecutions (or by such an officer acting as aforesaid) on the magistrates’ court in whose jurisdiction the offence has been charged.

(2) Any such notice shall be served before the magistrates’ court begins to inquire into the case as examining justices.

(3) On the service of such a notice the functions of the magistrates’ court shall cease in relation to the case except as provided by paragraphs 3 and 4 below or by section 20(4) of the M3 Legal Aid Act 1988.

(4) The decision to serve such a notice shall not be subject to appeal or liable to be questioned in any court.

(5) In this Part of this Schedule “prosecuting authority” means the Attorney General or the Director of Public Prosecutions and “notice of transfer” means a notice under this paragraph.]

Textual Amendments

F6 Sch. Pt. I repealed (E.W.N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1)(b), s. 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M3 1988 c. 34.

Contents of notice U.K.

[F7 2 (1) A notice of transfer shall specify the proposed place of trial; and in selecting that place the prosecuting authority shall have regard to the considerations to which section 7 of the M4 Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 requires a magistrates’ court committing a person for trial to have regard when selecting the place at which he is to be tried. U.K.

(2) A notice of transfer shall specify the charge or charges to which it relates and include or be accompanied by such additional material as regulations under paragraph 5 below may require.]

Textual Amendments

F7 Sch. Pt. I repealed (E.W.N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1)(b), s. 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M4 1980 c. 43.

Remand U.K.

[F8 3 (1) If a magistrates’ court has remanded a person to whom a notice of transfer relates in custody, it shall have power, subject to section 4 of the M5 Bail Act 1976 and regulations under section 22 of the M6 Prosecution of Offences Act 1985— U.K.

(a) to order that he shall be safely kept in custody until delivered in due course of law; or

(b) to release him on bail in accordance with the Bail Act 1976, that is to say, by directing him to appear before the Crown Court for trial;

and where his release on bail is conditional on his providing one or more sureties and, in accordance with section 8(3) of the Bail Act 1976, the court fixes the amount in which the surety is to be bound with a view to his entering into his recognisance subsequently in accordance with subsections (4) and (5) or (6) of that section, the court shall in the meantime make an order such as is mentioned in paragraph (a) of this sub-paragraph.

(2) If the conditions specified in sub-paragraph (3) below are satisfied, a court may exercise the powers conferred by sub-paragraph (1) above in relation to a person charged without his being brought before it in any case in which by virtue of subsection (3A) of section 128 of the M7 Magistrates’ Court Act 1980 it would have the power further to remand him on an adjournment such as is mentioned in that subsection.

(3) The conditions mentioned in sub-paragraph (2) above are—

(a) that the person in question has given his written consent to the powers conferred by sub-paragraph (1) above being exercised without his being brought before the court; and

(b) that the court is satisfied that, when he gave his consent, he knew that the notice of transfer had been issued.

(4) Where a notice of transfer is given after a person to whom it relates has been remanded on bail to appear before a magistrates’ court on an appointed day, the requirement that he shall so appear shall cease on the giving of the notice unless the notice states that it is to continue.

(5) Where that requirement ceases by virtue of sub-paragraph (4) above, it shall be the duty of the person in question to appear before the Crown Court at the place specified by the notice of transfer as the proposed place of trial or at any place substituted for it by a direction under section 76 of the [F9 Senior Courts Act 1981 ] .

(6) If, in a case where the notice states that the requirement mentioned in sub-paragraph (4) above is to continue, a person to whom the notice relates appears before the magistrates’ court, the court shall have—

(a) the powers and duties conferred on a magistrates’ court by sub-paragraph (1) above but subject as there provided; and

(b) power to enlarge, in the surety’s absence, a recognisance conditioned in accordance with section 128(4)(a) of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 so that the surety is bound to secure that the person charged appears also before the Crown Court.]

Textual Amendments

F8 Sch. Pt. I repealed (E.W.N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1)(b), s. 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

F9 Words in Act substituted (1.10.2009) by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), s. 148(1), Sch. 11 para. 1(2); S.I. 2009/1604, art. 2(d)

Marginal Citations

M5 1976 c. 63.

M6 1985 c. 23.

M7 1980 c. 43.

Witnesses U.K.

[F10 4 U.K. For the purposes of the M8 Criminal Procedure (Attendance of Witnesses) Act 1965—

(a) any magistrates’ court for the petty sessions area for which the court from which a case was transferred sits shall be treated as examining magistrates; and

(b) a person indicated in the notice of transfer as a proposed witness shall be treated as a person who has been examined by the court.]

Textual Amendments

F10 Sch. Pt. I repealed (E.W.N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1)(b), s. 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M8 1965 c. 69.

Regulations U.K.

[F11 5 (1) The Attorney General— U.K.

(a) shall by regulations make provision requiring a copy of the notice of transfer, together with a statement of the evidence on which any charge to which it relates is based, to be given—

(i) to any person to whom the notice of transfer relates; and

(ii) to the Crown Court sitting at the place specified by the notice of transfer as the proposed place of trial; and

(b) may by regulations make such further provision in relation to notices of transfer, including provision as to the duties of a prosecuting authority in relation to such notices, as appears to him to be appropriate.

(2) The power to make regulations under this paragraph shall be exercisable by statutory instrument subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.]

Textual Amendments

F11 Sch. Pt. I repealed (E.W.N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1)(b), s. 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

Applications for dismissal U.K.

[F12 6 (1) Where a notice of transfer has been given, any person to whom the notice relates may, at any time before he is arraigned (and whether or not an indictment has been preferred against him), apply orally or in writing to the Crown Court sitting at the place specified by the notice of transfer as the proposed place of trial for the charge, or any of the charges, in the case to be dismissed; and the judge shall dismiss a charge (and accordingly quash a count relating to it in any indictment preferred against the applicant) if it appears to him that the evidence against the applicant would not be sufficient for a jury properly to convict him. U.K.

(2) No oral application may be made under sub-paragraph (1) above unless the applicant has given the Crown Court mentioned in that sub-paragraph written notice of his intention to make the application.

(3) Oral evidence may be given on such an application only with the leave of the judge or by his order; and the judge shall give leave or make an order only if it appears to him, having regard to any matters stated in the application for leave, that the interests of justice require him to do so.

(4) If the judge gives leave permitting, or makes an order requiring, a person to give oral evidence, but that person does not do so, the judge may disregard any document indicating the evidence that he might have given.

(5) Dismissal of the charge, or all the charges, against the applicant shall have the same effect as a refusal by examining magistrates to commit for trial, except that no further proceedings may be brought on a dismissed charge except by means of the preferment of a voluntary bill of indictment.

(6) Crown Court Rules may make provision for the purposes of this paragraph and, without prejudice to the generality of this sub-paragraph, may make provision—

(a) as to the time or stage in the proceedings at which anything required to be done is to be done (unless the court grants leave to do it at some other time or stage);

(b) as to the contents and form of notices or other documents;

(c) as to the manner in which evidence is to be submitted; and

(d) as to persons to be served with notices or other material.]

Textual Amendments

F12 Sch. Pt. I repealed (E.W.N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1)(b), s. 80, Sch. 5 para. 2 (with s. 78(1))

[F13 Part II] E+W+S Northern Ireland

Textual Amendments

F13 Sch. Pt. II repealed (N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1), 80, Sch. 5 (as substituted by 1996 c. 25, s. 79(4), Sch. 4 paras. 19(1), 36) (with s. 78(1))

Notice of transfer U.K.

[F14 7 (1) Where a person has been charged in Northern Ireland with an offence to which section 1 of this Act applies and in the opinion of the Attorney General or Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland (or of an officer of either of them acting on his behalf) the evidence of the offence charged— E+W+S

(a) would be sufficient for that person to be committed for trial; but

(b) reveals a case of such complexity that it is appropriate that the case should without delay be taken over by the Crown Court,

a notice certifying that opinion may be served by the Attorney General or Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland (or by such an officer acting as aforesaid) on the magistrates’ court in whose jurisdiction the offence has been charged.

(2) Any such notice shall be served before the magistrates’ court—

(a) has commenced hearing the evidence for the prosecution (other than a deposition relating to the arrest or to the remand of the accused), where the court is conducting a preliminary investigation; or

(b) has begun to conduct a preliminary inquiry.

(3) On the service of such a notice the functions of the magistrates’ court shall cease in relation to the case except as provided by paragraph 9 below or by Article 29(2)(d) of the M9 Legal Aid, Advice and Assistance (Northern Ireland) Order 1981.

(4) The decision to serve such a notice shall not be subject to appeal or liable to be questioned in any court.

(5) In this Part of this Schedule “prosecuting authority” means the Attorney General or Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland and “notice of transfer” means a notice under this paragraph.]

Textual Amendments

F14 Sch. Pt. II repealed (N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1), 80, Sch. 5 (as substituted by 1996 c. 25, s. 79(4), Sch. 4 paras. 19(1), 36) (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M9 S.I.1981/228 (N.I.8).

Contents of notice U.K.

[F15 8 (1) A notice of transfer shall specify the proposed place of trial; and in selecting that place the prosecuting authority shall have regard to the considerations to which section 48(1) of M10 the Judicature (Northern Ireland) Act 1978 requires a magistrates’ court committing a person for trial to have regard when selecting the place at which he is to be tried. U.K.

(2) A notice of transfer shall specify the charge or charges to which it relates and include or be accompanied by such additional material as regulations under paragraph 10 below may require.]

Textual Amendments

F15 Sch. Pt. II repealed (N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1), 80, Sch. 5 (as substituted by 1996 c. 25, s. 79(4), Sch. 4 paras. 19(1), 36) (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M10 1978 c. 23.

Remand U.K.

F16 9 (1) If a magistrates’ court has remanded a person to whom a notice of transfer relates in custody, it shall have power— U.K.

(a) to order that he shall be safely kept in custody until delivered in due course of law; or

(b) to release him on bail, that is to say, by directing him to appear before the Crown Court for trial;

and where his release on bail is conditional on his providing one or more sureties and the court fixes the amount in which the surety is to be bound with a view to his entering into his recognisance subsequently, the court shall in the meantime make an order such as is mentioned in paragraph (a) of this sub-paragraph.

(2) Where a notice of transfer is given after a person to whom it relates has been remanded on bail to appear before a magistrates’ court on an appointed day, the requirement that he shall so appear shall cease on the giving of the notice unless the notice states that it is to continue.

(3) Where that requirement ceases by virtue of sub-paragraph (2) above, it shall be duty of the person in question to appear before the Crown Court at the place specified by the notice of transfer as the proposed place of trial or at any place substituted for it by a direction under section 48(2) or (3) of the Judicature (Northern Ireland) Act 1978.

(4) If, in a case where the notice states that the requirement mentioned in sub-paragraph (2) above is to continue, a person to whom the notice relates appears before the magistrates’ court, the court shall have—

(a) the powers and duties conferred on a magistrates’ court by sub-paragraph (1) above but subject as there provided; and

(b) power to enlarge, in the surety’s absence, a recognisance conditioned in accordance with Article 47(1)(b) or 48 of the M11 Magistrates’ Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 so that the surety is bound to secure that the person charged appears also before the Crown Court.

Textual Amendments

F16 Sch. Pt. II repealed (N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1), 80, Sch. 5 (as substituted by 1996 c. 25, s. 79(4), Sch. 4 paras. 19(1), 36) (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M11 S.I. 1981/1675 (N.I.26).

Regulations U.K.

F17 10 (1) The Attorney General for Northern Ireland— U.K.

(a) shall by regulations make provision requiring a copy of the notice of transfer, together with a statement of the evidence on which any charge to which it relates is based, to be given—

(i) to any person to whom the notice of transfer relates; and

(ii) to the Crown Court sitting at the place specified by the notice of transfer as the proposed place of trial; and

(b) may by regulations make such further provision in relation to notices of transfer, including provision as to the duties of a prosecuting authority in relation to such notices, as appears to him to be appropriate.

(2) Regulations made under this paragraph shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament in like manner as a statutory instrument and section 5 of the M12 Statutory Instruments Act 1946 shall apply accordingly.

Textual Amendments

F17 Sch. Pt. II repealed (N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1), 80, Sch. 5 (as substituted by 1996 c. 25, s. 79(4), Sch. 4 paras. 19(1), 36) (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M12 1946 c. 36.

Applications for dismissal U.K.

F18 11 (1) Where a notice of transfer has been given, any person to whom the notice relates may, at any time before he is arraigned (and whether or not an indictment has been preferred against him), apply orally or in writing to the Crown Court sitting at the place specified by the notice of transfer as the proposed place of trial for the charge, or any of the charges, in the case to be dismissed; and the judge shall dismiss a charge (and accordingly quash a count relating to it in any indictment preferred against the applicant) if it appears to him that the evidence against the applicant would not be sufficient for a jury properly to convict him. U.K.

(2) No oral application may be made under sub-paragraph (1) above unless the applicant has given the Crown Court mentioned in that sub-paragraph written notice of his intention to make the application.

(3) Oral evidence may be given on such an application only with the leave of the judge or by his order; and the judge shall give leave or make an order only if it appears to him, having regard to any matters stated in the application for leave, that the interests of justice require him to do so.

(4) If the judge gives leave permitting, or makes an order requiring, a person to give oral evidence, but that person does not do so, the judge may disregard any document indicating the evidence that he might have given.

(5) Dismissal of the charge, or all the charges, against the applicant shall have the same effect as a refusal by a magistrates’ court to commit for trial, except that no further proceedings may be brought on a dismissed charge except by means of the presentment of an indictment such as is specified in paragraph (c), (d), (e) or (f) of section 2(2) of the M13 Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969.

(6) Crown Court Rules may make provision for the purposes of this paragraph and, without prejudice to the generality of this sub-paragraph, may make provision—

(a) as to the time or stage in the proceedings at which anything required to be done is to be done (unless the court grants leave to do it at some other time or stage);

(b) as to the contents and form of notices or other documents;

(c) as to the manner in which evidence is to be submitted; and

(d) as to persons to be served with notices or other material.

Textual Amendments

F18 Sch. Pt. II repealed (N.I.) (4.7.1996) by 1996 c. 25, ss. 46(1), 80, Sch. 5 (as substituted by 1996 c. 25, s. 79(4), Sch. 4 paras. 19(1), 36) (with s. 78(1))

Marginal Citations

M13 1969 c. 15 (N.I.).