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Policing and Crime Act 2009

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Policing and Crime Act 2009 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 06 November 2024. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future date. Help about Changes to Legislation

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  1. Introductory Text

  2. Part 1 Police reform

    1. Public accountability

      1. 1.Duty of police authorities in relation to public accountability

    2. Appointment of senior officers

      1. 2.Police Senior Appointments Panel

      2. 3.Regulations about senior officers

      3. 4.Metropolitan police force appointments

    3. Police co-operation

      1. 5.Police collaboration

      2. 6.Authorisations to interfere with property etc

      3. 7.Authorisations for obtaining and disclosing communications data

      4. 8.Authorisations of covert human intelligence sources: conditions

      5. 9.Authorisations for surveillance etc

      6. 10.Police officers engaged on service outside their force etc

      7. 11.Police equipment

      8. 12.Police procedures and practices

      9. 13.Police facilities and services

  3. Part 2 Sexual offences and sex establishments

    1. Prostitution

      1. 14.Paying for sexual services of a prostitute subjected to force etc: England and Wales

      2. 15.Paying for sexual services of a prostitute subjected to force etc: Northern Ireland

      3. 16.Amendment to offence of loitering etc for purposes of prostitution

      4. 17.Orders requiring attendance at meetings

      5. 18.Rehabilitation of offenders: orders under section 1(2A) of the Street Offences Act 1959

      6. 19.Soliciting: England and Wales

      7. 20.Soliciting: Northern Ireland

    2. Closure orders: sexual offences

      1. 21.Closure orders

    3. Orders imposed on sex offenders

      1. 22.Time limits

      2. 23.Foreign travel orders: grounds

      3. 24.Foreign travel orders: duration

      4. 25.Foreign travel orders: surrender of passports

    4. Indecent photographs of children

      1. 26.Penalty for contravening notice relating to encrypted information

    5. Sex establishments

      1. 27.Regulation of lap dancing and other sexual entertainment venues etc

  4. Part 3 Alcohol misuse

    1. 28.Selling alcohol to children

    2. 29.Confiscating alcohol from young persons

    3. 30.Offence of persistently possessing alcohol in a public place

    4. 31.Directions to individuals who represent a risk of disorder

    5. 32.Mandatory licensing conditions relating to alcohol

    6. 33.Individual members of licensing authorities to be interested parties

  5. Part 4 Injunctions: gang-related violence

    1. Power to grant injunctions

      1. 34.Injunctions to prevent gang-related violence

    2. Contents of injunctions

      1. 35.Contents of injunctions

      2. 36.Contents of injunctions: supplemental

    3. Applications

      1. 37.Applications for injunctions under section 34

      2. 38.Consultation by applicants for injunctions

      3. 39.Applications without notice

    4. Interim injunctions

      1. 40.Interim injunctions: adjournment of on notice hearing

      2. 41.Interim injunctions: adjournment of without notice hearing

    5. Variation and discharge

      1. 42.Variation or discharge of injunctions

    6. Arrest and remand

      1. 43.Arrest without warrant

      2. 44.Issue of warrant of arrest

      3. 45.Remand for medical examination and report

      4. 46.Further provision about remands

    7. Miscellaneous

      1. 47.Guidance

      2. 48.Supplemental

      3. 49.Interpretation

      4. 50.Review of operation of this Part

  6. Part 5 Proceeds of crime

    1. Confiscation

      1. 51.Recovery of expenses etc

      2. 52.Power to retain seized property: England and Wales

      3. 53.Power to retain seized property: Scotland

      4. 54.Power to retain seized property: Northern Ireland

      5. 55.Search and seizure of property: England and Wales

      6. 56.Search and seizure of property: Scotland

      7. 57.Search and seizure of property: Northern Ireland

      8. 58.Power to sell seized personal property: England and Wales

      9. 59.Power to sell seized personal property: Scotland

      10. 60.Power to sell seized personal property: Northern Ireland

      11. 61.Payment of compensation

    2. Civil recovery

      1. 62.Limitation

      2. 63.Power to search vehicles

      3. 64.Detention of seized cash

      4. 65.Forfeiture of detained cash

    3. Detained cash investigations

      1. 66.Transfer of jurisdiction to Crown Court

  7. Part 6 Extradition

    1. Alerts

      1. 67.Article 26 alerts

      2. 68.Article 95 alerts

    2. Deferral of extradition

      1. 69.Extradition to category 1 territory

      2. 70.Extradition to category 2 territory

      3. 71.Person charged with offence or serving sentence of imprisonment

    3. Return to overseas territory

      1. 72.Return from category 1 territory

      2. 73.Return from category 2 territory

    4. Extradition to UK

      1. 74.Return to extraditing territory etc

      2. 75.Cases in which sentence treated as served

      3. 76.Dealing with person for other offences

    5. Ancillary matters

      1. 77.Provisional arrest

      2. 78.Use of live link in extradition proceedings

  8. Part 7 Aviation security

    1. 79.Security planning for airports

    2. 80.Policing at airports

  9. Part 8 Miscellaneous

    1. Chapter 1 Safeguarding vulnerable groups and criminal records

      1. Renaming of Independent Barring Board

        1. 81.Renaming of Independent Barring Board

      2. Safeguarding vulnerable groups: England and Wales

        1. 82.Educational establishments: check on members of governing body

        2. 83.Monitoring application

        3. 84.Monitoring: additional fees

        4. 85.Vetting information

        5. 86.Notification of cessation of monitoring

        6. 87.Notification of proposal to include person in barred list

        7. 88.Provision of safeguarding information to the police

        8. 89.Barring process

      3. Safeguarding vulnerable groups: Northern Ireland

        1. 90.Notification of proposal to include person in barred list: Northern Ireland

        2. 91.Provision of safeguarding information to the police: Northern Ireland

        3. 92.Barring process: Northern Ireland

      4. Criminal records etc

        1. 93.Criminal conviction certificates to be given to employers

        2. 94.Certificates of criminal records etc: right to work information

        3. 95.Criminal conviction certificates: verification of identity

        4. 96.Registered persons

        5. 97.Criminal records: applications

    2. Chapter 2 Other

      1. Border controls

        1. 98.General information powers in relation to persons entering or leaving the UK

        2. 99.Powers in relation to cash

        3. 100.Lawful interception of postal items by Revenue and Customs

        4. 101.Prohibition on importation or exportation of false identity documents etc

        5. 102.Prohibition on importation of offensive weapons

      2. Football spectators

        1. 103.Prohibiting attendance at matches in Scotland and Northern Ireland etc

        2. 104.Requirements to report at police stations

        3. 105.Enforcement of 1989 Act in Scotland and Northern Ireland

        4. 106.Enforcement of 2006 Act in England and Wales and Northern Ireland

        5. 107.Relevant offences for purposes of Part 2 of 1989 Act

      3. Other

        1. 108.Strategies for crime reduction etc: probation authorities

        2. 109.Application of aspects of UK law to SOCA employees working abroad

        3. 110.Partial exemption for SCDEA from Firearms Act 1968

        4. 111.Removal of limitation on warrants under Misuse of Drugs Act 1971

  10. Part 9 General

    1. 112.Minor and consequential amendments and repeals and revocations

    2. 113.Transitional, transitory and saving provision

    3. 114.Financial provisions

    4. 115.Extent

    5. 116.Commencement

    6. 117.Short title

  11. Schedules

    1. Schedule 1

      Schedule to the Street Offences Act 1959

      1. Schedule ORDERS UNDER SECTION 1(2A): BREACH, AMENDMENT ETC. Section 1A(11)...

    2. Schedule 2

      Closure orders

      1. 1.After Part 2 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (c....

      2. 2.In section 138 of that Act (orders and regulations), in...

      3. 3.In section 142 of that Act (extent), in subsection (2)(c)...

    3. Schedule 3

      Lap dancing and other sexual entertainment venues etc: transitional provision

      1. Effect of section 27: cases where no existing resolutions passed

        1. 1.A resolution made on or after the coming into force...

      2. Effect of section 27: cases where existing resolutions in force

        1. 2.(1) Sub-paragraph (2) applies if a local authority has, before...

      3. Power to make transitional provision on adoption of Schedule 3 to the 1982 Act as amended

        1. 3.(1) The relevant national authority may by order make such...

      4. Duty to consult about adopting Schedule 3 to the 1982 Act as amended

        1. 4.(1) Sub-paragraph (2) applies if a local authority has not...

      5. Interpretation

        1. 5.In this Schedule— “the 1982 Act” means the Local Government...

    4. Schedule 4

      Mandatory licensing conditions relating to alcohol

      1. Part 1 Premises licences

        1. Types of mandatory conditions

          1. 1.After section 19(3) of the Licensing Act 2003 (c. 17)...

        2. Power of Secretary of State to impose section 19(4) mandatory conditions

          1. 2.After section 19 of that Act insert— Power of Secretary...

      2. Part 2 Club premises certificates

        1. Mandatory conditions relating to the supply of alcohol to members or guests

          1. 3.After section 73 of the Licensing Act 2003 (c. 17)...

        2. Power of Secretary of State to impose section 73A mandatory conditions

          1. 4.After section 73A of that Act (as inserted by paragraph...

    5. Schedule 5

      Injunctions: powers to remand

      1. Introductory

        1. 1.(1) The provisions of this Schedule apply where the court...

      2. Remand in custody or on bail

        1. 2.(1) The court may— (a) remand the person in custody,...

        2. 3.(1) Where a person is remanded on bail, the court...

        3. 4.(1) The court may not remand a person for a...

      3. Further remand

        1. 5.(1) If the court is satisfied that a person who...

      4. Postponement of taking recognizance

        1. 6.Where under paragraph 2(2)(b) the court fixes the amount in...

      5. Requirements imposed on remand on bail

        1. 7.The court may when remanding a person on bail under...

    6. Schedule 6

      Amendment of Part 3 of the Aviation Security Act 1982

      1. Part 1 Amendments

        1. 1.Part 3 of the Aviation Security Act 1982 (c. 36)...

        2. 2.Omit section 25 (designated airports) and the cross-heading before it....

        3. 3.Omit section 25A (consultation about policing of designated airports).

        4. 4.Before section 25B (police services agreements) insert— Policing of aerodromes...

        5. 5.For section 25B substitute— Police services agreements (1) There must be a police services agreement in force...

        6. 6.(1) Section 26 (exercise of police functions) is amended as...

        7. 7.(1) Section 27 (prevention of theft) is amended as follows....

        8. 8.(1) Section 28 (byelaws) is amended as follows.

        9. 9.(1) Section 29 (control of road traffic) is amended as...

        10. 10.For sections 29A to 29D substitute— Power to refer disputes...

        11. 11.Omit section 30 (supplementary orders).

        12. 12.(1) Section 31 (interpretation etc.) is amended as follows.

        13. 13.In section 39 (extension of Act outside United Kingdom), in...

      2. Part 2 Transitional and saving provision

        1. Transitional provision for designated airports

          1. 14.(1) This paragraph applies in relation to an aerodrome if,...

        2. Repeal of section 30 of the 1982 Act

          1. 15.(1) The repeal of section 30 of the 1982 Act...

    7. Schedule 7

      Minor and consequential amendments

      1. Part 1 Police collaboration

        1. Police Act 1996 (c. 16)

          1. 1.The Police Act 1996 is amended as follows.

          2. 2.In section 9A (general functions of the Commissioner of Police...

          3. 3.In section 10 (general functions of chief constables) after subsection...

          4. 4.In section 15(2) (direction and control of civilian employees) after...

          5. 5.In section 18 (supply of goods and services) after subsection...

          6. 6.In section 27(2) (special constables) after “Subject to” insert “...

          7. 7.In section 30 (jurisdiction)— (a) in subsection (3A) for “section...

        2. Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (c. 20)

          1. 8.The Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 is amended as...

          2. 9.In section 24 (constables of the British Transport Police Force)...

          3. 10.In section 27 (employees of the British Transport Police Authority)...

        3. Energy Act 2004 (c. 20)

          1. 11.In section 55 of the Energy Act 2004 (members of...

      2. Part 2 Police authorisations in respect of communications data

        1. 12.The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (c. 23) is...

        2. 13.In section 22(5) (conditions for granting authorisation or giving notice)...

        3. 14.In section 23 (form and duration of authorisations and notices)...

        4. 15.In section 49(1)(c) (protected information coming into person's possession by...

        5. 16.In section 58(1)(g) (persons subject to duty of disclosure to...

        6. 17.In section 68(7)(g) (persons subject to duty of disclosure to...

      3. Part 3 Sexual offences and sex establishments

        1. Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (c. 54)

          1. 18.(1) Section 32 of the Children and Young Persons Act...

        2. Bail Act 1976 (c. 63)

          1. 19.In section 4 of the Bail Act 1976 (general right...

        3. Child Abduction Act 1984 (c. 37)

          1. 20.In the Schedule to the Child Abduction Act 1984 (modifications...

        4. Children Act 1989 (c. 41)

          1. 21.In section 21 of the Children Act 1989 (provision for...

        5. Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6)

          1. 22.In section 19 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing)...

        6. Licensing Act 2003 (c. 17)

          1. 23.In Part 2 of Schedule 1 to the Licensing Act...

        7. Sexual Offences Act 2003 (c. 42)

          1. 24.In section 54 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (meaning...

          2. 25.(1) Schedule 5 to that Act (other offences in respect...

        8. Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (S.I. 1769 (N.I. 2))

          1. 26.In Article 58 of the Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order...

      4. Part 4 Alcohol misuse other than mandatory licensing conditions

        1. 27.In the Police Reform Act 2002 (c. 30), in paragraph...

        2. 28.(1) In the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2003 (c. 6),...

      5. Part 5 Mandatory licensing conditions relating to alcohol

        1. 29.The Licensing Act 2003 (c. 17) is amended as follows....

        2. 30.In section 24(2)(f) (form of premises licence) for “has effect”...

        3. 31.In section 25A(6) (grant of premises licence: supply of alcohol...

        4. 32.In section 35(7) (determination of application to vary premises licence)...

        5. 33.In section 41D(5) (variation of premises licence: supply of alcohol...

        6. 34.In section 52(5) (determination of application for review of premises...

        7. 35.In section 52A(3) (review: supply of alcohol from community premises)...

        8. 36.In section 53C(5) (summary reviews of premises licences) for “19,...

        9. 37.(1) Section 57 (duty to keep and produce licence) is...

        10. 38.In section 72(2)(b) and (4)(a)(ii) (determination of application for club...

        11. 39.In section 78(2)(e) (form of club premises certificate) for “has...

        12. 40.In section 85(7) (determination of application to vary club premises...

        13. 41.In section 88(5) (determination of application for review of club...

        14. 42.(1) Section 94 (duty to keep and produce certificate) is...

        15. 43.In section 167(7) (review of premises licence following closure order)...

        16. 44.(1) Section 197 (regulations and orders) is amended as follows....

      6. Part 6 Proceeds of crime: confiscation

        1. Legal Aid, Advice and Assistance (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/228 (N.I. 8))

          1. 45.(1) Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Legal Aid,...

        2. Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66)

          1. 46.The Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 is amended as follows.

          2. 47.In section 7(1) (meaning of apparent insolvency)—

          3. 48.(1) Section 31A (property subject to restraint order) is amended...

          4. 49.After section 31A insert— Property released from detention (1) This section applies where— (a) property is excluded from...

          5. 50.In section 31B(1)(a) (property in respect of which receivership or...

          6. 51.After section 31B insert— Property in respect of which realisation...

          7. 52.(1) Section 31C (property subject to certain orders where confiscation...

        3. Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45)

          1. 53.The Insolvency Act 1986 is amended as follows.

          2. 54.(1) Section 306A (property subject to restraint order) is amended...

          3. 55.After section 306A insert— Property released from detention (1) This section applies where— (a) property is excluded from...

          4. 56.In section 306B(1)(a) (property in respect of which receivership or...

          5. 57.After section 306B insert— Property in respect of which realisation...

          6. 58.(1) Section 306C (property subject to certain orders where confiscation...

        4. Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.I. 1989/2405 (N.I. 19))

          1. 59.The Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 is amended as follows....

          2. 60.(1) Article 279A (property subject to restraint order) is amended...

          3. 61.After Article 279A insert— Property released from detention (1) This Article applies where— (a) property is excluded from...

          4. 62.In Article 279B(1)(a) (property in respect of which receivership or...

          5. 63.After Article 279B insert— Property in respect of which realisation...

          6. 64.(1) Article 279C (property subject to certain orders where confiscation...

        5. Access to Justice Act 1999 (c. 22)

          1. 65.(1) Schedule 2 to the Access to Justice Act 1999...

        6. Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

          1. 66.The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is amended as follows....

          2. 67.In section 69(1) (exercise of powers of court and receiver)...

          3. 68.In section 85 (proceedings: England and Wales) for subsection (7)...

          4. 69.In section 87(2) (definition of confiscation order subject to appeal:...

          5. 70.After section 87 insert— No further possibility of appeal (1) The following rule applies for the purposes of construing...

          6. 71.In section 132(1) (exercise of powers of court and administrator)...

          7. 72.In section 153(2) (definition of confiscation order subject to appeal:...

          8. 73.After section 153 insert— No further possibility of appeal (1) The following rule applies for the purposes of construing...

          9. 74.In section 217(1) (exercise of powers of court and receiver)...

          10. 75.In section 233 (proceedings: Northern Ireland) for subsection (7) substitute—...

          11. 76.In section 235(2) (definition of confiscation order subject to appeal:...

          12. 77.After section 235 insert— No further possibility of appeal (1) The following rule applies for the purposes of construing...

          13. 78.In section 308 (recoverable property: exceptions) after subsection (8) insert—...

          14. 79.In section 417 (property excluded from estate of person adjudged...

          15. 80.(1) Section 418 (restriction of powers where person adjudged bankrupt...

          16. 81.(1) Section 419 (tainted gifts by person adjudged bankrupt in...

          17. 82.In section 420 (property excluded from the debtor‘s estate where...

          18. 83.(1) Section 421 (restriction of powers where award of sequestration)...

          19. 84.(1) Section 422 (tainted gifts by person whose estate is...

          20. 85.In section 423 (property excluded from estate of person adjudged...

          21. 86.(1) Section 424 (restriction of powers where person adjudged bankrupt...

          22. 87.(1) Section 425 (tainted gifts by person who is adjudged...

          23. 88.(1) Section 426 (winding up under the Insolvency Act 1986)...

          24. 89.(1) Section 427 (tainted gifts by company: winding up in...

          25. 90.(1) Section 428 (winding up under the Insolvency (Northern Ireland)...

          26. 91.(1) Section 429 (tainted gifts by company: winding up in...

          27. 92.(1) Section 430 (restriction of powers where company holds property...

          28. 93.(1) Section 432 (insolvency practitioners) is amended as follows.

          29. 94.In section 453A(5) (offences in relation to financial investigators) for...

          30. 95.(1) Section 459 (orders and regulations) is amended as follows....

        7. Access to Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/435 (N.I. 10))

          1. 96.(1) Schedule 2 to the Access to Justice (Northern Ireland)...

      7. Part 7 Proceeds of crime: forfeiture of detained cash

        1. Legal Aid, Advice and Assistance (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/228 (N.I. 8))

          1. 97.In paragraph 3(j) of Part 1 of Schedule 1 to...

        2. Access to Justice Act 1999 (c. 22)

          1. 98.In paragraph 2(3)(l) of Schedule 2 to the Access to...

        3. Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

          1. 99.The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is amended as follows....

          2. 100.In section 7 (recoverable amount for the purpose of confiscation...

          3. 101.(1) Section 82 (definition of “free property”) is amended as...

          4. 102.In section 93 (recoverable amount for the purpose of confiscation...

          5. 103.(1) Section 148 (definition of “free property”) is amended as...

          6. 104.In section 157 (recoverable amount for the purpose of confiscation...

          7. 105.(1) Section 230 (definition of “free property”) is amended as...

          8. 106.In section 278 (limit on recovery by recovery order) after...

          9. 107.In section 300(1) (application of cash forfeited by court under...

          10. 108.(1) Section 301 (victims and other owners: application for release...

          11. 109.(1) Section 302 (compensation) is amended as follows.

          12. 110.In section 341(3A)(a) and (b) (definition of detained cash investigation)...

          13. 111.In paragraph 3(3) of Schedule 10 (capital gains tax) after...

        4. Access to Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/435 (N.I. 10))

          1. 112.In paragraph 2(d)(xii) of Schedule 2 to the Access to...

        5. UK Borders Act 2007 (c. 30)

          1. 113.In section 24(2)(c) of the UK Borders Act 2007 (application...

      8. Part 8 Proceeds of crime: detained cash investigations

        1. 114.In section 18 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act...

        2. 115.In section 64 of the Criminal Justice and Police Act...

        3. 116.For paragraph 13A of Schedule 2 to the Commissioners for...

      9. Part 9 Extradition

        1. 117.In section 185(5) of the Extradition Act 2003 (c. 41)...

      10. Part 10 Criminal records

        1. 118.In section 119 of the Police Act 1997 (c. 50)...

      11. Part 11 Border controls

        1. 119.(1) Section 141 of Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33)...

        2. 120.In section 289(8) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002...

      12. Part 12 Football spectators

        1. 121.In section 33 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police...

      13. Part 13 Redundant provisions etc

        1. Proof of intention to supply a controlled drug

          1. 122.(1) The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38) is...

        2. Staff custody officers

          1. 123.(1) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60)...

          2. 124.(1) The Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989...

          3. 125.(1) The Police Reform Act 2002 (c. 30) is amended...

          4. 126.(1) The Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2003 (c. 6) is...

        3. Secretary of State's approval of devices for taking fingerprints and samples

          1. 127.(1) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60)...

          2. 128.(1) The Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989...

        4. Additional time limits for prosecuting persons under 18

          1. 129.Omit section 22A of the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985...

        5. Access to driver licensing records

          1. 130.Omit section 105(2)(b) of the Road Traffic Act 1988 (c....

          2. 131.Omit section 36 of the Vehicles (Crime) Act 2001 (c....

          3. 132.Omit Article 81 of the Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Order...

        6. Minor amendment

          1. 133.In section 40B(7) of the Police Act 1996 (c. 16)...

        7. Local child curfew schemes

          1. 134.(1) The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37) is...

    8. Schedule 8

      Repeals and revocations

      1. Part 1 Appointment of senior police officers

      2. Part 2 Sexual offences

      3. Part 3 Alcohol misuse

      4. Part 4 Proceeds of crime: confiscation

        1. Reference Extent of repeal or revocation Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985...

      5. Part 5 Proceeds of crime: detained cash investigations

      6. Part 6 Extradition

      7. Part 7 Security planning at airports

      8. Part 8 Safeguarding vulnerable groups and criminal records

      9. Part 9 Border control powers in relation to cash

      10. Part 10 Offensive weapons

      11. Part 11 Football spectators

      12. Part 12 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: warrants

      13. Part 13 Redundant provisions

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This timeline shows the different points in time where a change occurred. The dates will coincide with the earliest date on which the change (e.g an insertion, a repeal or a substitution) that was applied came into force. The first date in the timeline will usually be the earliest date when the provision came into force. In some cases the first date is 01/02/1991 (or for Northern Ireland legislation 01/01/2006). This date is our basedate. No versions before this date are available. For further information see the Editorial Practice Guide and Glossary under Help.

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