Corporation Tax Act 2010

Part 1 U.K. Introduction

1 Overview of Act U.K.

(1) Part 2 is about calculation of the corporation tax chargeable on a company's profits, in particular—

(a) the rates at which corporation tax on profits is charged (see Chapter 2),

(b) ascertaining the amount of profits to which the rates of tax are applied (see Chapter 3), and

(c) the currency in which profits are to be calculated and expressed (see Chapter 4).

(2) Parts 3 to 7 make provision for the following reliefs—

(a) relief for companies with small profits (see Part 3),

(b) relief for trade losses (see Chapters 2 and 3 of Part 4),

(c) relief for losses from property businesses (see Chapter 4 of Part 4),

(d) relief for losses on a disposal of shares (see Chapter 5 of Part 4),

(e) relief for losses from miscellaneous transactions (see Chapter 6 of Part 4),

(f) group relief (see Part 5),

(g) relief for qualifying charitable donations (see Part 6), and

(h) community investment tax relief (see Part 7).

(3) Parts 8 to 13 make provision about special types of business and company etc, in particular—

(a) oil activities (see Part 8),

(b) leasing plant or machinery (see Part 9),

(c) close companies (see Part 10),

(d) charitable companies etc (see Part 11),

(e) Real Estate Investment Trusts (see Part 12),

(f) corporate beneficiaries under trusts (see Chapter 1 of Part 13),

(g) open-ended investment companies, authorised unit trusts and court investment funds (see Chapter 2 of Part 13),

(h) unauthorised unit trusts (see Chapter 3 of Part 13),

(i) securitisation companies (see Chapter 4 of Part 13),

(j) companies in liquidation or administration (see Chapter 5 of Part 13),

(k) banks etc in compulsory liquidation (see Chapter 6 of Part 13),

(l) co-operative housing associations and self-build societies (see Chapters 7 and 8 of Part 13), and

(m) community amateur sports clubs (see Chapter 9 of Part 13).

(4) Parts 14 to 21 contain provisions relating to tax avoidance, in particular with respect to—

(a) change in company ownership (see Part 14),

(b) transactions in securities (see Part 15),

(c) factoring of income (see Part 16),

(d) manufactured payments and repos (see Part 17),

(e) transactions in land (see Part 18),

(f) the sale and lease-back of assets (see Part 19),

(g) leasing plant or machinery (see Part 20), and

(h) other arrangements involving asset leasing (see Part 21).

(5) Part 22 contains miscellaneous provisions, including provision with respect to—

(a) transfers of trade without a change of ownership (see Chapter 1),

(b) transfers of trade to obtain balancing allowances (see Chapter 2),

(c) transfer of relief within partnerships (see Chapter 3),

(d) the surrender of tax refunds within groups of companies (see Chapter 4),

(e) the set off of income tax deductions against corporation tax (see Chapter 5),

(f) the assessment, collection and recovery of corporation tax from UK representatives of non-UK resident companies (see Chapter 6),

(g) the recovery of unpaid corporation tax due from non-UK resident companies (see Chapter 7), and

(h) exemptions (see Chapter 8).

(6) Part 23 contains provisions about the meaning of “distribution” and certain associated matters.

(7) Part 24 contains definitions that apply for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts and other general provisions that have effect for the purposes of those Acts.

(8) Part 25 contains provisions of general application, including definitions for the purposes of the Act.

(9) For abbreviations and defined expressions used in this Act, see section 1174 and Schedule 4.

Part 2 U.K. Calculation of liability in respect of profits

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

2 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) This Part contains provisions that relate to the calculation of the corporation tax chargeable on a company's profits of an accounting period.

(2) Chapter 2 is about the rates at which corporation tax on profits is charged.

(3) Chapter 3 is about ascertaining the amount of a company's profits of an accounting period to which the rates of corporation tax applicable to the company are applied.

(4) Chapter 4 makes provision about the currency in which a company must calculate and express its profits for corporation tax purposes.

(5) For provision about the calculation of the corporation tax payable for an accounting period see paragraph 8 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998.

Chapter 2 U.K. Rates at which corporation tax on profits charged

3 Corporation tax rates U.K.

(1) Corporation tax is charged at the rate set by Parliament for the financial year (“the main rate”).

(2) Section 18 provides for tax to be charged at the small profits rate instead of the main rate in certain cases.

(3) In this Act “the small profits rate” means a rate that is—

(a) lower than the main rate, and

(b) set by Parliament as the small profits rate.

Chapter 3 U.K. Calculation of amount to which rates applied

4 Amount of profits to which corporation tax rates applied U.K.

(1) In the calculation under paragraph 8(1) of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 of the amount of corporation tax payable for an accounting period of a company, the first step is to apply the rate or rates of corporation tax applicable to the profits of the company of the period on which tax is chargeable.

(2) The profits of a company of an accounting period on which corporation tax is chargeable (in this Act referred to as the company's taxable total profits of the period) are found as follows—

• Step 1

  Find the company's total profits of the period (see subsection (3)).

• Step 2

  Deduct from the result of Step 1 any amounts which can be relieved against the company's total profits of the period.

(3) To find a company's total profits of an accounting period take the following steps.

• Step 1

  Find the amount in respect of which the company is chargeable for the period under the charge to corporation tax on income after any reduction required to give effect to relief from tax.

• Step 2

  Add to the result of Step 1 any amount to be included in respect of chargeable gains in the company's total profits of the accounting period (see section 8 of TCGA 1992) after any reduction required to give effect to relief from tax.

(4) Subsections (2) and (3) are subject to the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts.

Chapter 4 U.K. Currency

The currency to be used in tax calculations U.K.

5 Basic rule: sterling to be used U.K.

(1) For corporation tax purposes the income and chargeable gains of a company for an accounting period must be calculated and expressed in sterling.

(2) See the following sections for provision about the application of subsection (1) in certain cases where profits or losses fall to be calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice—

• section 6 (UK resident company operating in sterling and preparing accounts in another currency),

• section 7 (UK resident company operating in currency other than sterling and preparing accounts in another currency),

• section 8 (UK resident company preparing accounts in currency other than sterling),

• section 9 (non-UK resident company preparing accounts in currency other than sterling).

6 UK resident company operating in sterling and preparing accounts in another currency U.K.

(1) This section applies if, for a period of account, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, a UK resident company—

(a) prepares its accounts in a currency other than sterling, and

(b) in those accounts identifies sterling as its functional currency.

(2) Profits or losses of the company for the period that fall to be calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice for corporation tax purposes must be calculated in sterling as if the company prepared its accounts in sterling.

7 UK resident company operating in currency other than sterling and preparing accounts in another currency U.K.

(1) This section applies if, for a period of account, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice—

(a) a UK resident company prepares its accounts in one currency,

(b) in those accounts it identifies another currency as its functional currency, and

(c) that other currency is not sterling.

(2) Profits or losses of the company for the period that fall to be calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice for corporation tax purposes must be calculated in sterling as follows—

• Step 1

  Calculate those profits or losses in the functional currency as if the company prepared its accounts in that currency.

• Step 2

  Take the sterling equivalent of those profits or losses (see section 11).

(3) If this section applies, assume that any sterling amount mentioned in the Corporation Tax Acts is its equivalent expressed in the functional currency of the company.

8 UK resident company preparing accounts in currency other than sterling U.K.

(1) This section applies if, for a period of account—

(a) a UK resident company prepares its accounts in a currency other than sterling (the “accounts currency”), and

(b) neither section 6 nor section 7 applies.

(2) Profits or losses of the company for the period that fall to be calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice for corporation tax purposes must be calculated in sterling as follows—

• Step 1

  Calculate those profits or losses in the accounts currency.

• Step 2

  Take the sterling equivalent of those profits or losses (see section 11).

(3) If this section applies, assume that any sterling amount mentioned in the Corporation Tax Acts is its equivalent expressed in the accounts currency of the company.

9 Non-UK resident company preparing return of accounts in currency other than sterling U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a non-UK resident company carries on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment in the United Kingdom, and

(b) for a period of account, the company prepares its return of accounts in a currency other than sterling (the “accounts currency”).

(2) Profits or losses of the company for the period that fall to be calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice for corporation tax purposes must be calculated in sterling as follows—

• Step 1

  Calculate those profits or losses in the accounts currency.

• Step 2

  Take the sterling equivalent of those profits or losses (see section 11).

(3) If this section applies, assume that any sterling amount mentioned in the Corporation Tax Acts is its equivalent expressed in the accounts currency of the company.

(4) The reference in subsection (1) to the company's “return of accounts” is to a return of such accounts of its permanent establishment in the United Kingdom as may be required under paragraph 3 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 (company tax returns).

Translating amounts into other currencies U.K.

10 The equivalent in another currency of a sterling amount U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if, for the purposes of calculating the profits or losses of a company arising in an accounting period, section 7(3), 8(3) or 9(3) requires a sterling amount to be translated into its equivalent expressed in another currency.

(2) The translation must be made by reference to—

(a) the average exchange rate for the accounting period, or

(b) the rate mentioned in subsection (3).

(3) That rate is—

(a) if the amount to be translated relates to a single transaction, an appropriate spot rate of exchange for the transaction, or

(b) if the amount to be translated relates to more than one transaction, a rate of exchange derived on a just and reasonable basis from appropriate spot rates of exchange for those transactions.

11 Sterling equivalents: basic rule U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if, for the purposes of calculating the profits or losses of a company arising in an accounting period, section 7(2), 8(2) or 9(2) requires a profit or loss to be translated into its sterling equivalent.

(2) The translation must be made by reference to—

(a) the average exchange rate for the accounting period, or

(b) the rate mentioned in subsection (3).

(3) That rate is—

(a) if the amount to be translated relates to a single transaction, an appropriate spot rate of exchange for the transaction, or

(b) if the amount to be translated relates to more than one transaction, a rate of exchange derived on a just and reasonable basis from appropriate spot rates of exchange for those transactions.

(4) Subsection (2) is subject to sections 12 and 13 (special rules where the translation is for the purpose of calculating carried-forward or carried-back amounts).

12 Sterling equivalents: carried-back amounts U.K.

(1) This section applies if, for the purpose of calculating a carried-back amount in respect of a company, a loss (“the loss”) is required by section 7(2), 8(2) or 9(2) to be translated into its sterling equivalent.

(2) The translation must be made in accordance with whichever of the rules 1, 2 and 3 is applicable (see the table below).

Rule 1 applies if the later tax calculation currency is the same as the earlier tax calculation currency.	Rule 1 is that the loss must be translated into its sterling equivalent by reference to the same rate of exchange as that at which the profit against which the carried-back amount is to be set off is required to be translated under section 11.
Rule 2 applies if— (a) the later tax calculation currency is not the same as the earlier tax calculation currency, and (b) the earlier tax calculation currency is sterling.	Rule 2 is that the loss must be translated into its sterling equivalent by reference to the spot rate of exchange for the last day of the relevant accounting period.
Rule 3 applies if— (a) the later tax calculation currency is not the same as the earlier tax calculation currency, and (b) the earlier tax calculation currency is a currency other than sterling.	Rule 3 is that the loss must be translated into its sterling equivalent by— (a) being translated into the earlier tax calculation currency by reference to the spot rate of exchange for the last day of the relevant accounting period, and (b) then being translated into sterling by reference to the same rate of exchange as that at which the profit against which the carried-back amount is to be set off is required to be translated under section 11.

(3) In the table in subsection (2)—

• “the earlier tax calculation currency” means the tax calculation currency of the company in the accounting period to which the carried-back amount is to be carried back,

• “the later tax calculation currency” means the tax calculation currency of the company in the accounting period in which the loss arises, and

• “the relevant accounting period” means the latest accounting period of the company that both—

  (a)

  ends before the accounting period in which the loss arises, and

  (b)

  is a period in which the tax calculation currency of the company is the same as the earlier tax calculation currency.

13 Sterling equivalents: carried-forward amounts U.K.

(1) This section applies if, for the purpose of calculating a carried-forward amount in respect of a company, a loss (“the loss”) is required by section 7(2), 8(2) or 9(2) to be translated into its sterling equivalent.

(2) The translation must be made in accordance with whichever of rules 1, 2 and 3 is applicable (see the table below).

Rule 1 applies if the earlier tax calculation currency is the same as the later tax calculation currency.	Rule 1 is that the loss must be translated into its sterling equivalent by reference to the same rate of exchange as that at which the profit against which the carried-forward amount is to be set off is required to be translated under section 11.
Rule 2 applies if— (a) the earlier tax calculation currency is not the same as the later tax calculation currency, and (b) the later tax calculation currency is sterling.	Rule 2 is that the loss must be translated into its sterling equivalent by reference to the spot rate of exchange for the first day of the relevant accounting period.
Rule 3 applies if— (a) the earlier tax calculation currency is not the same as the later tax calculation currency, and (b) the later tax calculation currency is a currency other than sterling.	Rule 3 is that the loss must be translated into its sterling equivalent by— (a) being translated into the later tax calculation currency by reference to the spot rate of exchange for the first day of the relevant accounting period, and (b) then being translated into sterling by reference to the same rate of exchange as that at which the profit against which the carried-forward amount is to be set off is required to be translated under section 11.

(3) In the table in subsection (2)—

• “the earlier tax calculation currency” means the tax calculation currency of the company in the accounting period in which the loss arises,

• “the later tax calculation currency” means the tax calculation currency of the company in the accounting period to which the carried-forward amount is to be carried forward, and

• “the relevant accounting period” means the earliest accounting period of the company that both—

  (a)

  begins after the accounting period in which the loss arises, and

  (b)

  is a period in which the tax calculation currency of the company is the same as the later tax calculation currency.

Adjustment of sterling losses U.K.

14 Carried-back amounts U.K.

(1) This section applies if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, a UK resident company—

(a) prepares its accounts for a period of account in sterling, or

(b) prepares its accounts for a period of account in a currency other than sterling and in those accounts identifies sterling as its functional currency.

(3) Condition B is that a loss of the company for that period (“the loss”) which falls to be calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice for corporation tax purposes is to be a carried-back amount.

(4) Condition C is that the tax calculation currency of the company in the accounting period to which the loss is to be carried back (“the earlier tax calculation currency”) is a currency other than sterling.

(5) The loss must be adjusted by—

(a) first being translated into the earlier tax calculation currency by reference to the spot rate of exchange for the last day of the relevant accounting period, and

(b) then being translated into sterling by reference to the same rate of exchange as that at which the profit against which the carried-back amount is to be set off is required to be translated under section 11.

(6) In this section “the relevant accounting period” means the latest accounting period of the company that both—

(a) ends before the accounting period in which the loss arises, and

(b) is a period in which the tax calculation currency of the company is the currency mentioned in subsection (4).

15 Carried-forward amounts U.K.

(1) This section applies if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, a UK resident company—

(a) prepares its accounts for a period of account in sterling, or

(b) prepares its accounts for a period of account in a currency other than sterling and in those accounts identifies sterling as its functional currency.

(3) Condition B is that a loss of the company for that period (“the loss”) which falls to be calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice for corporation tax purposes is to be a carried-forward amount.

(4) Condition C is that the tax calculation currency of the company in the accounting period to which the loss is to be carried forward (“the later tax calculation currency”) is a currency other than sterling.

(5) The loss must be adjusted by—

(a) first being translated into the later tax calculation currency by reference to the spot rate of exchange for the first day of the relevant accounting period, and

(b) then being translated into sterling by reference to the same rate of exchange as that at which the profit against which the carried-forward amount is to be set off is required to be translated under section 11.

(6) In this section “the relevant accounting period” means the earliest accounting period of the company that both—

(a) begins after the accounting period in which the loss arises, and

(b) is a period in which the tax calculation currency of the company is the currency mentioned in subsection (4).

Interpretation U.K.

16 Sections 13(2) and 15(5): profit against which carried-forward amount to be set off U.K.

(1) This section is about the interpretation of the references in sections 13(2) and 15(5) to the profit against which a carried-forward amount is to be set off, in a case where the carried-forward amount—

(a) is one that is treated as arising in an accounting period later than that in which it in fact arises, and

(b) is accordingly deductible in calculating a profit for that later period.

(2) In such a case, the references are to be read as references to the profit in calculating which the amount is deductible, disregarding the deduction.

17 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) References in this Chapter to the accounts of a UK resident company are to—

(a) the annual accounts of the company required by Part 15 of the Companies Act 2006, or

(b) if the company is not required to prepare such accounts, the accounts which it is required to keep under the law of the territory under whose laws the company is incorporated, or

(c) if the company is not required to keep accounts as mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b), those accounts of the company that most closely correspond to accounts which it would have been required to prepare if the provisions of Part 15 of the Companies Act 2006 applied to it.

(2) In this Chapter “carried-back amount” means—

(a) an amount carried back under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits),

(b) an amount carried back under section 389(2) of CTA 2009 (deficits of insurance companies), or

(c) an amount carried back by virtue of a claim under section 459(1)(b) of CTA 2009 (non-trading deficits from loan relationships).

(3) In this Chapter “carried-forward amount” means—

(a) an amount carried forward under section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits),

(b) an amount carried forward under section 62(5) (UK property business losses),

(c) an amount carried forward under section 63(3) (company with investment business ceasing to carry on a UK property business),

(d) an amount carried forward under 66(3) (overseas property business losses),

(e) an amount carried forward under section 91(6) (losses from miscellaneous transactions),

(f) an amount carried forward under section 76(12) or (13) of ICTA (certain expenses of insurance companies),

(g) an amount carried forward under section 436A(4) of ICTA (insurance companies: losses from gross roll-up business),

(h) an amount carried forward under section 391(2) of CTA 2009 (deficits of insurance companies),

(i) an amount carried forward under section 457(3) of CTA 2009 (non-trading deficits from loan relationships),

(j) an amount carried forward under section 753(3) of CTA 2009 (non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets),

(k) an amount carried forward under section 925(3) of CTA 2009 (patent income: relief for expenses), or

(l) an amount carried forward under section 1223 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management and other amounts).

(4) References in this Chapter to a company's functional currency are to the currency of the primary economic environment in which the company operates.

(5) References in this Chapter to the tax calculation currency of a company in an accounting period are to the currency in which profits or losses of the company arising in that period that fall to be calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice for corporation tax purposes are required to be calculated by virtue of section 5(1), section 6(2), Step 1 of section 7(2), Step 1 of section 8(2) or Step 1 of section 9(2).

Part 3 U.K. Companies with small profits

The small profits rate U.K.

18 Profits charged at the small profits rate U.K.

Corporation tax is charged at the small profits rate on a company's taxable total profits of an accounting period if—

(a) the company is UK resident in the accounting period,

(b) it is not a close investment-holding company in the period, and

(c) its augmented profits of the accounting period do not exceed the lower limit.

Marginal relief U.K.

19 Marginal relief U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is UK resident in an accounting period,

(b) it is not a close investment-holding company in the period,

(c) its augmented profits of the accounting period—

(i) exceed the lower limit, but

(ii) do not exceed the upper limit, and

(d) its augmented profits of the period do not include any ring fence profits.

(2) The corporation tax charged on the company's taxable total profits of the accounting period is reduced by an amount equal to—

where—

F is the standard fraction,

U is the upper limit,

A is the amount of the augmented profits, and

N is the amount of the taxable total profits.

(3) In this Part “the standard fraction” means the fraction set by Parliament as the standard fraction for the purposes of this Part.

20 Company with only ring fence profits U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is UK resident in an accounting period,

(b) it is not a close investment-holding company in the period,

(c) its augmented profits of the accounting period—

(i) exceed the lower limit, but

(ii) do not exceed the upper limit, and

(d) its augmented profits of the period consist exclusively of ring fence profits.

(2) The corporation tax charged on the company's taxable total profits of the accounting period is reduced by an amount equal to—

where—

R is the ring fence fraction,

U is the upper limit,

A is the amount of the augmented profits, and

N is the amount of the taxable total profits.

(3) In this Part “the ring fence fraction” means the fraction set by Parliament as the ring fence fraction for the purposes of this Part.

21 Company with ring fence profits and other profits U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is UK resident in an accounting period,

(b) it is not a close investment-holding company in the period,

(c) its augmented profits of the accounting period—

(i) exceed the lower limit, but

(ii) do not exceed the upper limit, and

(d) its augmented profits of that period consist of both ring fence profits and other profits.

(2) The corporation tax charged on the company's taxable total profits of the accounting period is reduced by the total of—

(a) the sum equal to the ring fence fraction of the ring fence amount, and

(b) the sum equal to the standard fraction of the remaining amount.

(3) In this Part “ring fence profits” has the same meaning as in Part 8 (see section 276).

22 The ring fence amount U.K.

(1) In section 21 “the ring fence amount” means the amount given by the formula—

(2) For the purposes of this section—

• UR is the amount given by multiplying the upper limit by—

  

• AR is the total amount of any ring fence profits that form part of the augmented profits of the accounting period,

• NR is the total amount of any ring fence profits that form part of the taxable total profits of the accounting period, and

• A is the amount of the augmented profits of the accounting period.

23 The remaining amount U.K.

(1) In section 21 “the remaining amount” means the amount given by the formula—

(2) For the purposes of this section—

• UZ is the amount given by multiplying the upper limit by—

  

• AZ is the total amount of any profits other than ring fence profits that form part of the augmented profits of the accounting period,

• NZ is the total amount of any profits other than ring fence profits that form part of the taxable total profits of the accounting period, and

• A is the amount of the augmented profits of the accounting period.

The lower limit and the upper limit U.K.

24 The lower limit and the upper limit U.K.

(1) This section gives the meaning in this Part of “the lower limit” and “the upper limit” in relation to an accounting period of a company.

(2) If the company has no associated company in the accounting period—

(a) the lower limit is £300,000, and

(b) the upper limit is £1,500,000.

(3) If the company has one or more associated companies in the accounting period—

(a) the lower limit is—

and

(b) the upper limit is—

where N is the number of those associated companies.

(4) For an accounting period of less than 12 months the lower limit and the upper limit are proportionately reduced.

25 Associated companies U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 24, a company is another company's associated company in an accounting period if it is an associated company (see subsection (4)) for any part of the accounting period.

(2) The rule in subsection (1) applies to each of two or more associated companies even if they are associated companies for different parts of the accounting period.

(3) But an associated company is ignored for the purposes of section 24 if—

(a) it has not carried on a trade or business at any time in the accounting period, or

(b) it was an associated company for part only of the accounting period and has not carried on a trade or business at any time in that part of the accounting period.

(4) For the purposes of this Part, a company is an associated company of another at any time when—

(a) one of the two has control of the other, or

(b) both are under the control of the same person or persons.

(5) In subsection (4) “control” has the same meaning as in Part 10 (see sections 450 and 451).

(6) In this section—

(a) subsection (3) is subject to section 26, and

(b) subsections (4) and (5) are subject to sections 27, 28, 29 and 30.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 Ss. 25-30 applied by Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2), s. 99(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 332 (with Sch. 2))

26 Section 25(3): treatment of certain non-trading companies U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if a company carries on a business of making investments in an accounting period and throughout the period the company—

(a) carries on no trade,

(b) has one or more 51% subsidiaries, and

(c) is a passive company.

(2) The company is treated for the purposes of section 25(3) as not carrying on a business at any time in the accounting period.

(3) A company is a passive company throughout an accounting period only if the following requirements are met—

(a) it has no assets in that period, other than shares in companies which are its 51% subsidiaries,

(b) no income arises to it in that period other than dividends,

(c) if income arises to it in that period in the form of dividends—

(i) the redistribution condition is met (see subsection (4)), and

(ii) the dividends are franked investment income received by it,

(d) no chargeable gains accrue to it in that period,

(e) no expenses of management of the business mentioned in subsection (1) are referable to that period, and

(f) no qualifying charitable donations are deductible from the company's total profits of that period.

(4) The redistribution condition is that—

(a) the company pays dividends to one or more of its shareholders in the accounting period, and

(b) the total amount paid in the form of those dividends is at least equal to the amount of the income arising to the company in the form of dividends in that period.

(5) If income arises to a company in an accounting period in the form of a dividend and the requirement in subsection (3)(c) is met in respect of the income—

(a) neither the dividend nor any asset representing it is treated as an asset of the company in that accounting period for the purposes of subsection (3)(a), and

(b) no right of the company to receive the dividend is treated as an asset of the company for the purposes of subsection (3)(a) in that period or any earlier accounting period.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 Ss. 25-30 applied by Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2), s. 99(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 332 (with Sch. 2))

27 Attribution to persons of rights and powers of their partners U.K.

(1) This section applies if it is necessary to determine in accordance with section 25(4) and (5) whether a company is an associated company of another company (“the taxpayer company”).

(2) In the application of section 451 (meaning of “control”: rights to be attributed) for the purposes of the determination, the references in section 451(4) and (5) to an associate of a person (“P”) include a partner of the person only if the condition in subsection (3) below is met.

(3) The condition is that tax planning arrangements which—

(a) involve P and the partner, and

(b) secure a relevant tax advantage,

have at any time had effect in relation to the taxpayer company.

(4) In subsection (3) “relevant tax advantage” means a reduction in the taxpayer company's liability to corporation tax as a result of an increase in relief under this Part.

(5) The reference in subsection (3) to arrangements which have had effect in relation to the taxpayer company includes arrangements which have had effect in connection with the formation of the company.

(6) In this section “arrangements”—

(a) does not include any guarantee, security or charge given to or taken by a bank, but

(b) otherwise includes any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions (whether or not legally enforceable).

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 Ss. 25-30 applied by Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2), s. 99(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 332 (with Sch. 2))

28 Associated companies: fixed-rate preference shares U.K.

(1) In determining for the purposes of section 25(4) whether a company is under the control of another, fixed-rate preference shares held by a company are ignored if the company holding them—

(a) is not a close company,

(b) takes no part in the management or conduct of the company which issued the shares, or in the management or conduct of its business, and

(c) subscribed for the shares in the ordinary course of a business which includes the provision of finance.

(2) In this section “fixed-rate preference shares” means shares which—

(a) were issued wholly for new consideration,

(b) do not carry any right either to conversion into shares or securities of any other description or to the acquisition of any additional shares or securities, and

(c) do not carry any right to dividends other than dividends which—

(i) are of a fixed amount or at a fixed rate per cent of the nominal value of the shares, and

(ii) together with any sum paid on redemption, represent no more than a reasonable commercial return on the consideration for which the shares were issued.

(3) In subsection (2)(a) “new consideration” has the meaning given by section 1115.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 Ss. 25-30 applied by Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2), s. 99(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 332 (with Sch. 2))

29 Association through a loan creditor U.K.

(1) A company (“A”) is not under the control of another company (“B”) for the purposes of section 25(4) if—

(a) B is a loan creditor of A,

(b) there is no other connection between A and B, and

(c) either—

(i) B is not a close company, or

(ii) B's relationship to A as a loan creditor arose in the ordinary course of a business which B carries on.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) two companies (“A” and “B”) are controlled by the same person who is a loan creditor of each of them,

(b) there is no other connection between A and B, and

(c) either—

(i) the loan creditor is a company which is not a close company, or

(ii) the loan creditor's relationship to each of A and B as a loan creditor arose in the ordinary course of a business which the loan creditor carries on.

(3) In determining for the purposes of this Part whether A and B are associated with each other, rights which the loan creditor has as a loan creditor of A, or as a loan creditor of B, are ignored.

(4) In subsection (2)(a) “control” has the same meaning as in section 25(4).

(5) In this section—

(a) “connection” includes a connection in the past as well as a connection in the present, and

(b) references to a connection between two companies include any dealings between them.

(6) In this section references to a loan creditor of a company are to be read in accordance with section 453.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 Ss. 25-30 applied by Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2), s. 99(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 332 (with Sch. 2))

30 Association through a trustee U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) two companies (“A” and “B”) are controlled by the same person by virtue of rights or powers (or both) held in trust by that person, and

(b) there is no other connection between A and B.

(2) In determining for the purposes of this Part whether A and B are associated with each other, the rights and powers mentioned in subsection (1)(a) are ignored.

(3) In subsection (1)—

(a) “control” has the same meaning as in section 25(4),

(b) “connection” includes a connection in the past as well as a connection in the present, and

(c) the reference to a connection between A and B includes any dealings between them.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 Ss. 25-30 applied by Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2), s. 99(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 332 (with Sch. 2))

Supplementary U.K.

31 Power to obtain information U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may, for the purposes of this Part, by notice require any person in whose name any shares or loan capital are registered—

(a) to state whether or not that person is the beneficial owner of the shares or loan capital, and

(b) if that person is not the beneficial owner of the shares or loan capital, to provide the name and address of the person on whose behalf the shares or loan capital are registered in that person's name.

(2) Subsections (3) and (4) apply if a company (“the issuing company”) appears to an officer of Revenue and Customs to be a close company.

(3) The officer may, for the purposes of this Part, by notice require the issuing company to provide the officer with—

(a) particulars of any bearer securities issued by the company,

(b) the names and addresses of the persons to whom the securities were issued, and

(c) details of the amounts issued to each person.

(4) The officer may, for the purposes of this Part, by notice require—

(a) any person to whom bearer securities were issued by the company, or

(b) any person to or through whom bearer securities issued by the company were subsequently sold or transferred,

to provide any further information that the officer reasonably requires with a view to enabling the officer to find out the names and addresses of the persons beneficially interested in the securities.

(5) In this section—

• “loan creditor” has the meaning given by section 453, and

• “securities” includes—

  (a)

  shares, stocks, bonds, debentures and debenture stock, and

  (b)

  any promissory note or other instrument evidencing indebtedness to a loan creditor of the company.

32 Meaning of “augmented profits” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, a company's augmented profits of an accounting period are—

(a) the company's taxable total profits of that period, plus

(b) any franked investment income received by the company that is not excluded by subsection (2).

(2) This subsection excludes any franked investment income which the company (“the receiving company”) receives from a company which is—

(a) a 51% subsidiary of—

(i) the receiving company, or

(ii) a company of which the receiving company is a 51% subsidiary, or

(b) a trading company or relevant holding company that is a quasi-subsidiary of the receiving company.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(b) a company is a quasi-subsidiary of the receiving company if—

(a) it is owned by a consortium of which the receiving company is a member,

(b) it is not a 75% subsidiary of any company, and

(c) no arrangements of any kind (whether in writing or not) exist by virtue of which it could become a 75% subsidiary of any company.

33 Interpretation of section 32(2) and (3) U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 32(2)(a), a company (“A”) is a 51% subsidiary of another company (“B”) only at times when—

(a) B would be beneficially entitled to more than 50% of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of A, and

(b) B would be beneficially entitled to more than 50% of any assets of A available for distribution to its equity holders on a winding up.

(2) The requirement in subsection (1) is in addition to the requirements of section 1154(2) (meaning of “51% subsidiary”).

(3) In determining for the purposes of section 32(2)(a) whether or not a company is a 51% subsidiary of another company (“C”), C is treated as not being the owner of share capital if—

(a) it owns the share capital indirectly,

(b) the share capital is owned directly by a company (“D”), and

(c) a profit on the sale of the shares would be a trading receipt for D.

(4) In section 32(2)(b) and this section—

(a) “trading company” means a company whose business consists wholly or mainly of carrying on a trade or trades, and

(b) “relevant holding company” means a company whose business consists wholly or mainly of holding shares in or securities of trading companies that are its 90% subsidiaries.

(5) For the purposes of section 32(3), a company is owned by a consortium if at least 75% of the company's ordinary share capital is beneficially owned by two or more companies each of which—

(a) beneficially owns at least 5% of that capital,

(b) would be beneficially entitled to at least 5% of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of the company, and

(c) would be beneficially entitled to at least 5% of any assets of the company available for distribution to its equity holders on a winding up.

(6) The companies meeting those conditions are called the members of the consortium.

(7) Chapter 6 of Part 5 (equity holders and profits or assets available for distribution) applies for the purposes of subsections (1) and (5) as it applies for the purposes of section 151(4)(a) and (b).

34 Close investment-holding companies U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, a close company (“the candidate company”) is a close investment-holding company in an accounting period unless throughout the period it exists wholly or mainly for one or more of the permitted purposes set out in subsection (2).

There is an exception to this rule in subsection (5).

(2) The candidate company exists for a permitted purpose so far as it exists—

(a) for the purpose of carrying on a trade or trades on a commercial basis,

(b) for the purpose of making investments in land, or estates or interests in land, in cases where the land is, or is intended to be, let commercially (see subsection (3)),

(c) for the purpose of holding shares in and securities of, or making loans to, one or more companies each of which—

(i) is a qualifying company, or

(ii) falls within subsection (4),

(d) for the purpose of co-ordinating the administration of two or more qualifying companies,

(e) for the purpose of the making of investments as mentioned in paragraph (b)—

(i) by one or more qualifying companies, or

(ii) by a company which has control of the candidate company, or

(f) for the purpose of a trade or trades carried on on a commercial basis—

(i) by one or more qualifying companies, or

(ii) by a company which has control of the candidate company.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(b), any letting of land is taken to be commercial unless the land is let to—

(a) a person connected with the candidate company (“a connected person”), or

(b) a person who is—

(i) the spouse or civil partner of a connected person,

(ii) a relative of a connected person, or the spouse or civil partner of a relative of a connected person,

(iii) the relative of the spouse or civil partner of a connected person, or

(iv) the spouse or civil partner of a relative of the spouse or civil partner of the connected person.

(4) A company falls within this subsection (see subsection (2)(c)(ii)) if—

(a) it is under the control of the candidate company or of a company which has control of the candidate company, and

(b) it exists wholly or mainly for the purpose of holding shares in or securities of, or of making loans to, one or more qualifying companies.

(5) If a company is wound up and was not a close investment-holding company in the accounting period that ends (by virtue of section 12(2) of CTA 2009) immediately before the winding up starts, the company is not treated for the purposes of this Part as being a close investment-holding company in the subsequent accounting period.

(6) In this section “qualifying company” means a company which—

(a) is under the control of the candidate company or of a company which has control of the candidate company, and

(b) exists wholly or mainly for either or both of the purposes mentioned in subsection (2)(a) and (b).

(7) In this section—

• “control” has the meaning given by section 450, and

• “relative” means brother, sister, ancestor or lineal descendant.

Part 4 U.K. Loss relief

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

35 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) This Part provides corporation tax relief for—

(a) losses made in a trade (see Chapter 2 as well as the restrictions on relief in Chapter 3 relating to limited partnerships and limited liability partnerships),

(b) losses made in a UK property business or overseas property business (see Chapter 4),

(c) losses made on a disposal of certain shares (see Chapter 5), and

(d) losses made in certain miscellaneous transactions (see Chapter 6).

(2) This Part also provides for the reduction of available relief if there is a write-off of government investment in a company (see Chapter 7).

(3) For rules about the calculation of losses for the purposes of this Part, see—

(a) section 47 of CTA 2009 (losses of a trade calculated on same basis as profits), and

(b) section 210 of CTA 2009 (which applies section 47 of that Act, so that losses of a UK property business or overseas property business are calculated on the same basis as profits).

(4) See also Part 17 of CTA 2009 for rules about how to calculate the losses of a company that is a partner in a partnership.

Chapter 2 U.K. Trade losses

Introduction U.K.

36 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter—

(a) provides relief against a company's total profits of an accounting period for a loss made by the company in a trade in that or a subsequent accounting period (see sections 37 to 44), and

(b) provides relief against a company's profits of a trade of an accounting period for a loss made by the company in the trade in a previous accounting period (see sections 45 to 47).

(2) This Chapter also provides for restrictions on relief for the following cases—

(a) farming or market gardening (sections 48 to 51),

(b) dealings in commodity futures (section 52),

(c) leasing contracts and company reconstructions (section 53), and

(d) receipts of interest, dividends and royalties by a non-UK resident company (section 54).

(3) In this Chapter references to a company carrying on a trade are references to the company carrying on the trade so as to be within the charge to corporation tax in relation to the trade.

(4) In this Chapter, except in so far as the context otherwise requires—

(a) references to a trade include an office, and

(b) references to carrying on a trade include holding an office.

Trade loss relief against total profits U.K.

37 Relief for trade losses against total profits U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in an accounting period, a company carrying on a trade makes a loss in the trade.

(2) The company may make a claim for relief for the loss under this section (but see subsection (5)).

(3) If the company makes a claim, the relief is given by deducting the loss from the company's total profits of—

(a) the accounting period in which the loss is made (“the loss-making period”), and

(b) if the claim so requires, previous accounting periods so far as they fall (wholly or partly) within the period of 12 months ending immediately before the loss-making period begins.

(4) The amount of a deduction to be made under subsection (3) for any accounting period is the amount of the loss so far as it cannot be deducted under that subsection for a subsequent accounting period.

(5) The company may not make a claim if, in the loss-making period, the company carries on the trade wholly outside the United Kingdom.

(6) A deduction under subsection (3)(b) may be made for an accounting period only if the company—

(a) carried on the trade in the period, and

(b) did not do so wholly outside the United Kingdom.

(7) The company's claim must be made—

(a) within the period of two years after the end of the loss-making period, or

(b) within such further period as an officer of Revenue and Customs may allow.

(8) If, for an accounting period, deductions under subsection (3) are to be made for losses of different accounting periods, the deductions are to be made in the order in which the losses were made (starting with the earliest loss).

(9) Relief under this section is subject to restriction or modification in accordance with provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C2 S. 37(3)(b) applied (with modifications) by 2009 c. 10, Sch. 6 para. 3(1) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2010 (c. 4), s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 714(2) (with Sch. 2))

38 Limit on deduction if accounting period falls partly within 12 month period U.K.

(1) This section applies if an accounting period falls partly within the period of 12 months mentioned in section 37(3)(b).

(2) The amount of the deduction for the loss for the accounting period is not to exceed an amount equal to the overlapping proportion of the company's total profits of that period.

(3) The overlapping proportion is the same as the proportion that the part of the accounting period falling within the period of 12 months bears to the whole of the accounting period.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C3 S. 38(1) applied (with modifications) by 2009 c. 10, Sch. 6 para. 3(1) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2010 (c. 4), s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 714(2) (with Sch. 2))

C4 S. 38(3) applied (with modifications) by 2009 c. 10, Sch. 6 para. 3(1) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2010 (c. 4), s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 714(2) (with Sch. 2))

39 Terminal losses: extension of periods for which relief may be given U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company ceases to carry on a trade, and

(b) the company has made a terminal loss in the trade.

(2) Sections 37(3)(b) and 38(1) and (3) have effect in relation to the terminal loss as if the references to 12 months were references to 3 years.

(3) The following are terminal losses made in the trade—

(a) the whole of any loss made by the company in the trade in an accounting period that begins during the final 12 months, and

(b) the overlapping proportion of any loss made by the company in the trade in an accounting period that ends, but does not begin, during the final 12 months.

(4) The overlapping proportion is the same as the proportion that the part of the accounting period falling within the final 12 months bears to the whole of the accounting period.

(5) “The final 12 months” means the period of 12 months ending when the company ceases to carry on the trade.

(6) This section is subject to section 41.

40 Ring fence trades: extension of periods for which relief may be given U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) in an accounting period a company makes a loss in a ring fence trade (as defined in section 162 of CAA 2001),

(b) the accounting period is an accounting period for which an allowance under section 164 of CAA 2001 is made to the company, and

(c) not all the loss is a terminal loss (see section 39(3) above).

(2) Sections 37(3)(b) and 38(1) and (3) have effect in relation to the loss (so far as it is not a terminal loss) as if the references to 12 months were references to 3 years.

(3) But if the loss exceeds the allowance mentioned in subsection (1)(b), subsection (2) applies in relation to the loss only so far as it does not exceed that allowance.

(4) This section is subject to section 41.

41 Sections 39 and 40: transfers of trade to obtain relief U.K.

Sections 39 and 40 do not apply by reason of a company ceasing to carry on a trade if—

(a) on the company ceasing to carry on the trade, any of the activities of the trade begin to be carried on by a person who is not (or by persons any or all of whom are not) within the charge to corporation tax, and

(b) the company's ceasing to carry on the trade is part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of which is to secure that either or both of those sections apply in relation to a loss by reason of the cessation.

42 Ring fence trades: further extension of period for relief U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company makes a claim under section 37 for relief in respect of a loss made in a ring fence trade,

(b) the claim is made by virtue of section 39 or 40, and

(c) a part of the loss that is eligible for relief under section 37 cannot be so relieved because there are not enough profits from which the loss may be deducted under that section.

(2) Relief for the part of the loss that cannot be relieved under section 37 (“the unrelieved loss”) is given to the company under this section.

(3) The relief is given by deducting the unrelieved loss from the profits of the ring fence trade of an accounting period that—

(a) falls wholly or partly before the three year relief period, and

(b) ends on or after 17 April 2002.

(4) The amount of a deduction to be made under subsection (3) for any accounting period is so much of the unrelieved loss as cannot be deducted under that subsection from profits of the ring fence trade of a subsequent accounting period (but this is subject to subsections (5) and (6)).

(5) In the case of an accounting period that falls partly before the 3 year relief period, the amount given by subsection (4) is to be reduced by the proportion which the part of the accounting period falling within the 3 year relief period bears to the whole of the accounting period.

(6) In the case of an accounting period that falls partly before 17 April 2002, the amount given by subsection (4) is to be reduced by the proportion which the part of the accounting period falling before that date bears to the whole of the accounting period.

(7) If, for an accounting period, deductions under subsection (3) are to be made for losses of different accounting periods, the deductions are to be made in the order in which the losses were made (starting with the earliest first).

(8) In this section—

• “ring fence trade” has the same meaning as in section 162 of CAA 2001, and

• “3 year relief period” means the period of 3 years that applies to a claim under section 37 by virtue of section 39 or 40.

43 Claim period in case of ring fence or mineral extraction trades U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to a claim under section 37 if—

(a) as a result of section 165 of CAA 2001 (general decommissioning expenditure after ceasing ring fence trade) a company's qualifying expenditure for the accounting period in which it ceases to carry on a ring fence trade (as defined in section 162 of that Act) is increased by any amount, or

(b) as a result of section 416 of CAA 2001 (expenditure on restoration within 3 years of ceasing to carry on mineral extraction trade) any expenditure is treated as qualifying expenditure of a company incurred on the last day of trading.

(2) So far as the claim relates to the increase mentioned in subsection (1)(a), the period of two years specified in section 37(7)(a) for making the claim is instead to be read as a reference to the period given by adding two years to the post-cessation period (within the meaning of section 165 of CAA 2001).

(3) So far as the claim relates to the expenditure mentioned in subsection (1)(b), the period of two years specified in section 37(7)(a) for making the claim is instead to be read as a reference to a period of 5 years.

44 Trade must be commercial or carried on for statutory functions U.K.

(1) Relief under section 37 is not available for a loss made in a trade unless for the loss-making period (see section 37(3)(a)) the trade is carried on—

(a) on a commercial basis, and

(b) with a view to the making of a profit in the trade or so as to afford a reasonable expectation of making such a profit.

(2) References in subsection (1)(b) to a profit in the trade include references to a profit in any larger undertaking of which the trade forms part.

(3) If during the loss-making period there is a change in the way in which the trade is carried on, it is treated as having been carried on throughout that period in the way in which it is being carried on by the end of that period.

(4) The restriction on relief under this section does not apply if the trade is a trade carried on in the exercise of functions conferred by or under an Act (including an Act of the Scottish Parliament).

Carry forward of trade loss relief U.K.

45 Carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in an accounting period, a company carrying on a trade makes a loss in the trade.

(2) Relief for the loss is given to the company under this section.

(3) The relief is given for that part of the loss for which no relief is given under section 37 or 42 (“the unrelieved loss”).

(4) For this purpose—

(a) the unrelieved loss is carried forward to subsequent accounting periods (so long as the company continues to carry on the trade), and

(b) the profits of the trade of any such period are reduced by the unrelieved loss so far as that loss cannot be used under this paragraph to reduce the profits of an earlier period.

(5) In this section and section 46 references to profits of the trade are references to profits of the trade chargeable to corporation tax.

(6) Relief under this section is subject to restriction or modification in accordance with provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts.

46 Use of trade-related interest and dividends if insufficient trade profits U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 45 if—

(a) the company carries on the trade in an accounting period (“the later period”), and

(b) relief cannot be fully given in the later period for the unrelieved loss (or for that loss so far as it cannot be relieved in earlier periods) because there are no profits, or insufficient profits, of the trade of the later period.

(2) Treat any interest or dividends within subsection (3) as profits of the trade of the later period.

(3) Interest or dividends are within this subsection if they—

(a) are from investments, and

(b) would be brought into account as trading receipts in calculating the profits of the trade of the later period but for the fact that they have been subjected to tax under other provisions of the Tax Acts.

47 Registered industrial and provident societies U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 45 if the company carrying on the trade is a registered industrial and provident society.

(2) The following amounts may be brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade—

(a) amounts to which the charge to corporation tax on income applies under section 299 of CTA 2009 (charge to tax on non-trading profits from loan relationships), and

(b) amounts arising from possessions out of the United Kingdom to which the charge to corporation tax on income applies under section 933 of CTA 2009 (dividends of non-UK resident company) or under section 974 of that Act (income arising from foreign holdings).

Restrictions on relief: farming or market gardening U.K.

48 Farming or market gardening U.K.

(1) This section applies if a loss is made in a trade of farming or market gardening in an accounting period (“the current period”).

(2) Relief under section 37 is not available for the loss if a loss, calculated without regard to capital allowances, was made in the trade—

(a) in the current period, and

(b) in each accounting period falling wholly or partly within the period of 5 years (“the prior 5 years”) ending immediately before the current period begins.

(3) But this section does not prevent relief for the loss from being available if—

(a) the carrying on of the trade forms part of, and is ancillary to, a larger trading undertaking,

(b) the farming or market gardening activities meet the reasonable expectation of profit test (see section 49), or

(c) the trade was started, or treated as started, during the prior 5 years (see section 50).

(4) A loss in a trade is calculated without regard to capital allowances by ignoring—

(a) the allowances treated as expenses of the trade under CAA 2001, and

(b) the charges treated as receipts of the trade under CAA 2001.

49 Reasonable expectation of profit U.K.

(1) This section explains how the farming or market gardening activities (“the activities”) meet the reasonable expectation of profit test for the purposes of section 48(3)(b).

(2) The test is decided by reference to the expectations of a competent farmer or market gardener (a “competent person”) carrying on the activities.

(3) The test is met if—

(a) a competent person carrying on the activities in the year (“the current year”) after the prior 5 years would reasonably expect future profits (see subsection (4)), but

(b) a competent person carrying on the activities at the start of the prior period of loss (see subsection (5)) could not reasonably have expected the activities to become profitable until after the end of the current year.

(4) In determining whether a competent person carrying on the activities in the current year would reasonably expect future profits, regard must be had to—

(a) the nature of the whole of the activities, and

(b) the way in which the whole of the activities were carried on in the current year.

(5) “The prior period of loss” means—

(a) the prior 5 years, or

(b) if subsection (6) applies, the period made up of the successive accounting periods taken together as mentioned in that subsection.

(6) This subsection applies if—

(a) losses in the trade, calculated without regard to capital allowances (see section 48(4)), were made in successive accounting periods before the current year, and

(b) taken together those accounting periods amount to a period of more than 5 years ending at the end of the prior 5 years.

50 Cessation of trades U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 48(3)(c) a trade is to be treated as ceased, and a new trade as started, in any of the following cases—

• Case 1

  A company starts or ceases to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of a trade.

• Case 2

  There is a change in the persons carrying on a trade which involves all of the persons carrying it on before the change permanently ceasing to carry it on.

• Case 3

  There is a change in the persons carrying on a trade and—

  (a)

  immediately before the change, the trade is carried on by persons who include a company, and

  (b)

  after the change, no company that carried on the trade in partnership immediately before the change continues to carry it on in partnership.

• Case 4

  There is a change in the persons carrying on a trade and—

  (a)

  immediately before the change, no company carries on the trade in partnership, and

  (b)

  immediately after the change, the trade is carried on in partnership by persons who include a company.

(2) Subsection (1) is subject to subsections (3) and (4).

(3) A trade is not to be treated as ceased if the change in the persons carrying on the trade is a transfer to which Chapter 1 of Part 22 applies (transfers of trade without a change of ownership).

(4) In determining if there is a change in the persons carrying on a trade, subsection (1) is subject to the following rules—

• Rule 1

  A husband and wife are treated as the same person.

• Rule 2

  Individuals who are civil partners of each other are treated as the same person.

• Rule 3

  A husband or wife is treated as the same person as—

  (a)

  a company of which either of them has control, or

  (b)

  a company of which both have control.

• Rule 4

  An individual's civil partner is treated as the same person as—

  (a)

  a company of which either of the civil partners has control, or

  (b)

  a company of which both have control.

(5) In subsection (4) “control” has the same meaning as in section 450.

51 Companies treated as same person as individual U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 48(2) and 49(6) if, as a result of section 50(4), a company is treated as the same person as an individual.

(2) A loss in an accounting period may be determined by reference to profits and losses made by the individual in the trade in tax years (within the meaning of the Income Tax Acts).

(3) For this purpose—

(a) profits and losses made by the individual in tax years may be allocated (in whole or in part) to accounting periods in a way that is just and reasonable, and

(b) if a tax year or part of a tax year is not covered by any accounting period—

(i) the period covered by the tax year or part may be treated as if it were an accounting period, and

(ii) in accordance with paragraph (a), profits and losses may be allocated to it.

(4) Section 70(2), (3)(a), (4)(a) and (5) of ITA 2007 applies for the purpose of determining the individual's profits and losses in the trade for tax years.

Restrictions on relief: commodity futures U.K.

52 Dealings in commodity futures U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company makes a loss in a trade of dealing in commodity futures,

(b) the company carried on the trade as a partner in a partnership, and

(c) a scheme has been effected or arrangements within subsection (3) have been made (whether by the partnership agreement or otherwise).

(2) Relief under section 37 is not available for the loss.

(3) Arrangements are within this subsection if as a result of them the sole or main benefit that might be expected to arise to the company from the company's interest in the partnership is the obtaining of a reduction in tax liability by means of relief under section 37.

(4) If relief is given in a case to which this section applies, the relief is withdrawn by the making of an assessment to corporation tax under this section.

(5) “Commodity futures” means commodity futures that are for the time being dealt in on a recognised futures exchange (as defined in section 288(6) of TCGA 1992).

Other restrictions on relief U.K.

53 Leasing contracts and company reconstructions U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) under a contract a company (“the leasing company”) incurs capital expenditure on the provision of plant or machinery,

(b) the leasing company lets that plant or machinery to another person under another contract (“the leasing contract”),

(c) a first-year allowance (within the meaning of Part 2 of CAA 2001) in relation to the capital expenditure is made to the leasing company for an accounting period (“the allowance period”),

(d) arrangements within subsection (3) are in place in the allowance period, and

(e) apart from this section, relief under section 37 or 45 would be available to the leasing company in relation to losses made on the leasing contract.

(2) In the allowance period and any subsequent accounting period, no relief is available to the leasing company as mentioned in subsection (1)(e) except against profits (if any) arising under the leasing contract.

(3) Arrangements are within this subsection if, as a result of them, a successor company will be able to carry on, at some time during or after the allowance period, any part of the leasing company's trade which includes the performance of all or any of the obligations which (apart from the arrangements) would be the leasing company's obligations under the leasing contract.

(4) A company (“company S”) is a successor company if—

(a) Chapter 1 of Part 22 applies in relation to the leasing company and company S as, respectively, the predecessor and the successor within the meaning of that Chapter, or

(b) the leasing company and company S are connected with each other.

(5) “Arrangements” means arrangements of any kind (whether or not in writing).

(6) For the purposes of this section, calculate losses made on the leasing contract and profits arising under that contract as if—

(a) the performance of that contract were a trade carried on by the leasing company separately from any other trade carried on by it, and

(b) the leasing company started carrying on that separate trade at the commencement of the letting under that contract.

(7) In determining if relief is available to the leasing company as mentioned in subsection (1)(e), any losses made on the leasing contract are treated as made in a trade carried on by the leasing company separately from any other trade carried on by it.

54 Non-UK resident company: receipts of interest, dividends or royalties U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a non-UK resident company carries on a trade in the United Kingdom, and

(b) tax-exempt receipts of interest, dividends or royalties arise to the company.

(2) The receipts are not to be excluded from the profits of the trade so as to give rise to a loss to be deducted under any of these provisions—

(a) section 37,

(b) section 45, or

(c) section 436A of ICTA.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1) a receipt is “tax-exempt” if it has been treated as tax-exempt under arrangements having effect under section 2 of TIOPA 2010.

Chapter 3 U.K. Limited partners and members of limited liability partnerships

Introduction U.K.

55 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter restricts the amount of relief that may be given for any loss made by a company in a trade carried on by the company—

(a) as a limited partner (see sections 56 to 58), or

(b) as a member of a limited liability partnership (an “LLP”) (see sections 59 to 61).

(2) In this Chapter persons carrying on a trade in partnership are referred to collectively as a “firm”.

Limited partners U.K.

56 Restriction on reliefs for limited partners U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) at any time in an accounting period a company carries on a trade (“the limited partnership trade”) as a limited partner in a firm, and

(b) the company makes a loss in the limited partnership trade in that period (“the loss-making period”).

(2) There is a restriction on the amount of relief that may be given for the loss—

(a) under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits) other than against profits of the limited partnership trade, or

(b) under Part 5 (group relief).

(3) The restriction is that the sum of—

(a) the amount of the relief given, and

(b) the total amount of all other relief within subsection (4),

must not exceed the company's contribution to the firm as at the time mentioned in subsection (5).

(4) Relief is within this subsection if it is given under section 37 or Part 5 for a loss made in the limited partnership trade by the company in an accounting period at any time during which it carries on that trade as a limited partner.

(5) The time referred to in subsection (3) is—

(a) the end of the loss-making period, or

(b) if the company ceases to carry on the limited partnership trade during that period, the time when it does so.

(6) If the firm is carrying on, or has carried on, other trades apart from the limited partnership trade, for the purpose of determining the total amount of all other relief within subsection (4), apply that subsection in relation to each other trade as well as the limited partnership trade and then add the results together.

57 Meaning of “contribution to the firm” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 56 the company's contribution to the firm is the sum of amounts A and B.

(2) Amount A is the amount which the company has contributed to the firm as capital less so much of that amount (if any) as is within subsection (4).

(3) In particular, the company's share of any profits of the firm is to be included in the amount which the company has contributed to the firm as capital so far as that share has been added to the firm's capital.

(4) An amount of capital is within this subsection if it is an amount which the company—

(a) has previously drawn out or received back,

(b) is or may be entitled to draw out or receive back at any time when the company is carrying on a trade as a limited partner in the firm, or

(c) is or may be entitled to require another person to reimburse to it.

(5) In subsection (4) any reference to drawing out or receiving back an amount is to doing so directly or indirectly but does not include drawing out or receiving back an amount which, because of its being drawn out or received back, is chargeable to tax as profits of a trade.

(6) Amount B is the amount of the company's total share of profits within subsection (7) except so far as—

(a) that share has been added to the firm's capital, or

(b) the company has received that share in money or money's worth.

(7) Profits are within this subsection if they are from the limited partnership trade.

(8) In determining the amount of the company's total share of profits within subsection (7) ignore the company's share of any losses from the limited partnership trade which would (apart from this subsection) reduce that amount.

(9) In subsections (3), (7) and (8) any reference to profits or losses are to profits or losses calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice (before any adjustment required or authorised by law in calculating profits or losses for tax purposes).

(10) If the firm is carrying on, or has carried on, other trades apart from the limited partnership trade, subsections (7) and (8) have effect as if references to the limited partnership trade were references to the limited partnership trade or any of the other trades.

58 Meaning of “limited partner” U.K.

(1) In sections 56 and 57 “limited partner” means a company which carries on a trade—

(a) as a limited partner in a limited partnership registered under the Limited Partnerships Act 1907,

(b) as a partner in a firm which in substance acts as a limited partner in relation to the trade (see subsection (2)), or

(c) while the condition mentioned in subsection (3) is met in relation to the company.

(2) A company in substance acts as a limited partner in relation to a trade if the company—

(a) is not entitled to take part in the management of the trade, and

(b) is entitled to have any liabilities (or those beyond a certain limit) for debts or obligations incurred for the purposes of the trade met or reimbursed by some other person.

(3) The condition referred to in subsection (1)(c) is that—

(a) the company carries on the trade jointly with other persons,

(b) under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom, the company is not entitled to take part in the management of the trade, and

(c) under that law, the company is not liable beyond a certain limit for debts or obligations incurred for the purposes of the trade.

(4) In the case of a company which is a limited partner as a result of subsection (1)(c), references in sections 56 and 57 to the firm are to be read as references to the relationship between the company and the other persons mentioned in subsection (3)(a).

Members of LLPs U.K.

59 Restriction on relief for members of LLPs U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company carries on a trade (“the LLP trade”) as a member of an LLP at any time in an accounting period, and

(b) the company makes a loss in the LLP trade in that period (“the loss-making period”).

(2) There is a restriction on the amount of relief that may be given for the loss—

(a) under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits) other than against profits of the LLP trade, or

(b) under Part 5 (group relief).

(3) The restriction is that the sum of—

(a) the amount of the relief given, and

(b) the total amount of all other relief within subsection (4),

must not exceed the company's contribution to the LLP as at the time mentioned in subsection (5).

(4) Relief is within this subsection if it is given under section 37 or Part 5 for a loss made in the LLP trade by the company in an accounting period at any time during which it carries on that trade as a member of an LLP.

(5) The time mentioned in subsection (3) is—

(a) the end of the loss-making period, or

(b) if the company ceases to carry on the LLP trade during that period, at the time when it does so.

(6) If the LLP is carrying on, or has carried on, other trades apart from the LLP trade, for the purpose of determining the total amount of all other relief within subsection (4), apply that subsection in relation to each other trade as well as the LLP trade and then add the results together.

60 Meaning of “contribution to the LLP” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 59 the company's contribution to the LLP at any time (“the relevant time”) is the sum of amounts A and B.

(2) Amount A is the amount which the company has contributed to the LLP as capital less so much of that amount (if any) as is within subsection (5).

(3) In particular, the company's share of any profits of the LLP is to be included in the amount which the company has contributed to the LLP as capital so far as that share has been added to the LLP's capital.

(4) In subsection (3) the reference to profits is to profits calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice (before any adjustment required or authorised by law in calculating profits for tax purposes).

(5) An amount of capital is within this subsection if it is an amount which the company—

(a) has previously drawn out or received back,

(b) draws out or receives back during the period of 5 years beginning with the relevant time,

(c) is or may be entitled to draw out or receive back at any time when it is a member of the LLP, or

(d) is or may be entitled to require another person to reimburse to it.

(6) In subsection (5) any reference to drawing out or receiving back an amount is to doing so directly or indirectly but does not include drawing out or receiving back an amount which, because of its being drawn out or received back, is chargeable to tax as profits of a trade.

(7) Amount B is the amount of the company's liability on a winding up of the LLP so far as that amount is not included in amount A.

(8) For the purposes of subsection (7) the amount of the company's liability on a winding up of the LLP is the amount which—

(a) the company is liable to contribute to the assets of the LLP in the event of the LLP being wound up, and

(b) the company remains liable to contribute for the period of at least 5 years beginning with the relevant time (or until the LLP is wound up, if that happens before the end of that period).

61 Unrelieved losses brought forward U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company (“the member company”) carries on a trade as a member of an LLP at a time during an accounting period (“the current period”), and

(b) as a result of section 59, relief under section 37 or Part 5 (group relief) has not been given for an amount of loss made in the trade by the member company as a member of the LLP in a previous accounting period.

(2) For the purpose of determining the relief under section 37 or Part 5 to be given to any company, the amount of loss is treated as having been made by the member company in the current period so far as it is not excluded by subsection (3) or (4).

(3) An amount of loss is excluded so far as—

(a) under this section the amount has been treated as made by the member company in a previous accounting period, and

(b) as a result of that, relief under section 37 or Part 5 has been given for the amount or would have been given had a claim been made.

(4) An amount of loss is also excluded so far as relief under the Corporation Tax Acts has been given for the amount other than as a result of this section.

Chapter 4 U.K. Property losses

UK property businesses U.K.

62 Relief for losses made in UK property business U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in an accounting period, a company carrying on a UK property business makes a loss in the business.

(2) Relief for the loss is given to the company under this section.

(3) The relief is given by deducting the loss from the company's total profits of the accounting period.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if—

(a) not all the loss can be deducted as mentioned in subsection (3), and

(b) the company continues to carry on the UK property business in the next accounting period.

(5) So far as the loss cannot be deducted, it—

(a) is carried forward to the next accounting period, and

(b) is treated for the purposes of this section as a loss made by the company in the UK property business in that period.

(6) Relief under this section is subject to restriction or modification in accordance with provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts.

63 Company with investment business ceasing to carry on UK property business U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in an accounting period, a company with investment business (as defined in section 1218 of CTA 2009)—

(a) ceases to carry on a UK property business or to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of such a business, but

(b) continues to be a company with investment business.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if, as a result of the company ceasing to carry on the UK property business or to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of it, an amount of loss made in carrying on that business cannot be carried forward to the next accounting period for the purposes of section 62.

(3) The amount of loss—

(a) is, nevertheless, carried forward to the next accounting period, and

(b) is treated for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 16 of CTA 2009 as an expense of management deductible for that period or a succeeding period in accordance with that Chapter.

64 UK property business to be commercial or carried on for statutory functions U.K.

(1) Sections 62 and 63 apply to a UK property business only so far as it is carried on—

(a) on a commercial basis, or

(b) in the exercise of functions conferred by or under an Act (including an Act of the Scottish Parliament).

(2) A business (or part) is not carried on on a commercial basis unless it is carried on with a view to making a profit or so as to afford a reasonable expectation of making a profit.

(3) If during an accounting period there is a change in the way in which a business (or part) is carried on, it is treated as having been carried on throughout that period in the way in which it is being carried on by the end of that period.

65 UK furnished holiday lettings business treated as trade U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company carries on a UK furnished holiday lettings business.

(2) “UK furnished holiday lettings business” means a UK property business so far as it consists of the commercial letting of furnished holiday accommodation (within the meaning of Chapter 6 of Part 4 of CTA 2009).

(3) For the purposes of this Part the company is treated as carrying on a single trade—

(a) which consists of every commercial letting of furnished holiday accommodation comprised in the company's UK furnished holiday lettings business, and

(b) in relation to which the profits are chargeable to corporation tax under Chapter 2 of Part 3 of CTA 2009.

(4) Accordingly, sections 62 to 64 apply in relation to the company's UK property business as if the lettings mentioned in subsection (3)(a) were not included in it.

(5) If there is a letting of accommodation only part of which is furnished holiday accommodation, just and reasonable apportionments are to be made for the purpose of determining what is comprised in the trade treated as carried on.

Overseas property businesses U.K.

66 Relief for losses made in overseas property business U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in an accounting period, a company carrying on an overseas property business makes a loss in the business.

(2) Relief for the loss is given to the company under this section.

(3) For this purpose—

(a) the loss is carried forward to subsequent accounting periods, and

(b) the profits of the business of any such period are reduced by the loss so far as it cannot be used under this paragraph to reduce the profits of the business of an earlier period.

(4) Relief under this section is subject to restriction or modification in accordance with provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts.

67 Overseas property business to be commercial or carried on for statutory functions U.K.

(1) Section 66 applies to an overseas property business only so far as it is carried on—

(a) on a commercial basis, or

(b) in the exercise of functions conferred by or under an Act (including an Act of the Scottish Parliament) or by or under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom.

(2) A business (or part) is not carried on on a commercial basis unless it is carried on with a view to making a profit or so as to afford a reasonable expectation of making a profit.

(3) If during an accounting period there is a change in the way in which a business (or part) is carried on, it is treated as having been carried on throughout that period in the way in which it is being carried on by the end of that period.

Chapter 5 U.K. Losses on disposal of shares

Share loss relief against income U.K.

68 Share loss relief U.K.

(1) A company which has subscribed for shares in a qualifying trading company is eligible for relief under this Chapter (“share loss relief”) if—

(a) it incurs an allowable loss (for the purposes of corporation tax on chargeable gains) on the disposal of the shares in any accounting period, and

(b) it meets the eligibility conditions (see section 69).

(2) Subsection (1) applies only if the disposal of the shares is—

(a) by way of a bargain made at arm's length,

(b) by way of a distribution in the course of dissolving or winding up the qualifying trading company,

(c) a disposal within section 24(1) of TCGA 1992 (entire loss, destruction, dissipation or extinction of asset), or

(d) a deemed disposal under section 24(2) of that Act (claim that value of the asset has become negligible).

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to any allowable loss incurred on the disposal if—

(a) the shares are the subject of an exchange or arrangement of the kind mentioned in section 135 or 136 of TCGA 1992 (company reconstructions etc), and

(b) because of section 137 of that Act, the exchange or arrangement involves a disposal of the shares.

(4) For the meaning of “qualifying trading company”, see section 78.

69 Eligibility conditions U.K.

(1) These are the eligibility conditions mentioned in section 68(1)(b) that a company which has subscribed for shares in a qualifying trading company must meet to be eligible for share loss relief on the disposal of the shares.

(2) Condition A is that the subscribing company (“the investor”) is an investment company on the date of the disposal of the shares (“the disposal date”).

(3) Condition B is that the investor has been an investment company—

(a) for a continuous period of 6 years ending on the disposal date, or

(b) for a shorter continuous period ending on the disposal date and has not before the beginning of that period been a trading company or an excluded company (see section 90(1)).

(4) Condition C is that the investor was not associated with, or a member of the same group as, the qualifying trading company at any time during the period—

(a) beginning with the date when the investor subscribed for the shares, and

(b) ending with the disposal date.

(5) For the purposes of condition C, two companies are associated with each other if—

(a) one controls the other, or

(b) both are under the control of the same person or persons.

(6) Sections 450 and 451 (which contain provision as to when a person is to be taken to have control of a company) apply for the purposes of subsection (5).

70 Entitlement to claim U.K.

(1) This section applies where a company is eligible for share loss relief.

(2) The company may make a claim for the loss to be deducted in calculating for corporation tax purposes the company's income—

(a) for the accounting period in which the loss is incurred, and

(b) if the claim so requires, for previous accounting periods so far as they fall (wholly or partly) within the period of 12 months ending immediately before the beginning of the accounting period in which the loss is incurred.

(3) The company may make a claim under subsection (2)(b) for any accounting period only if the company was an investment company throughout that period.

(4) A claim for share loss relief must be made before the end of the period of two years after the end of the accounting period in which the loss is incurred.

71 How relief works U.K.

(1) This subsection explains how deductions in respect of share loss relief claimed by a company under section 70 are to be made.

• Step 1

  Deduct the loss in calculating the company's income for the accounting period in which the loss is incurred.

• Step 2

  If not all of the loss can be deducted at Step 1, deduct the remaining loss in calculating the company's income for any accounting period falling (wholly or partly) within the 12 month period that ends immediately before the beginning of the accounting period in which the loss is incurred.

(2) The amount of a deduction to be made at Step 2 for any accounting period is the amount of the loss so far as it cannot be deducted under subsection (1) for a subsequent accounting period.

(3) Subsection (1) is subject to sections 72, 74(5) and 75 (which set limits on the amount of share loss relief that may be obtained in particular cases).

(4) A deduction at Step 2 from the income of an accounting period may be made only after all other deductions have been made from the income for that period in respect of share loss relief given for an earlier loss.

(5) Deductions made on the basis of relief claimed under Part 7 of Schedule 15 to FA 2000 (relief for losses on disposal of shares to which investment relief is attributable) must, in accordance with paragraph 70 of that Schedule, be made before making deductions for share loss relief.

(6) A claim for share loss relief does not affect any claim for a deduction under TCGA 1992 for so much of the allowable loss as is not deducted under subsection (1).

72 Limit on deduction if accounting period falls partly within 12 month period U.K.

(1) This section applies if an accounting period falls partly within the period of 12 months ending immediately before the beginning of the accounting period in which the loss is incurred.

(2) The amount of the deduction under Step 2 in section 71(1) for the accounting period is not to exceed an amount equal to the overlapping proportion of the company's income of that period.

(3) The overlapping proportion is the same as the proportion that the part of the accounting period falling within the 12 month period mentioned in subsection (1) bears to the whole of the accounting period.

Shares: subscription and disposal U.K.

73 Subscription for shares U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A company subscribes for shares in another company if they are issued to the company by the other company in consideration of money or money's worth.

(3) If—

(a) a company has subscribed for, or is treated under this subsection as having subscribed for, any shares, and

(b) any corresponding bonus shares are subsequently issued to the company,

the company is treated as having subscribed for the bonus shares.

(4) If—

(a) a company subscribed for any shares (“the original shares”) on a particular date, and

(b) any corresponding bonus shares are treated as having been subscribed for by the company under subsection (3),

the company is treated as having subscribed for the bonus shares on that date.

74 Disposals of new shares U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company disposes of shares (“the new shares”), and

(b) the new shares are, by virtue of section 127 of TCGA 1992 (reorganisation etc treated as not involving disposal), identified with other shares (“the old shares”) previously held by the company.

(2) The company is not eligible for share loss relief on the disposal of the new shares unless condition A or B is met.

This is subject to section 87(3).

(3) Condition A is that the company would have been eligible for share loss relief on a disposal of the old shares—

(a) if the company had incurred an allowable loss in disposing of them by way of a bargain made at arm's length on the occasion of the disposal that would have occurred but for section 127 of TCGA 1992, and

(b) where applicable, if this Chapter had then been in force.

(4) Condition B is that the company gave for the new shares consideration in money or money's worth other than consideration of the kind mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of section 128(2) of TCGA 1992 (“new consideration”).

(5) If the company relies on condition B, the amount of share loss relief on the disposal of the new shares must not exceed the amount or value of the new consideration taken into account as a deduction in calculating the amount of the loss incurred on the disposal.

75 Limits on relief U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) a company disposes of any shares for which it has subscribed in a qualifying trading company (“qualifying shares”),

(b) those shares either—

(i) form part of a section 104 holding or a 1982 holding at the time of the disposal, or

(ii) formed part of such a holding at an earlier time, and

(c) the company makes a claim under section 70 in respect of a loss incurred on the disposal.

(2) The amount of share loss relief on the disposal is not to exceed the sums that would be allowed as deductions in calculating the amount of the loss if the qualifying shares had not formed part of the holding.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if—

(a) a company disposes of any qualifying shares,

(b) the qualifying shares, and other shares that are not capable of being qualifying shares, are for the purposes of TCGA 1992 to be treated as acquired by a single transaction by virtue of section 105(1)(a) of that Act (disposal of shares acquired on same day etc), and

(c) the company makes a claim under section 70 in respect of a loss incurred on the disposal.

(4) The amount of share loss relief on the disposal is not to exceed the sums that would be allowed as deductions in calculating the amount of the loss if—

(a) the qualifying shares were to be treated as acquired by a single transaction, and

(b) the other shares were not to be so treated.

(5) Subsection (6) applies if—

(a) a company (“the investor”) disposes of any qualifying shares,

(b) the qualifying shares (taken as a single asset), and other shares in the same company that are not capable of being qualifying shares (taken as a single asset), are for the purposes of TCGA 1992 to be treated as the same asset by virtue of section 127 of that Act (reorganisation etc treated as not involving disposal), and

(c) the investor makes a claim under section 70 in respect of a loss incurred on the disposal.

References in this subsection and subsection (6) to other shares in the same company include debentures of the same company.

(6) The amount of share loss relief on the disposal is not to exceed the sums that would be allowed as deductions in calculating the amount of the loss if the qualifying shares and the other shares in the same company were not to be treated as the same asset.

(7) In this section—

• “section 104 holding” has the meaning given by section 104(3) of TCGA 1992, and

• “1982 holding” has the meaning given by section 109(1) of that Act.

(8) For the purposes of this section and section 76, shares are not capable of being qualifying shares at any time if—

(a) the company concerned acquired the shares otherwise than by subscription,

(b) condition C in section 78(4) was not met in relation to the issue of the shares, or

(c) condition D in section 78(5) would not be met if the shares were disposed of at that time.

(9) For the purposes of subsection (5), shares are not capable of being qualifying shares at any time if they are shares of a different class from the shares mentioned in paragraph (a) of that subsection.

76 Disposal of shares forming part of mixed holding U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company disposes of shares forming part of a mixed holding of shares, that is, a holding of shares in a company which includes—

(a) shares that are not capable of being qualifying shares, and

(b) other shares.

(2) Any question—

(a) whether a disposal by the company of shares forming part of the mixed holding is of qualifying shares, or

(b) as to which of any qualifying shares acquired by the company at different times such a disposal relates to,

is to be determined as provided by the following provisions of this section.

(3) Any such question as is mentioned in subsection (2) is to be determined—

(a) except in a case falling within paragraph (b)—

(i) in accordance with subsection (4), and

(ii) in the case of shares which under that subsection are identified with the whole or any part of a section 104 holding or a 1982 holding, in accordance with subsection (5),

(b) in the case of a mixed holding which includes any shares—

(i) to which investment relief is attributable under Schedule 15 to FA 2000 (corporate venturing scheme), and

(ii) which have been held continuously (within the meaning of paragraph 97 of that Schedule) from the time they were issued until the disposal,

in accordance with subsection (6).

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)(a)(i), the question is to be determined by identifying the shares disposed of in accordance with sections 105 and 107 of TCGA 1992.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (3)(a)(ii), the question is to be determined by treating the disposal and any previous disposal by the company out of the section 104 or 1982 holding as relating to shares acquired later rather than earlier.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (3)(b), the question is to be determined—

(a) as provided by paragraph 93 of Schedule 15 to FA 2000 (identification of shares on a disposal of part of a holding where investment relief is attributable to any shares in the holding held continuously by the disposing company), but

(b) as if the references in that paragraph to a disposal had the same meaning as in the preceding provisions of this section.

(7) Any such question as is mentioned in subsection (2) which cannot be determined as provided by subsections (3) to (6) is to be determined on a just and reasonable basis.

(8) In this section “holding” means any number of shares of the same class held by one company in the same capacity, growing or diminishing as shares of that class are acquired or disposed of.

For this purpose shares are not to be treated as being of the same class unless they are so treated by the practice of a recognised stock exchange or would be so treated if dealt in on such an exchange.

(9) In this section “section 104 holding”, “1982 holding” and “qualifying shares” have the same meaning as in section 75.

77 Section 76: supplementary U.K.

(1) In a case to which section 127 of TCGA 1992 (reorganisation etc treated as not involving disposal) applies (including a case where that section applies by virtue of an enactment relating to chargeable gains), shares included in the new holding are treated for the purposes of section 76 as acquired when the original shares were acquired.

(2) Any shares held or disposed of by a nominee or bare trustee for a company are treated for the purposes of section 76 as held or disposed of by that company.

(3) In this section “new holding” and “original shares” have the same meaning as in section 127 of TCGA 1992 (or, as the case may be, that section as applied by the enactment concerned).

Qualifying trading companies: the requirements U.K.

78 Qualifying trading companies U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter a qualifying trading company is a company which meets each of conditions A to D.

(2) Condition A is that the company either—

(a) meets each of the following requirements on the date of the disposal—

(i) the trading requirement (see section 79),

(ii) the control and independence requirement (see section 81),

(iii) the qualifying subsidiaries requirement (see section 82), and

(iv) the property managing subsidiaries requirement (see section 83), or

(b) has ceased to meet any of those requirements at a time which is not more than 3 years before that date and has not since that time been an excluded company, an investment company or a trading company.

(3) Condition B is that the company either—

(a) has met each of the requirements mentioned in condition A for a continuous period of 6 years ending on that date or at that time, or

(b) has met each of those requirements for a shorter continuous period ending on that date or at that time and has not before the beginning of that period been an excluded company, an investment company or a trading company.

(4) Condition C is that the company—

(a) met the gross assets requirement (see section 84) both immediately before and immediately after the issue of the shares in respect of which the share loss relief is claimed, and

(b) met the unquoted status requirement (see section 85) at the relevant time within the meaning of that section.

(5) Condition D is that the company has carried on its business wholly or mainly in the United Kingdom throughout the period—

(a) beginning with the incorporation of the company or, if later, 12 months before the shares in question were issued, and

(b) ending with the date of the disposal.

79 The trading requirement U.K.

(1) The trading requirement is that—

(a) the company, ignoring any incidental purposes, exists wholly for the purpose of carrying on one or more qualifying trades, or

(b) the company is a parent company and the business of the group does not consist wholly or as to a substantial part in the carrying on of non-qualifying activities.

(2) If the company intends that one or more other companies should become its qualifying subsidiaries with a view to their carrying on one or more qualifying trades—

(a) the company is treated as a parent company for the purposes of subsection (1)(b), and

(b) the reference in subsection (1)(b) to the group includes the company and any existing or future company that will be its qualifying subsidiary after the intention in question is carried into effect.

This subsection does not apply at any time after the abandonment of that intention.

(3) For the purpose of subsection (1)(b) the business of the group means what would be the business of the group if the activities of the group companies taken together were regarded as one business.

(4) For the purpose of determining the business of a group, activities are ignored so far as they are activities carried on by a mainly trading subsidiary otherwise than for its main purpose.

(5) For the purposes of determining the business of a group, activities of a group company are ignored so far as they consist in—

(a) the holding of shares in or securities of a qualifying subsidiary of the parent company,

(b) the making of loans to another group company,

(c) the holding and managing of property used by a group company for the purpose of one or more qualifying trades carried on by a group company, or

(d) the holding and managing of property used by a group company for the purpose of research and development from which it is intended—

(i) that a qualifying trade to be carried on by a group company will be derived, or

(ii) that a qualifying trade carried on or to be carried on by a group company will benefit.

(6) Any reference in subsection (5)(d)(i) or (ii) to a group company includes a reference to any existing or future company which will be a group company at any future time.

(7) In this section—

• “excluded activities” has the meaning given by section 192 of ITA 2007 read with sections 193 to 199 of that Act,

• “group” means a parent company and its qualifying subsidiaries,

• “group company”, in relation to a group, means the parent company or any of its qualifying subsidiaries,

• “incidental purposes” means purposes having no significant effect (other than in relation to incidental matters) on the extent of the activities of the company in question,

• “mainly trading subsidiary” means a subsidiary which, apart from incidental purposes, exists wholly for the purpose of carrying on one or more qualifying trades, and any reference to the main purpose of such a subsidiary is to be read accordingly,

• “non-qualifying activities” means—

  (a)

  excluded activities, and

  (b)

  activities (other than research and development) carried on otherwise than in the course of a trade,

• “parent company” means a company that has one or more qualifying subsidiaries,

• “qualifying subsidiary” is to be read in accordance with section 191 of ITA 2007,

• “qualifying trade” has the meaning given by section 189 of that Act, and

• “research and development” has the meaning given by section 1138 of this Act.

(8) In sections 189(1)(b) and 194(4)(c) of ITA 2007 (as applied by subsection (7) for the purposes of the definitions of “excluded activities” and “qualifying trade”) “period B” means the continuous period that is relevant for the purposes of section 78(3).

(9) In section 195 of ITA 2007 (as applied by subsection (7) for the purpose of the definition of “excluded activities”), references to the issuing company are to be read as references to the company mentioned in subsection (1).

80 Ceasing to meet trading requirement because of administration etc U.K.

(1) A company is not regarded as ceasing to meet the trading requirement merely because of anything done in consequence of the company or any of its subsidiaries being in administration or receivership.

This has effect subject to subsections (2) and (3).

(2) Subsection (1) applies only if—

(a) the entry into administration or receivership, and

(b) everything done as a result of the company concerned being in administration or receivership,

is for genuine commercial reasons, and is not part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is the avoidance of tax.

(3) A company ceases to meet the trading requirement if before the time that is relevant for the purposes of section 78(2)—

(a) a resolution is passed, or an order is made, for the winding up of the company or any of its subsidiaries (or, in the case of a winding up otherwise than under the Insolvency Act 1986 or the Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.I. 1989/2405 (N.I. 19)), any other act is done for the like purpose), or

(b) the company or any of its subsidiaries is dissolved without winding up.

This is subject to subsection (4).

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply if —

(a) the winding up is for genuine commercial reasons, and is not part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is the avoidance of tax, and

(b) the company continues, during the winding up, to be a trading company.

(5) References in this section to a company being “in administration” or “in receivership” are to be read in accordance with section 252 of ITA 2007.

81 The control and independence requirement U.K.

(1) The control element of the requirement is that—

(a) the company must not control (whether on its own or together with any person connected with it) any company which is not a qualifying subsidiary of the company, and

(b) no arrangements must be in existence by virtue of which the company could fail to meet paragraph (a) (whether at a time during the continuous period that is relevant for the purposes of section 78(3) or otherwise).

(2) The independence element of the requirement is that—

(a) the company must not—

(i) be a 51% subsidiary of another company, or

(ii) be under the control of another company (or of another company and any other person connected with that other company), without being a 51% subsidiary of that other company, and

(b) no arrangements must be in existence by virtue of which the company could fail to meet paragraph (a) (whether at a time during the continuous period that is relevant for the purposes of section 78(3) or otherwise).

(3) This section is subject to section 87(3).

(4) In this section—

• “arrangements” includes any scheme, agreement or understanding (whether or not legally enforceable),

• “control”, in subsection (1)(a), is to be read in accordance with sections 450 and 451 (but see section 1124 for the meaning of “control” in subsection (2)(a)(ii)), and

• “qualifying subsidiary” is to be read in accordance with section 191 of ITA 2007.

82 The qualifying subsidiaries requirement U.K.

(1) The qualifying subsidiaries requirement is that any subsidiary that the company has must be a qualifying subsidiary of the company.

(2) In this section “qualifying subsidiary” is to be read in accordance with section 191 of ITA 2007.

83 The property managing subsidiaries requirement U.K.

(1) The property managing subsidiaries requirement is that any property managing subsidiary that the company has must be a qualifying 90% subsidiary of the company.

(2) In this section—

• “property managing subsidiary” has the meaning given by section 188(2) of ITA 2007, and

• “qualifying 90% subsidiary” has the meaning given by section 190 of that Act.

84 The gross assets requirement U.K.

(1) The gross assets requirement in the case of a single company is that the value of the company's gross assets—

(a) must not exceed £7 million immediately before the shares in respect of which the share loss relief is claimed are issued, and

(b) must not exceed £8 million immediately afterwards.

(2) The gross assets requirement in the case of a parent company is that the value of the group assets—

(a) must not exceed £7 million immediately before the shares in respect of which the share loss relief is claimed are issued, and

(b) must not exceed £8 million immediately afterwards.

(3) The value of the group assets means the sum of the values of the gross assets of each of the members of the group, ignoring any that consist in rights against, or shares in or securities of, another member of the group.

(4) In this section—

• “group” means a parent company and its qualifying subsidiaries,

• “parent company” means a company that has one or more qualifying subsidiaries,

• “qualifying subsidiary” is to be read in accordance with section 191 of ITA 2007, and

• “single company” means a company that does not have one or more qualifying subsidiaries.

85 The unquoted status requirement U.K.

(1) The unquoted status requirement is that, at the time (“the relevant time”) at which the shares in respect of which the share loss relief is claimed are issued—

(a) the company must be an unquoted company,

(b) there must be no arrangements in existence for the company to cease to be an unquoted company, and

(c) there must be no arrangements in existence for the company to become a subsidiary of another company (“the new company”) by virtue of an exchange of shares, or shares and securities, if—

(i) section 87 applies in relation to the exchange, and

(ii) arrangements have been made with a view to the new company ceasing to be an unquoted company.

(2) The arrangements referred to in subsection (1)(b) and (c)(ii) do not include arrangements in consequence of which any shares, stocks, debentures or other securities of the company or the new company are at any subsequent time—

(a) listed on a stock exchange that is a recognised stock exchange by virtue of an order made under section 1005(1)(b) of ITA 2007, or

(b) listed on an exchange, or dealt in by any means, designated by an order made for the purposes of section 184(3)(b) or (c) of that Act,

if the order was made after the relevant time.

(3) In this section—

• “arrangements” includes any scheme, agreement or understanding (whether or not legally enforceable),

• “debenture” has the meaning given by section 738 of the Companies Act 2006, and

• “unquoted company” has the meaning given by section 184(2) of ITA 2007.

86 Power to amend requirements by Treasury order U.K.

The Treasury may by order make such amendments of sections 79 to 85 as they consider appropriate.

Qualifying trading companies: supplementary U.K.

87 Relief after an exchange of shares for shares in another company U.K.

(1) This section and section 88 apply in relation to shares if—

(a) a company (“the new company”) in which the only issued shares are subscriber shares acquires all the shares (“old shares”) in another company (“the old company”),

(b) the consideration for the old shares consists wholly of the issue of shares (“new shares”) in the new company,

(c) the consideration for the new shares of each description consists wholly of old shares of the corresponding description,

(d) new shares of each description are issued to the holders of old shares of the corresponding description in respect of and in proportion to their holdings, and

(e) by virtue of section 127 of TCGA 1992 as applied by section 135(3) of that Act (company reconstructions etc), the exchange of shares is not to be treated as involving a disposal of the old shares or an acquisition of the new shares.

In this subsection references to shares, except the first and that in the expression “subscriber shares”, include securities.

(2) For the purposes of this Chapter the exchange of shares is not regarded as involving any disposal of the old shares or any acquisition of the new shares.

(3) Nothing in—

(a) section 74(2) (disposal of new shares), and

(b) section 81 (the control and independence requirement),

applies in relation to such an exchange of shares, or shares and securities, as is mentioned in subsection (1) or, in the case of section 81, arrangements with a view to such an exchange.

(4) For the purposes of this section old shares and new shares are of a corresponding description if, on the assumption that they were shares in the same company, they would be of the same class and carry the same rights.

(5) References in section 88 to “old shares”, “new shares”, “the old company” and “the new company” are to be read in accordance with this section.

88 Substitution of new shares for old shares U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if, in the case of any new shares held by a company or by a nominee for a company, the old shares for which they were exchanged were shares which had been subscribed for by the company (“the investor”).

(2) This Chapter has effect in relation to any subsequent disposal or other event as if—

(a) the new shares had been subscribed for by the investor at the time when, and for the amount for which, the old shares were subscribed for by the investor,

(b) the new shares had been issued by the new company at the time when the old shares were issued to the investor by the old company, and

(c) any requirements of this Chapter which were met at any time before the exchange by the old company had been met at that time by the new company.

(3) Nothing in subsection (2) applies in relation to section 195(7) of ITA 2007 as applied by section 79(7) above for the purpose of the definition of “excluded activities”.

89 Deemed time of issue for certain shares U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of the following provisions—

• section 78(5)(a),

• section 84(1)(a) and (2)(a),

• section 85(1), and

• section 88(2)(b).

(2) If—

(a) any shares (“the original shares”) have been issued to a company, or are treated under this subsection as having been issued to the company at a particular time, and

(b) any corresponding bonus shares are subsequently issued to the company,

the bonus shares are treated as having been issued at the time the original shares were issued to the company or are treated as having been so issued.

Interpretation U.K.

90 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) In this Chapter (subject to subsections (2) to (7))—

• “bonus shares” means shares which are issued otherwise than for payment (whether in cash or otherwise),

• “corresponding bonus shares”, in relation to any shares, means bonus shares which—

  (a)

  are issued in respect of those shares, and

  (b)

  are in the same company, are of the same class, and carry the same rights, as those shares,

• “excluded company” means a company which—

  (a)

  has a trade which consists wholly or mainly of dealing in land, in commodities or futures or in shares, securities or other financial instruments,

  (b)

  has a trade which is not carried on on a commercial basis and in such a way that profits in the trade can reasonably be expected to be realised,

  (c)

  is a holding company of a group other than a trading group, or

  (d)

  is a building society or a registered industrial and provident society,

• “group” (except in sections 79 and 84) means a company which has one or more 51% subsidiaries together with that or those subsidiaries,

• “holding company” means a company whose business consists wholly or mainly in the holding of shares or securities of companies which are its 51% subsidiaries,

• “investment company” means a company—

  (a)

  whose business consists wholly or mainly in the making of investments, and

  (b)

  which derives the principal part of its income from the making of investments,

  but does not include the holding company of a trading group,

• “registered industrial and provident society” means a society registered or treated as registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 or the Industrial and Provident Societies Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c. 24 (N.I.)),

• “shares”—

  (a)

  includes stock, but

  (b)

  does not include shares or stock not forming part of a company's ordinary share capital,

• “share loss relief” has the meaning given by section 68(1),

• “trading company” means a company other than an excluded company which is—

  (a)

  a company whose business consists wholly or mainly in the carrying on of a trade or trades, or

  (b)

  the holding company of a trading group, and

• “trading group” means a group the business of whose members, when taken together, consists wholly or mainly in the carrying on of a trade or trades.

(2) For the purposes of the definition of “corresponding bonus shares” in subsection (1), shares are not treated as being of the same class unless they would be so treated if they were—

(a) included in the official UK list, and

(b) admitted to trading on the London Stock Exchange.

(3) Except as provided by subsection (4), paragraph (b) of the definition of shares in subsection (1) does not apply in the definition of “excluded company” in subsection (1) or in sections 75(3) to (6), (8) and (9) and 87(1) to (4).

(4) Paragraph (b) of that definition applies in relation to the first reference to “shares” in section 87(1).

(5) The definition of “shares” in subsection (1) does not apply in sections 79(5)(a), 84(3) and 85(1)(c) and (2).

(6) For the purposes of the definition of “trading group” in subsection (1), any trade carried on by a subsidiary which is an excluded company is treated as not constituting a trade.

(7) For the purposes of this Chapter a disposal of shares which results in an allowable loss for the purposes of corporation tax on chargeable gains is treated as made at the time when the disposal is made or treated as made for the purposes of TCGA 1992.

Chapter 6 U.K. Losses from miscellaneous transactions

91 Relief for losses from miscellaneous transactions U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in an accounting period (“the loss-making period”), a company makes a loss in a transaction within subsection (2).

(2) A transaction is within this subsection if income arising from it would be miscellaneous income of the company.

(3) Relief for the loss is given to the company under this section.

(4) For this purpose the company's miscellaneous income of the loss-making period is reduced by the loss.

(5) Subsection (6) applies to the loss so far as it cannot be used under subsection (4) to reduce the company's income.

(6) The loss—

(a) is carried forward to subsequent accounting periods, and

(b) the company's miscellaneous income of any such period is reduced by the loss so far as it cannot be used under this paragraph to reduce the income of an earlier period.

(7) A company's miscellaneous income is so much of the company's income which—

(a) arises from transactions, and

(b) is chargeable to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 applies, other than regulation 18(4) of the Offshore Funds (Tax) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/3001) (offshore income gains).

Chapter 7 U.K. Write-off of government investment

92 Loss relief to be reduced if government investment is written off U.K.

(1) This section applies if an amount of government investment in a company (“the written-off amount”) is written off.

(2) The written-off amount is set off against the company's carry-forward losses as at the end of the accounting period ending last before the day of the write-off.

(3) If the written-off amount exceeds those losses, the excess is set off against the company's carry-forward losses as at the end of the next accounting period and so on until the whole of the written-off amount has been set off.

(4) In this Chapter “company” has the meaning given by section 1121 but does not include an unincorporated association.

(5) This section needs to be read with—

• section 93 (which applies if the company is in a group of companies),

• section 94 (which explains what is meant by government investment being written off and how the written-off amount is calculated), and

• section 95 (which explains what is meant by carry-forward losses).

93 Groups of companies U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) at the end of an accounting period a company in which an amount of government investment is written off is in a group of companies, and

(b) under section 92(2) or (3) an amount could be set off against the company's carry-forward losses as at the end of that period (or could be so set off if there were enough of those losses).

(2) The amount may be set off (wholly or partly) against the carry-forward losses of one or more companies within subsection (3), as may be just and reasonable.

(3) A company (other than the company referred to in subsection (1)(a)) is within this subsection if at the end of the accounting period it is in the group of companies.

(4) A “group of companies” consists of a company that has one or more 51% subsidiaries, together with that or those subsidiaries.

94 Cases in which government investment is written off U.K.

(1) Government investment in a company is written off if any of the following occurs in relation to the company. This is subject to subsection (2).

• Case 1

  The company's liability to repay any money lent to it out of public funds by a Minister is extinguished. In this case the written-off amount is the amount of the liability extinguished and the write-off occurs when the liability is extinguished.

• Case 2

  Any of the company's shares for which a Minister has subscribed out of public funds are cancelled. In this case the written-off amount is the amount subscribed for the shares and the write-off occurs when the shares are cancelled.

• Case 3

  The company's commencing capital debt (see subsection (3)) is reduced otherwise than by being paid off or its public dividend capital (see subsection (4)) is reduced otherwise than by being repaid (including, in either case, a reduction to nil). In this case the written-off amount is the amount of the reduction and the write-off occurs when the reduction occurs.

(2) The written-off amount is reduced so far as it is replaced by—

(a) money lent, or a payment made, out of public funds, or

(b) shares subscribed for by a Minister for money or money's worth.

(3) “Commencing capital debt” means a debt to a Minister assumed as such under an enactment.

(4) “Public dividend capital” means an amount paid by a Minister—

(a) under an enactment in which that amount is so described, or

(b) under an enactment corresponding to an enactment in which a payment made on similar terms to another body is so described.

(5) In this section—

• “enactment” includes an Act of the Scottish Parliament, and

• “Minister” means a Minister of the Crown, the Scottish Ministers or a Northern Ireland department.

95 Meaning of “carry-forward losses” U.K.

(1) A company's carry-forward losses as at the end of an accounting period are as follows.

• Type 1

  Losses of the company to be carried forward under section 45, 62 or 66 to the next accounting period. These include losses to be treated as expenses of management of the company under section 63 for the next accounting period.

• Type 2

  Any excess of the company to be carried forward for deduction to the next accounting period under section 1223(3) of CTA 2009.

• Type 3

  Any excess of the company to be carried forward for deduction to the next accounting period under section 260(2) of CAA 2001.

• Type 4

  Any qualifying charitable donations made by the company so far as they exceed the company's profits of the accounting period and are available for surrender for the next accounting period under Part 5 (group relief).

• Type 5

  Allowable losses of the company available under section 8 of TCGA 1992 so far as not allowed for the accounting period or any previous accounting period.

(2) For the purposes of section 92(2) an amount is excluded from a company's carry-forward losses if, before the day of the write-off, a claim is made in relation to the amount under section 37 or Part 5 (group relief) of this Act or section 260(3) of CAA 2001.

(3) But, for the purposes of section 92(3), any such claim made on or after that day is to be disregarded in determining the company's carry-forward losses as at the end of any accounting period.

(4) The set off of an amount against a company's carry-forward losses as at the end of any accounting period is to be done—

• first, against those within Types 1 to 4, and

• second, against those within Type 5.

96 Interaction with other tax provisions U.K.

(1) A company, in calculating its profits of a trade for corporation tax purposes, is not prevented from deducting a sum by reason only that an amount of government investment in the company is written off.

(2) Subsection (3) applies for the purposes of section 50 of TCGA 1992 and section 532 of CAA 2001 in their application in relation to a company.

(3) Expenditure is not met by a public body (as defined in section 532(2) of CAA 2001) by reason only that an amount of government investment in the company is written off.

(4) Section 464(1) of CTA 2009 does not prevent section 92 of this Act from applying if the writing-off of an amount of government investment in a company involves the extinguishment (in whole or in part) of a liability under a loan relationship.

Part 5 U.K. Group relief

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

97 Introduction to Part U.K.

(1) This Part—

(a) allows a company to surrender losses and other amounts, and

(b) enables, in certain cases involving groups or consortiums of companies, other companies to claim corporation tax relief for the losses and other amounts that are surrendered.

(2) The corporation tax relief mentioned in subsection (1) is called “group relief”.

(3) Chapter 2 allows a company within the charge to corporation tax to surrender losses and other amounts it has for an accounting period.

(4) Chapter 3 allows a non-UK resident company that is resident or carrying on a trade in the European Economic Area to surrender losses and other amounts it has for a period.

(5) Chapter 4 sets out how a company may claim group relief in respect of losses and other amounts surrendered, how group relief is given and limitations on the amount of group relief to be given on a claim.

(6) Chapter 5 explains certain key concepts for the purposes of group relief, including (in particular) how to determine if a company is a member of a group of companies or is a member of, or is owned by, a consortium.

(7) Chapter 6 contains provision about persons holding equity in companies and about distributions of companies' profits and assets (which is relevant for the purposes of sections 143(3)(b) and (c) and 144(3)(b) and (c) (in Chapter 4) and section 151(4)(a) and (b) (in Chapter 5)).

(8) Chapter 7 contains definitions that apply for the purposes of this Part and miscellaneous provisions.

(9) For provision about making claims for group relief, see Part 8 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 (which includes provision in paragraph 76 of that Schedule for the making of assessments or other adjustments if group relief has been given which is, or has become, excessive).

Chapter 2 U.K. Surrender of company's losses etc for an accounting period

Introduction U.K.

98 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter allows a company to surrender losses and other amounts it has for an accounting period.

(2) Sections 99 to 104 set out the basic provisions about the surrendering of losses and other amounts.

(3) Sections 105 to 110 place restrictions on the surrendering of losses and other amounts.

Basic provisions about surrendering losses and other amounts U.K.

99 Surrendering of losses and other amounts U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company has one or more of the following for an accounting period—

(a) a trading loss (see section 100),

(b) a capital allowance excess (see section 101),

(c) a deficit within Chapter 16 of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (non-trading deficit on loan relationship),

(d) amounts allowable as qualifying charitable donations (see Part 6),

(e) a UK property business loss (see section 102),

(f) management expenses (see section 103), and

(g) a non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets (see section 104).

(2) The company may surrender the losses and other amounts under this Chapter so far as the losses and other amounts are eligible for corporation tax relief (apart from this Part).

(3) Subsection (2) applies in relation to losses and other amounts within subsection (1)(a) to (c) even if the company has other profits in the accounting period mentioned in subsection (1) from which the losses and other amounts could be deducted.

(4) But so far as losses and other amounts are within subsection (1)(d) to (g), subsection (2) is subject to the restriction in section 105.

(5) Subsection (2) is also subject to—

(a) sections 106 to 110 (which place further restrictions on what the surrendering company may surrender),

(b) sections 432 and 433 (which restrict relief for expenses treated as incurred under Chapter 3 or 4 of Part 9), and

(c) sections 887 and 888 (which restrict relief in certain cases involving partnership losses in a business of leasing plant or machinery).

(6) Under paragraph 70(1) of Schedule 18 to FA 1998, the company surrenders losses or other amounts, so far as eligible for surrender under this Chapter, by consenting to one or more claims for group relief in relation to the amounts (see Requirement 1 in section 130).

(7) In this Part, in relation to losses or other amounts within subsection (1) that a company has for an accounting period—

• “the surrenderable amounts” means the losses or other amounts so far as eligible for surrender under this Chapter,

• “surrendering company” means the company that has the losses or other amounts, and

• “the surrender period” means the accounting period for which the company has the losses or other amounts.

100 Meaning of “trading loss” U.K.

(1) In section 99(1)(a) “trading loss” means a loss made in a trade in the surrender period.

(2) But it does not include—

(a) a loss made in a trade carried on wholly outside the United Kingdom, or

(b) a loss that is not eligible for relief under section 37 as a result of section 44 or 48.

101 Meaning of “capital allowance excess” U.K.

(1) In section 99(1)(b) “capital allowance excess” means an excess of the kind mentioned in section 260(1) of CAA 2001 for the surrender period.

(2) In determining if there is such an excess for the surrender period and, if there is, its amount, apply section 260(1) of CAA 2001 but subject to subsections (3) and (4).

(3) Capital allowances brought forward from previous accounting periods are to be ignored.

(4) The reference in section 260(1) of CAA 2001 to a description of the company's income is to be read as a reference to that description of income before deductions for—

(a) losses of any accounting period other than the surrender period, or

(b) capital allowances.

102 Meaning of “UK property business loss” U.K.

(1) In section 99(1)(e) “UK property business loss” means a loss made in a UK property business in the surrender period.

(2) But it does not include a loss treated as made in the surrender period as a result of section 62(5).

103 Meaning of “management expenses” U.K.

(1) In section 99(1)(f) “management expenses” means expenses that are deductible for the surrender period under section 1219 of CTA 2009.

(2) But it does not include—

(a) expenses that are deductible for the surrender period as a result of section 1223 of CTA 2009, or

(b) amounts treated as expenses deductible for the surrender period as a result of section 63 above.

104 Meaning of “non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets” U.K.

(1) In section 99(1)(g) “non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets” is to be read in accordance with Part 8 of CTA 2009.

(2) But so much of such a loss as is made up of an amount carried forward under section 753(3) of CTA 2009 is excluded from the scope of section 99(1)(g).

Restrictions on losses and other amounts that may be surrendered U.K.

105 Restriction on surrender of losses etc within section 99(1)(d) to (g) U.K.

(1) This section applies if the surrendering company has for the surrender period losses or other amounts within section 99(1)(d) to (g) (“relevant amounts”) that are eligible for corporation tax relief (apart from this Part).

(2) The surrendering company may not surrender any relevant amount under this Chapter unless the total of the relevant amounts exceeds the surrendering company's gross profits of the surrender period.

(3) If the total of the relevant amounts does exceed those gross profits—

(a) the surrendering company may surrender relevant amounts, but

(b) the total amount that may be surrendered is limited to the amount of the excess.

(4) If the surrendering company surrenders relevant amounts, the amount surrendered is treated as consisting of—

(a) first, donations within section 99(1)(d),

(b) second, losses within section 99(1)(e),

(c) third, expenses within section 99(1)(f), and

(d) fourth, losses within section 99(1)(g).

(5) For the purposes of this section the surrendering company's gross profits of the surrender period are its profits for that period without any of the following—

(a) a deduction in respect of any of the kinds of thing mentioned in section 99(1),

(b) a deduction falling to be made in respect of losses, allowances or other amounts of any other period (whether or not in respect of a kind of thing so mentioned), and

(c) a deduction falling to be made by virtue of section 63 of this Act or section 1223(3) of CTA 2009 (other amounts carried forward).

(6) This section is subject to section 305 (oil activities: availability of group relief against ring fence profits).

106 Restriction on losses etc surrenderable by UK resident U.K.

(1) This section applies if the surrendering company is UK resident.

(2) The surrendering company may not surrender a loss or other amount under this Chapter so far as the loss or other amount—

(a) is attributable to a permanent establishment through which the company carries on a trade outside the United Kingdom (see subsection (3)), and

(b) is, or represents, an amount within subsection (5).

(3) A loss or other amount is attributable to a permanent establishment of the surrendering company if (ignoring this section) the amount could be included in the company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period if those amounts were determined—

(a) by reference to that establishment alone, and

(b) by applying, in relation to that establishment, principles corresponding in all material respects to those mentioned in subsection (4).

(4) The principles are those that would be applied for corporation tax purposes in determining an equivalent loss or other amount in the case of a permanent establishment through which a non-UK resident company carries on a trade in the United Kingdom.

(5) An amount is within this subsection if, for the purposes of non-UK tax (see section 187) chargeable under the law of the territory in which the permanent establishment is situated, the amount is (in any period) deductible from or otherwise allowable against non-UK profits (see section 108) of a person other than the surrendering company.

(6) Subsection (7) applies for the purposes of subsection (5) if, in order to determine if an amount is deductible or otherwise allowable for the purposes of non-UK tax chargeable under the law of a territory, it is necessary under that law to know if the amount (or a corresponding amount) is deductible or otherwise allowable for tax purposes in the United Kingdom.

(7) The amount is to be treated as deductible or otherwise allowable for the purposes of the non-UK tax chargeable under the law of the territory concerned if (and only if) the surrendering company is treated as resident in that territory for the purposes of the non-UK tax.

107 Restriction on losses etc surrenderable by non-UK resident U.K.

(1) This section applies if the surrendering company is a non-UK resident company carrying on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment.

(2) The surrendering company may surrender a loss or other amount under this Chapter only so far as conditions A, B and C are met in relation to the loss or other amount.

(3) Condition A is that the loss or other amount is attributable to activities of the surrendering company in respect of which it is within the charge to corporation tax for the surrender period.

(4) Condition B is that the loss or other amount is not attributable to activities of the surrendering company that are double taxation exempt for the surrender period (see section 186).

(5) Condition C is that—

(a) the loss or other amount does not correspond to, and is not represented in, an amount within subsection (6), and

(b) no amount brought into account in calculating the loss or other amount corresponds to, or is represented in, an amount within subsection (6).

(6) An amount is within this subsection if, for the purposes of non-UK tax chargeable under the law of a territory, the amount is (in any period) deductible from or otherwise allowable against non-UK profits of any person.

(7) But an amount is not to be taken to be within subsection (6) by reason only that it is—

(a) an amount of profits brought into account for the purpose of being excluded from non-UK profits of the person, or

(b) an amount brought into account in calculating an amount of profits brought into account as mentioned in paragraph (a).

(8) Subsection (9) applies for the purposes of subsection (6) if, in order to determine if an amount is deductible or otherwise allowable for the purposes of non-UK tax chargeable under the law of a territory, it is necessary under that law to know if the amount (or a corresponding amount) is deductible or otherwise allowable for tax purposes in the United Kingdom.

(9) The amount is to be treated as deductible or otherwise allowable for the purposes of the non-UK tax chargeable under the law of the territory concerned.

108 Meaning of “non-UK profits” U.K.

(1) In sections 106 and 107 “non-UK profits”, in relation to a person, means—

(a) amounts within subsection (2), or

(b) amounts taken into account in calculating amounts within subsection (2).

(2) Amounts are within this subsection if they—

(a) are taken for the purposes of the non-UK tax in question to be the amount of the profits, income or gains on which (after allowing for deductions) the person is charged with that tax, and

(b) are not amounts corresponding to, and are not represented in, the total profits of any person of any accounting period.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(b) amounts that arise from activities of a non-UK resident company that are double taxation exempt for an accounting period (see section 186) are excluded from the company's total profits of that period.

109 Restriction on losses etc surrenderable by dual resident U.K.

(1) This section applies if in the surrender period the surrendering company is UK resident and is also within a charge to non-UK tax under the law of a territory because—

(a) it derives its status as a company from that law,

(b) its place of management is in that territory, or

(c) it is for some other reason treated under that law as resident in that territory for the purposes of that tax.

(2) If condition A, B or C is met, the surrendering company may not surrender any losses or other amounts under this Chapter.

(3) Condition A is that the surrendering company is not a trading company throughout the surrender period.

(4) Condition B is that in the surrender period the surrendering company carries on a trade of such a description that the company's main function, or one of its main functions, consists of one or more of the following activities.

• Activity 1

  Acquiring and holding shares, securities or investments of any other kind (whether directly or indirectly).

• Activity 2

  Making, under loan relationships, payments in relation to which debits fall to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009.

• Activity 3

  Making payments which are qualifying charitable donations.

• Activity 4

  Making payments similar to those within Activity 3 but which are deductible in calculating the profits of the surrendering company for corporation tax purposes.

• Activity 5

  Obtaining funds for the purposes of, or otherwise in connection with, any of Activities 1 to 4.

(5) Condition C is that in the surrender period the surrendering company carries on one or more of Activities 1 to 5—

(a) to an extent that does not appear to be justified by any trade which it carries on, or

(b) for a purpose that does not appear to be appropriate to any such trade.

110 Restriction on surrender of losses etc from alternative finance arrangements U.K.

(1) This section applies if the surrendering company is prevented from obtaining a deduction in respect of an amount by section 520 of CTA 2009 (provision not at arm's length: non-deductibility of relevant return).

(2) The amount may not be surrendered under this Chapter.

Chapter 3 U.K. Surrenders made by non-UK resident company resident or trading in the EEA

Introduction U.K.

111 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter allows a non-UK resident company that is resident or carrying on a trade in the European Economic Area to surrender losses and other amounts it has for a period.

(2) Section 113 sets out the basic provisions about the surrendering of losses and other amounts.

(3) Sections 114 to 121 set out conditions that must be met if losses and other amounts are to be surrendered (see Step 2 in section 113(2)).

(4) Sections 122 to 128 set out other rules, assumptions and exclusions (see Steps 3 and 5 in section 113(2)).

112 EEA related definitions U.K.

In this Chapter—

• “EEA accounting period” means a period for which an EEA related company has a loss or other amount,

• “EEA amount” has the meaning given under Step 1 of section 113(2),

• “EEA related company” means a non-UK resident company that—

  (a)

  is resident in an EEA territory, or

  (b)

  is not resident in any EEA territory but is carrying on a trade in an EEA territory through a permanent establishment, and

• “EEA territory”, in relation to any time, means a territory outside the United Kingdom that is within the European Economic Area at that time.

Basic provisions about surrendering losses and other amounts U.K.

113 Steps to determine extent to which loss etc can be surrendered U.K.

(1) This section applies if an EEA related company has a loss or other amount for an EEA accounting period.

(2) Take the following steps to determine the extent to which the EEA related company may surrender the loss or other amount under this Chapter.

• Step 1

  Determine the extent to which (if at all) the loss or other amount is eligible for corporation tax relief (apart from this Chapter). The loss or other amount may be surrendered only so far as it is not so eligible. A loss or other amount, so far as surrenderable under this Step, is referred to in this Chapter as an “EEA amount”.

• Step 2

  Determine the extent to which the EEA amount in question meets—

  (a)

  the equivalence condition (see section 114),

  (b)

  the EEA tax loss condition (see sections 115 and 116),

  (c)

  the qualifying loss condition (see sections 117 to 120), and

  (d)

  the precedence condition (see section 121).

  References to “the qualifying part of the EEA amount” are references to the EEA amount so far as it meets all those conditions.

• Step 3

  Recalculate the EEA amount in accordance with section 128 using the assumptions set out in sections 123 to 126. The result is called “the recalculated EEA amount”.

• Step 4

  Determine the amount that may be surrendered. That amount is—

  (a)

  the qualifying part of the EEA amount, or

  (b)

  if less, an amount equal to the relevant proportion of the recalculated EEA amount.

  If the recalculated EEA amount is an amount of income or other profits, the amount that may be surrendered is nil.“The relevant proportion” is the same as the proportion that the qualifying part of the EEA amount bears to the EEA amount.

• Step 5

  Determine the extent to which (if at all) the amount resulting from Step 4 is excluded by section 127. If any of that amount is excluded, reduce it accordingly.

(3) If in recalculating the EEA amount at Step 3 it is to be assumed under section 125 that there are two or more accounting periods in relation to the EEA accounting period, the total of the amounts apportioned to the assumed accounting periods available for surrender under subsection (2) is not to exceed the qualifying part of the EEA amount.

(4) Under paragraph 70(1) of Schedule 18 to FA 1998, an EEA related company surrenders an EEA amount, so far as eligible for surrender under this Chapter, by consenting to one or more claims for group relief in relation to the amount (see Requirement 1 in section 135).

(5) In this Part, in relation to losses or other amounts that an EEA related company has for an EEA accounting period—

• “the surrenderable amounts” means the losses or other amounts so far as eligible for surrender under this Chapter,

• “surrendering company” means the company that has the losses or other amounts, and

• “the surrender period” means the assumed accounting period under section 125 for which the company is taken to have the surrenderable amounts.

Conditions that must be met U.K.

114 The equivalence condition U.K.

An EEA amount meets the equivalence condition so far as it corresponds (in all material respects) to a loss or other amount within section 99(1)(a) to (g).

115 The EEA tax loss condition: companies resident in EEA territory U.K.

(1) In the case of a surrendering company that is resident in an EEA territory (“the resident EEA territory”), an EEA amount meets the EEA tax loss condition so far as—

(a) subsection (2) applies to the amount, and

(b) the amount is not excluded by subsection (3).

(2) This subsection applies to the EEA amount so far as it is calculated in accordance with the rules of the resident EEA territory that are applicable for determining, in the surrendering company's case, the amount of any loss or other amount eligible for relief from any non-UK tax (see section 187) chargeable under the law of the resident EEA territory.

(3) The EEA amount is excluded so far as, for corporation tax purposes, it is attributable to a permanent establishment through which the surrendering company carries on a trade in the United Kingdom.

116 The EEA tax loss condition: companies not resident in EEA territory U.K.

(1) In the case of a surrendering company that is not resident in any EEA territory but is carrying on a trade in an EEA territory (“the relevant EEA territory”) through a permanent establishment, an EEA amount meets the EEA tax loss condition so far as—

(a) subsection (2) applies to the amount, and

(b) the amount is not excluded by subsection (3).

(2) This subsection applies to the EEA amount so far as it is calculated in accordance with the rules in the relevant EEA territory that are applicable for determining, in the surrendering company's case, the amount of any loss or other amount eligible for relief from any non-UK tax chargeable under the law of the relevant EEA territory.

(3) The EEA amount is excluded so far as it is attributable to activities of the surrendering company that are subject to relieving arrangements.

(4) “Relieving arrangements” means arrangements within subsection (5) that have the effect mentioned in subsection (6) (or would have that effect if a claim were made).

(5) Arrangements are within this subsection if they are made with a view to affording relief from double taxation in relation to—

(a) any non-UK tax chargeable under the law of the relevant EEA territory and any non-UK tax chargeable under the law of any other territory, or

(b) any non-UK tax chargeable under the law of the relevant EEA territory and United Kingdom income or corporation tax.

(6) The effect referred to in subsection (4) is that the income or gains arising for the EEA accounting period from the activities are ignored in calculating the surrendering company's profits, income or gains chargeable to non-UK tax under the law of the relevant EEA territory for that period.

117 The qualifying loss condition: general U.K.

(1) An EEA amount meets the qualifying loss condition so far as sections 118, 119 and 120 apply to it.

(2) In this section and sections 118 to 120, “the relevant EEA territory” means—

(a) the EEA territory in which the surrendering company is resident, or

(b) (as the case may be) the EEA territory in which the surrendering company carries on a trade through a permanent establishment.

(3) In sections 118 and 119 “relevant non-UK tax” means any non-UK tax chargeable under the law of the relevant EEA territory or any other resident territory.

(4) A “resident territory” is—

(a) if the surrendering company is resident in an EEA territory and is also resident in another territory outside the United Kingdom, that other territory, or

(b) if the surrendering company is not resident in any EEA territory, the territory (or territories) in which it is resident.

118 The qualifying loss condition: relief for current and previous periods U.K.

(1) This section applies to an EEA amount so far as subsections (2) and (3) apply to it (but subject to subsection (4)).

(2) This subsection applies to the EEA amount so far as, for the purposes of any relevant non-UK tax, the EEA amount cannot be taken into account in calculating any profits, income or gains that—

(a) arise in the EEA accounting period or any previous period to the surrendering company or any other person, and

(b) are chargeable to that tax for the EEA accounting period or any previous period.

(3) This subsection applies to the EEA amount so far as, for the purposes of any relevant non-UK tax, the EEA amount cannot be relieved in the EEA accounting period or any previous period—

(a) by the payment of a credit,

(b) by the elimination or reduction of a tax liability, or

(c) in any other way.

(4) This section applies to the EEA amount (or a part of it) only if every step is taken (whether by the surrendering company or any other person) to secure that the EEA amount (or part) is—

(a) taken into account as mentioned in subsection (2), or

(b) relieved as mentioned in subsection (3).

119 The qualifying loss condition: relief for future periods U.K.

(1) This section applies to an EEA amount so far as subsections (2) and (3) apply to it.

(2) This subsection applies to the EEA amount so far as, for the purposes of any relevant non-UK tax, the EEA amount cannot be taken into account in calculating any profits, income or gains that—

(a) might arise in any period after the EEA accounting period to the surrendering company or any other person, and

(b) (if there were any) would be chargeable to that tax for any period after the EEA accounting period.

(3) This subsection applies to the EEA amount so far as, for the purposes of any relevant non-UK tax, the EEA amount cannot be relieved in any period after the EEA accounting period—

(a) by the payment of a credit,

(b) by the elimination or reduction of a tax liability, or

(c) in any other way.

(4) The determination as to the extent to which the EEA amount—

(a) cannot be taken into account as mentioned in subsection (2), or

(b) cannot be relieved as mentioned in subsection (3),

is to be made as at the time immediately after the end of the EEA accounting period.

120 The qualifying loss condition: non-UK tax relief in another territory U.K.

(1) This section applies to an EEA amount so far as it is not excluded by subsection (2) or (3).

(2) The EEA amount is excluded so far as, for the purposes of any non-UK tax chargeable under the law of any territory other than the relevant EEA territory, it has been taken into account in calculating any profits, income or gains that—

(a) have arisen in any period to the surrendering company or any other person, and

(b) were chargeable to that tax for the period (or would have been so chargeable had the EEA amount not been so taken into account).

(3) The EEA amount is excluded so far as, for the purposes of any non-UK tax chargeable under the law of any territory other than the relevant EEA territory, it has been relieved in any period—

(a) by the payment of a credit,

(b) by the elimination or reduction of a tax liability, or

(c) in any other way.

121 The precedence condition U.K.

(1) An EEA amount meets the precedence condition so far as no relief can be given for it in any territory which—

(a) is outside the United Kingdom,

(b) is not the relevant EEA territory (as defined by section 117(2)), and

(c) is within subsection (2).

(2) A territory is within this subsection if—

(a) a company resident in the territory owns (directly or indirectly) ordinary share capital in the surrendering company,

(b) a UK resident company owns (directly or indirectly) ordinary share capital in the company resident in the territory,

(c) the surrendering company is a 75% subsidiary of the UK resident company, and

(d) the surrendering company is not such a subsidiary as a result of its being a 75% subsidiary of another UK resident company.

(3) In subsection (1) the reference to relief being given in any territory is a reference to relief being given—

(a) by taking the EEA amount (or a part of it) into account in calculating any profits, income or gains of any person chargeable to non-UK tax under the law of the territory,

(b) by the payment of a credit to any person under that law,

(c) by the elimination or reduction of a tax liability of any person under that law, or

(d) in any other way.

(4) Chapter 5 explains how to determine if a company is a 75% subsidiary of another company.

Other rules, assumptions and exclusions U.K.

122 Assumptions to be made in recalculating EEA amount U.K.

Sections 123 to 126 apply for the purpose of recalculating the EEA amount at Step 3 in section 113.

123 Assumptions as to UK residence U.K.

(1) Assume that the surrendering company is UK resident throughout the EEA accounting period.

(2) But this does not require it to be assumed—

(a) that there is any change in the place or places at which the surrendering company carries on its activities (although see section 124), or

(b) that the surrendering company ceases to be UK resident at the end of the EEA accounting period.

(3) Assume that the surrendering company becomes UK resident (and, therefore, within the charge to corporation tax) at the beginning of the EEA accounting period.

124 Assumptions as to places in which activities carried on U.K.

(1) If during the EEA accounting period the surrendering company carries on a trade wholly or partly in the relevant EEA territory, assume that the trade is carried on wholly or partly in the United Kingdom.

(2) If the surrendering company holds any estate, interest or rights in or over land in the relevant EEA territory, assume that the land is in the United Kingdom.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) the reference to holding an estate, interest or rights in or over land in the relevant EEA territory is to be read so as to produce the result that most closely corresponds with that produced by applying those concepts of law in relation to a UK property business or land in the United Kingdom.

(4) In this section “the relevant EEA territory” means—

(a) the EEA territory in which the surrendering company is resident, or

(b) (as the case may be) the EEA territory in which the surrendering company carries on a trade through a permanent establishment.

125 Assumptions as to accounting periods U.K.

(1) Assume that an accounting period of the surrendering company begins at the beginning of the EEA accounting period.

(2) Assume that the accounting period ends—

(a) when the EEA accounting period ends, or

(b) if earlier, at the end of 12 months.

(3) If the accounting period ends before the end of the EEA accounting period, assume that a further accounting period then begins and so on until the EEA accounting period ends.

(4) Assume that any further accounting period ends—

(a) at the end of 12 months, or

(b) if earlier, when the EEA accounting period ends.

126 Assumptions in relation to capital allowances U.K.

(1) This section applies if, before the EEA accounting period, the surrendering company incurs capital expenditure on the provision of plant or machinery for the purposes of any activity.

(2) For the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 assume that the plant or machinery—

(a) was provided for purposes wholly other than those of the activity, and

(b) was not brought into use for the purposes of the activity until the beginning of the EEA accounting period,

and section 13 of CAA 2001 is to apply accordingly.

(3) This section is to be read as if contained in Part 2 of CAA 2001.

127 Amounts excluded because of certain arrangements U.K.

(1) An amount (or part of an amount) resulting from Step 4 in section 113 is excluded if—

(a) it is not attributable for corporation tax purposes to any permanent establishment through which the surrendering company carries on a trade in the United Kingdom, and

(b) the following condition is met.

(2) The condition is that the amount (or part)—

(a) would not have resulted from Step 4 but for any arrangements within subsection (3), or

(b) would not have arisen to the surrendering company but for any such arrangements.

(3) Arrangements are within this subsection if their main purpose, or one of their main purposes, is to secure that the amount (or part) may be surrendered for the purposes of group relief.

(4) “Arrangements” includes any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions (whether or not legally enforceable).

128 Rules for recalculating EEA amount U.K.

(1) For the purposes of Step 3 in section 113 the EEA amount is to be recalculated in accordance with any provision made by or under the Corporation Tax Acts—

(a) that applies for the purpose of calculating for corporation tax purposes losses or other amounts to which the EEA amount corresponds, or

(b) that otherwise affects in any way the amount of those losses or other amounts that is eligible for corporation tax relief.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) the Treasury may by regulations provide for the modification of any provision made by or under the Corporation Tax Acts—

(a) that applies as mentioned in subsection (1)(a), or

(b) that otherwise affects an amount as mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

(3) Regulations under subsection (2) may make provision in relation to—

(a) all classes of trade or business, or

(b) any particular class or classes of trade or business.

(4) Regulations under subsection (2) may—

(a) make different provision for different cases or different purposes,

(b) contain incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision and savings, and

(c) make provision having retrospective effect.

Chapter 4 U.K. Claims for group relief

Introduction U.K.

129 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter sets out how a company may claim group relief, how group relief is given and limitations on the amount of group relief to be given on a claim.

(2) Sections 130 to 134 deal with claims in relation to surrenderable amounts under Chapter 2.

(3) Sections 135 and 136 deal with claims in relation to surrenderable amounts under Chapter 3.

(4) Section 137 deals with how group relief is given.

(5) Sections 138 to 142 set out a limitation on the amount of group relief to be given on any claim.

(6) Sections 143 to 149 set out limitations on the amount of group relief to be given on claims based on consortium condition 1, consortium condition 2 or consortium condition 3 (see Requirement 3 in section 130).

Surrenderable amounts under Chapter 2 U.K.

130 Group relief claims on amounts surrenderable under Chapter 2 U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to the surrendering company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period under Chapter 2.

(2) A company (“the claimant company”) may make a claim for group relief for an accounting period (“the claim period”) in relation to those amounts (in whole or in part) if the following requirements are met.

• Requirement 1

  The surrendering company consents to the claim.

• Requirement 2

  There is a period (“the overlapping period”) that is common to the claim period and the surrender period.

• Requirement 3

  At a time during the overlapping period—

  (a)

  the group condition is met (see section 131),

  (b)

  consortium condition 1 is met (see section 132),

  (c)

  consortium condition 2 is met (see section 133(1), (3) and (4)), or

  (d)

  consortium condition 3 is met (see section 133(2), (3) and (4)).

(3) More than one company may make a claim for group relief in relation to any surrenderable amounts (but the giving of group relief in relation to any claim is subject to the provisions of this Chapter).

131 The group condition U.K.

(1) The group condition is met if the surrendering company and the claimant company—

(a) are members of the same group of companies (see section 152), and

(b) are both UK related.

(2) For the meaning of “UK related” in subsection (1)(b) and in sections 132 and 133, see section 134.

132 Consortium condition 1 U.K.

(1) Consortium condition 1 is met if subsection (2) or (3) applies.

(2) This subsection applies if—

(a) the surrendering company is a trading company or a holding company,

(b) the surrendering company is owned by a consortium,

(c) the claimant company is a member of the consortium, and

(d) both companies are UK related.

(3) This subsection applies if—

(a) the claimant company is a trading company or a holding company,

(b) the claimant company is owned by a consortium,

(c) the surrendering company is a member of the consortium, and

(d) both companies are UK related.

(4) But consortium condition 1 is not met if a profit on a sale within subsection (5) by the company that is the member of the consortium would be a trading receipt of the member.

(5) A sale is within this subsection if it is a sale of—

(a) the share capital the member owns in the company owned by the consortium, or

(b) if that company is owned by the consortium as a result of section 153(3) (consortiums involving holding companies), the share capital the member owns in the holding company in question.

133 Consortium conditions 2 and 3 U.K.

(1) Consortium condition 2 is met if—

(a) the surrendering company is a trading company or a holding company,

(b) the surrendering company is owned by a consortium,

(c) the claimant company is not a member of the consortium,

(d) the claimant company is a member of the same group of companies as a third company (“the link company”),

(e) the link company is a member of the consortium, and

(f) the surrendering company, the claimant company and the link company are all UK related.

(2) Consortium condition 3 is met if—

(a) the claimant company is a trading company or a holding company,

(b) the claimant company is owned by a consortium,

(c) the surrendering company is not a member of the consortium,

(d) the surrendering company is a member of the same group of companies as a third company (“the link company”),

(e) the link company is a member of the consortium, and

(f) the surrendering company, the claimant company and the link company are all UK related.

(3) But neither consortium condition 2 nor consortium condition 3 is met if a profit on a sale within subsection (4) by the link company would be a trading receipt of that company.

(4) A sale is within this subsection if it is a sale of—

(a) the share capital the link company owns in the company (“the consortium company”) owned by the consortium as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) or (2)(b), or

(b) if the consortium company is owned by the consortium as a result of section 153(3) (consortiums involving holding companies), the share capital the link company owns in the holding company in question.

134 Meaning of “UK related” company U.K.

For the purposes of sections 131 to 133 a company is UK related if—

(a) it is a UK resident company, or

(b) it is a non-UK resident company carrying on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment.

Surrenderable amounts under Chapter 3 U.K.

135 Group relief claims on amounts surrenderable under Chapter 3 U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to the surrendering company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period under Chapter 3.

(2) A company (“the claimant company”) may make a claim for group relief for an accounting period (“the claim period”) in relation to those amounts (in whole or in part) if the following requirements are met.

• Requirement 1

  The surrendering company consents to the claim.

• Requirement 2

  There is a period (“the overlapping period”) that is common to the claim period and the surrender period.

• Requirement 3

  The EEA group condition is met (see section 136) at a time during the overlapping period.

(3) More than one company may make a claim for group relief in relation to any surrenderable amounts (but the giving of group relief in relation to any claim is subject to the provisions of this Chapter).

136 The EEA group condition U.K.

(1) The EEA group condition is met if subsection (2) or (3) applies.

(2) This subsection applies if—

(a) the surrendering company is a 75% subsidiary of the claimant company, and

(b) the claimant company is UK resident.

(3) This subsection applies if—

(a) both the surrendering company and the claimant company are 75% subsidiaries of a third company, and

(b) the third company is UK resident.

(4) Chapter 5 explains how to determine if a company is a 75% subsidiary of another company.

Giving of group relief U.K.

137 Deduction from total profits U.K.

(1) If the claimant company makes a claim as mentioned in section 130 or 135, the group relief is given by the making of a deduction from the claimant company's total profits of the claim period.

(2) The amount of the deduction is—

(a) an amount equal to the surrendering company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period, or

(b) if the claim is in relation to only part of those amounts, an amount equal to that part.

(3) Subsection (2) is subject to—

(a) subsections (4) to (7),

(b) the limitation set out in sections 138 to 142 that applies in relation to all claims for group relief,

(c) the limitations set out in sections 143 to 149 that apply in relation to claims based on consortium condition 1, consortium condition 2 or consortium condition 3,

(d) Chapter 3 of Part 4 (relief in cases involving trading losses made in limited partnerships or limited liability partnerships), and

(e) section 305(1) (group relief in cases involving oil activities etc).

(4) The deduction is to be made—

(a) before deductions for relief within subsection (5), but

(b) after all other deductions to be made at Step 2 in section 4(2) (apart from deductions for group relief on other claims).

(5) The deductions within this subsection are deductions for relief—

(a) under section 37 in relation to a loss made in an accounting period after the claim period,

(b) under section 260(3) of CAA 2001 in relation to capital allowances for an accounting period after the claim period, and

(c) under section 389 or 459 of CTA 2009 in relation to a deficit for a deficit period after the claim period.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (4)(b) it is to be assumed that the claimant company has claimed all relief available to it for the claim period under section 37 of this Act or section 260(3) of CAA 2001.

(7) Corporation tax relief is not to be given more than once for the same amount, whether—

(a) by giving group relief and by giving some other relief (for any accounting period) to the surrendering company, or

(b) by giving group relief more than once.

General limitation on amount of group relief to be given U.K.

138 Limitation on amount of group relief applying to all claims U.K.

The amount of group relief to be given on a claim (“the current claim”) is limited to—

(a) the unused part of the surrenderable amounts (see section 139), or

(b) if less, the unrelieved part of the claimant company's available total profits of the claim period (see section 140).

139 Unused part of the surrenderable amounts U.K.

(1) The unused part of the surrenderable amounts is the amount equal to—

(a) the surrenderable amount for the overlapping period (see subsection (2)), less

(b) the amount of prior surrenders for that period (see subsections (3) to (5)).

(2) To determine the surrenderable amount for the overlapping period—

(a) take the proportion of the surrender period included in the overlapping period, and

(b) apply that proportion to the surrenderable amounts for the surrender period.

The surrenderable amount for the overlapping period is the amount given as a result of paragraph (b).

(3) To determine the amount of prior surrenders for the overlapping period—

(a) identify any prior claims for the purposes of this section (see subsection (4)), and

(b) take the steps set out in subsection (5) in relation to each such claim.

The amount of prior surrenders for the overlapping period is the total of the previously used amounts given at Step 3 in subsection (5) for all the prior claims.

(4) A claim is a prior claim for the purposes of this section if—

(a) it is a claim by any company for group relief in respect of the whole or a part of the amounts that, in relation to the current claim, are the surrendering company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period,

(b) it is made before the current claim, and

(c) it has not been withdrawn.

(5) These are the steps referred to in subsection (3)(b) to be taken in relation to each prior claim.

• Step 1

  Identify the overlapping period for the prior claim.

• Step 2

  Identify any period that is common to the overlapping period for the current claim and the overlapping period for the prior claim. If there is a common period, go to Step 3. If there is no common period, there is no previously used amount in relation to the prior claim (and ignore Step 3).

• Step 3

  Determine the previously used amount of group relief in relation to the prior claim (see subsection (6)).

(6) To determine the previously used amount of group relief in relation to a prior claim—

(a) take the proportion of the overlapping period for the prior claim that is included in the common period identified at Step 2 in relation to that claim, and

(b) apply that proportion to the amount of group relief given on the prior claim.

The previously used amount of group relief in relation to the prior claim is the amount given as a result of paragraph (b).

(7) For the meaning of “the overlapping period” see section 142.

140 Unrelieved part of claimant company's available total profits U.K.

(1) The unrelieved part of the claimant company's available total profits of the claim period is the amount equal to—

(a) the company's available total profits for the overlapping period (see subsection (2)), less

(b) the amount of previously claimed group relief for that period (see subsection (3)).

(2) To determine the available total profits for the overlapping period—

(a) take the proportion of the claim period included in the overlapping period, and

(b) apply that proportion to the available total profits of the claim period.

The available total profits for the overlapping period is the amount given as a result of paragraph (b).

(3) To determine the amount of previously claimed group relief for the overlapping period—

(a) identify any prior claims for the purposes of this section (see subsection (4)), and

(b) take the steps set out in subsection (5) in relation to each such claim.

The amount of previously claimed group relief for the overlapping period is the total of the previously claimed amounts given at Step 3 in subsection (5) for all the prior claims.

(4) A claim is a prior claim for the purposes of this section if—

(a) it is a claim by the claimant company for group relief which would be given by way of a deduction from the company's total profits of the claim period,

(b) it is made before the current claim, and

(c) it has not been withdrawn.

(5) These are the steps referred to in subsection (3)(b) to be taken in relation to each prior claim.

• Step 1

  Identify the overlapping period for the prior claim.

• Step 2

  Identify any period that is common to the overlapping period for the current claim and the overlapping period for the prior claim. If there is a common period, go to Step 3. If there is no common period, there is no previously claimed amount in relation to the prior claim (and ignore Step 3).

• Step 3

  Determine the previously claimed amount of group relief in relation to the prior claim (see subsection (6)).

(6) To determine the previously claimed amount of group relief in relation to a prior claim—

(a) take the proportion of the overlapping period for the prior claim that is included in the common period identified at Step 2 in relation to that claim, and

(b) apply that proportion to the amount of group relief given on the prior claim.

The previously claimed amount of group relief in relation to the prior claim is the amount given as a result of paragraph (b).

(7) In this section references to the claimant company's “available total profits” are references to its total profits after the deductions mentioned in section 137(4)(b).

(8) Further, if the claimant company is non-UK resident its available total profits do not include any part of its total profits that arise from activities that are double taxation exempt for the claim period (see section 186) (so far as those profits are not covered by the deductions mentioned in section 137(4)(b)).

(9) For the meaning of “the overlapping period” see section 142.

141 Sections 139 and 140: supplementary U.K.

(1) If two or more claims for group relief are made at the same time, for the purposes of sections 139 and 140 treat the claims as made—

(a) in such order as the company making them may elect or the companies making them may jointly elect, or

(b) if no such election is made, in such order as an officer of Revenue and Customs may direct.

(2) For the purposes of Step 3 in subsection (5) of each of sections 139 and 140 the amount of group relief given on a prior claim is determined on the basis that relief is given on the claim before it is given on any later claim.

(3) If the use of the proportion mentioned in section 139(2) or (6), or in section 140(2) or (6), would, in the circumstances of a particular case, produce a result that is unjust or unreasonable, the proportion is to be modified so far as necessary to produce a result that is just and reasonable.

142 Meaning of “the overlapping period” U.K.

(1) In sections 139 and 140 “the overlapping period”, in relation to a claim for group relief, means the period that is common to the claim period and the surrender period (see Requirement 2 in section 130(2) or, as the case may be, section 135(2)).

(2) But if during any part of the overlapping period the group relief condition is not met, that part is treated as not forming part of the overlapping period but instead as forming—

(a) a part of the surrender period that is not included in the overlapping period, and

(b) a part of the claim period that is not included in the overlapping period.

(3) The group relief condition is the condition on which the claim for group relief is based, that is—

• the group condition,

• consortium condition 1,

• consortium condition 2,

• consortium condition 3, or

• the EEA group condition.

Limitations on group relief if claim based on consortium condition 1, 2 or 3 U.K.

143 Condition 1: surrendering company owned by consortium U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 1, and

(b) it is the surrendering company that is owned by the consortium.

(2) The group relief to be given on the claim is limited to the ownership proportion of the surrenderable amount for the overlapping period (see section 139(2) to determine the surrenderable amount for the overlapping period).

(3) The ownership proportion is the same as the lowest of the following proportions—

(a) the proportion of the ordinary share capital of the surrendering company that is beneficially owned by the claimant company,

(b) the proportion of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of the surrendering company to which the claimant company is beneficially entitled (see Chapter 6), and

(c) the proportion of any assets of the surrendering company available for distribution to such equity holders on a winding up to which the claimant company would be beneficially entitled (see Chapter 6).

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) the proportions mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (c) of that subsection are those prevailing during the overlapping period, and

(b) if any of those proportions changes during that period, use the average of that proportion during that period.

(5) If the surrendering company is owned by the consortium as a result of section 153(3) (consortiums involving holding companies), references in subsection (3) to the surrendering company are to be read as references to the holding company in question.

(6) In this section “the overlapping period” is to be read in accordance with section 142.

144 Condition 1: claimant company owned by consortium U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 1, and

(b) it is the claimant company that is owned by the consortium.

(2) The group relief to be given on the claim is limited to the ownership proportion of the claimant company's total profits of the overlapping period (see section 140(2) to determine the total profits of the overlapping period).

(3) The ownership proportion is the same as the lowest of the following proportions—

(a) the proportion of the ordinary share capital of the claimant company that is beneficially owned by the surrendering company,

(b) the proportion of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of the claimant company to which the surrendering company is beneficially entitled (see Chapter 6), and

(c) the proportion of any assets of the claimant company available for distribution to such equity holders on a winding up to which the surrendering company would be beneficially entitled (see Chapter 6).

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) the proportions mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (c) of that subsection are those prevailing during the overlapping period, and

(b) if any of those proportions changes during that period, use the average of that proportion during that period.

(5) If the claimant company is owned by the consortium as a result of section 153(3) (consortiums involving holding companies), references in subsection (3) to the claimant company are to be read as references to the holding company in question.

(6) In this section “the overlapping period” is to be read in accordance with section 142.

145 Conditions 2 and 3: limitations in sections 143 and 144 U.K.

(1) This section applies if the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 2 or consortium condition 3.

(2) If the claim is based on consortium condition 2, the limitation on group relief in section 143(2) applies in relation to the claim, but for this purpose references in section 143(3) to the claimant company are to be read as references to the link company.

(3) If the claim is based on consortium condition 3, the limitation on group relief in section 144(2) applies in relation to the claim, but for this purpose references in section 144(3) to the surrendering company are to be read as references to the link company.

146 Conditions 2 and 3: companies in link company's group U.K.

(1) If the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 2, the amount of group relief to be given on the claim is limited by subsections (2) and (3).

(2) There is a limit on the amount of group relief that can be given, in total, on consortium claims made by the link company and group companies in relation to the surrendering company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period.

(3) That limit is the maximum amount of group relief that could be given to the link company in relation to those amounts on consortium claims—

(a) assuming that no consortium claims in relation to those amounts were made by group companies based on consortium condition 2, and

(b) ignoring any lack of profits of the link company from which deductions could be made as mentioned in section 137(1).

(4) If the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 3, the amount of group relief to be given on the claim is limited by subsections (5) to (7).

(5) There is a limit on the amount of group relief that can be given, in total, to the claimant company for the claim period on consortium claims made in relation to losses and other amounts surrendered by the link company and group companies.

(6) That limit is the same as the limit that, as a result of section 144(2), would apply for the purposes of a consortium claim made by the claimant company for the claim period in relation to losses or other amounts surrendered by the link company.

(7) In determining the limit that would apply as a result of section 144(2) it is to be assumed that the accounting period of the link company is the same as the accounting period of the claimant company.

(8) In this section—

• “consortium claim” means a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 1, consortium condition 2 or consortium condition 3, and

• “group company”, for the purpose of determining in accordance with this section a limitation on the amount of group relief to be given on a claim based on consortium condition 2 or consortium condition 3, means a company that is a member of the same group of companies as the link company (other than the link company itself).

147 Conditions 1 and 2: surrenderable amounts including trading loss U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 1,

(b) it is the surrendering company that is owned by the consortium,

(c) the surrendering company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period include a loss within section 99(1)(a), and

(d) the surrendering company has profits (of any description) of that period from which the loss could be deducted under section 37.

(2) This section also applies if—

(a) the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 2,

(b) the surrendering company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period include a loss within section 99(1)(a), and

(c) the surrendering company has profits (of any description) of that period from which the loss could be deducted under section 37.

(3) The amount of group relief to be given on the claim is to be determined on the assumption that—

(a) the surrendering company makes a claim under section 37 in relation to the loss mentioned in subsection (1)(c) or (2)(b), and

(b) relief under that section is to be given in relation to the loss before the group relief is given.

(4) If section 148 also applies in relation to the claim for group relief, in giving effect to subsection (3) of this section the surrenderable amounts for the purposes of subsections (3) and (4) of that section are to be reduced by the amount of relief to be given on the surrendering company's claim as mentioned in subsection (3)(b) of this section.

148 Conditions 1 and 2: surrendering company in group of companies U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 1,

(b) it is the surrendering company that is owned by the consortium, and

(c) the surrendering company is also a member of a group of companies.

(2) This section also applies if—

(a) the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 2, and

(b) the surrendering company is a member of a group of companies.

(3) No group relief is to be given on the claim (“the current claim”) unless the surrendering company's surrenderable amounts for the surrender period exceed the group's potential relief.

(4) If the surrenderable amounts exceed the group's potential relief, the group relief to be given on the current claim is limited to the amount of the excess.

(5) The group's potential relief is the maximum amount of group relief that could be given if every claim that could be made based on the group condition in respect of the surrenderable amounts was in fact made (and for this purpose it is to be assumed that the maximum possible claim is made in each case).

(6) Before determining the maximum amount of potential group relief under subsection (5), take account of any claim made before the current claim that—

(a) is a claim for group relief based on the group condition, and

(b) is in relation to losses or other amounts surrendered by a member of the same group of companies as the surrendering company (other than the surrendering company itself).

149 Conditions 1 and 3: claimant company in group of companies U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 1,

(b) it is the claimant company that is owned by the consortium, and

(c) the claimant company is also a member of a group of companies.

(2) This section also applies if—

(a) the claimant company makes a claim for group relief based on consortium condition 3, and

(b) the claimant company is a member of a group of companies.

(3) No group relief is to be given on the claim (“the current claim”) unless the claimant company's total profits of the claim period exceed the group's potential relief.

(4) If those total profits exceed the group's potential relief, the group relief to be given on the current claim is limited to the amount of the excess.

(5) The group's potential relief is the maximum amount of group relief that could be claimed by the claimant company for the claim period on claims based on the group condition.

(6) Before determining the maximum amount of potential group relief under subsection (5), take account of any claim made before the current claim that—

(a) is a claim for group relief based on the group condition made by another member of the same group of companies as the claimant company, and

(b) is in relation to losses or other amounts surrendered by a company that is also a member of that group.

Chapter 5 U.K. Subsidiaries, groups and consortiums

Introduction U.K.

150 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter explains how to determine if a company—

(a) is a 75% or 90% subsidiary of another company (see section 151),

(b) is a member of a group of companies (see section 152),

(c) is owned by a consortium (see section 153), or

(d) is a member of a consortium (see section 153).

(2) Sections 154 to 156 qualify those explanations in cases involving transfers of companies.

Explanations of terms U.K.

151 Meaning of “75% subsidiary” and “90% subsidiary” U.K.

(1) In this Part “75% subsidiary” and “90% subsidiary” are to be read in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 24, but subject to subsections (2) to (4).

(2) In applying the definition of “75% subsidiary” in section 1154(3), share capital of a registered industrial or provident society is to be treated as if it were ordinary share capital.

(3) If—

(a) a company (“the shareholder”) directly owns shares in another company, and

(b) a profit on the sale of those shares would be a trading receipt of the shareholder,

the shareholder is treated as not being the owner of those shares for the purpose of determining if any company is a 75% subsidiary of any other company.

(4) If a company (“the subsidiary”) would, apart from this subsection, be treated as a 75% or 90% subsidiary of another company (“the parent”) at any time, the subsidiary is not to be so treated unless at that time the parent—

(a) is beneficially entitled to at least 75% or 90% (as the case may be) of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of the subsidiary (see Chapter 6), and

(b) would be beneficially entitled to at least 75% or 90% (as the case may be) of any assets of the subsidiary available for distribution to such equity holders on a winding up (see Chapter 6).

152 Groups of companies U.K.

For the purposes of this Part two companies are members of the same group of companies if—

(a) one is the 75% subsidiary of the other, or

(b) both are 75% subsidiaries of a third company.

153 Companies owned by consortiums and members of consortiums U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part a company is owned by a consortium if—

(a) the company is not a 75% subsidiary of any company, and

(b) at least 75% of the company's ordinary share capital is beneficially owned by other companies each of which beneficially owns at least 5% of that capital.

(2) The other companies each owning at least 5% of the share capital are the members of the consortium for the purposes of this Part.

(3) If—

(a) a trading company is a 90% subsidiary of a holding company and is not a 75% subsidiary of any company apart from the holding company, and

(b) as a result of subsection (1), the holding company is owned by a consortium,

then for the purposes of this Part the trading company is also owned by the consortium.

Arrangements for transfers of companies U.K.

154 Arrangements for transfer of member of group of companies etc U.K.

(1) This section applies if, apart from this section, one company (“the first company”) and another company (“the second company”) would be members of the same group of companies.

(2) For the purposes of this Part the companies are not members of the same group of companies if—

(a) one of the companies has surrenderable amounts for an accounting period (“the current period”), and

(b) arrangements within subsection (3) are in place.

(3) Arrangements are within this subsection if they have any of the following effects.

• Effect 1

  At some time during or after the current period, the first company or any successor of it—

  (a)

  could cease to be a member of the same group of companies as the second company, and

  (b)

  could become a member of the same group of companies as a third company (see subsection (4)).

• Effect 2

  At some time during or after the current period a person (other than the first or second company) has or could obtain, or persons together (other than those companies) have or could obtain, control of the first company but not of the second company.

• Effect 3

  At some time during or after the current period, a third company could start to carry on the whole or a part of a trade that at a time during the current period is carried on by the first company and could do so—

  (a)

  as the successor of the first company, or

  (b)

  as the successor of another company which is not a third company and which started to carry on the whole or a part of the trade during or after the current period.

(4) A “third company” means a company that is not, apart from any arrangements within subsection (3), a member of the same group of companies as the first company.

155 Arrangements for transfer of company owned by consortium etc U.K.

(1) This section applies if, apart from this section, a trading company would be owned by a consortium.

(2) The trading company is not owned by the consortium if—

(a) for an accounting period (“the current period”) the trading company or a member of the consortium has surrenderable amounts, and

(b) arrangements within subsection (3) are in place.

(3) Arrangements are within this subsection if they have any of the following effects.

• Effect 1

  The trading company or a successor of it could, at some time during or after the current period, become a 75% subsidiary of a third company (see subsection (4)).

• Effect 2

  Any person who owns, or any persons who together own, less than 50% of the ordinary share capital of the trading company—

  (a)

  has, or together have, control of the trading company, or

  (b)

  could obtain such control at some time during or after the current period.

• Effect 3

  Any person (“P”), either alone or together with persons connected with P—

  (a)

  holds or could obtain at least 75% of the qualifying votes, or

  (b)

  controls or could control the exercise of at least 75% of those votes.

  For this purpose—

  • “connected” is to be read in accordance with section 1122 but as if subsection (4) of that section were omitted, and

  • “qualifying votes” means the votes which may be cast in a poll taken at a general meeting of the trading company held during or after the current period.

• Effect 4

  A third company could start to carry on the whole or a part of a trade that at a time during the current period is carried on by the trading company and could do so—

  (a)

  as the successor of the trading company, or

  (b)

  as the successor of another company which is not a third company and which started to carry on the whole or a part of the trade during or after the current period.

(4) A “third company” means a company that is not, apart from any arrangements within subsection (3), a member of the same group of companies as the trading company.

(5) If the trading company would, apart from this section, be owned by a consortium as a result of section 153(3) (consortiums involving holding companies)—

(a) references in this section (apart from references under Effect 4) to the trading company are to be read as including references to the holding company concerned, and

(b) Effect 3 does not apply if P is that holding company.

156 Sections 154 and 155: supplementary U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 154 and 155.

(2) “Arrangements”—

(a) means arrangements of any kind (whether or not in writing), but

(b) does not include a power of a Minister of the Crown, the Scottish Ministers or a Northern Ireland department to give directions to a statutory body as to the disposal of assets belonging to the body or to a subsidiary of the body.

(3) A company is the successor of another company if it carries on a trade which, in whole or in part, the other company used to carry on and the circumstances are such that—

(a) Chapter 1 of Part 22 (transfers of trade without a change of ownership) applies in relation to the companies as, respectively, the successor and the predecessor within the meaning of that Chapter, or

(b) the two companies are connected with each other in accordance with section 1122.

Chapter 6 U.K. Equity holders and profits or assets available for distribution

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C5 Pt. 5 Ch. 6 applied (with effect in accordance with s. 381(1) of the amending Act) by Taxation (International and Other Provisions) Act 2010 (c. 8), ss. 241(6), 381(1) (with Sch. 9 paras. 1-9, 22)

C6 Pt. 5 Ch. 6 applied (with effect in accordance with s. 381(1) of the amending Act) by Taxation (International and Other Provisions) Act 2010 (c. 8), ss. 345(7), 381(1) (with Sch. 9 paras. 1-9, 22, 31)

C7 Pt. 5 Ch. 6 applied (with modifications) by Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12), s. 252(10) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 252 (with Sch. 2))

C8 Pt. 5 Ch. 6 applied (with modifications) by Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12), s. 170(8) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 242(4) (with Sch. 2))

C9 Pt. 5 Ch. 6 applied (with modifications) by Finance Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 772(1)(2) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 646 (with Sch. 2))

C10 Pt. 5 Ch. 6 applied (with modifications) by Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12), Sch. 7AC para. 8(2) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 269(3) (with Sch. 2))

Introduction U.K.

157 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies for the purposes of sections 143(3)(b) and (c), 144(3)(b) and (c) and 151(4)(a) and (b).

(2) For the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) “new consideration” has the meaning given by section 1115, and

(b) all loans are regarded as being securities.

Equity holders U.K.

158 Meaning of “equity holder” U.K.

(1) An equity holder of a company (“the relevant company”) is any person who—

(a) holds ordinary shares in the company (see section 160), or

(b) is a loan creditor of the company in relation to a loan other than a normal commercial loan (see section 162).

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) a person is a loan creditor of a company if the person is a creditor in respect of any redeemable loan capital issued by the company or in respect of a debt incurred by the company—

(a) for any money borrowed or capital assets acquired by the company,

(b) for any right to receive income created in favour of the company, or

(c) for consideration the value of which to the company was, at the time when the debt was incurred, substantially less than the amount of the debt (including any premium on the debt).

(3) Subsection (1) is subject to section 159.

159 Use of relevant company's assets U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) a person (“P”) has, directly or indirectly, provided new consideration for any shares or securities in the relevant company,

(b) assets of the relevant company are used by P for the purposes of a trade carried on by P or are used by a person connected with P for the purposes of a trade carried on by that connected person, and

(c) in respect of those assets an allowance within subsection (3) has been made to the relevant company.

(2) P (and no other person) is to be treated as being an equity holder in relation to the shares or securities mentioned in subsection (1)(a).

(3) The allowances within this subsection are—

(a) an annual investment allowance, within the meaning of Chapter 5 of Part 2 of CAA 2001, in relation to expenditure incurred by the relevant company on the provision of plant or machinery,

(b) a first-year allowance, within the meaning of that Chapter, in relation to expenditure so incurred,

(c) a writing-down allowance, within the meaning of that Chapter, in relation to expenditure so incurred, and

(d) an allowance under Chapter 3 of Part 6 of CAA 2001 in relation to expenditure incurred by the relevant company on research and development (within the meaning of that Part).

(4) If—

(a) P is a bank,

(b) the only new consideration provided by P is provided in the normal course of banking business by way of a normal commercial loan (see section 162), and

(c) the cost to the relevant company of the assets mentioned in subsection (1)(b) is less than the amount of the new consideration,

the reference in subsection (2) to the shares or securities is to be read as a reference to only so much of that normal commercial loan as is equal to that cost of those assets.

160 Meaning of “ordinary shares” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 158(1)(a) “ordinary shares” means shares other than restricted preference shares.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) restricted preference shares are shares that meet each of conditions A to E.

(3) Condition A is that the shares are issued for consideration which is or includes new consideration.

(4) Condition B is that the shares do not carry any right to conversion into shares or securities other than a right to conversion into—

(a) shares to which section 164(1) applies,

(b) securities to which section 164(2) applies, or

(c) shares or securities in the relevant company's quoted parent company (see section 164(3) to (7)).

(5) Condition C is that the shares do not carry any right to the acquisition of shares or securities.

(6) Condition D is that the shares—

(a) do not carry a right to dividends, or

(b) carry a restricted right to dividends (see section 161).

(7) Condition E is that the shares, on repayment, do not carry rights to an amount exceeding the new consideration mentioned in subsection (3) except so far as those rights are reasonably comparable with those generally carried by fixed dividend shares listed on a recognised stock exchange.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C11 S. 160 modified by 1988 c. 1, Sch. 25 para. 2(7A) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2010 (c. 4), s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 147(2)(b) (with Sch. 2))

161 Meaning of “restricted right to dividends” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of condition D in section 160, a right to dividends carried by shares in a company is a “restricted right to dividends” if—

(a) the dividends represent no more than a reasonable commercial return on the new consideration received by the company in respect of the shares, and

(b) subsection (2), (3) or (4) applies.

(2) This subsection applies if—

(a) the dividends are of a fixed amount or are at a fixed percentage rate of the nominal value of the shares, and

(b) the company is not entitled, by virtue of any term subject to which the shares are issued or held, to reduce the amount of, or not to pay, any of the dividends.

(3) This subsection applies if—

(a) the dividends are of a fluctuating percentage rate of the nominal value of the shares, and

(b) the company is not entitled, by virtue of any term subject to which the shares are issued or held, to reduce the amount of, or not to pay, any of the dividends.

(4) This subsection applies if paragraph (a) of subsection (2) or (3) is met but paragraph (b) of that subsection is not met and—

(a) the company is only entitled to reduce the amount of, or not to pay, any of the dividends in special circumstances, or

(b) having regard to all the circumstances, it is reasonable to assume that the company is only likely to reduce the amount of, or not to pay, any of the dividends in special circumstances.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (3)(a) dividends are of a “fluctuating percentage rate” of the nominal value of shares if the rate fluctuates in accordance with—

(a) a standard published rate of interest,

(b) the retail prices index, or

(c) any other general index of prices similar to the retail prices index that is published by the government, or by an agent of the government, of the country or territory in whose currency the shares are denominated.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (4) a company reduces the amount of, or does not pay, dividends “in special circumstances” if—

(a) at the time the dividend is or would be payable, the company is in severe financial difficulties, or

(b) the company does so for the purpose of following a recommendation of a relevant regulatory body.

(7) The Treasury may by order specify circumstances in which a company is to be treated as in severe financial difficulties for the purposes of subsection (6)(a).

(8) In subsection (6)(b) “relevant regulatory body” means—

(a) in relation to a dividend paid by a company that is authorised for the purposes of the FISMA 2000, the Financial Services Authority, and

(b) in relation to a dividend paid by any other company, a body discharging functions in relation to the company under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom that correspond to functions discharged by the Financial Services Authority in relation to a company authorised as mentioned in paragraph (a).

162 Meaning of “normal commercial loan” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of sections 158(1)(b) and 159(4)(b) “normal commercial loan” means a loan—

(a) which is of or includes new consideration, and

(b) in relation to which each of conditions A to D is met.

(2) Condition A is that the loan does not carry any right to conversion into shares or securities other than a right to conversion into—

(a) shares to which section 164(1) applies,

(b) securities to which section 164(2) applies, or

(c) shares or securities in the relevant company's quoted parent company (see section 164(3) to (7)).

(3) Condition B is that the loan does not carry any right to the acquisition of shares or securities.

(4) Condition C is that the loan does not entitle the loan creditor to any amount by way of interest which—

(a) depends to any extent on the results of the relevant company's business or on the results of any part of that business,

(b) depends to any extent on the value of any of the relevant company's assets, or

(c) exceeds a reasonable commercial return on the new consideration lent.

This subsection needs to be read with section 163.

(5) Condition D is that the loan is a loan in relation to which the loan creditor is entitled, on repayment, to an amount which—

(a) does not exceed the new consideration lent, or

(b) is reasonably comparable with the amount generally repayable (in relation to an equal amount of new consideration) under the terms of issue of securities listed on a recognised stock exchange.

163 Normal commercial loans: company's results or value of assets U.K.

(1) Interest is not within section 162(4)(a) by reason only that the terms of the loan provide for the rate of interest—

(a) to be reduced if the results of the relevant company's business or any part of the business improve, or

(b) to be increased if such results worsen.

(2) Interest is not within section 162(4)(b) by reason only that the terms of the loan provide for the rate of interest—

(a) to be reduced if the value of any of the relevant company's assets increases, or

(b) to be increased if the value of any such assets decreases.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if—

(a) a loan is made to the relevant company for the purpose of facilitating the acquisition of land,

(b) the loan is made on the basis mentioned in subsection (5), and

(c) none of the land that the loan is used to acquire is acquired with a view to resale at a profit.

(4) Interest on the loan is not within section 162(4)(b) by reason only that the terms of the loan are such that the only way the loan creditor can enforce payment of an amount due is by exercising rights granted by way of security over the land that the loan is used to acquire.

(5) The basis referred to in subsection (3)(b) is that—

(a) the whole of the loan is to be applied in the acquisition of land by the relevant company or in meeting incidental costs incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of obtaining the loan or providing security for the loan,

(b) the payment of any amount due in connection with the loan to the person making it is to be secured on the land that the loan is used to acquire, and

(c) no other security is to be required for the payment of any such amount.

(6) “Incidental costs” means expenditure on fees, commissions, advertising, printing or other incidental matters.

164 Sections 160 and 162: supplementary U.K.

(1) This subsection applies to any shares—

(a) in relation to which conditions A, C, D and E in section 160 are met, and

(b) which do not carry any rights to conversion into shares or securities other than rights to conversion into shares or securities in the relevant company's quoted parent company (see subsections (3) to (6)).

(2) This subsection applies to any securities—

(a) which represent a loan of or including new consideration,

(b) in relation to which conditions B, C and D in section 162 are met, and

(c) which do not carry any rights to conversion into shares or securities other than rights to conversion into shares or securities in the relevant company's quoted parent company.

(3) For the purposes of this section and sections 160 and 162 a company (“the candidate company”) is the relevant company's quoted parent company if (and only if)—

(a) the relevant company is a 75% subsidiary of the candidate company,

(b) the candidate company is not a 75% subsidiary of any company, and

(c) the candidate company's ordinary shares are listed on a recognised stock exchange.

(4) If the candidate company's ordinary share capital is divided into two or more classes, subsection (3)(c) is met only if its ordinary shares of each class are listed on a recognised stock exchange.

(5) In subsections (3) and (4) “ordinary shares” means shares forming part of ordinary share capital.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if, in determining under subsection (3)(a) whether the relevant company is a 75% subsidiary of the candidate company, it is necessary to know, for the purposes of subsection (1)(b) or (2)(c) or section 160(4)(c) or 162(2)(c), whether the candidate company is the relevant company's quoted parent company.

(7) It is to be assumed for those purposes that the candidate company is the relevant company's quoted parent company.

Company's entitlement to profits or assets available for distribution: basic provisions U.K.

165 Proportion of profits available for distribution to which company is entitled U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purpose of determining the proportion to which a company (“company A”) is, at any time, beneficially entitled of any profits available for distribution to the equity holders of another company (“company B”).

(2) The proportion is the proportion to which company A would, at that time, be beneficially entitled on a distribution in money to the equity holders of company B (“the profit distribution”) of—

(a) an amount of profits equal to company B's total profits of the relevant accounting period (see section 168), or

(b) if there are no such total profits, profits of £100.

(3) It does not matter for the purposes of subsection (2) if any of company B's total profits are not actually distributed.

(4) If company B is non-UK resident, company B's total profits are to be calculated as if it were UK resident.

(5) For the purposes of the profit distribution, it is to be assumed that no payment is made by way of repayment of share capital or of the principal secured by any loan unless that payment is a distribution.

(6) Subject to subsection (5), if an equity holder is entitled as such to a payment which (apart from this subsection) would not be a distribution, the equity holder is nevertheless to be treated as entitled to the payment on the profit distribution.

166 Proportion of assets available for distribution to which company is entitled U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purpose of determining the proportion to which a company (“company A”) would, at any time, be beneficially entitled of any assets available for distribution to the equity holders of another company (“company B”) on a winding up.

(2) The proportion is the proportion to which company A would, at that time, be beneficially entitled if company B were to be wound up and on that winding up (“the notional winding up”) the value of assets available for distribution to company B's equity holders were equal to—

(a) the assets amount minus the liabilities amount, or

(b) if the assets amount does not exceed the liabilities amount or if company B's balance sheet is prepared to a date other than the end of the relevant accounting period (see section 168), £100.

(3) The “assets amount” is the amount of company B's assets as shown in its balance sheet as at the end of the relevant accounting period.

(4) The “liabilities amount” is the amount of company B's liabilities as shown in that balance sheet but excluding liabilities to equity holders as such.

(5) If, on the notional winding up, an equity holder would be entitled as such to an amount of assets which (apart from this subsection) would not be a distribution of assets, the equity holder is nevertheless treated as entitled to the amount on the distribution of assets on the notional winding up.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if—

(a) an equity holder (“E”) of company B provided new consideration for any shares or securities in company B in relation to which E is an equity holder,

(b) company B makes a loan to E or any person connected with E or acquires shares or securities in E or any person so connected, and

(c) in making that loan or acquiring those shares or securities, company B applies, directly or indirectly, an amount (“the returned amount”) corresponding to the whole or any part of the new consideration.

(7) The following amounts are to be reduced by the returned amount—

(a) the assets amount, and

(b) the amount of assets to which E is beneficially entitled on the notional winding up.

167 Profits or assets available for distribution and entitlement: supplementary U.K.

(1) References to profits or assets available for distribution to equity holders of a company do not include references to any profits or assets available for distribution to any equity holder otherwise than as an equity holder.

(2) References to a company being beneficially entitled to profits or assets are references to the company being so entitled—

(a) directly,

(b) through another company or other companies, or

(c) partly directly and partly through another company or other companies.

(3) If a person is an equity holder in relation to shares or securities as a result of section 159, that person (and no other) is to be treated as being beneficially entitled to any distribution of profits or assets attributable to those shares or securities.

168 Meaning of “the relevant accounting period” U.K.

(1) For the purpose of determining the proportion of profits or assets to which company A would be beneficially entitled as mentioned in section 165(2) or 166(2) at any time, “the relevant accounting period” is the accounting period of company B in which that time falls.

(2) If company B is non-UK resident and is not within the charge to corporation tax, the relevant accounting period is to be determined using the assumption in subsection (3).

(3) The assumption is that company B became UK resident (and, therefore, within the charge to corporation tax) at the time it became a 75% subsidiary (as mentioned in section 136) ignoring section 151(4).

Company's entitlement to profits or assets available for distribution: supplementary U.K.

169 Application and interpretation of sections 170 to 182 U.K.

(1) Sections 170 to 182 apply for the purpose of determining the proportion of profits or assets to which company A would be beneficially entitled as mentioned in section 165(2) or 166(2) at any time.

(2) In those sections—

• “arrangements” means arrangements of any kind (whether or not in writing),

• “company A's proportion” means the proportion of profits or assets to which company A would be beneficially entitled as mentioned in section 165(2) or 166(2) at the relevant time,

• “distribution rights” means rights in relation to dividends or interest or assets on a winding up,

• “the participating equity holders”, in relation to the determining of company A's proportion, means the equity holders of company B—

  (a)

  to whom the profit distribution would be made, or

  (b)

  who would be entitled to participate in the notional winding up, and

• “the relevant time” means the time mentioned in subsection (1) when the beneficial entitlement of company A is to be determined.

170 Shares or securities with limited rights U.K.

(1) This section applies if, at the relevant time, one or more of the participating equity holders holds, as such, shares or securities with distribution rights that are limited (wholly or partly) by reference to a specified amount or amounts.

(2) Determine what company A's proportion would be if all those distribution rights were waived so far as they are so limited.

The result is referred to as “the alternative proportion”.

(3) If the alternative proportion is less than what company A's proportion would be ignoring this section, then company A's proportion is taken to be the alternative proportion.

(4) Subsection (3) is subject to sections 175, 176, 178 and 180.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (1) a limitation on a right may operate—

(a) by specifying the capital or amount of profits by reference to which a distribution is calculated, or

(b) in any other way.

(6) But in a case to which section 180 applies (see section 179), limitations that are covered by Case 1 in section 179 are ignored for the purposes of subsection (1).

171 Shares or securities with temporary rights U.K.

(1) Section 172 applies if, at the relevant time, one or more of the participating equity holders holds, as such, shares or securities—

(a) which have rights within subsection (2), or

(b) in relation to which arrangements within subsection (3) are in place.

(2) The rights within this subsection are distribution rights of such a kind that if—

(a) the profit distribution were to be made, or

(b) the notional winding up were to occur,

at a time after the relevant accounting period, the equity holder's entitlement at that time would be different from the equity holder's entitlement at the relevant time.

(3) The arrangements within this subsection are arrangements of such a kind that if—

(a) effect were to be given to the arrangements, and

(b) the profit distribution were to be made, or the notional winding up were to occur, at a time after the relevant accounting period,

then, as a result of effect being given to the arrangements, the equity holder's entitlement at that time would be different from the equity holder's entitlement at the relevant time.

(4) The references in subsections (2) and (3) to the equity holder's entitlement at a time are references to the proportion to which the equity holder would be beneficially entitled (as the case may be)—

(a) of profits on the profit distribution if it were made at that time, or

(b) of assets on the notional winding up if it occurred at that time.

172 Company A's proportion if shares etc have temporary rights U.K.

(1) If this section applies, determine what company A's proportion would be if the rights of all participating equity holders at the relevant time were the same as what they would be at the relevant future time.

The result is referred to as “the alternative proportion”.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)—

(a) “the relevant future time” means the time after the relevant accounting period mentioned in subsection (2) or (3) of section 171 (as the case may be), and

(b) assume that effect is given to all arrangements (if any) within subsection (3) of that section.

(3) If the alternative proportion is less than what company A's proportion would be ignoring this section, then company A's proportion is taken to be the alternative proportion.

(4) Subsection (3) is subject to sections 175, 177, 178 and 180.

173 Cases in which option arrangements are in place U.K.

(1) Section 174 applies if option arrangements are in place at the relevant time.

(2) “Option arrangements” means arrangements in relation to which conditions A and B are met.

(3) Condition A is that the effect of the arrangements is that there could be a change in—

(a) the proportion of profits to which any of the participating equity holders would be beneficially entitled on the profit distribution if it were made at a time after the relevant time, or

(b) the proportion of assets to which any of the participating equity holders would be beneficially entitled on the notional winding up if it occurred at a time after the relevant time.

(4) Condition B is that, under the arrangements, the change could result from the exercise of—

(a) a right to acquire ordinary shares in company B (see section 160) or securities in company B, or

(b) a right to require a person to acquire such shares or securities.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (4)—

(a) it does not matter whether or not the shares or securities were issued before the arrangements were put in place,

(b) “right” does not include a right within subsection (6), and

(c) “securities” does not include normal commercial loans (as defined by section 162).

(6) A right is within this subsection if it—

(a) is a right of an individual to acquire shares,

(b) was obtained because of the individual's office or employment as a director or employee of company B, and

(c) was obtained in accordance with a share option scheme at a time when the scheme was an approved share option scheme.

(7) In subsection (6)(c)—

• “share option scheme” means—

  (a)

  an SAYE option scheme within the meaning of the SAYE code (see section 516(4) of ITEPA 2003), or

  (b)

  a CSOP scheme within the meaning of the CSOP code (see section 521(4) of ITEPA 2003), and

• “approved” means—

  (a)

  in relation to an SAYE option scheme, approved under Schedule 3 to ITEPA 2003, and

  (b)

  in relation to a CSOP scheme, approved under Schedule 4 to ITEPA 2003.

174 Company A's proportion if option arrangements in place U.K.

(1) If this section applies, take the following steps.

• Step 1

  Identify all option rights under the option arrangements (or sets of arrangements if more than one) which exist at the relevant time but which have not become effective at or before that time.“Option rights” means rights of the kind mentioned in section 173(4)(a) or (b), and such a right becomes “effective” when the shares or securities to which it relates are acquired as a result of its exercise.

• Step 2

  Identify each possible state of affairs that could subsist at the relevant time if the option rights identified at Step 1, or any of them or any combination of them, became effective at that time. For this purpose it does not matter if an option right cannot actually become effective at or before the relevant time.

• Step 3

  Take each state of affairs identified at Step 2 and—

  (a)

  identify what the rights and duties of the participating equity holders would be at the relevant time if the state of affairs were to subsist at that time, and

  (b)

  determine what company A's proportion would be if those rights and duties were the rights and duties of the participating equity holders at the relevant time.

• Step 4

  Identify the lowest proportion determined under paragraph (b) of Step 3. That proportion is referred to as “the alternative proportion”.

(2) If the alternative proportion is less than what company A's proportion would be ignoring this section, then company A's proportion is taken to be the alternative proportion.

(3) Subsection (2) is subject to sections 176 to 178 and 180.

175 Cases in which both sections 170 and 172 apply U.K.

(1) This section applies in a case in which sections 170 and 172 apply but section 174 does not.

(2) Determine what company A's proportion would be—

(a) on the basis mentioned in section 170(2),

(b) on the basis mentioned in section 172(1),

(c) on those bases taken together, and

(d) ignoring sections 170 and 172.

(3) Company A's proportion is taken to be the lowest proportion determined under subsection (2).

176 Cases in which both sections 170 and 174 apply U.K.

(1) This section applies in a case in which sections 170 and 174 apply but section 172 does not.

(2) Determine what company A's proportion would be—

(a) on the basis mentioned in section 170(2),

(b) on the basis mentioned at Step 4 in section 174,

(c) on those bases taken together, and

(d) ignoring sections 170 and 174.

(3) Company A's proportion is taken to be the lowest proportion determined under subsection (2).

177 Cases in which both sections 172 and 174 apply U.K.

(1) This section applies in a case in which sections 172 and 174 apply but section 170 does not.

(2) Determine what company A's proportion would be—

(a) on the basis mentioned in section 172(1),

(b) on the basis mentioned at Step 4 in section 174,

(c) on those bases taken together, and

(d) ignoring sections 172 and 174.

(3) Company A's proportion is taken to be the lowest proportion determined under subsection (2).

178 Cases in which sections 170, 172 and 174 all apply U.K.

(1) This section applies in a case in which sections 170, 172 and 174 all apply.

(2) Determine what company A's proportion would be—

(a) on the basis mentioned in section 170(2),

(b) on the basis mentioned in section 172(1),

(c) on the basis mentioned at Step 4 in section 174,

(d) on the bases mentioned in sections 170(2) and 172(1) taken together,

(e) on the bases mentioned in section 170(2) and at Step 4 in section 174 taken together,

(f) on the bases mentioned in section 172(1) and at Step 4 in section 174 taken together,

(g) on the bases mentioned in section 170(2), section 172(1) and at Step 4 in section 174 taken together, and

(h) ignoring sections 170, 172 and 174.

(3) Company A's proportion is taken to be the lowest proportion determined under subsection (2).

179 Cases in which surrendering or claimant company is non-UK resident U.K.

(1) If the surrendering company or the claimant company is non-UK resident at the relevant time, section 180 applies as mentioned in subsections (2) and (3) in the cases set out in subsection (4).

(2) Section 180 applies in the application of this Chapter for the purposes of sections 143(3)(b) and (c) and 144(3)(b) and (c) if the non-UK resident company is owned by the consortium at the relevant time.

(3) Section 180 applies in the application of this Chapter for the purposes of section 151(4)(a) and (b) in determining if the non-UK resident company is a 75% or 90% subsidiary of another company at the relevant time.

But section 180 is not to be applied in determining if the EEA group condition is met (see section 136) at the relevant time.

(4) The cases in which section 180 applies are as follows.

• Case 1

  One or more of the participating equity holders holds, as such, shares or securities with distribution rights that have effect (wholly or partly) by reference to whether or not, or to what extent, the profits or assets distributed are referable to company B's UK trade (see section 182).

• Case 2

  Section 174 applies and any of the proportions to be determined under paragraph (b) of Step 3 in that section would differ according to whether or not, or to what extent, the profits or assets distributed are referable to company B's UK trade.

180 Company A's proportion if non-UK resident involved U.K.

(1) If this section applies—

(a) go to subsection (2) if the case is one in which none of sections 170, 172 and 174 applies, and

(b) go to subsection (3) if the case is one in which any of sections 170, 172, and 174 applies.

(2) If the case is as mentioned in subsection (1)(a)—

(a) determine what company A's proportion would be using the assumptions set out in section 181, and

(b) if the proportion so determined (“the alternative proportion”) is less than what company A's proportion would be ignoring this section, then company A's proportion is taken to be the alternative proportion.

(3) If the case is as mentioned in subsection (1)(b), take the following steps.

• Step 1

  Determine, in each way required by the applicable sections, what company A's proportion would be ignoring this section. A proportion determined at this step is referred to as a “normal proportion”.

• Step 2

  Determine, in each way required by the applicable sections, what company A's proportion would be using the assumptions set out in section 181. A proportion determined at this step is referred to as a “section 181 proportion”.

• Step 3

  If a section 181 proportion determined in a required way is less than the normal proportion determined in that way, for the purposes of the applicable sections use the section 181 proportion instead of the normal proportion.

(4) In subsection (3) “the applicable sections” means any of sections 170, 172 and 174 that applies in the case mentioned in subsection (1)(b), together with whichever (if any) of sections 175 to 178 that applies in that case.

181 Assumptions to be applied if non-UK resident company involved U.K.

(1) The assumptions referred to in section 180 are as follows.

• Assumption 1

  The profit distribution or the distribution on the notional winding up is confined to a distribution of the profits or assets referable to company B's UK trade (see section 182).

• Assumption 2

  Section 165(2) (in the case of a profit distribution) is applied on the basis that the amount of company B's total profits referred to in that subsection does not exceed the amount of those profits referable to its UK trade.

• Assumption 3

  Section 166(3) and (4) (in the case of a distribution on a notional winding up) is applied on the basis that the amount of company B's assets and liabilities referred to in those subsections does not exceed the amount of those assets and liabilities referable to its UK trade.

• Assumption 4

  None of the ordinary equity holders has a beneficial entitlement to the profits or assets referable to company B's UK trade that is greater than the proportion of the distribution in question to which the equity holder would be beneficially entitled—

  (a)

  if Assumptions 1 to 3 were ignored, and

  (b)

  if it would otherwise be less, the distribution were £100.

(2) In subsection (1) “ordinary equity holder” means an equity holder whose beneficial entitlement on the profit distribution or the distribution on the notional winding up does not differ according to whether or not, or the extent to which, the profits or assets distributed are referable to company B's UK trade.

182 Assets etc referable to UK trade U.K.

Profits, assets or liabilities of company B are referable to company B's UK trade so far as they—

(a) are attributable to, or used for the purposes of, activities the income or chargeable gains from which are or (if there were any) would be brought into account in calculating company B's total profits of any accounting period, and

(b) are not attributable to, or used for the purposes of, activities which are double taxation exempt for any accounting period (see section 186).

Chapter 7 U.K. Miscellaneous provisions and interpretation of Part

Miscellaneous U.K.

183 Payments for group relief U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the surrendering company and the claimant company have an agreement between them in relation to losses and other amounts of the surrendering company (“the agreed loss amounts”),

(b) group relief is given to the claimant company in relation to the agreed loss amounts, and

(c) as a result of the agreement the claimant company makes a payment to the surrendering company that does not exceed the total amount of the agreed loss amounts.

(2) The payment—

(a) is not to be taken into account in determining the profits or losses of either company for corporation tax purposes, and

(b) for corporation tax purposes is not to be regarded as a distribution.

184 References to “allowance” in CAA 2001 U.K.

References in CAA 2001 (apart from Parts 6 and 10) to an allowance include references to an allowance which would be made—

(a) but for the giving of group relief, or

(b) but for that and for a lack of profits or other income.

Interpretation U.K.

185 “Trading company” and “holding company” U.K.

(1) In this Part “trading company” means a company the business of which consists wholly or mainly in the carrying on of a trade or trades.

(2) In this Part “holding company” means a company the business of which consists wholly or mainly in the holding of shares or securities of companies that—

(a) are its 90% subsidiaries (see section 151), and

(b) are trading companies.

186 When activities of a company are double taxation exempt U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part activities of a company are double taxation exempt for an accounting period if, because of double taxation arrangements, the income and chargeable gains (if any) arising for that period from the activities are to be ignored in determining the company's chargeable profits for that period.

(2) In determining if any activities are double taxation exempt, assume that any claim that must be made before effect is given to any provision of double taxation arrangements is made.

(3) “Double taxation arrangements” means arrangements which have effect under section 2(1) of TIOPA 2010 (double taxation relief by agreement with territories outside the United Kingdom).

187 “Non-UK tax” U.K.

(1) In this Part “non-UK tax” means a tax chargeable under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom which—

(a) is charged on income and corresponds to United Kingdom income tax, or

(b) is charged on income or chargeable gains or both and corresponds to United Kingdom corporation tax.

(2) A tax is not outside the scope of subsection (1) by reason only that it—

(a) is chargeable under the law of a province, state or other part of a country, or

(b) is levied by or on behalf of a municipality or other local body.

188 Other definitions U.K.

(1) In this Part—

• “the claimant company” has the meaning given by section 130(2) or 135(2) (as the case may be),

• “the claim period” has the meaning given by section 130(2) or 135(2) (as the case may be),

• “company” means any body corporate,

• “group relief” has the meaning given by section 97(2),

• “profits” means income and chargeable gains, except in so far as the context otherwise requires,

• “the surrenderable amounts” has the meaning given by section 99(7) or 113(5) (as the case may be),

• “surrendering company” has the meaning given by section 99(7) or 113(5) (as the case may be), and

• “the surrender period” has the meaning given by section 99(7) or 113(5) (as the case may be).

(2) In this Part, except in so far as the context otherwise requires—

(a) references to a trade include an office, and

(b) references to carrying on a trade include holding an office.

Part 6 U.K. Charitable donations relief

Chapter 1 U.K. Nature of relief

189 Relief for qualifying charitable donations U.K.

(1) Qualifying charitable donations made by a company are allowed as deductions from the company's total profits in calculating the corporation tax chargeable for an accounting period.

(2) They are deducted from the company's total profits for the period after any other relief from corporation tax other than group relief.

(3) The amount of the deduction is limited to the amount that reduces the company's taxable total profits for the period to nil.

(4) Except as otherwise provided, a deduction is allowed only in respect of qualifying charitable donations made by the company in the accounting period concerned.

(5) The above provisions are subject to any express exceptions in the Corporation Tax Acts.

190 Qualifying charitable donations: meaning U.K.

(1) The following are qualifying charitable donations for corporation tax purposes—

(a) payments which are qualifying payments for the purposes of Chapter 2 (certain payments to charity), and

(b) amounts treated as qualifying charitable donations under Chapter 3 (certain disposals of investments to charity).

(2) However, no payment that is otherwise deductible from total profits, or in calculating any component of total profits, is a qualifying charitable donation.

Chapter 2 U.K. Certain payments to charity

Qualifying payments U.K.

191 Qualifying payments U.K.

(1) A payment made to a charity by a company is a qualifying payment for the purposes of this Chapter if each of conditions A to F is met.

(2) Condition A is that the payment is a payment of a sum of money.

(3) Condition B is that the payment is not subject to a condition as to repayment (but see section 192).

(4) Condition C is that the company making the payment is not itself a charity.

(5) Condition D is that the payment is not disqualified under section 193 (associated acquisition etc by the charity).

(6) Condition E is that the payment is not disqualified under section 194 (certain distributions).

(7) Condition F is that the payment is not disqualified under section 195 (associated benefits).

192 Condition as to repayment U.K.

(1) If—

(a) a company makes a payment to a charity (“the charitable payment”),

(b) the charity makes a payment to the company (“the repayment”), and

(c) each of conditions A to D is met,

the charitable payment is not subject to a condition as to repayment.

(2) Condition A is that the company is wholly owned by the charity, or by a number of charities that include the charity.

(3) Condition B is that the charitable payment is of an amount which the company estimates to be the amount necessary to reduce to nil the company's taxable total profits for the accounting period in which the payment is made (“the relevant period”).

(4) Condition C is that the only purpose for which the charity makes the repayment is to adjust the amount of the charitable payment so that it is of the amount actually necessary to reduce to nil the company's taxable total profits for the relevant period.

(5) Condition D is that the repayment is made no later than 12 months after the end of the relevant period.

(6) If subsection (1) applies—

(a) the repayment is not non-charitable expenditure for the purposes of section 493 or 515 of this Act or section 543(1)(f) of ITA 2007, and

(b) paragraphs 56 and 62 (but not 64) of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 (supplementary claims or elections) apply to the repayment.

193 Associated acquisition etc U.K.

(1) A payment is disqualified under this section if—

(a) it is conditional on an acquisition of property by the charity from the company or a person associated with the company,

(b) it is associated with such an acquisition, or

(c) it is part of an arrangement involving such an acquisition.

(2) An acquisition by way of gift is to be ignored for the purposes of this section.

194 Distributions U.K.

(1) A payment is disqualified under this section if it is to be regarded as a distribution by reason of any provision of the Taxes Acts (within the meaning of TMA 1970) except section 1020 (transfers of assets or liabilities treated as distributions).

(2) In deciding whether a payment is to be regarded as a distribution for the purposes of subsection (1), section 1002(2) is to be ignored.

(3) A payment (other than a dividend) made by a company which is wholly owned by a charity is not to be regarded as a distribution for the purposes of subsection (1).

195 Associated benefits U.K.

(1) A payment is disqualified under this section if—

(a) benefits are associated with the payment, and

(b) the restrictions on benefits associated with a payment are breached.

(2) Sections 196 to 198 apply for these purposes.

196 Associated benefits: meaning U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter a benefit is associated with a payment if—

(a) it is received by the company which made the payment or by a person associated with the company, and

(b) it is received in consequence of making the payment.

197 Restrictions on associated benefits U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter the restrictions on benefits associated with a payment are breached if condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that the total value of the benefits associated with the payment exceeds the variable limit, which is—

(a) 25% of the amount of the payment, if the amount of the payment is £100 or less,

(b) £25, if the amount of the payment is more than £100 but not more than £1,000,

(c) 5% of the amount of the payment, if the amount of the payment is more than £1,000.

(3) Condition B is that the sum of the following total values is more than £500—

(a) the total value of the benefits associated with the payment, and

(b) the total value of the benefits (if any) associated with each relevant prior payment.

(4) A relevant prior payment is a payment—

(a) which has already been made by the company to the charity in the accounting period, and

(b) which is a qualifying payment.

(5) This section needs to be read with section 198.

198 Payments and benefits linked to periods of less than 12 months U.K.

(1) This section modifies the application of section 197(2) in relation to a payment if condition A, B, C or D is met.

(2) Condition A is that a benefit associated with the payment relates to a period of less than 12 months.

(3) Condition B is that a benefit associated with the payment consists of a right to receive benefits at intervals over a period of less than 12 months.

(4) Condition C is that a benefit associated with the payment is one of a series of benefits which are—

(a) received at intervals, and

(b) associated with a series of payments made at intervals of less than 12 months.

(5) Condition D is that—

(a) a benefit associated with the payment is not one of a series of benefits received at intervals, and

(b) the payment is one of a series of payments made at intervals of less than 12 months.

(6) If condition A, B or C is met, then for the purposes of section 197(2)—

(a) the value of the benefit is taken to be the annual equivalent of its actual value, and

(b) the amount of the payment is taken to be the annual equivalent of its actual amount.

(7) If condition D is met, the amount of the payment is taken for the purposes of section 197(2) to be the annual equivalent of its actual amount.

(8) The annual equivalent of the value of a benefit, or of the amount of a payment, is found as follows.

• Step 1

  Multiply the value or amount by 365.

• Step 2

  If condition A or B is met in relation to the benefit (and neither condition C nor condition D is met in relation to it) divide the result by the number of days in the period of less than 12 months referred to in subsection (2) or (as the case may be) subsection (3).

If condition C or D is met in relation to the benefit, divide the result by the average number of days in the intervals of less than 12 months referred to in subsection (4)(b) or (as the case may be) subsection (5)(b).

Payment attributed to earlier period U.K.

199 Payment attributed to earlier accounting period U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company makes a qualifying payment,

(b) the company is wholly owned by a charity, and

(c) the company makes a claim for the payment (or part of it) to be treated as a qualifying charitable donation made in an accounting period falling wholly or partly within the period of 9 months ending with the date of the making of the payment.

(2) The payment (or part) is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as a qualifying charitable donation made in that accounting period and not in any later period.

(3) A claim must be made within the period of two years immediately following the accounting period in which the payment is made or such longer period as an officer of Revenue and Customs may allow.

Interpretation U.K.

200 Company wholly owned by a charity U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter a company is wholly owned by a charity if condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) the company has an ordinary share capital, and

(b) every part of that share capital is owned by a charity (whether or not the same charity).

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) the company is limited by guarantee, and

(b) every beneficiary of the company is or must be a charity or a company wholly owned by a charity.

(4) Ordinary share capital of a company is treated as owned by a charity if a charity—

(a) directly or indirectly owns that share capital within the meaning of Chapter 3 of Part 24, or

(b) would be taken so to own it if references in that Chapter to a body corporate included references to a charity which is not a body corporate.

(5) A beneficiary of a company is a person who—

(a) is beneficially entitled to participate in the company's divisible profits, or

(b) will be beneficially entitled to share in any of the company's net assets available for distribution on its winding up.

201 Associated persons U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter a person is associated with a company if the person is connected with—

(a) the company, or

(b) a person connected with the company.

202 “Charity” U.K.

In this Chapter “charity” means—

(a) a body of persons or trust established for charitable purposes only,

(b) a scientific research association (as defined in section 469),

(c) the Trustees of the National Heritage Memorial Fund,

(d) the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, or

(e) the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts.

Chapter 3 U.K. Certain disposals to charity

Amounts treated as qualifying charitable donations U.K.

203 Certain disposals of investments U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company disposes of the whole of the beneficial interest in a qualifying investment to a charity,

(b) the disposal is otherwise than by way of a bargain made at arm's length,

(c) the company is not itself a charity, and

(d) the company makes a claim.

(2) The relievable amount is treated for corporation tax purposes as a qualifying charitable donation made by the company in the accounting period in which the disposal is made.

(3) No relief in respect of the disposal is to be given under section 105 of CTA 2009 (gifts of trading stock to charities etc).

(4) For the calculation of the relievable amount, see section 206.

(5) If the qualifying investment is a qualifying interest in land, this section is subject to—

• section 213 (certificates),

• section 214 (qualifying interests in land held jointly),

• section 215 (calculation of relievable amount etc where joint disposal), and

• section 216 (disqualifying events).

204 Meaning of qualifying investment U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “qualifying investment” means any of the following—

(a) shares or securities which are listed on a recognised stock exchange or dealt in on a designated market in the United Kingdom,

(b) units in an authorised unit trust,

(c) shares in an open-ended investment company,

(d) an interest in an offshore fund, and

(e) a qualifying interest in land.

(2) In this section—

• “offshore fund” has the meaning given by section 355 of TIOPA 2010, and

• “open-ended investment company” is to be read in accordance with sections 613 and 615.

(3) In paragraph (a) of subsection (1) “designated” means designated by an order made by the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs for the purposes of that paragraph.

(4) An order under subsection (3)—

(a) may designate a market by name or by reference to a class or description of market,

(b) may vary or revoke a previous order under that subsection.

205 Meaning of qualifying interest in land U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “qualifying interest in land” means—

(a) a freehold interest in land in the United Kingdom, or

(b) a leasehold interest in land in the United Kingdom which is a term of years absolute.

This is subject to subsections (2) to (5).

(2) Subsection (3) applies if a company with a beneficial interest in a freehold or leasehold interest mentioned in subsection (1)(a) or (b) makes a disposal to a charity of—

(a) the whole of the beneficial interest, and

(b) an easement, servitude, right or privilege so far as benefiting the land in question.

(3) The disposal mentioned in subsection (2)(b) is regarded for the purposes of this Chapter as a disposal by the company of the whole of its beneficial interest in a qualifying interest in land separate from the disposal mentioned in subsection (2)(a).

(4) If a company which has a freehold or leasehold interest in land in the United Kingdom grants a lease for a term of years absolute to a charity of the whole or part of the land, the grant of the lease is regarded for the purposes of this Chapter as a disposal by the company of the whole of the beneficial interest in the leasehold interest so granted.

(5) Neither an agreement to acquire a freehold interest nor an agreement for a lease is a qualifying interest in land.

(6) In the application of this section to Scotland—

(a) references to a freehold interest in land are to the interest of the owner,

(b) references to a leasehold interest in land which is a term of years absolute are to a tenant's right over or interest in a property subject to a lease,

(c) references to an agreement for a lease do not include missives of let that constitute an actual lease, and

(d) the reference in subsection (4) to granting a lease for a term of years absolute is to granting a lease.

206 The relievable amount U.K.

(1) If the disposal is a gift, the relievable amount is given by the formula—

where—

V is the value of the net benefit to the charity at, or immediately after, the time when the disposal is made (whichever is less),

IC is the amount of the incidental costs of making the disposal to the company making it, and

B is the total value of any benefits received in consequence of making the disposal by the company making the disposal or a person connected with the company.

(2) If the disposal is at an undervalue, the relievable amount is given by the formula—

where—

E is the amount (if any) by which V (as defined in subsection (1)) exceeds the amount or value of the consideration for the disposal,

C is given by subsection (4), and

B is as defined in subsection (1).

(3) But if the amount given by the formula in subsection (1) or (2) is a negative amount, the relievable amount is nil.

(4) C is found as follows.

• Step 1

  Calculate the consideration for which the disposal is treated as made for the purposes of TCGA 1992 as a result of section 257(2)(a) of that Act (in case of disposal to charity etc, consideration to be such that no gain or loss accrues).

• Step 2

  Find the excess (if any) of the amount calculated at step 1 over the amount or value of the consideration for the disposal.

If there is such an excess, C is the amount of that excess or, if less, the amount of the incidental costs of making the disposal to the company making it.

If there is no such excess, C is nil.

(5) This section needs to be read with—

(a) section 207 (incidental costs of making disposal),

(b) section 208 (consideration), and

(c) sections 209 to 212 (value of net benefit to charity).

207 Incidental costs of making disposal U.K.

References in section 206 to the incidental costs of making the disposal to the company making it are to—

(a) fees, commission or remuneration paid for the professional services of a surveyor, valuer, auctioneer, accountant, agent or legal adviser which are wholly and exclusively incurred by the company for the purposes of the disposal,

(b) costs of transfer or conveyance wholly and exclusively incurred by the company for the purposes of the disposal,

(c) costs of advertising to find a buyer, and

(d) costs reasonably incurred in making any valuation or apportionment required for the purposes of this Chapter.

208 Consideration U.K.

If the disposal is at an undervalue, section 48 of TCGA 1992 (consideration due after time of disposal) applies in relation to the calculation of the relievable amount as it applies in relation to the calculation of a gain.

Value of net benefit to charity U.K.

209 Value of net benefit to charity U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter the value of the net benefit to a charity is—

(a) the market value of the qualifying investment, or

(b) if the charity is, or becomes, subject to a disposal-related obligation, the market value of the qualifying investment reduced by the total amount of the disposal-related liabilities of the charity.

(2) This section is supplemented by—

(a) section 210 (market value of qualifying investments),

(b) section 211 (meaning of disposal-related obligation), and

(c) section 212 (meaning and amount of disposal-related liability).

210 Market value of qualifying investments U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter the market value of a qualifying investment is determined in accordance with sections 272 to 274 of TCGA 1992 (subject to Part I of Schedule 11 to that Act).

(2) But, in the case of an interest in an offshore fund for which separate buying and selling prices are published regularly by the managers of the fund, the market value for the purposes of this Chapter is an amount equal to the buying price (that is the lower price) published on—

(a) the day of the disposal, or

(b) if none were published on that day, the latest day on which the prices were published before that day.

(3) In this section “offshore fund” has the meaning given by section 355 of TIOPA 2010.

211 Meaning of “disposal-related obligation” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter an obligation is a “disposal-related obligation”, in relation to a qualifying investment, if condition A or B is met in relation to it.

(2) The obligation may be to any person (whether or not the company making the disposal or a person connected with it).

(3) Condition A is that it is reasonable to suppose that the disposal of the qualifying investment to the charity would not have been made in the absence of the obligation.

(4) Condition B is that the obligation (whether in whole or in part) relates to, is framed by reference to, or is conditional on the charity receiving, the qualifying investment or a disposal-related investment.

(5) In applying condition A all the circumstances must be taken into account (including in particular the difference in the value of the net benefit to the charity calculated under section 209(1)(a) and that value calculated under section 209(1)(b) on the assumption that the obligation under consideration is a disposal-related obligation).

(6) In subsection (4) “disposal-related investment” means any of the following—

(a) an asset of the same class or description as the qualifying investment (irrespective of size, quantity or amount),

(b) an asset derived from, or representing, the qualifying investment, whether in whole or in part and whether directly or indirectly, and

(c) an asset from which the qualifying investment is derived, or which the qualifying investment represents, whether in whole or in part and whether directly or indirectly.

(7) In this section “obligation” includes a reference to each of the following—

(a) a scheme, arrangement or understanding of any kind, whether or not legally enforceable, and

(b) a series of obligations (whether or not between the same parties).

212 Meaning and amount of “disposal-related liability” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter a liability is a “disposal-related liability” in the case of a qualifying investment if it is a liability of the charity under a disposal-related obligation in relation to the qualifying investment.

(2) If the disposal-related obligation is contingent, the amount to be brought into account for the purposes of section 209 at any time in respect of the disposal-related liability, so far as contingent, is—

(a) if the contingency occurs, the amount or value of the liability actually incurred in consequence of the occurrence of the contingency, or

(b) if the contingency does not occur, nil.

Special provisions about qualifying interests in land U.K.

213 Certificate required from charity U.K.

(1) This section applies if the qualifying investment is a qualifying interest in land.

(2) A company may not make a claim under section 203 unless the company has received a certificate given by or on behalf of the charity.

(3) The certificate must—

(a) describe the qualifying interest in land,

(b) specify the date of the disposal, and

(c) state that the charity has acquired the qualifying interest in land.

214 Qualifying interests in land held jointly U.K.

(1) This section applies if the qualifying investment is a qualifying interest in land.

(2) It applies if two or more persons (“the owners”)—

(a) are jointly beneficially entitled to the qualifying interest in land, or

(b) are, taken together, beneficially entitled in common to the qualifying interest in land.

(3) Relief as a result of this Chapter is available if—

(a) at least one of the owners is a qualifying company, and

(b) all the owners dispose of the whole of their beneficial interests in the qualifying interest in land to the charity.

(4) Relief as a result of this Chapter is available to each of the owners which is a qualifying company (and section 215 applies).

(5) A company is a qualifying company if it is not itself a charity.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if one or more of the owners is not a company.

(7) For the purpose of determining whether the owners' beneficial interests are disposed of as mentioned in subsection (3)(b), section 205(2) to (4) applies as if references to a company included references to a person who is not a company.

215 Calculation of relievable amount etc where joint disposal of interest in land U.K.

(1) If relief as a result of this Chapter is available because of section 214, this section applies for the purpose of finding—

(a) the relievable amount, and

(b) the amount of relief to be given to a qualifying company.

(2) If one or more of the owners is an individual, subsections (3) and (4) apply.

(3) The relievable amount is taken to be the relievable amount calculated for the purposes of Chapter 3 of Part 8 of ITA 2007.

(4) The amount of relief to be given to a qualifying company as a result of this Chapter is calculated on the basis that the reference in section 203(2) to the relievable amount is read as a reference to such share of the relievable amount found under subsection (3) above as is allocated to the company by the agreement mentioned in section 442(5) of ITA 2007.

(5) If none of the owners is an individual, subsections (6) to (9) apply.

(6) Calculate the relievable amount under this Chapter as if—

(a) the owners were a single qualifying company, and

(b) the disposals of the owners' beneficial interests were a single disposal by that single company of the whole of the beneficial interest in the qualifying interest in land.

(7) In particular, calculate the consideration mentioned at Step 1 in section 206(4) by—

(a) calculating, for each owner, the consideration for which the disposal of the owner's beneficial interest is treated as made for the purposes of TCGA 1992 as a result of section 257(2)(a) of that Act, and

(b) adding together all the consideration calculated under paragraph (a).

(8) If one or more of the owners is not a qualifying company, in calculating the relievable amount make just and reasonable adjustments to reduce the relievable amount to reflect the fact that relief as a result of this Chapter is not available to that owner or to those owners.

(9) The amount of relief to be given to a qualifying company as a result of this Chapter is calculated on the basis that the reference in section 203(2) to the relievable amount is read as a reference to such share of the relievable amount found under subsections (6) to (8) above as is allocated to the company by an agreement made between those owners which are qualifying companies.

216 Disqualifying events U.K.

(1) This section applies if the qualifying investment is a qualifying interest in land.

(2) If a disqualifying event occurs at any time in the provisional period, the following are treated as never having been entitled to relief as a result of this Chapter in respect of the disposal of the qualifying interest in land—

(a) in a case where sections 214 and 215 do not apply, the company which made the disposal, and

(b) in a case where those sections apply, each qualifying company which is an owner.

(3) All such assessments and adjustments of assessments are to be made as are necessary to give effect to subsection (2).

(4) A disqualifying event occurs if a person mentioned in subsection (5) becomes (otherwise than for full consideration in money or money's worth)—

(a) entitled to an interest or right in relation to all or part of the land to which the disposal relates, or

(b) party to an arrangement under which he enjoys some right in relation to all or part of that land.

(5) The persons are—

(a) in a case where sections 214 and 215 do not apply, the company which made the disposal or a person connected with that company, and

(b) in a case where those sections apply, a person who is an owner or a person connected with such a person.

(6) A disqualifying event does not occur if a person becomes entitled to an interest or right as mentioned in subsection (4)(a) as a result of a disposition of property on death (whether the disposition is effected by will, under the law relating to intestacy or otherwise).

(7) “The provisional period” is the period beginning with the date of the disposal of the qualifying interest in land and ending with the sixth anniversary of the end of the accounting period in which the disposal was made.

Interpretation U.K.

217 “Charity” U.K.

In this Chapter “charity” means—

(a) a body of persons or trust established for charitable purposes only,

(b) the Trustees of the National Heritage Memorial Fund,

(c) the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, or

(d) the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts.

Part 7 U.K. Community investment tax relief

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

CITR U.K.

218 Meaning of “CITR” U.K.

This Part provides for community investment tax relief (“CITR”), that is, entitlement to tax reductions in respect of amounts invested by companies in community development finance institutions.

219 Eligibility for CITR U.K.

(1) A company (“the investor”) which makes an investment (“the investment”) in a body is eligible for CITR in respect of the investment if—

(a) at the time the investment is made the body is accredited as a community development finance institution under Chapter 2 of Part 7 of ITA 2007,

(b) the investment is a qualifying investment (see Chapter 2 of this Part), and

(c) the general conditions of Chapter 3 of this Part are met.

(2) In this Part references to “the CDFI” are to the body in which the investment is made.

220 Form and amount of CITR U.K.

(1) If the investor is eligible for CITR in respect of the investment, the investor may make a claim in respect of the investment for any one or more of the relevant accounting periods.

(2) If the investor makes a claim for a relevant accounting period, the investor is entitled to a reduction in the amount of its liability for corporation tax for that period.

(3) The amount of that reduction for the relevant accounting period is the smaller of the following amounts—

(a) 5% of the invested amount in respect of the investment for the period, and

(b) the amount which reduces the investor's liability for corporation tax for the period to nil.

(4) For this purpose the “relevant” accounting periods are—

(a) the accounting period in which the investment date falls, and

(b) each of the accounting periods in which the subsequent 4 anniversaries of that date fall.

(5) The investor is entitled to make a claim for CITR for a relevant accounting period if—

(a) the investor considers that the conditions for the CITR are for the time being met, and

(b) the investor has received a tax relief certificate (see section 229) relating to the investment from the CDFI,

but a claim may not be made before the end of the accounting period to which the claim relates.

(6) Subsection (5) is subject to the following provisions—

(a) section 236 (loans: no claim after disposal or excessive repayments or receipts of value),

(b) section 237 (securities or shares: no claim after disposal or excessive receipts of value),

(c) section 238 (no claim after loss of accreditation by the CDFI), and

(d) section 239 (accreditation of investor).

Miscellaneous U.K.

221 Meaning of “making an investment” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, a company makes an investment in a body at any time when—

(a) the company makes a loan (whether secured or unsecured) to the body, or

(b) an issue of securities of or shares in the body, for which the company has subscribed, is made to the company.

(2) The following provisions of this section apply for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).

(3) A company does not make a loan to a body if—

(a) the body uses overdraft facilities provided by the company, or

(b) the company subscribes for or otherwise acquires securities of the body.

(4) If the loan agreement authorises the body to draw down amounts of the loan over a period of time, the loan is treated as made at the time when the first amount is drawn down.

222 Determination of “the invested amount” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purpose of determining “the invested amount” in respect of any loan, securities or shares included in the investment.

This is subject to sections 246(2) and 252 (which adjust “the invested amount” in certain cases where value is received).

(2) In the case of a loan, the invested amount is—

(a) for the accounting period in which the investment date falls, the average capital balance for the first year of the 5 year period,

(b) for the accounting period in which the first anniversary of the investment date falls, the average capital balance for the second year of the 5 year period, and

(c) for any subsequent accounting period—

(i) the average capital balance for the period of 12 months beginning with the anniversary of the investment date falling in the accounting period concerned, or

(ii) if less, the average capital balance for the period of 6 months beginning 18 months after the investment date.

(3) In the case of securities or shares, the invested amount for an accounting period is the amount subscribed by the investor for the securities or shares.

(4) For the purposes of this section, the average capital balance of the loan for a period is the mean of the daily balances of capital outstanding during the period.

223 Meaning of “the 5 year period” and “the investment date” U.K.

In this Part—

• “the 5 year period” means the period of 5 years beginning with the investment date, and

• “the investment date” means the day the investment is made.

224 Overview of other Chapters of Part U.K.

In this Part—

(a) Chapter 4 provides for limitations on claims and the attribution of CITR to investments,

(b) Chapter 5 provides for CITR to be withdrawn or reduced in the circumstances mentioned in that Chapter, and

(c) Chapter 6 contains supplementary and general provision.

Chapter 2 U.K. Qualifying investments

225 Qualifying investments: introduction U.K.

For the purposes of this Part the investment is a “qualifying investment” in the CDFI if—

(a) the investment consists of—

(i) a loan in relation to which the conditions of section 226 are met,

(ii) securities in relation to which the conditions of section 227 are met, or

(iii) shares in relation to which the conditions of section 228 are met,

(b) the investor receives from the CDFI a valid tax relief certificate in relation to the investment (see section 229), and

(c) the requirements of section 230 (no pre-arranged protection against risks) are met.

226 Conditions to be met in relation to loans U.K.

(1) Condition A of this section is that either—

(a) the CDFI receives from the investor, on the investment date, the full amount of the loan, or

(b) if the loan agreement authorises the CDFI to draw down amounts of the loan over a period of time, the end of that period is not later than 18 months after the investment date.

(2) Condition B is that the loan must not carry any present or future right to be converted into or exchanged for a loan which is, or securities, shares or other rights which are, redeemable within the 5 year period.

(3) Condition C is that the loan must not have been made on terms that allow any person to require—

(a) the repayment during the first two years of the 5 year period of any of the loan capital advanced in those two years,

(b) the repayment during the third year of that period of more than 25% of the loan capital outstanding at the end of those two years,

(c) the repayment before the end of the fourth year of that period of more than 50% of that loan capital, or

(d) the repayment before the end of that period of more than 75% of that loan capital.

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply if the CDFI is required to make the repayment as a result of its failure to meet any obligation of the loan agreement which—

(a) is imposed merely because of the commercial risks to which the investor is exposed as lender under that agreement, and

(b) is no more likely to be breached than any obligation that might reasonably have been agreed in respect of the loan in the absence of this Part.

(5) The Treasury may by order substitute any other percentage for any percentage for the time being specified in subsection (3).

(6) Any such substitution is to have effect in relation to loans made by a company on or after the date specified in the order.

227 Conditions to be met in relation to securities U.K.

(1) Condition A of this section is that the securities must be—

(a) subscribed for wholly in cash, and

(b) fully paid for on the investment date.

(2) Condition B is that the securities must not carry—

(a) any present or future right to be redeemed within the 5 year period, or

(b) any present or future right to be converted into or exchanged for a loan which is, or securities, shares or other rights which are, redeemable within that period.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b), securities are not fully paid for if there is any undertaking to pay cash to the CDFI at a future date in connection with the acquisition of the securities.

228 Conditions to be met in relation to shares U.K.

(1) Condition A of this section is that the shares must be—

(a) subscribed for wholly in cash, and

(b) fully paid up on the investment date.

(2) Condition B is that the shares must not carry—

(a) any present or future right to be redeemed during the 5 year period, or

(b) any present or future right to be converted into or exchanged for a loan which is, or securities, shares or other rights which are, redeemable within that period.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) shares are not fully paid up if there is any undertaking to pay cash to the CDFI at a future date in connection with the acquisition of the shares.

229 Tax relief certificates U.K.

(1) A “tax relief certificate” means a certificate issued by the CDFI in respect of the investment which is in the form specified by the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs.

(2) The CDFI must not issue tax relief certificates under this section in respect of investments made in the CDFI in an accreditation period if the total value of—

(a) those investments, and

(b) any investments to which subsection (3) applies,

will exceed the limit for that period.

(3) This subsection applies to investments—

(a) which have been made in the CDFI in the accreditation period, and

(b) in respect of which the CDFI has issued tax relief certificates under section 348 of ITA 2007 (which makes in relation to income tax provision corresponding to that made by this section).

(4) The limit for an accreditation period is—

(a) £10 million if the CDFI is accredited for the period as a retail community development finance institution (see section 340(8) of ITA 2007), and

(b) £20 million in any other case.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (2) the value of an investment made in the CDFI is—

(a) if the investment consists of a loan—

(i) the amount of the loan, or

(ii) if the loan agreement authorises the CDFI to draw down amounts of the loan over a period of time, the amount committed under the loan agreement, and

(b) if the investment consists of securities or shares, the amount subscribed for them.

(6) The Treasury may by order substitute any other amount for any amount for the time being specified in subsection (4).

(7) Any such substitution is to have effect in relation to such accreditation periods as may be specified in the order; and those periods may, if the substitution increases an amount for the time being specified in subsection (4), include periods beginning before the order comes into force.

(8) Any tax relief certificate issued in contravention of subsection (2) is invalid.

(9) A body is liable to a penalty of not more than £3,000 if it issues a tax relief certificate which is made fraudulently or negligently.

(10) An accreditation period is a period for which accreditation of the CDFI has effect under Chapter 2 of Part 7 of ITA 2007.

230 No pre-arranged protection against risks U.K.

(1) Any arrangements—

(a) under which the investment is made, or

(b) made, before the investor makes the investment, in relation to or in connection with the making of the investment,

must not include excluded arrangements.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) “excluded arrangements”—

(a) means arrangements the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is (by means of any insurance, indemnity or guarantee or otherwise) to provide partial or complete protection for the investor against what would otherwise be the risks attached to making the investment, but

(b) does not include any arrangements which are confined to the provision for the investor of any protection against those risks which might reasonably be expected to be provided for commercial reasons if the investment were made in the course of a business of banking.

(3) For the purposes of this section “arrangements” includes any scheme, agreement or understanding (whether or not legally enforceable).

Chapter 3 U.K. General conditions

231 No control of CDFI by investor U.K.

(1) The investor must not control the CDFI at any time during the 5 year period.

(2) In this section references to the investor include any person connected with the investor.

(3) If the CDFI is a body corporate, the question whether the investor controls the CDFI is, for the purposes of this section, determined in accordance with section 1124.

This is subject to subsection (6).

(4) In any other case the investor is treated, for those purposes, as having control of the CDFI if the investor has power to secure, as a result of—

(a) the possession of voting power in the CDFI, or

(b) any powers conferred by the constitution of, or any other document regulating, the CDFI,

that the affairs of the body are conducted in accordance with the investor's wishes.

This is subject to subsections (5) and (6).

(5) If—

(a) the CDFI is a partnership, and

(b) the investor is a member of that partnership,

for the purposes of determining in accordance with this section whether the investor controls the CDFI, the other members of that partnership are not, as a result of their membership of the CDFI, treated as partners of the investor.

(6) In determining whether the investor controls the CDFI there are attributed to the investor (so far as it would not otherwise be the case)—

(a) any rights or powers that the investor is entitled to acquire at a future date or will, at a future date, become entitled to acquire, and

(b) any rights or powers which another person holds on behalf of the investor or may be required to exercise, by direction, on the investor's behalf.

232 Investor must have beneficial ownership U.K.

(1) The investor must be the sole beneficial owner of the investment when it is made.

(2) If the investment consists of a loan, the person beneficially entitled to repayment of the loan is treated as the beneficial owner of the loan for the purposes of this Part.

233 Investor must not be accredited U.K.

The investor must not be accredited as a community development finance institution under Chapter 2 of Part 7 of ITA 2007 on the investment date.

234 No acquisition of share in partnership U.K.

(1) If the CDFI is a partnership, the investment must not consist of or include any amount of capital contributed by the investor on becoming a member of the partnership.

(2) For this purpose the amount of capital contributed by the investor on becoming a member of the partnership includes any amount which—

(a) purports to be provided by the investor by way of loan capital, and

(b) is accounted for as partners' capital in the accounts of the partnership.

235 No tax avoidance purpose U.K.

The investment must not be made as part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is the avoidance of tax.

Chapter 4 U.K. Limitations on claims and attribution

Limitations on claims U.K.

236 Loans: no claim after disposal or excessive repayments or receipts of value U.K.

(1) If the investment consists of a loan, no claim may be made for an accounting period if—

(a) the investor disposes of the whole or any part of the loan before the qualifying date relating to that period,

(b) at any time after the investment is made but before that qualifying date, the amount of the capital outstanding on the loan is reduced to nil, or

(c) before that qualifying date, paragraphs (a) and (b) of section 245(1) (repayments of loan in 5 year period exceeding permitted limits) apply in relation to the investment (whether by virtue of section 246 (receipts of value treated as repayments) or otherwise).

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(a) any repayment of the loan is to be ignored.

(3) For the purposes of this section the qualifying date relating to an accounting period is the next anniversary of the investment date to occur after the end of that period.

237 Securities or shares: no claim after disposal or excessive receipts of value U.K.

(1) If the investment consists of securities or shares, a claim made for an accounting period must relate only to those securities or shares held by the investor, as sole beneficial owner, continuously throughout the period—

(a) beginning when the investment is made, and

(b) ending immediately before the qualifying date relating to the accounting period.

(2) No claim may be made for an accounting period if before the qualifying date relating to that period paragraphs (a) to (d) of section 247(1) (receipts of value in the 6 year period exceeding permitted limits) apply in relation to the investment or any part of it.

(3) For the purposes of this section the qualifying date relating to an accounting period is the next anniversary of the investment date to occur after the end of that period.

238 No claim after loss of accreditation by the CDFI U.K.

(1) If the CDFI ceases to be accredited under Chapter 2 of Part 7 of ITA 2007 with effect from a time within the 5 year period, no claim in respect of the investment may be made—

(a) for the relevant accounting period, or

(b) for any later accounting period.

(2) To find the relevant accounting period proceed under the rest of this section, in which references to the time of accreditation ceasing are to the time with effect from which the CDFI ceases to be accredited.

(3) If the time of accreditation ceasing falls within the first year of the 5 year period, the relevant accounting period is the accounting period in which the investment date fell.

(4) In any other case the relevant accounting period is—

(a) the accounting period in which the last anniversary of the investment date before the time of accreditation ceasing fell, or

(b) if the time of accreditation ceasing itself falls on an anniversary of the investment date, the accounting period in which that anniversary falls.

239 Accreditation of investor U.K.

(1) This section applies where the investor becomes accredited under Chapter 2 of Part 7 of ITA 2007 with effect from a time within the 5 year period.

(2) No claim in respect of the investment may be made—

(a) for the relevant accounting period, or

(b) for any later accounting period.

(3) To find the relevant accounting period proceed under the rest of this section, in which references to the time of accreditation are to the time with effect from which the investor becomes accredited.

(4) If the time of accreditation falls within the first year of the 5 year period, the relevant accounting period is the accounting period in which the investment date fell.

(5) In any other case the relevant accounting period is—

(a) the accounting period in which the last anniversary of the investment date before the time of accreditation fell, or

(b) if the time of accreditation itself falls on an anniversary of the investment date, the accounting period in which that anniversary falls.

Attribution U.K.

240 Attribution: general U.K.

(1) In this Part references to the CITR attributable to any loan, securities or shares in respect of an accounting period are read as references to the reduction which—

(a) is made in the investor's liability to corporation tax for that period, and

(b) is attributed to that loan, or those securities or shares, in accordance with this section and section 241.

This is subject to the provisions of Chapter 5 for the withdrawal or reduction of CITR.

(2) Subsections (3) and (4) apply if the investor's liability to corporation tax is reduced for an accounting period under this Part.

(3) If the reduction is obtained because of one loan, or securities or shares included in one issue, the amount of the tax reduction is attributed to that loan or those securities or shares.

(4) If the reduction is obtained because of a loan or loans, securities or shares included in two or more investments, the reduction—

(a) is apportioned between the loan or loans, securities or shares in each of those investments in the same proportions as the invested amounts in respect of the loan or loans, securities or shares for the period, and

(b) is attributed to that loan or those loans, securities or shares accordingly.

(5) If under this section an amount of any reduction of corporation tax is attributed to any securities in the same issue, a proportionate part of that amount is attributed to each security.

(6) If under this section an amount of any reduction of corporation tax is attributed to any shares in the same issue, a proportionate part of that amount is attributed to each of those shares.

(7) If CITR attributable to a loan or any securities or shares falls to be withdrawn under Chapter 5, the CITR attributable to that loan or each of those securities or shares is reduced to nil.

(8) If CITR attributable to any securities or shares falls to be reduced under that Chapter by any amount, the CITR attributable to each of those securities or shares is reduced by a proportionate part of that amount.

241 Attribution: bonus shares U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) corresponding bonus shares are issued to the investor in respect of any shares (“the original shares”) included in the investment, and

(b) the original shares have been continuously held by the investor, as sole beneficial owner, from the time they were issued until the issue of the bonus shares.

(2) A proportionate part of any amount attributed to the original shares, in respect of an accounting period, immediately before the bonus shares are issued is attributed to each of the shares in the holding consisting of the original shares and the bonus shares, in respect of that period.

(3) After the issue of the bonus shares this Part applies as if—

(a) the original issue had included the bonus shares, and

(b) the bonus shares had been held by the investor, as sole beneficial owner, continuously from the time the original shares were issued until the bonus shares were issued.

(4) In this section—

• “corresponding bonus shares” means bonus shares that are in the same company, are of the same class, and carry the same rights as the original shares,

• “original issue” means the issue of shares forming the investment.

Chapter 5 U.K. Withdrawal or reduction of CITR

Introduction U.K.

242 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter provides for CITR to be withdrawn or reduced under—

(a) section 243 (disposal of loan during 5 year period),

(b) section 244 (disposal of securities or shares during 5 year period),

(c) section 245 (repayment of loan capital during 5 year period),

(d) section 246 (value received by investor during 6 year period: loans),

(e) section 247 (value received by investor during 6 year period: securities or shares),

(f) section 254 (CITR subsequently found not to have been due).

(2) This Chapter also provides for the manner in which CITR is to be withdrawn or reduced (see section 255).

(3) In this Chapter “the 6 year period” in relation to the investment is the period of 6 years beginning 12 months before the investment date.

Disposals U.K.

243 Disposal of loan during 5 year period U.K.

(1) If the investment consists of a loan and within the 5 year period—

(a) the investor disposes of the whole of the investment, otherwise than by way of a permitted disposal, or

(b) the investor disposes of a part of the investment,

any CITR attributable to the investment in respect of any accounting period must be withdrawn.

(2) For the purposes of this section—

(a) a disposal is “permitted” if—

(i) it is by way of a distribution in the course of dissolving or winding up the CDFI,

(ii) it is a disposal within section 24(1) of TCGA 1992 (entire loss, destruction, dissipation or extinction of asset),

(iii) it is a deemed disposal under section 24(2) of that Act (claim that value of asset has become negligible), or

(iv) it is made after the CDFI has ceased to be accredited under Chapter 2 of Part 7 of ITA 2007, and

(b) a full or partial repayment of the loan is not treated as giving rise to a disposal.

244 Disposal of securities or shares during 5 year period U.K.

(1) This section applies if the investment consists of securities or shares and—

(a) the investor disposes of the whole or any part of the investment (“the former investment”) within the 5 year period,

(b) the CDFI has not ceased to be accredited under Chapter 2 of Part 7 of ITA 2007 before the disposal, and

(c) the disposal does not arise as a result of an event within section 249(1)(a) (repayment, redemption or repurchase of securities or shares included in the investment).

(2) If the disposal is not a qualifying disposal, any CITR attributable to the former investment in respect of any accounting period must be withdrawn.

(3) If the disposal is a qualifying disposal, any CITR attributable to the former investment in respect of an accounting period must—

(a) if it is greater than A, be reduced by A, and

(b) in any other case, be withdrawn.

For this purpose “A” is an amount equal to 5% of the amount or value of the consideration (if any) which the investor receives for the former investment.

(4) For the purposes of this section “qualifying disposal” means a disposal that is—

(a) by way of a bargain made at arm's length, or

(b) a permitted disposal (within the meaning of section 243).

(5) If in respect of any accounting period—

(a) the amount of CITR attributable to the former investment (“B”) is less than

(b) the amount (“C”) which is equal to 5% of the invested amount in respect of the former investment for that period,

subsection (3)(a) has effect in relation to that period as if the amount or value referred to in subsection (3) were reduced by multiplying it by the fraction—

(6) If the amount of CITR attributable to the former investment in respect of an accounting period has been reduced before the CITR is obtained, the amount referred to in subsection (5) as B is to be treated for the purposes of that subsection as the amount it would have been without that reduction.

(7) Subsection (6) does not apply to a reduction by virtue of section 241 (attribution: bonus shares).

Repayment of loans U.K.

245 Repayment of loan capital during 5 year period U.K.

(1) If the investment consists of a loan and—

(a) the average capital balance of the loan for the third, fourth or final year of the 5 year period is less than the permitted balance for the year in question, and

(b) the difference between those balances is not an amount of insignificant value,

any CITR attributable to the investment in respect of any accounting period must be withdrawn.

(2) For the purposes of this section—

• “the average capital balance” of the loan for a period is the mean of the daily balances of capital outstanding during that period, ignoring any non-standard repayments of the loan made in that period or at any earlier time, and

• “the permitted balance” of the loan is—

  (a)

  for the third year of the 5 year period, 75% of the average capital balance for the period of 6 months beginning 18 months after the investment date,

  (b)

  for the fourth year of that period, 50% of that balance, and

  (c)

  for the final year of that period, 25% of that balance.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) a repayment of the loan is a non-standard repayment if subsection (4) or (5) applies.

(4) This subsection applies if the repayment is made at the choice or discretion of the CDFI, and not as a direct or indirect consequence of any obligation provided for under the terms of the loan agreement.

(5) This subsection applies if the repayment is made as a result of the failure of the CDFI to meet any obligation of the loan agreement which—

(a) is imposed merely because of the commercial risks to which the investor is exposed as lender under that agreement, and

(b) is no more likely to be breached than any obligation that might reasonably have been agreed in respect of the loan in the absence of this Part.

(6) For the purposes of this section “an amount of insignificant value” means an amount which—

(a) is not more than £1,000, or

(b) if it is more than £1,000, is insignificant in relation to the average capital balance of the loan for the year of the 5 year period in question.

Receipts of value U.K.

246 Value received by investor during 6 year period: loans U.K.

(1) This section applies if the investment consists of a loan and the investor receives any value (other than an amount of insignificant value) from the CDFI during the 6 year period (see section 249 for provision about when value is received).

(2) The investor is treated for the purposes of—

(a) section 222 (determination of “invested amount”), and

(b) section 245 (repayments of loan capital),

as having received a repayment of the loan of an amount equal to the amount of the value received.

(3) For those purposes the repayment is treated as made—

(a) if the value is received in the first or second year of the 6 year period, at the beginning of that second year, and

(b) if the value is received in a later year of that period, at the beginning of the year in question.

(4) For the purposes of section 245 the repayment is treated as a repayment other than a non-standard repayment (within the meaning of that section).

(5) For the purposes of this section “an amount of insignificant value” means an amount of value which—

(a) is not more than £1,000, or

(b) if it is more than £1,000, is insignificant in relation to the average capital balance of the loan for the year of the 6 year period in which the value is received.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5)(b)—

(a) “the average capital balance” of the loan for a year is the mean of the daily balances of capital outstanding during the year (ignoring the receipt of value in question), and

(b) any value received in the first year of the 6 year period is treated as received at the beginning of the second year of that period.

(7) This section is subject to section 251 (value received if there is more than one investment).

(8) Value received is ignored, for the purposes of this section, so far as the CITR attributable to any loan, securities or shares in respect of any one or more accounting periods has already been reduced or withdrawn on its account.

247 Value received by investor during 6 year period: securities or shares U.K.

(1) This section applies if the investment consists of securities or shares and—

(a) the investor receives any value (other than an amount of insignificant value) from the CDFI during the 6 year period (see section 249 for provision about when value is received),

(b) the investment or a part of it is held by the investor at the time the value is received and has been held by the investor, as sole beneficial owner, continuously since the investment was made (“the continuing investment”),

(c) the receipt is wholly or partly in excess of the permitted level of receipts in respect of the continuing investment, and

(d) the amount of that excess is not an amount of insignificant value.

(2) Any CITR attributable to the continuing investment in respect of any accounting period must be withdrawn.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1) the permitted level of receipts is exceeded if—

(a) any amount of value is received by the investor (ignoring any amounts of insignificant value) in the first 3 years of the 6 year period, or

(b) the total amount of value received by the investor (ignoring any amounts of insignificant value)—

(i) before the beginning of the fifth year of that period, exceeds 25% of the invested capital,

(ii) before the beginning of the final year of that period, exceeds 50% of the invested capital, or

(iii) before the end of that period, exceeds 75% of the invested capital.

(4) In this section—

• “the invested capital”, in relation to the continuing investment, means the amount subscribed for the securities or shares concerned, and

• “an amount of insignificant value” means an amount of value which—

  (a)

  is not more than £1,000, or

  (b)

  if it is more than £1,000, is insignificant in relation to the amount subscribed by the investor for the securities or shares included in the continuing investment.

(5) This section is subject to section 251 (value received if there is more than one investment).

(6) Value received is ignored, for the purposes of this section, so far as CITR attributable to any loan, securities or shares in respect of any one or more accounting periods has already been reduced or withdrawn on its account.

248 Receipts of insignificant value to be added together U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) value is received (“the relevant receipt”) by the investor from the CDFI at any time during the 6 year period relating to the investment (see section 249 for provision about when value is received),

(b) the investor has received from the CDFI one or more receipts of insignificant value at a time or times—

(i) during that period, but

(ii) not later than the time of the relevant receipt, and

(c) the total amount of the value of the receipts within paragraphs (a) and (b) is not an amount of insignificant value.

(2) The investor is treated for the purposes of this Part as if the relevant receipt had been a receipt of an amount of value equal to that total amount.

(3) A receipt does not fall within subsection (1)(b) if the whole or any part of it has previously formed part of a total amount falling within subsection (1)(c).

(4) For the purposes of this section “an amount of insignificant value” means an amount of value which—

(a) is not more than £1,000, or

(b) if it is more than £1,000, is insignificant in relation to the relevant amount.

(5) If the investment consists of a loan, the relevant amount for the purposes of subsection (4) is—

(a) if the relevant receipt is received in the first or second year of the 6 year period, the average capital balance of the loan for the second year of that period, and

(b) if the relevant receipt is received in a later year, the average capital balance of the loan for the year in question.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5)—

(a) the average capital balance of the loan for a year is the mean of the daily balances of capital outstanding during the year, and

(b) the relevant receipt and any receipts within subsection (1)(b) are ignored when calculating the average capital balance for the year in question.

(7) If the investment consists of securities or shares, the relevant amount for the purposes of subsection (4) is—

(a) if the relevant receipt is received in the first year of the 6 year period, the amount subscribed for the securities or shares, and

(b) in any other case, the amount subscribed for such of the securities or shares as—

(i) are held by the investor at the time the relevant receipt is received, and

(ii) have been held by the investor, as sole beneficial owner, continuously since the investment was made.

(8) This section is subject to section 251 (value received if there is more than one investment).

249 When value is received U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter the investor receives value from the CDFI at any time when the CDFI—

(a) repays, redeems or repurchases any securities or shares included in the investment,

(b) releases or waives any liability of the investor to the CDFI or discharges, or undertakes to discharge, any liability of the investor to a third person,

(c) makes a loan or advance to the investor which has not been repaid in full before the investment is made,

(d) provides a benefit or facility for—

(i) the investor or any associate of the investor, or

(ii) a director or employee of the investor or any associate of a director or employee of the investor,

(e) disposes of an asset to the investor for no consideration or for a consideration of an amount or value which is less than the market value of the asset,

(f) acquires an asset from the investor for a consideration of an amount or value which is more than the market value of the asset, or

(g) makes a payment to the investor other than a qualifying payment.

(2) But if the investor is a bank, the investor does not receive value from the CDFI when the CDFI makes a deposit with the investor in the course of the CDFI's ordinary banking arrangements with the investor.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) the CDFI is treated as having released or waived a liability if the liability is not discharged within 12 months of the time when it ought to have been discharged.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) the following are treated as loans made by the CDFI to the investor—

(a) the amount of any debt due from the investor to the CDFI (other than an ordinary trade debt), and

(b) the amount of any debt due from the investor to a third person which has been assigned to the CDFI.

(5) For the purposes of this section—

(a) references to a debt or liability do not, in relation to a person, include references to any debt or liability which would be discharged by the making by that person of a qualifying payment,

(b) references to a benefit or facility do not include references to any benefit or facility provided in circumstances such that, if a payment had been made of an amount equal to its value, that payment would have been a qualifying payment, and

(c) any reference to a payment or disposal to a person includes a reference to a payment or disposal made to that person indirectly or to that person's order or for that person's benefit.

(6) In subsection (5) references to “a person” include references to any other person who, at any time in the 6 year period, is connected with that person, whether or not the other person is so connected at the material time.

(7) In this section—

• “bank” has the meaning given by section 1120,

• “qualifying payment” means—

  (a)

  any payment by any person for any goods, services or facilities provided by the investor (in the course of the investor's trade or otherwise) which is reasonable in relation to the market value of those goods, services or facilities,

  (b)

  the payment by any person of any interest which represents no more than a reasonable commercial return on money lent to that person,

  (c)

  the payment by any company of any dividend or other distribution which does not exceed a normal return on any investment in shares in or securities of that company,

  (d)

  any payment for the acquisition of an asset which does not exceed its market value,

  (e)

  the payment by any person, as rent for any property occupied by the person, of an amount which is not more than a reasonable and commercial rent for the property, and

  (f)

  a payment in discharge of an ordinary trade debt, and

• “ordinary trade debt” means any debt for goods or services supplied in the ordinary course of a trade or business if any credit given—

  (a)

  is for not more than 6 months, and

  (b)

  is not longer than that normally given to customers of the person carrying on the trade or business.

250 The amount of value received U.K.

(1) In a case falling within a provision listed in column 1 of the following table, the amount of value received for the purposes of this Chapter is given by the corresponding entry in column 2 of the table.

Provision	The amount of value received
Section 249(1)(a)	The amount received by the investor
Section 249(1)(b)	The amount of the liability
Section 249(1)(c)	The amount of the loan or advance, less the amount of any repayment made before the investment is made
Section 249(1)(d)(i)	The cost to the CDFI of providing the benefit or facility, less any consideration given for it by the investor or any associate of the investor
Section 249(1)(d)(ii)	The cost to the CDFI of providing the benefit or facility, less any consideration given for it by the investor or any associate of the investor or by a person within subsection (2)
Section 249(1)(e) or (f)	The difference between the market value of the asset and the consideration (if any) received for it
Section 249(1)(g)	The amount of the payment

(2) The persons within this subsection are—

(a) in a case where the benefit or facility was provided to a director or employee, the director or employee or any associate of the director or employee, and

(b) in a case where the benefit or facility was provided to an associate of a director or employee, the associate or the director or employee.

251 Value received if there is more than one investment U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the investor makes two or more investments in the CDFI,

(b) the investor is eligible for and claims CITR in respect of those investments, and

(c) the investor receives value (other than value within section 249(1)(a)) which is received within the 6 year periods relating to two or more of those investments.

(2) Sections 246, 247, 248 and 252 have effect in relation to each investment referred to in subsection (1)(c) as if the amount of the value received were reduced by multiplying it by the fraction—

where—

A is the appropriate amount in respect of the investment in question, and

B is the sum of that amount and the appropriate amount or amounts in respect of the other investment or investments.

(3) If the investment consists of a loan, the appropriate amount for the purposes of subsection (2) is—

(a) if the value is received in the first or second year of the 6 year period, the average capital balance of the loan for the second year of that period, and

(b) if the value is received in a later year, the average capital balance of the loan for the year in question.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) the average capital balance of the loan for a year is the mean of the daily balances of capital outstanding during the year, and

(b) the receipt of value is ignored when calculating the average capital balance for the year in question.

(5) If the investment consists of securities or shares, the appropriate amount for the purposes of subsection (2) is—

(a) if the value is received in the first year of the 6 year period, the amount subscribed for the securities or shares, and

(b) in any other case, the amount subscribed for such of the securities or shares as—

(i) are held by the investor at the time the value is received, and

(ii) have been held by the investor, as sole beneficial owner, continuously since the investment was made.

252 Effect of receipt of value on future claims U.K.

(1) This section applies if the investment consists of securities or shares and—

(a) the investor receives any value (other than an amount of insignificant value) from the CDFI during the 6 year period, and

(b) the investment or a part of it is held by the investor at the time the value is received and has been held by the investor, as sole beneficial owner, continuously since the investment was made (“the continuing investment”),

but no CITR attributable to the continuing investment is withdrawn under section 247 as a result of the receipt.

(2) For the purposes of calculating any CITR in respect of any securities or shares included in the continuing investment for any relevant accounting period, the amount subscribed for the securities or shares included in the continuing investment is treated as reduced by the amount of the value received.

(3) For this purpose the “relevant” accounting periods are—

(a) any accounting period ending on or after the anniversary of the investment date immediately before the receipt of value, or

(b) if the value was received on an anniversary of the investment date, any accounting period ending on or after that anniversary.

(4) For the purposes of this section “an amount of insignificant value” means an amount of value which—

(a) is not more than £1,000, or

(b) if it is more than £1,000, is insignificant in relation to the amount subscribed by the investor for the securities or shares included in the continuing investment.

(5) This section is subject to section 251 (value received if there is more than one investment).

253 Receipts of value by or from connected persons U.K.

In sections 246 to 252, if the context permits, references to the investor or the CDFI include references to any person who at any time in the 6 year period relating to the investment is connected with the investor or, as the case may be, the CDFI, whether or not the person is connected at the material time.

CITR not due U.K.

254 CITR subsequently found not to have been due U.K.

If any CITR has been obtained which is subsequently found not to have been due, the CITR must be withdrawn.

Manner of withdrawal or reduction U.K.

255 Manner of withdrawal or reduction of CITR U.K.

(1) This section applies if any CITR has been obtained which falls to be withdrawn or reduced under this Chapter.

(2) The CITR must be withdrawn or reduced by making an assessment to corporation tax for the accounting period for which the CITR was obtained.

(3) An assessment under subsection (2) may be made at any time not more than 6 years after the end of the accounting period for which the CITR was obtained.

(4) Subsection (3) is not to be taken to limit the application of paragraph 46(2A) of Schedule 18 to the Finance Act 1998 (loss of tax brought about deliberately).

Chapter 6 U.K. Supplementary and general

Alternative finance arrangements U.K.

256 Meaning of “loan” and “interest” U.K.

(1) In this Part—

(a) references to a “loan” include references to alternative finance arrangements, and

(b) references to “interest” include references to alternative finance return.

(2) In subsection (1)—

• “alternative finance arrangements” means arrangements to which any of the following applies—

  (a)

  section 503 of CTA 2009 (purchase and resale arrangements),

  (b)

  section 505 of that Act (deposit arrangements),

  (c)

  section 506 of that Act (profit share agency arrangements), and

• “alternative finance return” has the meaning given by section 511 and 513(1) and (2) of that Act.

(3) Subsection (1) needs to be read with—

(a) section 257, in the case of arrangements to which section 503 of CTA 2009 applies,

(b) section 258, in the case of arrangements to which section 505 of that Act applies, and

(c) section 259, in the case of arrangements to which section 506 of that Act applies.

257 Purchase and resale arrangements U.K.

(1) This section applies if, under arrangements to which section 503 of CTA 2009 applies, a person (“the first purchaser”) purchases an asset that is sold to another person (“the second purchaser”).

(2) This Part has effect in relation to the arrangements in accordance with subsections (3) to (9).

(3) The first purchaser is treated as making a loan to the second purchaser.

(4) The amount of the loan is treated as being equal to the first purchase price.

(5) If the arrangements provide that the first purchaser will transfer ownership of the asset to the second purchaser in instalments—

(a) references to the loan being drawn down over a period of time include references to the asset being transferred to the second purchaser in instalments,

(b) references to the date on which the first amount of the loan is drawn down include references to the date on which the first instalment is transferred to the second purchaser, and

(c) references to the amount drawn down at a given date include references to the value of the instalments transferred at that date.

(6) In calculating the amount of capital outstanding on the loan, each payment of the second purchase price (or part of the second purchase price), as reduced by any amount of alternative finance return (within the meaning of Chapter 6 of Part 6 of CTA 2009) included within each payment, is treated as repayment of the loan capital.

(7) References to the beneficial owner of the loan include references to the person beneficially entitled to payment of the second purchase price.

(8) References to the disposal of the whole or any part of the loan include references to the disposal of the right to receive payment of the whole or any part of the outstanding second purchase price.

(9) If arrangements to which section 503 of CTA 2009 applies are, by virtue of this section, qualifying investments under Chapter 2 of this Part, paragraph (f) of section 249(1) above is to be ignored in relation to the arrangements concerned.

(10) In this section “the first purchase price” and “the second purchase price” have the same meaning as in section 503 of CTA 2009.

258 Deposit arrangements U.K.

(1) This section applies if, under arrangements to which section 505 of CTA 2009 applies, a person (“the depositor”) deposits money with a financial institution.

(2) This Part has effect in relation to the arrangements in accordance with subsections (3) to (9).

(3) The depositor is treated as making a loan to the financial institution.

(4) The amount of the loan is treated as being equal to the money deposited under the arrangements.

(5) If the arrangements provide that the depositor will deposit a sum of money with the financial institution in instalments—

(a) references to the loan being drawn down over a period of time include references to the depositor depositing a sum of money with the financial institution in instalments,

(b) references to the date on which the first amount of the loan is drawn down include references to the date on which the first instalment is deposited with the financial institution, and

(c) references to the amount drawn down at a given date include references to the value of the instalments deposited with the financial institution at that date.

(6) The capital outstanding on the loan is treated as being equal to the balance of the repayable deposit.

(7) References to any repayment of the loan include references to any repayment of the deposit.

(8) References to the beneficial owner of the loan include references to the person beneficially entitled to repayment of the deposit.

(9) References to the disposal of the whole or any part of the loan include references to the disposal of the right to receive repayment of the whole or any part of the deposit.

(10) In this section “financial institution” has the same meaning as in Chapter 6 of Part 6 of CTA 2009 (see section 502 of that Act).

259 Profit share agency arrangements U.K.

(1) This section applies if, under arrangements to which section 506 of CTA 2009 applies, a person (“the principal”) appoints a financial institution as agent.

(2) This Part has effect in relation to the arrangements in accordance with subsections (3) to (9).

(3) The principal is treated as making a loan to the agent.

(4) The amount of the loan is treated as being equal to the money provided by the principal to the agent under the arrangements.

(5) If the arrangements provide that the principal will provide a sum of money to the agent in instalments—

(a) references to the loan being drawn down over a period of time include references to the principal providing a sum of money to the agent in instalments,

(b) references to the date on which the first amount of the loan is drawn down include references to the date on which the first instalment is provided to the agent, and

(c) references to the amount drawn down at a given date include references to the value of the instalments provided to the agent at that date.

(6) The capital outstanding on the loan is treated as being equal to the balance of the repayable money provided to the agent.

(7) References to any repayment of the loan include references to any repayment of the money provided to the agent.

(8) References to the beneficial owner of the loan include references to the person beneficially entitled to repayment of the money provided to the agent.

(9) References to the disposal of the whole or any part of the loan include references to the disposal of the right to receive repayment of the whole or any part of the money provided to the agent.

(10) In subsection (1) “financial institution” has the same meaning as in Chapter 6 of Part 6 of CTA 2009 (see section 502 of that Act).

Miscellaneous U.K.

260 Information to be provided by the investor U.K.

(1) If—

(a) the investor has obtained CITR in respect of the investment, and

(b) an event occurs because of which CITR attributable to the investment in respect of any accounting period falls to be withdrawn or reduced by virtue of section 243, 244, 245 or 247,

the investor must give an officer of Revenue and Customs a notice containing particulars of the event.

(2) Subject to subsection (3), a notice under subsection (1) must be given not later than the end of the period of 12 months beginning with the end of the accounting period in which the event occurred.

(3) If—

(a) the investor is required to give a notice as a result of the receipt of value by a person connected with the investor (see section 253), and

(b) the end of the period of 60 days beginning when the investor comes to know of that event is later than the final notice date under subsection (2),

the notice must be given before the end of that 60 day period.

261 Disclosure U.K.

(1) No obligation as to secrecy or other restriction on the disclosure of information imposed by statute or otherwise prevents the disclosure of information—

(a) by the Secretary of State to an officer of Revenue and Customs for the purpose of assisting Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs to discharge their functions under the Corporation Tax Acts so far as relating to matters arising under this Part, or

(b) by an officer of Revenue and Customs to the Secretary of State for the purpose of assisting the Secretary of State to discharge the Secretary of State's functions in connection with this Part.

(2) Information obtained by such disclosure is not to be further disclosed except for the purposes of legal proceedings arising out of the functions referred to.

262 Nominees U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part—

(a) loans made by or to, or disposed of by, a nominee for a person are treated as made by or to, or disposed of by, that person, and

(b) securities or shares subscribed for by, issued to, acquired or held by or disposed of by a nominee for a person are treated as subscribed for by, issued to, acquired or held by or disposed of by that person.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) references to things done by or to a nominee for a person include things done by or to a bare trustee for a person.

263 Application for postponement of tax pending appeal U.K.

No application may be made under section 55(3) or (4) of TMA 1970 (application for postponement of payment of tax pending appeal) on the ground that a company is eligible for CITR unless a claim for the CITR has been duly made by the company under this Part.

264 Identification of securities or shares on a disposal U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purpose of identifying the securities or shares disposed of in any case where—

(a) the investor disposes of part of a holding of securities or shares (“the holding”), and

(b) the holding includes securities or shares to which CITR is attributable in respect of one or more accounting periods that have been held continuously by the investor from the time they were issued until the disposal.

(2) Any disposal by the investor of securities or shares included in the holding which have been acquired by the investor on different days is treated as relating to those acquired on an earlier day rather than to those acquired on a later day.

(3) If there is a disposal by the investor of securities or shares included in the holding which have been acquired by the investor on the same day, any of those securities or shares—

(a) to which CITR is attributable, and

(b) which have been held by the investor continuously from the time they were issued until the time of disposal,

are treated as disposed of after any other securities or shares included in the holding which were acquired by the investor on that day.

(4) For the purposes of this section a holding of securities is any number of securities of a company which—

(a) carry the same rights,

(b) were issued under the same terms, and

(c) are held by the investor in the same capacity.

It does not matter for this purpose that the number of the securities grows or diminishes as securities carrying those rights and issued under those terms are acquired or disposed of.

(5) For the purposes of this section a holding of shares is any number of shares in a company which—

(a) are of the same class, and

(b) are held by the investor in the same capacity.

It does not matter for this purpose that the number of the shares grows or diminishes as shares of that class are acquired or disposed of.

(6) In a case to which section 127 of TCGA 1992 (equation of original shares and new holding) applies, shares comprised in the new holding are to be treated for the purposes of subsections (2) and (3) as acquired when the original shares were acquired.

(7) In subsection (6)—

(a) the reference to section 127 of TCGA 1992 includes a reference to that section as it is applied by virtue of any enactment relating to chargeable gains, and

(b) “original shares” and “new holding” have the same meaning as in section 127 of TCGA 1992 or (as the case may be) that section as applied by virtue of the enactment in question.

Definitions U.K.

265 Meaning of “issue of securities or shares” U.K.

(1) In this Part—

(a) references (however expressed) to an issue of securities of any body are to such securities of that body as carry the same rights and are issued under the same terms and on the same day, and

(b) references (however expressed) to an issue of shares in any body are to such shares in that body as are of the same class and issued on the same day.

(2) In this Part references (however expressed) to an issue of securities of or shares in a body to a company are to such of the securities or shares in an issue of securities of or shares in that body as are issued to that company in one capacity.

266 Meaning of “disposal” U.K.

(1) Subject to subsection (2), in this Part “disposal” is read in accordance with TCGA 1992, and related expressions are read accordingly.

(2) An investor is treated as disposing of any securities or shares which but for section 151BC(1) of TCGA 1992 the investor—

(a) would be treated as exchanging for other securities or shares by virtue of section 136 of that Act, or

(b) would be so treated but for section 137(1) of that Act (which restricts section 136 to genuine reconstructions).

267 Construction of references to being “held continuously” U.K.

(1) This section applies if for the purposes of this Part it becomes necessary to determine whether the investor has held the investment (or any part of it) continuously throughout any period.

(2) The investor is not treated as having held the investment (or any part of it) continuously throughout a period if the investor—

(a) is treated, under any provision of TCGA 1992, as having disposed of and immediately re-acquired the investment (or part) at any time during the period, or

(b) is treated as having disposed of the investment (or part) at any such time, by virtue of section 266(2) above.

268 Meaning of “associate” U.K.

(1) In this Part “associate”, in relation to a person, means—

(a) any relative or partner of that person,

(b) the trustee or trustees of any settlement in relation to which that person, or any relative of that person (living or dead), is or was a settlor, and

(c) if that person has an interest in any shares or obligations of a company which are subject to any trust or are part of the estate of a deceased person—

(i) the trustee or trustees of the settlement concerned or, as the case may be, the personal representatives of the deceased, and

(ii) if that person is a company, any other company which has an interest in those shares or obligations.

(2) In subsection (1)(a) and (b) “relative” means spouse or civil partner, ancestor or lineal descendant.

(3) In subsection (1)(b) “settlor” and “settlement” have the same meaning as in Chapter 5 of Part 5 of ITTOIA 2005 (see section 620 of that Act).

269 Minor definitions etc U.K.

(1) In this Part—

• “body” includes an unincorporated association, and

• “bonus shares” means shares which are issued otherwise than for payment (whether in cash or otherwise).

(2) For the purposes of this Part shares in a company are not treated as being of the same class unless they would be so treated if they were—

(a) included in the official UK list, and

(b) admitted to trading on the London Stock Exchange.

(3) For the purposes of this Part the market value at any time of any asset is the price which it might reasonably be expected to fetch on a sale at that time in the open market free from any interest or right which exists by way of security in or over it.

(4) In this Part—

(a) references to CITR obtained by the investor in respect of any investment (or part of an investment) include references to CITR obtained by the investor in respect of that investment (or part) at any time after the investor has disposed of it, and

(b) references to the withdrawal or reduction of CITR obtained by the investor in respect of the investment (or any part of it) include references to the withdrawal or reduction of CITR obtained in respect of that investment (or part) at any such time.

(5) In the case of any condition that cannot be met until a future date—

(a) references in this Part to a condition being met for the time being are to nothing having occurred to prevent its being met, and

(b) references to its continuing to be met are to nothing occurring to prevent its being met.

Part 8 U.K. Oil activities

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

270 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) This Part is about the corporation tax treatment of oil activities.

(2) Chapter 2 contains basic definitions used in this Part.

(3) Chapter 3 treats oil-related activities as a separate trade.

(4) Chapter 4 makes provision about the calculation of profits from oil activities.

(5) Chapter 5 makes provision about ring fence expenditure supplement.

(6) Chapter 6 makes provision about the supplementary charge in respect of ring fence trades.

(7) Chapter 7 makes provision about the reduction of the supplementary charge for certain new oil fields.

(8) For the meaning of—

(a) “oil-related activities”, see section 274,

(b) “ring fence trade”, see section 277, and

(c) “new oil field”, see section 350.

Chapter 2 U.K. Basic definitions

271 “Associated companies” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part two companies are associated with one another if—

(a) one is a 51% subsidiary of the other,

(b) each is a 51% subsidiary of a third company,

(c) one is owned by a consortium of which the other is a member,

(d) one has control of the other, or

(e) both are under the control of the same person.

(2) For the purposes of this section—

(a) a company is owned by a consortium if at least 75% of the company's ordinary share capital is beneficially owned by other companies each of which beneficially owns at least 5% of that capital, and

(b) the other companies each owning at least 5% of that capital are the members of the consortium.

(3) In this section “control” has the same meaning as in Part 10 (close companies) (see sections 450 and 451).

272 “Oil extraction activities” U.K.

(1) In this Part “oil extraction activities” means activities within any of subsections (2) to (5) (but see also section 291(6)).

(2) Activities of a company in searching for oil in the United Kingdom or a designated area or causing such searching to be carried out for it.

(3) Activities of a company in extracting, or causing to be extracted for it, oil at any place in the United Kingdom or a designated area under rights which—

(a) authorise the extraction, and

(b) are held by it or by a company associated with it.

(4) Activities of a company in transporting, or causing to be transported for it, oil extracted at any such place not on dry land under rights which—

(a) authorise the extraction, and

(b) are held as mentioned in subsection (3)(b),

if the transportation meets condition A or B (see subsections (6) and (7)).

(5) Activities of a company in effecting, or causing to be effected for it, the initial treatment or initial storage of oil won from any oil field under rights which—

(a) authorise its extraction, and

(b) are held as mentioned in subsection (3)(b).

(6) Condition A is that the transportation is to the place where the oil is first landed in the United Kingdom.

(7) Condition B is that the transportation—

(a) is to the place in the United Kingdom, or

(b) in the case of oil first landed in another country, is to the place in that or any other country (other than the United Kingdom),

at which the seller in a sale at arm's length could reasonably be expected to deliver it (or, if there is more than one such place, the one nearest to the place of extraction).

(8) The definition of “initial storage” in section 12(1) of OTA 1975 applies for the purposes of this section.

(9) But in its application for those purposes in relation to the company mentioned in subsection (5) and to oil won from any one oil field, that definition is to have effect as if the reference to the maximum daily production rate of oil for the field mentioned in that definition were to a share of that maximum daily production rate proportionate to that company's share of the oil won from that field.

(10) In this section “initial treatment” has the same meaning as in Part 1 of OTA 1975 (see section 12(1) of that Act).

273 “Oil rights” U.K.

In this Part “oil rights” means—

(a) rights to oil to be extracted at any place in the United Kingdom or a designated area, or

(b) rights to interests in or to the benefit of such oil.

274 “Oil-related activities” U.K.

In this Part “oil-related activities” means—

(a) oil extraction activities, and

(b) any activities consisting of the acquisition, enjoyment or exploitation of oil rights.

275 “Ring fence income” U.K.

In this Part “ring fence income” means income arising from oil extraction activities or oil rights.

276 “Ring fence profits” U.K.

In this Part “ring fence profits”, in relation to an accounting period, means—

(a) if in accordance with section 197(3) of TCGA 1992 a company has an aggregate gain for that period, that gain and that company's ring fence income (if any) for that period, or

(b) otherwise, that company's ring fence income for that period.

277 “Ring fence trade” U.K.

In this Part “ring fence trade” means activities which—

(a) are within the definition of “oil-related activities” in section 274, and

(b) constitute a separate trade (whether because of section 279 or otherwise).

278 Other definitions U.K.

In this Part—

• “chargeable period” has the same meaning as in Part 1 of OTA 1975 (see section 1(3) of that Act),

• “designated area” means an area designated by Order in Council under section 1(7) of the Continental Shelf Act 1964,

• “oil” means any substance won or capable of being won under the authority of a licence granted under Part 1 of the Petroleum Act 1998 or the Petroleum (Production) Act (Northern Ireland) 1964 (c. 28 (N.I.)), other than methane gas won in the course of operations for making and keeping mines safe,

• “oil field” has the same meaning as in Part 1 of OTA 1975 (see section 12(1) of that Act),

• “OTA 1975” means the Oil Taxation Act 1975, and

• “participator” has the same meaning as in Part 1 of OTA 1975 (see section 12(1) of that Act).

Chapter 3 U.K. Deemed separate trade

279 Oil-related activities treated as separate trade U.K.

If a company carries on any oil-related activities as part of a trade, those activities are treated for the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on income as a separate trade, distinct from all other activities carried on by the company as part of the trade.

Chapter 4 U.K. Calculation of profits

Oil valuation U.K.

280 Disposal to be valued by reference to section 2(5A) of OTA 1975 U.K.

(1) This section applies if each of conditions A to G is met.

(2) Condition A is that oil is won from an oil field in the United Kingdom.

(3) Condition B is that there is a disposal of the oil by a company.

(4) Condition C is that the disposal is a disposal of the oil by the company crude in a sale at arm's length (as defined in paragraph 1 of Schedule 3 to OTA 1975).

(5) Condition D is that the circumstances are such that the price received or receivable—

(a) falls to be taken into account under section 2(5)(a) of that Act in calculating for petroleum revenue tax purposes the assessable profit or allowable loss accruing to the company in a chargeable period from the oil field, or

(b) would fall to be so taken into account, had the oil field been a taxable field (as defined in section 185 of FA 1993).

(6) Condition E is that the terms of the contract are such as are described in the opening words of section 2(5A) of OTA 1975 (transportation etc).

(7) Condition F is that, but for subsection (9), the company is not entitled to a transportation allowance in respect of the oil in calculating ring fence profits.

(8) Condition G is that the company does not claim a transportation allowance in respect of the oil in calculating for corporation tax purposes any profits that are not ring fence profits.

(9) Section 2(5A) of OTA 1975 is to apply in determining the amount which the company is to bring into account for the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on income in respect of the disposal as it applies (or would apply) for petroleum revenue tax purposes.

(10) In this section “transportation allowance”, in relation to any oil, means—

(a) a deduction in respect of the expense of transporting the oil as mentioned in the opening words of section 2(5A) of OTA 1975,

(b) a deduction in respect of any costs of or incidental to the transportation of the oil as so mentioned, or

(c) any such reduction in the price to be regarded as received or receivable for the oil as would result from the application of section 2(5A) of OTA 1975, if that provision applied for corporation tax purposes.

281 Valuation where market value taken into account under section 2 of OTA 1975 U.K.

(1) This section applies if a person disposes of oil in circumstances such that the market value of the oil—

(a) falls to be taken into account under section 2 of OTA 1975, otherwise than by virtue of paragraph 6 of Schedule 3 to that Act, in calculating for petroleum revenue tax purposes the assessable profit or allowable loss accruing to that person in a chargeable period from an oil field, or

(b) would so fall but for section 10 of that Act.

(2) For the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on income, the disposal of the oil, and its acquisition by the person to whom it was disposed of, are to be treated as having been for a consideration equal to the market value of the oil—

(a) as so taken into account under section 2 of that Act, or

(b) as would have been so taken into account under that section but for section 10 of that Act.

282 Valuation where disposal not sale at arm's length U.K.

(1) This section applies if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that a person disposes of oil acquired by the person—

(a) in the course of oil extraction activities carried on by the person, or

(b) as a result of oil rights held by the person.

(3) Condition B is that the disposal is not a sale at arm's length (as defined in paragraph 1 of Schedule 3 to OTA 1975).

(4) Condition C is that section 281 does not apply in relation to the disposal.

(5) For the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on income, the disposal of the oil, and its acquisition by the person to whom it was disposed of, are to be treated as having been for a consideration equal to the market value of the oil.

(6) Paragraphs 2 and 3A of Schedule 3 to OTA 1975 (definition of market value of oil including light gases) apply for the purposes of this section as they apply for the purposes of Part 1 of that Act, but with the following modifications.

(7) Those modifications are that—

(a) any reference in paragraph 2 to the notional delivery day for the actual oil is to be read as a reference to the day on which the oil is disposed of as mentioned in this section, and

(b) paragraph 2(4) is to be treated as omitted.

283 Valuation where excess of nominated proceeds U.K.

(1) This section applies if an excess of nominated proceeds for a chargeable period—

(a) is taken into account in calculating a company's profits under section 2(5)(e) of OTA 1975, or

(b) would have been so taken into account if the company were chargeable to tax under OTA 1975 in respect of an oil field.

(2) For the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on income, the amount of the excess is to be added to the consideration which the company is treated as having received in respect of oil disposed of by it in the period.

(3) For corporation tax purposes, that amount is to be available to the company as a deduction in calculating the profits of any trade which (whether because of section 279 or otherwise) does not consist of activities falling within the definition of “oil-related activities” in section 274.

284 Valuation where relevant appropriation but no disposal U.K.

(1) This section applies if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that a company makes a relevant appropriation of oil without disposing of it.

(3) Condition B is that the company does so in circumstances such that the market value of the oil—

(a) falls to be taken into account under section 2 of OTA 1975 in calculating for petroleum revenue tax purposes the assessable profit or allowable loss accruing to it in a chargeable period from an oil field, or

(b) would so fall but for section 10 of that Act.

(4) For the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on income, the company is to be treated as having, at the time of the appropriation—

(a) sold the oil in the course of the separate trade consisting of activities falling within the definition of “oil-related activities” in section 274, and

(b) purchased it in the course of the separate trade consisting of activities not so falling.

(5) For those purposes, that sale and purchase is to be treated as having been at a price equal to the market value of the oil—

(a) as so taken into account under section 2 of OTA 1975, or

(b) as would have been so taken into account under that section but for section 10 of that Act.

(6) In this section “relevant appropriation” has the meaning given by section 12(1) of OTA 1975.

285 Valuation where appropriation to refining etc U.K.

(1) This section applies if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that a company appropriates oil acquired by it—

(a) in the course of oil extraction activities carried on by it, or

(b) as a result of oil rights held by it.

(3) Condition B is that the oil is appropriated to refining or to any use except the production purposes of an oil field (as defined in section 12(1) of OTA 1975).

(4) Condition C is that section 284 does not apply in relation to the appropriation.

(5) For the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on income—

(a) the company is to be treated as having, at the time of the appropriation, sold and purchased the oil as mentioned in section 284(4)(a) and (b), and

(b) that sale and purchase is to be treated as having been at a price equal to the market value of the oil.

(6) Paragraphs 2 and 3A of Schedule 3 to OTA 1975 (definition of market value of oil including light gases) apply for the purposes of this section as they apply for the purposes of Part 1 of that Act, but with the following modifications.

(7) Those modifications are that—

(a) any reference in paragraph 2 to the notional delivery day for the actual oil is to be read as a reference to the day on which the oil is appropriated as mentioned in this section,

(b) any reference in paragraphs 2 and 2A to oil being relevantly appropriated is to be read as a reference to its being appropriated as mentioned in this section, and

(c) paragraph 2(4) is to be treated as omitted.

Loan relationships U.K.

286 Restriction on debits to be brought into account U.K.

(1) Debits may not be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) in respect of a company's loan relationships in any way that results in a reduction of what would otherwise be the company's ring fence profits, but this is subject to subsections (2) to (4).

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply so far as a loan relationship is in respect of money borrowed by the company which has been—

(a) used to meet expenditure incurred by the company in carrying on oil extraction activities or in acquiring oil rights otherwise than from a connected person, or

(b) appropriated to meeting expenditure to be so incurred by the company.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply, in the case of debits falling to be brought into account as a result of section 329 of CTA 2009 in respect of a loan relationship that has not been entered into, so far as the relationship would have been one entered into for the purpose of borrowing money to be used or appropriated as mentioned in subsection (2).

(4) Subsection (1) does not apply, in the case of debits in respect of a loan relationship to which Chapter 2 of Part 6 of CTA 2009 (relevant non-lending relationships) applies, so far as—

(a) the payment of interest under the relationship is expenditure incurred as mentioned in subsection (2)(a), or

(b) the exchange loss arising from the relationship is in respect of a money debt on which the interest payable (if any) is, or would be, such expenditure.

(5) If a debit—

(a) falls to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 in respect of a loan relationship of a company, but

(b) as a result of this section cannot be brought into account in a way that results in any reduction of what would otherwise be the company's ring fence profits,

the debit is to be brought into account for those purposes as a non-trading debit despite anything in section 297 of that Act.

(6) References in this section to a loan relationship, in relation to the borrowing of money, do not include a relationship to which Chapter 2 of Part 6 of CTA 2009 (relevant non-lending relationships) applies.

287 Restriction on credits to be brought into account U.K.

(1) Credits in respect of exchange gains from a company's loan relationships may not be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) in any way that results in an increase of what would otherwise be the company's ring fence profits, but this is subject to subsections (2) to (4).

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply so far as a loan relationship is in respect of money borrowed by the company which has been—

(a) used to meet expenditure incurred by the company in carrying on oil extraction activities or in acquiring oil rights otherwise than from a connected person, or

(b) appropriated to meeting expenditure to be so incurred by the company.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply, in the case of credits falling to be brought into account as a result of section 329 of CTA 2009 in respect of a loan relationship that has not been entered into, so far as the relationship would have been one entered into for the purpose of borrowing money to be used or appropriated as mentioned in subsection (2).

(4) Subsection (1) does not apply, in the case of credits in respect of a loan relationship to which Chapter 2 of Part 6 of CTA 2009 (relevant non-lending relationships) applies, so far as—

(a) the payment of interest under the relationship is expenditure incurred as mentioned in subsection (2)(a), or

(b) the exchange gain arising from the relationship is in respect of a money debt on which the interest payable (if any) is, or would be, such expenditure.

(5) If a credit—

(a) falls to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 in respect of any loan relationship of a company, but

(b) as a result of this section cannot be brought into account in a way that results in any increase of what would otherwise be the company's ring fence profits,

the credit is to be brought into account for those purposes as a non-trading credit despite anything in section 297 of that Act.

(6) Section 286(6) applies for the purposes of this section.

Sale and lease-back U.K.

288 Sale and lease-back U.K.

(1) This section applies if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that a company (“the seller”) carrying on a trade has disposed of—

(a) an asset which was used for the purposes of that trade, or

(b) an interest in such an asset.

(3) Condition B is that the asset is used, under a lease, by the seller or a company associated with the seller (“the lessee”) for the purposes of a ring fence trade carried on by the lessee.

(4) Condition C is that the lessee uses the asset before the end of the period of two years beginning with the disposal.

(5) Subsection (6) applies to so much (if any) of the expenditure incurred by the lessee under the lease as—

(a) falls, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, to be treated in the accounts of the lessee as a finance charge, or

(b) falls, if the lease is a long funding operating lease, to be deductible in calculating the profits of the lessee for corporation tax purposes (after first making against any such expenditure any reductions falling to be made as a result of section 379 (lessee under long funding operating lease)).

But subsection (6) is subject to subsection (7).

(6) The expenditure is not allowable in calculating for the purposes of Part 3 of CTA 2009 the profits of the ring fence trade.

(7) Expenditure is not to be disallowed because of subsection (6) so far as the disposal mentioned in subsection (2) is made for a consideration which—

(a) is used to meet expenditure incurred by the seller in carrying on oil extraction activities or in acquiring oil rights otherwise than from a company associated with the seller, or

(b) is appropriated to meeting expenditure to be so incurred by the seller.

(8) If any expenditure—

(a) would, but for subsection (6), be allowable in calculating for the purposes of Part 3 of CTA 2009 the profits of the ring fence trade for an accounting period, but

(b) because of that subsection is not so allowable,

the expenditure is to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) as if it were a non-trading debit in respect of a loan relationship of the lessee for that period.

(9) In this section—

• “long funding operating lease” means a long funding operating lease for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 70YI(1) of that Act), and

• “lease”, in relation to an asset, has the same meaning as in Chapter 3 of Part 19 (see section 868).

Regional development grants U.K.

289 Reduction of expenditure by reference to regional development grant U.K.

(1) This section applies if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that a person has incurred expenditure (by way of purchase, rent or otherwise) on the acquisition of an asset in a transaction to which paragraph 2 of Schedule 4 to OTA 1975 applies (transactions between connected persons or otherwise than at arm's length).

(3) Condition B is that the expenditure incurred by the other person mentioned in that paragraph in acquiring, bringing into existence or enhancing the value of the asset as mentioned in that paragraph—

(a) has been or is to be met by a regional development grant, and

(b) falls (in whole or in part) to be taken into account under Part 2 or 6 of CAA 2001 (capital allowances relating to plant and machinery or research and development).

(4) Subsection (5) applies for the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on the income arising from the activities of the person mentioned in subsection (2) which are treated by section 279 as a separate trade for those purposes.

(5) The expenditure mentioned in subsection (2) is to be reduced by the amount of the regional development grant mentioned in subsection (3).

(6) In this section “regional development grant” means a grant falling within section 534(1) of CAA 2001 (Northern Ireland regional development grant).

290 Adjustment as a result of regional development grant U.K.

(1) This section applies if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that expenditure incurred by a company in relation to an asset in an accounting period (“the initial period”) has been or is to be met by a regional development grant.

(3) Condition B is that, despite the provisions of section 534(2) and (3) of CAA 2001 (Northern Ireland regional development grants) and section 289 of this Act, in determining that company's liability to corporation tax for the initial period, the whole or some part of that expenditure falls to be taken into account under Part 2 or 6 of CAA 2001.

(4) Condition C is that—

(a) expenditure on the asset becomes allowable under section 3 or 4 of OTA 1975 in an accounting period (an “adjustment period”) subsequent to the initial period, or

(b) the proportion of any such expenditure which is allowable in an adjustment period is different as compared with the initial period.

(5) There is to be redetermined for the purposes of subsections (7) and (8) the amount of the expenditure mentioned in subsection (2) which would have been taken into account as mentioned in subsection (3) if the circumstances mentioned in subsection (4) had existed in the initial period.

(6) According to whether the amount as so redetermined is greater or less than the amount actually taken into account as mentioned in subsection (3), the difference is referred to in subsections (7) and (8) as the increase or the reduction in the allowance.

(7) If there is an increase in the allowance, an amount of capital expenditure equal to the increase is to be treated, for the purposes of Part 2 or 6 of CAA 2001, as having been incurred by the company concerned in the adjustment period on an extension of, or addition to, the asset mentioned in subsection (2).

(8) If there is a reduction in the allowance, the company concerned is to be treated, for the purpose of determining its liability to corporation tax, as having received in the adjustment period, as income of the trade in connection with which the expenditure mentioned in subsection (2) was incurred, a sum equal to the amount of the reduction in the allowance.

(9) In this section “regional development grant” has the meaning given by section 289(6).

Tariff receipts etc U.K.

291 Tariff receipts etc U.K.

(1) Subsection (5) applies to a sum which meets conditions A, B and C.

(2) Condition A is that the sum constitutes a tariff receipt or tax-exempt tariffing receipt of a person who is a participator in an oil field.

(3) Condition B is that the sum constitutes consideration in the nature of income rather than capital.

(4) Condition C is that the sum would not, but for subsection (5), be treated as mentioned in that subsection.

(5) The sum is to be treated as a receipt of the separate trade mentioned in section 279.

(6) So far as they would not otherwise be so treated, the activities—

(a) of a participator in an oil field, or

(b) of a person connected with the participator,

in making available an asset in a way which gives rise to tariff receipts or tax-exempt tariffing receipts of the participator are to be treated for the purposes of this Part as oil extraction activities.

(7) In determining for the purposes of subsection (2) whether a sum constitutes a tariff receipt or tax-exempt tariffing receipt of a person who is a participator, no account may be taken of any sum which—

(a) is in fact received or receivable by a person connected with the participator, and

(b) constitutes a tariff receipt or tax-exempt tariffing receipt of the participator.

But in relation to the person by whom such a sum is actually received, subsection (2) has effect as if the person were a participator and as if condition A were met.

(8) References in this section to a person connected with a participator include a person with whom the person is associated, within the meaning of paragraph 11 of Schedule 2 to the Oil Taxation Act 1983, but section 1176(1) of this Act (meaning of “connected” persons) does not apply for the purposes of this section.

(9) In this section—

• “tax-exempt tariffing receipt” has the meaning given by section 6A(2) of the Oil Taxation Act 1983, and

• “tariff receipt” has the same meaning as in that Act.

Abandonment guarantees U.K.

292 Expenditure on and under abandonment guarantees U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if, as a result of section 3(1)(hh) of OTA 1975 (obtaining abandonment guarantee), expenditure incurred by a participator in an oil field is allowable (in whole or in part) for petroleum revenue tax purposes under section 3 of that Act.

(2) So far as that expenditure is so allowable, it is to be allowed as a deduction in calculating the participator's ring fence income.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if a payment is made by the guarantor under an abandonment guarantee.

(4) So far as any expenditure for which the relevant participator is liable is met, directly or indirectly, out of the payment, the expenditure is not to be regarded for corporation tax purposes as having been incurred by the relevant participator or any other participator in the oil field concerned.

(5) See also section 294 (payment under abandonment guarantee not immediately applied).

(6) In this Chapter—

• “abandonment guarantee” has the same meaning as it has for the purposes of section 105 of FA 1991 (see section 104 of that Act), and

• “the guarantor” and “the relevant participator” have the same meaning as in section 104 of that Act.

293 Relief for reimbursement expenditure under abandonment guarantees U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a payment (“the guarantee payment”) is made by the guarantor under an abandonment guarantee,

(b) as a result of the making of the guarantee payment, the relevant participator becomes liable under the terms of the abandonment guarantee to pay any sum to the guarantor, and

(c) expenditure is incurred, or consideration in money's worth is given, by the relevant participator in or towards meeting that liability.

(2) In this section “reimbursement expenditure” means expenditure incurred as mentioned in subsection (1)(c) or consideration (or the value of consideration) given as so mentioned; and any reference to the incurring of reimbursement expenditure is to be read accordingly.

(3) So much of any reimbursement expenditure as constitutes qualifying expenditure (see subsection (4)) is to be allowed as a deduction in calculating the relevant participator's ring fence income; and no part of the expenditure which is so allowed is to be otherwise deductible or allowable by way of relief for corporation tax purposes.

(4) The amount of reimbursement expenditure incurred in any accounting period by the relevant participator which constitutes qualifying expenditure is determined by the formula—

where—

A is the reimbursement expenditure incurred in the accounting period,

B is so much of the expenditure represented by the guarantee payment as, had it been incurred by the relevant participator, would have been taken into account (by way of capital allowance or a deduction) in calculating the relevant participator's ring fence income, and

C is the total of the sums which, at or before the end of the accounting period, the relevant participator is or has become liable to pay to the guarantor as mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

But this is subject to subsection (5).

(5) In relation to the guarantee payment, the total of the reimbursement expenditure (whenever incurred) which constitutes qualifying expenditure may not exceed whichever is the less of B and C in subsection (4).

(6) Any limitation on qualifying expenditure under subsection (5) is to be applied to the expenditure of a later accounting period in preference to an earlier one.

(7) For the purposes of this section, the expenditure represented by the guarantee payment is any expenditure—

(a) for which the relevant participator is liable, and

(b) which is met, directly or indirectly, out of the guarantee payment (and which, accordingly, because of section 292(4) is not to be regarded as expenditure incurred by the relevant participator).

(8) See also—

(a) section 294 (payment under abandonment guarantee not immediately applied), and

(b) section 295 which excludes amounts from subsection (1).

294 Payment under abandonment guarantee not immediately applied U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a payment made by the guarantor under an abandonment guarantee is not immediately applied in meeting any expenditure,

(b) the payment is for any period invested (either specifically or together with payments made by persons other than the guarantor) so as to be represented by, or by part of, the assets of a fund or account, and

(c) at a subsequent time, any expenditure for which the relevant participator is liable is met out of the assets of the fund or account.

(2) The references in sections 292(4) and 293(7) to expenditure which is met, directly or indirectly, out of the payment are to be read as references to so much of the expenditure for which the relevant participator is liable as is met out of those assets of the fund or account which, at the subsequent time mentioned in subsection (1)(c), it is just and reasonable to attribute to the payment.

295 Amounts excluded from section 293(1) U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the whole of the guarantee payment mentioned in section 293, or of the assets which under section 294 are attributed to the guarantee payment, is not applied in meeting liabilities of the relevant participator so mentioned which fall within section 104(1)(a) and (b) of FA 1991, and

(b) a sum representing the unapplied part of the guarantee payment or of those assets is repaid, directly or indirectly, to the guarantor so mentioned.

(2) Any liability of the relevant participator to repay that sum is to be excluded in determining the total liability of the relevant participator which falls within section 293(1)(b).

(3) The repayment to the guarantor of that sum is not to be regarded as expenditure incurred by the relevant participator as mentioned in section 293(1)(c).

Abandonment expenditure U.K.

296 Introduction to sections 297 and 298 U.K.

(1) Sections 297 and 298 apply if—

(a) paragraph 2A of Schedule 5 to OTA 1975 applies, or would apply if a claim under paragraph 2A(2) of that Schedule were made, and

(b) the default payment falls (in whole or part) to be attributed to the contributing participator under paragraph 2A(2) of that Schedule.

(2) In section 297 “the additional abandonment expenditure” means the amount which is attributed to the contributing participator as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) (whether representing the whole or only part of the default payment).

(3) In this Chapter “default payment”, “the defaulter” and “contributing participator” have the same meaning as in paragraph 2A of Schedule 5 to OTA 1975.

297 Relief for expenditure incurred by a participator in meeting defaulter's abandonment expenditure U.K.

(1) Relief by way of capital allowance, or a deduction in calculating ring fence income, is to be available to the contributing participator in respect of the additional abandonment expenditure if any such relief or deduction would have been available to the defaulter if—

(a) the defaulter had incurred the additional abandonment expenditure, and

(b) at the time that that expenditure was incurred the defaulter continued to carry on a ring fence trade.

(2) The basis of qualification for or entitlement to any relief or deduction which is available to the contributing participator under this section is to be determined on the assumption that the conditions in subsection (1)(a) and (b) are met.

(3) But, subject to subsection (2), any such relief or deduction is to be available in the same way as if the additional abandonment expenditure had been incurred by the contributing participator for the purposes of the ring fence trade carried on by the contributing participator.

298 Reimbursement by defaulter in respect of certain abandonment expenditure U.K.

(1) This section applies if expenditure is incurred, or consideration in money's worth is given, by the defaulter in reimbursing the contributing participator in respect of, or otherwise making good to the contributing participator, the whole or any part of the default payment.

(2) In this section “reimbursement expenditure” means expenditure incurred as mentioned in subsection (1) or consideration (or the value of consideration) given as so mentioned; and any reference to the incurring of reimbursement expenditure is to be read accordingly.

(3) Reimbursement expenditure is to be allowed as a deduction in calculating the defaulter's ring fence income (but this is subject to subsection (6)).

(4) Reimbursement expenditure received by the contributing participator is to be treated as a receipt (in the nature of income) of the participator's ring fence trade for the relevant accounting period (but this is subject to subsection (6)).

(5) Any additional assessment to corporation tax required in order to take account of the receipt of reimbursement expenditure by the contributing participator may be made at any time not later than 4 years after the end of the calendar year in which the reimbursement expenditure is so received.

(6) In relation to a particular default payment, reimbursement expenditure incurred at any time—

(a) is to be allowed as mentioned in subsection (3), and

(b) is to be taken into account as a result of subsection (4) in calculating the contributing participator's ring fence income,

only so far as, when aggregated with any reimbursement expenditure previously incurred in respect of that default payment, it does not exceed so much of the default payment as falls to be attributed to the contributing participator as mentioned in section 296(1)(b).

(7) The incurring of reimbursement expenditure is not to be regarded, by virtue of section 532 of CAA 2001 (the general rule excluding contributions), as the meeting of the expenditure of the contributing participator in making the default payment.

(8) In subsection (4) “the relevant accounting period” means—

(a) the accounting period in which the reimbursement expenditure is received by the contributing participator,

(b) if the contributing participator ceases to carry on the ring fence trade before the receipt of the reimbursement expenditure, the last accounting period of the trade, or

(c) if the contributing participator ceases to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the ring fence trade before the receipt of the reimbursement expenditure, the accounting period during or at the end of which the contributing participator ceased to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the trade.

Deduction of PRT in calculating income for corporation tax purposes U.K.

299 Deduction of PRT in calculating income for corporation tax purposes U.K.

(1) This section applies if a participator in an oil field has paid any petroleum revenue tax with which the participator was chargeable for a chargeable period.

(2) In calculating for corporation tax the amount of the participator's income arising from oil extraction activities or oil rights in the relevant accounting period, there is to be deducted an amount equal to that petroleum revenue tax.

(3) There are to be made all such adjustments of assessments to corporation tax as are required in order to give effect to subsection (2).

(4) In this section “the relevant accounting period”, in relation to any petroleum revenue tax paid by a company, means—

(a) the accounting period of the company in or at the end of which the chargeable period for which that tax was charged ends, or

(b) if that chargeable period ends after the accounting period of the company in or at the end of which the company—

(i) ceases to carry on the trade giving rise to the income referred to above, or

(ii) ceases to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the trade,

that accounting period.

300 Effect of repayment of PRT: general rule U.K.

(1) This section applies if some or all of the petroleum revenue tax in respect of which a deduction has been made under section 299(2) is subsequently repaid.

(2) The deduction is to be reduced or extinguished accordingly.

(3) Any additional assessment to corporation tax required in order to give effect to subsection (2) may be made at any time not later than 4 years after the end of the calendar year in which the petroleum revenue tax was repaid.

(4) This section is subject to section 301.

301 Effect of repayment of PRT: special rule U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in a case where paragraph 17 of Schedule 2 to OTA 1975 applies, an amount of petroleum revenue tax in respect of which a deduction has been made under section 299(2) is repaid as a result of an assessment under that Schedule or an amendment of such an assessment.

(2) As regards so much of that repayment as constitutes the appropriate repayment—

(a) section 300 does not apply, and

(b) the following provisions apply in relation to the company which is entitled to the repayment.

(3) In calculating for corporation tax the amount of the company's income arising in the relevant accounting period from oil extraction activities or oil rights there is to be added an amount equal to the appropriate repayment (but this is subject to subsections (4) and (5)).

(4) Subsection (5) applies if—

(a) two or more carried back losses give rise to the appropriate repayment,

(b) the operative chargeable period in relation to each of the carried back losses is not the same, and

(c) if this section were applied separately in relation to each of the carried back losses there would be more than one relevant accounting period.

(5) The appropriate repayment is to be treated as apportioned between each of the relevant accounting periods mentioned in subsection (4)(c) in such a way as to secure that the amount added as a result of subsection (3) in relation to each of those relevant accounting periods is what it would have been if—

(a) relief for each of the carried back losses for which there is a different operative chargeable period had been given by a separate assessment or amendment of an assessment under Schedule 2 to OTA 1975, and

(b) relief for a carried back loss accruing in an earlier chargeable period had been so given before relief for a carried back loss accruing in a later chargeable period.

(6) Any additional assessment to corporation tax required in order to give effect to the addition of an amount as a result of subsection (3) may be made at any time not later than 4 years after the end of the calendar year in which the repayment of petroleum revenue tax comprising the appropriate repayment is made.

(7) In this section—

• “allowable loss” has the same meaning as in Part 1 of OTA 1975 (see section 2 of that Act),

• “the appropriate repayment” has the meaning given by paragraph 17(2) of Schedule 2 to that Act,

• “carried back loss”, in relation to the appropriate repayment, means an allowable loss—

  (a)

  which falls within paragraph 17(1)(a) of Schedule 2 to OTA 1975, and

  (b)

  which (alone or together with one or more other carried back losses) gives rise to the appropriate repayment,

• “the operative chargeable period”, in relation to a carried back loss, means the chargeable period in which the loss accrued, and

• “the relevant accounting period”, in relation to the company which is entitled to the appropriate repayment, means—

  (a)

  the accounting period in or at the end of which the operative chargeable period ends,

  (b)

  if the company ceases to carry on its ring fence trade before the end of the operative chargeable period, the last accounting period of that trade, or

  (c)

  if the company ceases to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of that trade before the end of the operative chargeable period, the accounting period during or at the end of which the company ceased to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of that trade.

Interest on repayment of PRT or APRT U.K.

302 Interest on repayment of PRT or APRT U.K.

(1) Subsection (3) applies if any amount of petroleum revenue tax paid by a participator in an oil field is, under any provision of Part 1 of OTA 1975, repaid to the participator with interest.

(2) Subsection (3) also applies if interest is paid to a participator under paragraph 10(4) of Schedule 19 to FA 1982 (interest on advance petroleum revenue tax which becomes repayable).

(3) The interest paid is to be disregarded in calculating the participator's income for corporation tax purposes.

Relief U.K.

303 Management expenses U.K.

No deduction under section 1219 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business) is to be allowed from a company's ring fence profits.

304 Losses U.K.

(1) Relief in respect of a loss incurred by a company may not be given under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits) against that company's ring fence profits except so far as the loss arises from oil extraction activities or from oil rights.

(2) Subsection (5) applies if conditions A and B are met.

(3) Condition A is that a company incurs a loss in an accounting period in activities (“separate activities”) which, for that or any subsequent accounting period, are treated by section 279 as a separate trade for the purposes of the charge to corporation tax on income.

(4) Condition B is that any of the company's trading income in any subsequent accounting period is derived from activities (“related activities”) which are not part of the separate activities but which would together with those activities constitute a single trade, were it not for section 279.

(5) The loss may be used under section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits) to reduce so much of the company's trading income in any subsequent accounting period as is derived from the related activities.

(6) Subsection (5) applies despite anything in section 279.

305 Group relief U.K.

(1) On a claim for group relief made by a claimant company in relation to a surrendering company, group relief may not be allowed against the claimant company's ring fence profits except so far as the claim relates to losses incurred by the surrendering company that arose from oil extraction activities or from oil rights.

(2) In section 105 (restriction on surrender of losses etc within section 99(1)(d) to (g)) the references to the surrendering company's gross profits of the surrender period do not include the company's relevant ring fence profits for that period.

(3) The company's “relevant ring fence profits” for that period are—

(a) if for that period there are no qualifying charitable donations made by the company that are allowable under Part 6 (charitable donations relief), the company's ring fence profits for that period, or

(b) otherwise, so much of the company's ring fence profits for that period as exceeds the amount of the qualifying charitable donations made by the company that are allowable under section 189 for that period.

(4) In this section “claimant company” and “surrendering company” are to be read in accordance with Part 5 (group relief) (see section 188).

306 Capital allowances U.K.

(1) A capital allowance may not to any extent be given effect under section 259 or 260 of CAA 2001 (special leasing) by deduction from a company's ring fence profits.

(2) But subsection (1) does not apply to a capital allowance which falls to be made to a company for any accounting period in respect of an asset which—

(a) is used in the relevant accounting period by a company associated with it, and

(b) is so used in carrying on oil extraction activities.

(3) “The relevant accounting period” means that for which the allowance in question first falls to be made to the company (whether or not it can to any extent be given effect in that period under section 259 of CAA 2001).

Chapter 5 U.K. Ring fence expenditure supplement

Introduction U.K.

307 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter entitles a company carrying on a ring fence trade, on making a claim in respect of an accounting period, to a supplement in respect of—

(a) qualifying pre-commencement expenditure incurred before the trade is set up and commenced,

(b) losses incurred in the trade, and

(c) some or all of the supplement allowed in respect of earlier periods.

(2) Sections 308 to 314 make provision about the application and interpretation of this Chapter.

(3) Sections 315 to 320 make provision about supplement in relation to expenditure incurred by the company—

(a) with a view to carrying on a ring fence trade, but

(b) in an accounting period before the company sets up and commences that trade.

(4) Sections 321 to 329 make provision about supplement in relation to losses incurred in carrying on the ring fence trade.

(5) There is a limit (of 6) on the number of accounting periods in respect of which a company may claim supplement.

(6) In determining the amount of supplement allowable, reductions fall to be made in respect of—

(a) disposal receipts in respect of any asset representing qualifying pre-commencement expenditure.

(b) ring fence losses that could be deducted under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits) or section 42 (ring fence trades: further extension of period for relief) from ring fence profits of earlier periods,

(c) ring fence losses incurred in earlier periods that fall to be used under section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits) to reduce profits of succeeding periods,

(d) unrelieved group ring fence profits.

Application and interpretation U.K.

308 Qualifying companies U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies in relation to any company which—

(a) carries on a ring fence trade, or

(b) is engaged in any activities with a view to carrying on a ring fence trade.

(2) In this Chapter such a company is referred to as a “qualifying company”.

309 Accounting periods U.K.

(1) In this Chapter, in the case of a qualifying company—

• “the commencement period” means the accounting period in which the company sets up and commences its ring fence trade,

• “post-commencement period” means an accounting period beginning on or after 1 January 2006—

  (a)

  which is the commencement period, or

  (b)

  which ends after the commencement period, and

• “pre-commencement period” means an accounting period—

  (a)

  beginning on or after 1 January 2006, and

  (b)

  ending before the commencement period.

(2) For the purposes of this Chapter, a company not within the charge to corporation tax which incurs any expenditure is to be treated as having such accounting periods as it would have if—

(a) it carried on a trade consisting of the activities in respect of which the expenditure is incurred, and

(b) it had started to carry on that trade when it started to carry on the activities in the course of which the expenditure is incurred.

(3) In the case of an accounting period (a “straddling period”) of a qualifying company beginning before 1 January 2006 and ending on or after that date—

(a) so much of the straddling period as falls before 1 January 2006, and

(b) so much of the straddling period as falls on or after that date,

are treated as separate accounting periods for the purposes of this Chapter.

(4) But special provision is made elsewhere in this Chapter in relation to straddling periods (see sections 311, 324 and 327(4) to (7)).

310 The relevant percentage U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, the relevant percentage for an accounting period is 6%.

(2) The Treasury may by order vary the percentage for the time being specified in subsection (1) for such accounting periods as may be specified in the order.

311 Limit on number of accounting periods for which supplement may be claimed U.K.

(1) A company may claim supplement under this Chapter in respect of no more than 6 accounting periods.

(2) The accounting periods in respect of which claims are made need not be consecutive.

(3) A claim for supplement by the company under Schedule 19B to ICTA (exploration expenditure supplement) in respect of an accounting period is to count for the purposes of this section as a claim for supplement under this Chapter in respect of that accounting period.

(4) But, if the company makes a claim for supplement under this Chapter in respect of the deemed accounting period, any claim for supplement by the company under Schedule 19B to ICTA in respect of the Schedule 19B deemed accounting period is to be ignored for the purposes of this section.

(5) In subsection (4)—

• “the deemed accounting period” means the deemed accounting period under section 309(3) beginning on 1 January 2006, and

• “the Schedule 19B deemed accounting period” means the deemed accounting period under paragraph 3(3) of Schedule 19B to ICTA ending before 1 January 2006.

312 Qualifying pre-commencement expenditure U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, expenditure is “qualifying pre-commencement expenditure” if it meets each of conditions A to D.

(2) Condition A is that the expenditure is incurred on or after 1 January 2006.

(3) Condition B is that the expenditure is incurred in the course of oil extraction activities.

(4) Condition C is that the expenditure is incurred by a company with a view to carrying on a ring fence trade but before the company sets up and commences the ring fence trade.

(5) Condition D is that the expenditure—

(a) is subsequently allowable as a deduction in calculating the profits of the ring fence trade for the commencement period (whether or not any part of it is so allowable for any post-commencement period), or

(b) is relevant R&D expenditure incurred by an SME.

(6) For the purposes of this section, expenditure incurred by a company is “relevant R&D expenditure incurred by an SME” if—

(a) the company makes an election under section 1045 of CTA 2009 (alternative treatment for pre-trading expenditure: deemed trading loss) in respect of that expenditure, but

(b) the company does not make a claim for an R&D tax credit under section 1054 of that Act in respect of that expenditure.

(7) In the case of any qualifying pre-commencement expenditure which is relevant R&D expenditure incurred by an SME, the amount of that expenditure is treated for the purposes of this Chapter as being equal to 150% of its actual amount.

(8) In the case of any qualifying pre-commencement expenditure which is relevant R&D expenditure incurred by a large company, the amount of that expenditure is treated for the purposes of this Chapter as being equal to 125% of its actual amount.

(9) In subsection (8) “relevant R&D expenditure incurred by a large company” means qualifying Chapter 5 expenditure, as defined in section 1076 of CTA 2009.

313 Unrelieved group ring fence profits for accounting periods U.K.

(1) There is an amount of unrelieved group ring fence profits for an accounting period of a qualifying company (“company Q”) if—

(a) the company and any other company (“company X”) are members of the same group, and

(b) company X has an amount of taxable ring fence profits (see section 314) for a corresponding accounting period.

(2) An accounting period of company X corresponds to an accounting period of company Q if—

(a) it coincides with, or falls wholly within, the accounting period of company Q, or

(b) it falls partly within the accounting period of company Q.

(3) If an accounting period of company X—

(a) coincides with an accounting period of company Q, or

(b) falls wholly within an accounting period of company Q,

there is, for the accounting period of company Q, an amount of unrelieved group ring fence profits equal to the whole of company X's taxable ring fence profits for its accounting period.

(4) If an accounting period of company X falls partly within an accounting period of company Q—

(a) there is an amount of unrelieved group ring fence profits for the accounting period of company Q, and

(b) that amount is an amount equal to the part of company X's taxable ring fence profits for its accounting period that is attributable, on an apportionment in accordance with section 1172, to the part of that period which falls within the accounting period of company Q.

(5) For the purposes of this section, two companies are members of the same group if they are members of the same group of companies within the meaning of Part 5 (group relief).

(6) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

314 Taxable ring fence profits for an accounting period U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter, a company has taxable ring fence profits for an accounting period if it has an amount of ring fence profits which is chargeable to corporation tax for that accounting period after any group relief claimed under Part 5 (group relief).

Pre-commencement supplement U.K.

315 Supplement in respect of a pre-commencement accounting period U.K.

(1) If—

(a) a qualifying company incurs qualifying pre-commencement expenditure in respect of a ring fence trade, and

(b) the expenditure is incurred before the commencement period,

the company may claim supplement under this section (“pre-commencement supplement”) in respect of one or more pre-commencement periods.

(2) Any pre-commencement supplement allowed on a claim in respect of a pre-commencement period is to be treated as expenditure—

(a) which is incurred by the company in the commencement period, and

(b) which is allowable as a deduction in calculating the profits of the ring fence trade for that period.

(3) The amount of the supplement for any pre-commencement period in respect of which a claim under this section is made is the relevant percentage for that period of the reference amount for that period.

(4) If the pre-commencement period is a period of less than 12 months, the amount of the supplement for the period (apart from this subsection) is to be reduced proportionally.

(5) Sections 316 to 319 have effect for the purpose of determining the reference amount for a pre-commencement period.

316 The mixed pool of qualifying pre-commencement expenditure and supplement previously allowed U.K.

(1) For the purpose of determining the amount of any pre-commencement supplement, a qualifying company is to be taken to have had, at all times in the pre-commencement periods of the company, a continuing mixed pool of—

(a) the relevant amount (if any) which the company carries forward under Schedule 19B to ICTA,

(b) qualifying pre-commencement expenditure, and

(c) pre-commencement supplement.

(2) The pool is to be taken to have consisted of—

(a) the relevant amount (if any) which the company carries forward under Schedule 19B to ICTA,

(b) the company's qualifying pre-commencement expenditure, allocated to the pool for each pre-commencement period in accordance with subsection (3), and

(c) the company's pre-commencement supplement, allocated to the pool for each pre-commencement period in accordance with subsection (4).

(3) To allocate qualifying pre-commencement expenditure to the pool for any pre-commencement period, take the following steps—

• Step 1

  Count as eligible expenditure for that period so much of the qualifying pre-commencement expenditure mentioned in section 315(1) as was incurred in that period.

• Step 2

  Find the total of all the eligible expenditure for that period (amount E).

• Step 3

  If section 317 applies, reduce amount E in accordance with that section.

• Step 4

  If section 318 applies, reduce (or, as the case may be, further reduce) amount E in accordance with that section.

And so much of amount E as remains after making those reductions is to be taken to have been added to the pool in that period

(4) If any pre-commencement supplement is allowed on a claim in respect of a pre-commencement period, the amount of that supplement is to be taken to have been added to the pool in that period.

(5) In this section references to the relevant amount (if any) which the company carries forward under Schedule 19B to ICTA are to the amount (if any) in its mixed pool for the purposes of Part 3 of Schedule 19B to ICTA immediately before 1 January 2006.

317 Reduction in respect of disposal receipts under CAA 2001 U.K.

(1) This section applies in the case of the qualifying company if—

(a) it incurs qualifying pre-commencement expenditure in respect of a ring fence trade in any pre-commencement period,

(b) it would, on the relevant assumption, be entitled to an allowance under any provision of CAA 2001 in respect of that expenditure,

(c) an event occurs in relation to any asset representing the expenditure in any pre-commencement period, and

(d) the event would, on the relevant assumption, require a disposal value (the “deductible amount”) to be brought into account under any provision of CAA 2001 for any pre-commencement period.

(2) The relevant assumption is that the company was carrying on the ring fence trade—

(a) when the expenditure was incurred, and

(b) when the event giving rise to the disposal value occurred.

(3) For the purpose of allocating qualifying pre-commencement expenditure to the pool for each pre-commencement period—

(a) find the total amount of the disposal values in the case of all such events (amount D), and

(b) taking later periods before earlier periods, reduce (but not below nil) amount E for any pre-commencement period by setting against it so much of amount D as does not fall to be set against amount E for a later pre-commencement period.

318 Reduction in respect of unrelieved group ring fence profits U.K.

(1) This section applies if there is an amount of unrelieved group ring fence profits for a pre-commencement period.

(2) For the purpose of allocating qualifying pre-commencement expenditure to the pool for that period—

(a) find so much (if any) of amount E for that period as remains after any reduction falling to be made under section 317, and

(b) reduce that amount (but not below nil) by setting against it a sum equal to the aggregate of the amounts of unrelieved group ring fence profits for the period.

319 The reference amount for a pre-commencement period U.K.

For the purposes of section 315, the reference amount for a pre-commencement period is the amount in the pool at the end of the period—

(a) after the addition to the pool of any qualifying pre-commencement expenditure allocated to the pool for that period in accordance with section 316(3), but

(b) before determining, and adding to the pool, the amount of any pre-commencement supplement claimed in respect of the period.

320 Claims for pre-commencement supplement U.K.

(1) Any claim for pre-commencement supplement in respect of a pre-commencement period must be made as a claim for the commencement period.

(2) Paragraph 74 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 (company tax returns etc: time limit for claims for group relief) applies in relation to a claim for pre-commencement supplement as it applies in relation to a claim for group relief.

Post-commencement supplement U.K.

321 Supplement in respect of a post-commencement period U.K.

(1) A qualifying company which incurs a ring fence loss (see section 323) in any post-commencement period may claim supplement under this section (“post-commencement supplement”) in respect of—

(a) that period, or

(b) any subsequent accounting period in which it carries on its ring fence trade.

(2) Any post-commencement supplement allowed on a claim in respect of a post-commencement period is to be treated for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts (other than the post-commencement supplement provisions or Part 4 of Schedule 19B to ICTA) as if it were a loss—

(a) which is incurred in carrying on the ring fence trade in that period, and

(b) which falls in whole to be used under section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits) to reduce trading income from the ring fence trade in succeeding accounting periods.

(3) Paragraph 74 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 (company tax returns etc: time limit for claims for group relief) applies in relation to a claim for post-commencement supplement as it applies in relation to a claim for group relief.

(4) In this Chapter “the post-commencement supplement provisions” means this section and sections 322 to 329.

322 Amount of post-commencement supplement for a post-commencement period U.K.

(1) The amount of the post-commencement supplement for any post-commencement period in respect of which a claim under section 321 is made is the relevant percentage for that period of the reference amount for that period.

(2) If the post-commencement period is a period of less than 12 months, the amount of the supplement for the period (apart from this subsection) is to be reduced proportionally.

(3) Sections 325 to 329 have effect for the purpose of determining the reference amount for a post-commencement period.

323 Ring fence losses U.K.

(1) If—

(a) in any post-commencement period (“the period of the loss”) a qualifying company carrying on a ring fence trade incurs a loss in the trade, and

(b) some or all of the loss falls to be used under section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits) to reduce trading income from the trade in succeeding accounting periods,

so much of the loss as falls to be so used is a “ring fence loss” of the company.

(2) In determining for the purposes of the post-commencement supplement provisions how much of a loss incurred in a ring fence trade falls to be used as mentioned in subsection (1)(b), the following assumptions are to be made.

(3) The first assumption is that every claim is made that could be made by the company under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits) to deduct losses incurred in the ring fence trade from ring fence profits of earlier post-commencement periods.

(4) The second assumption is that (where appropriate) section 42 (ring fence trades: further extension of period for relief) applies in relation to every such claim under section 37.

(5) This section is subject to section 324 (special rule for straddling periods).

(6) This section has effect for the purposes of the post-commencement supplement provisions.

324 Special rule for straddling periods U.K.

(1) This section applies if the period of the loss is the deemed accounting period under section 309(3) beginning on 1 January 2006 (“the deemed accounting period”).

(2) The amount of ring fence loss in the deemed accounting period is determined as follows—

• Step 1

  Calculate so much of the ring fence loss in the straddling period as, for the purposes of Part 4 of Schedule 19B to ICTA, is attributable to qualifying E&A allowances for the straddling period. The amount given by this step is “the qualifying Schedule 19B amount”.

• Step 2

  Calculate so much of the ring fence loss in the straddling period as is attributable to allowances for the straddling period under Part 6 of CAA 2001 in respect of relevant expenditure. For the purposes of this step “relevant expenditure” means expenditure incurred by the company on or after 1 January 2006 which, but for that fact, would be qualifying E&A expenditure for the purposes of Schedule 19B to ICTA. For the purposes of this step a ring fence loss is attributable to those allowances so far as the amount of the loss (less the qualifying Schedule 19B amount) does not exceed the amount of those allowances for that period. The amount given by this step is “the amount of the post-1 January 2006 E&A allowances”.

• Step 3

  Deduct the qualifying Schedule 19B amount and the amount of the post-1 January 2006 E&A allowances from the amount of the ring fence loss in the straddling period.

• Step 4

  Apportion the remaining amount of that loss (if any) to the deemed accounting period in proportion to the number of days in the deemed accounting period that fall in the straddling period. The amount given by this step is “the amount of the apportioned loss”

• Step 5

  The amount of the ring fence loss in the deemed accounting period is the amount of the apportioned loss plus the amount of the post-1 January 2006 E&A allowances.

(3) In this section “the straddling period”, in relation to a qualifying company, means an accounting period of the company—

(a) beginning before 1 January 2006, and

(b) ending on or after that date,

disregarding section 309(3).

(4) In this section references to the ring fence loss in the straddling period are to that loss determined on the assumption that the straddling period is the period of the loss for the purposes of section 323.

(5) This section has effect for the purposes of the post-commencement supplement provisions.

325 The pool of ring fence losses and the pool of non-qualifying Schedule 19B losses U.K.

(1) For the purpose of determining the amount of any post-commencement supplement, a qualifying company is to be taken at all times in its post-commencement periods to have a continuing mixed pool (the “ring fence pool”) of—

(a) the carried forward qualifying Schedule 19B amount (if any),

(b) the company's ring fence losses, and

(c) post-commencement supplement.

(2) The ring fence pool continues even if the amount in it is nil.

(3) For the purpose of determining the amount of any post-commencement supplement, a qualifying company is also to be taken in its post-commencement periods to have a non-qualifying pool consisting of the carried forward non-qualifying Schedule 19B amount.

(4) But the non-qualifying pool ceases to exist when the amount in it is reduced to nil.

(5) In this section—

• “the carried forward qualifying Schedule 19B amount”, in relation to a qualifying company, means the amount in its qualifying pool for the purposes of Part 4 of Schedule 19B to ICTA immediately before 1 January 2006, and

• “the carried forward non-qualifying Schedule 19B amount”, in relation to a qualifying company, means the amount in its non-qualifying pool for the purposes of Part 4 of Schedule 19B to that Act immediately before 1 January 2006.

326 The ring fence pool U.K.

(1) The ring fence pool consists of—

(a) the carried forward qualifying Schedule 19B amount (if any),

(b) the company's ring fence losses, allocated to the pool in accordance with subsection (2)(a), and

(c) the company's post-commencement supplement, allocated to the pool in accordance with subsection (2)(b).

(2) The allocation of ring fence losses and post-commencement supplement to the pool is made as follows—

(a) the amount of a ring fence loss is added to the pool in the period of the loss, and

(b) if any post-commencement supplement is allowed on a claim in respect of a post-commencement period, the amount of that supplement is added to the pool in that period.

(3) The amount in the ring fence pool is subject to reductions in accordance with the following provisions of this Chapter.

(4) If a reduction in the amount in the ring fence pool falls to be made in any accounting period, the reduction is to be made—

(a) after the addition to the pool of the amount of any ring fence losses allocated to the pool in that period in accordance with subsection (2)(a), but

(b) before determining, and adding to the pool, the amount of any supplement claimed in respect of the period,

and references to the amount in the pool are to be read accordingly.

(5) In this section “the carried forward qualifying Schedule 19B amount”, in relation to a qualifying company, means the amount in its qualifying pool for the purposes of Part 4 of Schedule 19B to ICTA immediately before 1 January 2006.

327 Reductions in respect of utilised ring fence losses U.K.

(1) If one or more ring fence losses are used under section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits) to reduce any profits of a post-commencement period, reductions are to be made in that period in accordance with this section.

(2) If the company has a non-qualifying pool, the amount in the non-qualifying pool is to be reduced (but not below nil) by setting against it a sum equal to the total amount used as mentioned in subsection (1).

(3) If—

(a) any of that sum remains after being so set against the amount in the non-qualifying pool, or

(b) the company does not have a non-qualifying pool,

the amount in the ring fence pool is to be reduced (but not below nil) by setting against it so much of that sum as so remains or (as the case may be) a sum equal to the total amount used as mentioned in subsection (1).

(4) If the post-commencement period is the deemed accounting period under section 309(3) beginning on 1 January 2006 (“the deemed accounting period”), the amount of the profits of the deemed accounting period is determined as follows.

(5) The amount of the profits of the straddling period is apportioned to the deemed accounting period in proportion to the number of days in the deemed accounting period that fall in the straddling period.

(6) The apportioned amount is taken for the purposes of this section to be the amount of the profits of the deemed accounting period.

(7) In this section “the straddling period”, in relation to a qualifying company, means an accounting period of the company—

(a) beginning before 1 January 2006, and

(b) ending on or after that date,

disregarding section 309(3).

328 Reductions in respect of unrelieved group ring fence profits U.K.

(1) If there is an amount of unrelieved group ring fence profits for a post-commencement period, reductions are to be made in that period in accordance with this section.

(2) If, after making any reductions that fall to be made in accordance with section 327, the company does not have a non-qualifying pool, the remaining amount in the ring fence pool is to be reduced (but not below nil) by setting against it a sum equal to the aggregate of the amounts of unrelieved group ring fence profits for the period.

(3) If, after making any reductions that fall to be made in accordance with section 327, the company has an amount in a non-qualifying pool, the amount in that pool is to be reduced (but not below nil) by setting against it a sum equal to the aggregate of the amounts of unrelieved group ring fence profits for the period.

(4) If any of that sum remains after being so set against the amount in the non-qualifying pool, the remaining amount in the ring fence pool is to be reduced (but not below nil) by setting against it so much of that sum as so remains.

(5) For the purposes of this section references to the remaining amount in the ring fence pool are references to so much (if any) of the amount in the ring fence pool as remains after making any reductions that fall to be made in accordance with section 327.

329 The reference amount for a post-commencement period U.K.

For the purposes of section 322 the reference amount for a post-commencement period is so much of the amount in the ring fence pool as remains after making any reductions required by section 327 or 328.

Chapter 6 U.K. Supplementary charge in respect of ring fence trades

330 Supplementary charge in respect of ring fence trades U.K.

(1) If a company carries on a ring fence trade in an accounting period, a sum equal to 20% of its adjusted ring fence profits for that period is to be charged on the company as if it were an amount of corporation tax chargeable on the company.

(2) A company's “adjusted ring fence profits” for an accounting period are the amount which, on the assumption mentioned in subsection (3), would be determined for that period as the profits of the company's ring fence trade chargeable to corporation tax.

(3) The assumption is that financing costs are left out of account in calculating—

(a) the amount of the profits or loss of any ring fence trade of the company for an accounting period, and

(b) if for any such period the whole or part of any loss relief is surrendered to the company in accordance with section 305(1), the amount of that relief or part.

(4) See also section 331 (meaning of financing costs etc).

(5) This Chapter is subject to Chapter 7 (which contains provision about the reduction of the supplementary charge for certain new oil fields).

331 Meaning of “financing costs” etc U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 330.

(2) “Financing costs” means the costs of debt finance.

(3) In calculating the costs of debt finance for an accounting period the matters to be taken into account include—

(a) any costs giving rise to debits in respect of debtor relationships of the company under Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships), other than debits in respect of exchange losses from such relationships,

(b) any exchange gain or loss from a debtor relationship of the company in relation to debt finance,

(c) any credit or debit falling to be brought into account in accordance with Part 7 of CTA 2009 (derivative contracts) in relation to debt finance,

(d) the financing cost implicit in a payment under a finance lease,

(e) if the company is the lessee under a long funding operating lease, the amount deductible in respect of payments under the lease in calculating the profits of the lessee for corporation tax purposes (after first making against any such amount any reductions falling to be made as a result of section 379 (lessee under long funding operating lease)), and,

(f) any other costs arising from what would be considered in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice to be a financing transaction.

(4) If an amount representing the whole or part of a payment falling to be made by a company—

(a) falls (or would fall) to be treated as a finance charge under a finance lease for the purposes of accounts which relate to that company and one or more other companies and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, but

(b) is not so treated in the accounts of the company,

the amount is to be treated as a financing cost within subsection (3)(d).

(5) If—

(a) in calculating the adjusted ring fence profits of a company for an accounting period, an amount falls to be left out of account as a result of subsection (3)(d), but

(b) the whole or any part of that amount is repaid,

the repayment is also to be left out of account in calculating the adjusted ring fence profits of the company for any accounting period.

(6) In this section “finance lease” means any arrangements which—

(a) provide for an asset to be leased or otherwise made available by a person to another person (“the lessee”), and

(b) under generally accepted accounting practice—

(i) fall (or would fall) to be treated, in the accounts of the lessee or a person connected with the lessee, as a finance lease or a loan, or

(ii) are comprised in arrangements which fall (or would fall) to be so treated.

(7) For the purposes of applying subsection (6)(b), the lessee and any person connected with the lessee are to be treated as being companies which are incorporated in a part of the United Kingdom.

(8) Section 1176(1) (meaning of “connected” persons) does not apply for the purposes of this section.

(9) In this section—

• “accounts”, in relation to a company, includes accounts which—

  (a)

  relate to two or more companies of which that company is one, and

  (b)

  are drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice,

• “debtor relationship” has the meaning given by section 302(6) of CTA 2009,

• “exchange gains” and “exchange losses” are to be read in accordance with section 475 of CTA 2009, and

• “long funding operating lease” means a long funding operating lease for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 70YI(1) of that Act).

332 Assessment, recovery and postponement of supplementary charge U.K.

(1) The provisions of section 330(1) relating to the charging of a sum as if it were an amount of corporation tax are to be taken as applying all enactments applying generally to corporation tax.

(2) But this is subject to—

(a) the provisions of the Taxes Acts,

(b) any necessary modifications, and

(c) subsection (5).

(3) The enactments mentioned in subsection (1) include—

(a) those relating to returns of information and the supply of accounts, statements and reports,

(b) those relating to the assessing, collecting and receiving of corporation tax,

(c) those conferring or regulating a right of appeal, and

(d) those concerning administration, penalties, interest on unpaid tax and priority of tax in cases of insolvency under the law of any part of the United Kingdom.

(4) Accordingly TMA 1970 is to have effect as if any reference to corporation tax included a sum chargeable under section 330(1) as if it were an amount of corporation tax (but this does not limit subsections (1) to (3)).

(5) In the Corporation Tax (Treatment of Unrelieved Surplus Advance Corporation Tax) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999/358) or any further regulations made under section 32 of FA 1998 (unrelieved surplus advance corporation tax)—

(a) references to corporation tax do not include a sum chargeable on a company under section 330(1) as if it were corporation tax, and

(b) references to profits charged to corporation tax do not include adjusted ring fence profits, within the meaning of section 330.

(6) In this section “the Taxes Acts” has the same meaning as in TMA 1970 (see section 118(1) of that Act).

Chapter 7 U.K. Reduction of supplementary charge for certain new oil fields

Reduction of adjusted ring fence profits U.K.

333 Reduction of adjusted ring fence profits U.K.

(1) A company's adjusted ring fence profits for an accounting period are to be reduced by the amount of the company's pool of field allowances for that accounting period (see sections 334 to 336).

(2) But, if the profits are less than the amount of the pool, the profits are to be reduced to nil.

Pool of field allowances U.K.

334 Company's pool of field allowances U.K.

A company's pool of field allowances for an accounting period (“the relevant accounting period”) is—

where—

P is the amount of the company's pool of field allowances for the previous accounting period that has been carried into the relevant accounting period (see sections 335 and 336), and

R is the aggregate of the amounts of field allowances for new oil fields which the company holds (see sections 337 to 339) that are activated in respect of—

(a)

the relevant accounting period (see sections 340 and 341), and

(b)

reference periods that fall within the relevant accounting period (see sections 342 to 344).

335 Carrying part of pool of field allowances into following period U.K.

(1) This section applies if —

(a) a company has a pool of field allowances for an accounting period (“accounting period 1”), and

(b) the company's adjusted ring fence profits for accounting period 1 are reduced to nil in accordance with section 333(2).

(2) A part of the company's pool of field allowances for accounting period 1 is to be carried into the following accounting period (“accounting period 2”).

(3) The part to be carried into accounting period 2 is—

where—

F is the amount of the company's pool of field allowances for accounting period 1, and

P is the amount of the adjusted ring fence profits for accounting period 1.

336 Carrying whole of pool of field allowances into following period U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company—

(a) has a pool of field allowances for an accounting period, but

(b) has no adjusted ring fence profits for the accounting period.

(2) The whole of the company's pool of field allowances for the accounting period is to be carried into the following accounting period.

Field allowance: when held and unactivated amount U.K.

337 Initial licensee to hold a field allowance U.K.

(1) A company that is an initial licensee in a new oil field is to hold a field allowance for that field as from the beginning of the authorisation day.

(2) The amount of the field allowance which the licensee is to hold at that time is—

where—

T is the amount of the total field allowance for the field (see section 356), and

S is the share of the equity in the field which the initial licensee has at the beginning of the authorisation day.

338 Holding a field allowance on acquisition of equity share U.K.

For provision about holding a field allowance by virtue of the acquisition of a share of the equity in a new oil field, see section 347(2).

339 Unactivated amount of field allowance U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company holds a field allowance for a new oil field by virtue of section 337 or 347(2).

(2) The unactivated amount of that allowance at a particular time (“the relevant time”) is—

where—

R is the amount of the field allowance which the company held before the relevant time by virtue of section 337 or 347(2),

E is the total amount of the field allowance received before the relevant time by virtue of section 347(1) (company already holding field allowance acquires equity share),

A is the total amount of the field allowance activated in respect of —

(a)

accounting periods ending before the relevant time, or

(b)

reference periods ending before the relevant time, and

D is the total amount of reductions in the field allowance made before the relevant time by virtue of section 346 (company disposes of equity share).

(3) A company ceases to hold a field allowance for a new oil field if the unactivated amount of that allowance falls to nil.

No change in equity share: activation of allowance U.K.

340 Introduction to section 341 U.K.

(1) Section 341 applies to a company in respect of a new oil field and an accounting period if the following conditions are met.

(2) Condition A is that the company is a licensee in the field for the whole of the accounting period.

(3) Condition B is that the company's share of the equity in the field is the same during the whole of the accounting period.

(4) Condition C is that the company holds an unactivated amount of field allowance for the field at the beginning of the accounting period.

(5) Condition D is that the company has relevant income from the new oil field in the accounting period.

341 Activation of field allowance U.K.

(1) An amount of the company's field allowance for the new oil field is to be activated in respect of the accounting period.

(2) The amount of the field allowance to be activated is the smallest of the following amounts—

(a) the relevant activation limit,

(b) the company's relevant income from the field in the accounting period, and

(c) the unactivated amount of the field allowance which the company holds at the beginning of the accounting period.

(3) The relevant activation limit is—

where—

T is the amount of the total field allowance for the field (see section 356),

E is the company's share of the equity in the field during the accounting period, and

N is the number of days in the accounting period.

Change in equity share: activation of allowance U.K.

342 Introduction to sections 343 and 344 U.K.

(1) Sections 343 and 344 apply to a company in respect of a new oil field and an accounting period if the following conditions are met.

(2) Condition A is that the company is a licensee in the field for the whole, or for part, of the accounting period.

(3) Condition B is that the company's share of the equity in the field is different at different times during the accounting period.

(4) Condition C is that the company holds an unactivated amount of field allowance for the field at any time during the accounting period.

(5) Condition D is that the company has relevant income from the field in the accounting period.

(6) In a case where a company has three or more different shares of the equity in a new oil field during a particular day, sections 343 and 344 (in particular provisions relating to the beginning or end of a day) have effect subject to the necessary modifications.

343 Reference periods U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 344, the accounting period, or (if the company is not a licensee for the whole of the accounting period) the part or parts of the accounting period for which the company is a licensee, is to be divided into reference periods.

(2) A reference period is a period of consecutive days that meets the following conditions.

(3) Condition A is that, at the beginning of each day in the period, the company is a licensee in the new oil field.

(4) Condition B is that, at the beginning of each day in the period, the company's share of the equity in the field is the same.

(5) Condition C is that, at the beginning of the first day of the period, the company holds an unactivated amount of field allowance for the field.

(6) Condition D is that each day in the period falls within the accounting period.

344 Activation of field allowance U.K.

(1) An amount of the company's field allowance for the new oil field is to be activated in respect of each reference period.

(2) The amount of the field allowance to be activated is the smallest of the following amounts—

(a) the relevant activation limit,

(b) the company's relevant income from the field in the reference period, and

(c) the unactivated amount of the field allowance which the company holds at the beginning of the reference period.

(3) The relevant activation limit is—

where—

T is the amount of the total field allowance for the field (see section 356),

E is the company's share of the equity in the field during the reference period, and

R is the number of days in the reference period.

(4) The company's relevant income from the field in the reference period is—

where—

I is the company's relevant income from the field in the whole of the accounting period,

R is the number of days in the reference period, and

L is the number of days in the accounting period for which the company is a licensee in the new oil field.

Change in equity share: transfer of field allowance U.K.

345 Introduction to sections 346 and 347 U.K.

(1) Sections 346 and 347 apply if the following conditions are met.

(2) Condition A is that a company that is a licensee in a new oil field (“the transferor”) disposes of the whole or a part of its share of the equity in the new oil field (and in section 347 each of those to which a share of the equity is disposed of is referred to as “a transferee”).

(3) Condition B is that, immediately before the disposal, the transferor holds an unactivated amount of field allowance for the new oil field.

(4) Subsection (5) applies when—

(a) determining (for the purposes of this section) whether a transferor holds an unactivated amount of field allowance immediately before the disposal (“the relevant time”), and

(b) determining (for the purposes of section 346), the unactivated amount of field allowance which a transferor holds at the relevant time;

but it applies only if an amount of field allowance for the new oil field (“the relevant amount”) has, by virtue of section 344, been activated in respect of the reference period that ends because of the disposal.

(5) When making the determination, the relevant amount of the field allowance must be treated as having been activated at a time before the relevant time.

(6) In a case where a company has three or more different shares of the equity in a new oil field during a particular day, sections 346 and 347 (in particular provisions relating to the beginning or end of a day) have effect subject to the necessary modifications.

346 Reduction of field allowance if equity disposed of U.K.

(1) The unactivated amount of the field allowance for the new oil field which the transferor holds immediately before the disposal is to be reduced by the following amount—

where—

F is the unactivated amount of the field allowance which the transferor holds immediately before the disposal,

E1 is the transferor's share of the equity in the new oil field immediately before the disposal, and

E2 is the transferor's share of the equity in the new oil field immediately after the disposal.

(2) This section has effect at the end of the day on which the disposal takes place.

347 Acquisition of field allowance if equity acquired U.K.

(1) If a transferee holds a field allowance for the new oil field immediately before the disposal, the unactivated amount of the field allowance is to be increased by the amount calculated in accordance with subsection (4).

(2) If a transferee does not hold a field allowance for the new oil field immediately before the disposal, the transferee is to hold a field allowance for the new oil field.

(3) The amount of the field allowance which the transferee is to hold is calculated in accordance with subsection (4).

(4) The amount referred to in subsections (1) and (3) is—

where—

R is the amount of the reduction determined in accordance with section 346,

E3 is the share of the equity in the new oil field that the transferee has acquired from the transferor, and

E1 and E2 are the same as in section 346.

(5) This section has effect at the end of the day on which the disposal takes place.

Miscellaneous U.K.

348 Adjustments U.K.

(1) This section applies if there is any alteration in a company's adjusted ring fence profits for an accounting period after this Chapter has had effect in relation to the profits.

(2) Any necessary adjustments to the operation of this Chapter (whether in relation to the profits or otherwise) are to be made (including any necessary adjustments to the effect of section 333 on the profits or to the calculation of the company's pool of field allowances for a subsequent accounting period).

349 Orders U.K.

(1) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may by order make provision about the oil fields that are qualifying oil fields for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may by order make provision about the amount of the total field allowance for any description of new oil field (whether or not provision has been made under subsection (1) about that description of new oil field).

(3) An order under this section may, in particular, amend any or all of sections 352 to 356.

(4) No order may be made under this section unless a draft of the statutory instrument containing it has been laid before and approved by a resolution of the House of Commons.

Interpretation U.K.

350 “New oil field” U.K.

In this Chapter “new oil field” means an oil field—

(a) which is a qualifying oil field, and

(b) whose development is authorised at any time on or after 22 April 2009.

351 “Authorisation of development of an oil field” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter a reference to authorisation of development of an oil field is a reference to a national authority—

(a) granting a licensee consent for development for the field,

(b) serving on a licensee a programme of development for the field, or

(c) approving a programme of development for the field.

(2) In this section—

• “consent for development”, in relation to an oil field, does not include consent which is limited to the purpose of testing the characteristics of an oil-bearing area,

• “development”, in relation to an oil field, means winning oil from the field otherwise than in the course of searching for oil or drilling wells, and

• “national authority” means—

  (a)

  the Secretary of State, or

  (b)

  a Northern Ireland department.

352 “Qualifying oil field” U.K.

In this Chapter “qualifying oil field” means an oil field that is, on the authorisation day—

(a) a small oil field,

(b) an ultra heavy oil field, or

(c) an ultra high pressure/high temperature oil field.

353 “Small oil field” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “small oil field” means an oil field which has reserves of oil of 3,500,000 tonnes or less.

(2) For the purposes of this section and section 356(2)—

(a) the amount of reserves of oil which an oil field has is to be determined on the authorisation day, and

(b) 1,100 cubic metres of gas at a temperature of 15 degrees celsius and pressure of one atmosphere is to be counted as equivalent to one tonne.

354 “Ultra heavy oil field” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “ultra heavy oil field” means an oil field with oil at—

(a) an API gravity below 18 degrees, and

(b) a viscosity of more than 50 centipoise at reservoir temperature and pressure.

(2) For that purpose API gravity, in relation to oil, is the amount determined by the following calculation—

where G is the specific gravity of the oil at 15.56 degrees celsius.

355 “Ultra high pressure/high temperature oil field” U.K.

In this Chapter “ultra high pressure/high temperature oil field” means an oil field with oil at—

(a) a pressure of more than 1034 bar in the reservoir formation, and

(b) a temperature of more than 176.67 degrees celsius in the reservoir formation.

356 “Total field allowance for a new oil field” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, the total field allowance for a new oil field is—

(a) in the case of a small oil field, the amount determined in accordance with subsection (2),

(b) in the case of an ultra heavy oil field, £800,000,000, and

(c) in the cases of an ultra high pressure/high temperature oil field, £800,000,000.

(2) The total field allowance for a small oil field is—

(a) if the oil field has reserves of oil of 2,750,000 tonnes or less, £75,000,000, and

(b) in any other case (where the oil field has reserves of more than 2,750,000 tonnes but not more than 3,500,000 tonnes), the following amount—

where X is the amount of the reserves of oil (in tonnes) which the oil field has.

357 Other definitions U.K.

In this Chapter—

• “adjusted ring fence profits”, in relation to a company and an accounting period, means the adjusted ring fence profits that would (if this Chapter were ignored) be taken into account in calculating the supplementary charge on the company under section 330(1) for the accounting period,

• “authorisation day”, in relation to a new oil field, means the day when development of the field is authorised,

• “initial licensee”, in relation to a new oil field, means a company that is licensee in the field on the authorisation day,

• “licensee” has the same meaning as in Part 1 of OTA 1975, and

• “relevant income”, in relation to a new oil field and an accounting period of a company, means production income of the company from any oil extraction activities carried on in the field that is taken into account in calculating the company's adjusted ring fence profits for the accounting period.

Part 9 U.K. Leasing plant or machinery

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

358 Introduction to Part U.K.

(1) This Part makes provision about the taxation of leasing transactions involving companies.

(2) Chapter 2 makes provision about the treatment for corporation tax purposes of companies which are lessors or lessees under long funding leases of plant or machinery.

(3) The sales of lessors Chapters make provision about the taxation of a company which is within the charge to corporation tax in respect of a business of leasing plant or machinery (within the meaning of Chapter 3 or 4)—

(a) on the sale of, or certain other changes in interests in, the company, and

(b) in certain circumstances where the company's interest in the business changes.

(4) In this Part “the sales of lessors Chapters” means Chapters 3 to 6.

(5) In the sales of lessors Chapters—

(a) Chapter 3 deals with the case of a qualifying change of ownership in relation to the company where it carries on the business otherwise than in partnership,

(b) Chapter 4 deals with—

(i) the case of a qualifying change in the company's interest in the business where it carries on the business in partnership with other persons, and

(ii) the case of a qualifying change of ownership in relation to any such company,

(c) Chapter 5 contains anti-avoidance provisions, and

(d) Chapter 6 provides for the general interpretation of those Chapters.

(6) For the meaning of “qualifying change of ownership” in the sales of lessors Chapters, see sections 392 to 398.

(7) For the meaning of “qualifying change in a company's interest in a business” in Chapter 4, see section 415.

Chapter 2 U.K. Long funding leases of plant or machinery

Introduction U.K.

359 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter makes provision about the calculation for corporation tax purposes of the profits of companies which are—

(a) lessors of plant or machinery under long funding finance leases (see sections 360 to 362),

(b) lessors of plant or machinery under long funding operating leases (see sections 363 to 369),

(c) lessees of plant or machinery under long funding finance leases (see sections 377 and 378), or

(d) lessees of plant or machinery under long funding operating leases (see sections 379 and 380).

(2) Sections 370 to 376 make provision about cases where sections 360 to 369 are not to apply.

(3) For the meaning of expressions used in this section and in this Chapter generally, see section 381 and, in particular—

(a) subsection (1) of that section (which provides for the application of Chapter 6A of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (interpretation of provisions about long funding leases) to this Chapter), and

(b) subsections (2) and (3) of that section (which specify the provisions of that Chapter in which some expressions used in this Chapter are defined).

Lessors under long funding finance leases U.K.

360 Lessor under long funding finance lease: rental earnings U.K.

(1) This section applies for any period of account of a company in which it is the lessor of any plant or machinery under a long funding finance lease.

(2) The amount to be brought into account as the lessor's income from the lease for the period is the amount of the rental earnings in respect of the lease for the period.

(3) The amount of those rental earnings is the amount which, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, falls (or would fall) to be treated as the gross return on investment for that period in respect of the lease.

(4) If the lease is one which, in accordance with such practice, falls (or would fall) to be treated as a loan for the period of account, so much of the rentals under the lease as falls (or would fall) to be treated as interest is treated for the purposes of this section as rental earnings.

361 Lessor under long funding finance lease: exceptional items U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is or has been the lessor under a long funding finance lease, and

(b) an exceptional profit or loss arises to the company in connection with the lease.

(2) A profit or loss is exceptional for the purposes of subsection (1) if—

(a) in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice it falls (or would fall) to be recognised for accounting purposes in a period of account, but

(b) apart from this section, it would not be brought into account in calculating the profits of the company for corporation tax purposes.

(3) Such a profit is treated for corporation tax purposes as income of the company attributable to the lease.

(4) Such a loss is treated for corporation tax purposes as a revenue expense incurred by the company in connection with the lease.

(5) It does not matter for the purposes of this section whether the profit or loss is of an income or capital nature.

(6) The reference in subsection (2) to an amount falling to be recognised for accounting purposes in a period of account is a reference to an amount falling to be recognised for accounting purposes in—

(a) the company's profit and loss account, income statement or statement of comprehensive income for that period,

(b) the company's statement of total recognised gains and losses, statement of recognised income and expense, statement of changes in equity or statement of income and retained earnings for that period, or

(c) any other statement of items taken into account in calculating the company's profits or losses for that period.

362 Lessor under long funding finance lease making termination payment U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is or has been the lessor under a long funding finance lease,

(b) the lease terminates, and

(c) a sum calculated by reference to the termination value is paid to the lessee.

(2) No deduction in respect of the sum is allowed in calculating the profits of the company for corporation tax purposes.

(3) This section does not prevent a deduction in respect of a sum so far as it is brought into account in determining the company's rental earnings.

(4) For the meaning of “termination value”, see section 381(3)(m).

Lessors under long funding operating leases U.K.

363 Lessor under long funding operating lease: periodic deduction U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company is the lessor of any plant or machinery under a long funding operating lease for the whole or part of a period of account.

(2) A deduction is allowed in calculating the profits of the company for the period of account for corporation tax purposes.

(3) The amount of the deduction is so much of the expected gross reduction in value over the term of the lease as is attributable to the period of account.

(4) The expected gross reduction in value over the term of the lease is—

(a) the starting value of the plant or machinery, less

(b) the amount which at the commencement of the term of the lease is expected to be its residual value (or, if section 365 applies, would have been expected to be that value had that value been estimated at that time).

(5) The expected gross reduction in value over the term of the lease that is attributable to the period of account is found by apportioning that reduction on a time basis according to the proportion of the term of the lease that falls in the period of account.

(6) For the meaning of “starting value”, see—

(a) section 364 (“starting value”: general), and

(b) section 365 (“starting value” where plant or machinery originally unqualifying).

(7) For the meaning of “residual value”, see section 381(4).

364 “Starting value”: general U.K.

(1) This section is about the meaning of “starting value” in section 363 in relation to a long funding operating lease (“the section 363 lease”).

(2) But this section does not apply if the conditions in section 365(2) (“starting value” where plant or machinery originally unqualifying) are met.

(3) If the only use of the plant or machinery by the lessor has been the leasing of it under the section 363 lease as a qualifying activity, the starting value is the amount of the expenditure incurred by the lessor on the provision of the plant or machinery (“cost”).

(4) If subsection (3) does not apply, the starting value depends on the last previous use of the plant or machinery by the lessor.

(5) If that use was the leasing of it under another long funding operating lease as a qualifying activity, the starting value is the market value of the plant or machinery at the commencement of the term of the section 363 lease (“market value”).

(6) If that use was the leasing of it under a long funding finance lease as a qualifying activity, the starting value is the value at which the plant or machinery is recognised in the books or other finance records of the lessor at the commencement of the term of the section 363 lease.

(7) If that use was for the purposes of a qualifying activity other than leasing under a long funding lease, the starting value is the lower of cost and market value.

(8) For the meaning of “qualifying activity”, see section 381(4).

365 “Starting value” where plant or machinery originally unqualifying U.K.

(1) This section applies if the conditions in subsection (2) are met in relation to a long funding operating lease to which section 363 applies.

(2) The conditions are that—

(a) the lessor owns the plant or machinery as a result of having incurred expenditure on its provision for purposes other than those of a qualifying activity,

(b) the plant or machinery is brought into use by the lessor for the purposes of a qualifying activity on or after 1 April 2006, and

(c) that qualifying activity is the leasing of the plant or machinery under the lease.

(3) For the purposes of section 363 the starting value is the lower of—

(a) first use market value, and

(b) first use amortised market value.

(4) “First use market value” means the market value of the plant or machinery at the time when it is first brought into use for the purposes of the qualifying activity.

(5) “First use amortised value” means the value that the plant or machinery would have at the time when it is first brought into use for the purposes of the qualifying activity on the assumptions in subsection (6).

(6) The assumptions are that—

(a) the cost of acquiring the plant or machinery had been written off on a straight line basis over its remaining useful economic life, and

(b) any further capital expenditure incurred had been written off on a straight line basis over so much of its remaining economic life as remains at the time when the expenditure is incurred.

(7) For the meaning of “qualifying activity”, “remaining useful economic life” and writing off on a straight line basis, see section 381(4), (3)(i) and (5) respectively.

366 Long funding operating lease: lessor's additional expenditure U.K.

(1) This section applies if in any period of account—

(a) a company is the lessor of any plant or machinery under a long funding operating lease,

(b) the company incurs capital expenditure in relation to the plant or machinery (the “additional expenditure”), and

(c) the additional expenditure is not reflected in the market value of the plant or machinery at the commencement time (see subsection (7)).

(2) An additional deduction is allowed in calculating the profits of the company for each period of account—

(a) which ends after the incurring of the additional expenditure, and

(b) in which the company is the lessor of the plant or machinery under the lease.

(3) The amount of the deduction is so much of the expected reduction in value of the additional expenditure (“the expected reduction”) as is attributable to the period of account.

(4) The expected reduction is the amount of the additional expenditure, less the remaining residual value of the plant or machinery resulting from that expenditure.

(5) For how to determine that remaining residual value, see—

(a) section 367 (determination of remaining residual value resulting from lessor's first additional expenditure), and

(b) section 368 (determination of remaining residual value resulting from lessor's further additional expenditure).

(6) The amount of the expected reduction attributable to the period of account is found by apportioning that reduction on a time basis according to the proportion of the term of the lease that falls in the period of account.

(7) In this section “the commencement time” means—

(a) except where section 365 applies, the commencement of the term of the lease, and

(b) if that section applies, the time when the plant or machinery is first brought into use by the lessor for the purposes of the qualifying activity.

367 Determination of remaining residual value resulting from lessor's first additional expenditure U.K.

(1) This section sets out how the remaining residual value of the plant or machinery resulting from the additional expenditure (“RRV”) is determined for the purposes of section 366(4) if section 366 has not applied in relation to any previous additional expenditure incurred by the company in relation to the leased plant or machinery.

(2) RRV depends on whether—

(a) the amount (“ARV”) which is expected to be the residual value of the plant or machinery at the time when the additional expenditure is incurred, exceeds

(b) the amount (“CRV”) which at the commencement of the term of the lease is expected to be its residual value (or, if section 365 applies, would have been expected to be that value had that value been estimated at that time).

(3) If ARV exceeds CRV, RRV is the part of the excess that is a result of the additional expenditure.

(4) Otherwise, RRV is nil.

(5) For the meaning of “residual value”, see section 381(4).

368 Determination of remaining residual value resulting from lessor's further additional expenditure U.K.

(1) This section sets out how the remaining residual value of the plant or machinery resulting from the additional expenditure (“RRV”) is determined for the purposes of section 366(4) if section 366 has applied in relation to previous additional expenditure incurred by the company in relation to the leased plant or machinery.

(2) RRV depends on whether—

(a) the amount (“FARV”) which is expected to be the residual value of the plant or machinery at the time when the further additional expenditure is incurred, exceeds

(b) the sum of the amounts in subsection (3).

(3) Those amounts are—

(a) the amount which at the commencement of the term of the lease is expected to be the residual value of the plant or machinery (or, if section 365 applies, would have been expected to be that value had that value been estimated at that time), and

(b) any amounts that were subtracted under section 366(4) as the remaining residual value of the plant or machinery resulting from the previous additional expenditure.

(4) If FARV exceeds the sum of the amounts in subsection (3), RRV is the portion of the excess that is a result of the further additional expenditure.

(5) Otherwise, RRV is nil.

(6) For the meaning of “residual value”, see section 381(4).

369 Lessor under long funding operating lease: termination of lease U.K.

(1) This section applies in calculating the profits of a company for corporation tax purposes if it is the lessor immediately before the termination of a long funding operating lease.

(2) If the termination amount (see section 381(3)(l)) exceeds the sum of the amounts in subsection (3), an amount equal to the excess is treated as income of the company attributable to the lease arising in the period of account in which it terminates.

(3) The amounts referred to in subsection (2) are—

(a) the total amounts paid to the lessee that are calculated by reference to the termination value (see section 381(3)(m)),

(b) the excess relevant value for section 363 (see subsection (6)), and

(c) the excess expenditure for section 366 (see subsection (7)).

(4) If the sum of the amounts in subsection (3) exceeds the termination amount, the excess is treated as a revenue expense incurred by the company in connection with the lease in the period of account in which it terminates.

(5) No deduction is allowed in respect of any sums within subsection (3)(a).

(6) “The excess relevant value for section 363” is the amount (if any) by which—

(a) the starting value of the plant or machinery for the purposes of section 363(4) (lessor under long funding operating lease: periodic deduction), exceeds

(b) the total of the deductions allowable under section 363 for periods of account for the whole or part of which the company was the lessor.

(7) “The excess expenditure for section 366” is the amount (if any) by which—

(a) the total of any amounts of capital expenditure incurred by the company which constitute additional expenditure in the case of the lease for the purposes of section 366 (long funding operating lease: lessor's additional expenditure), exceeds

(b) the total of any deductions allowable under section 366 for periods of account for the whole or part of which the company was the lessor.

Cases where sections 360 to 369 do not apply U.K.

370 Plant or machinery held as trading stock U.K.

(1) Sections 360 to 369 do not apply in relation to a long funding lease in the case of a company which is or has been the lessor of any plant or machinery under the lease if the condition in subsection (2) is met.

(2) The condition is that any part of the expenditure incurred by the company on the acquisition of the plant or machinery for leasing under the lease—

(a) is allowable as a deduction (apart from sections 360 to 369) in calculating its profits or losses for corporation tax purposes, and

(b) is so allowable as a result of the plant or machinery forming part of its trading stock.

(3) For the purposes of this section the cases in which expenditure incurred by a company on the acquisition of any plant or machinery for leasing under a lease is allowable as such a deduction include any case where—

(a) the company becomes entitled to the deduction at any time after the expenditure is incurred, and

(b) the deduction arises as a result of the plant or machinery forming part of its trading stock at that time.

371 Adjustments where sections 360 to 369 subsequently disapplied by section 370 U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) at any time any of sections 360 to 369 has applied for determining the amounts to be taken into account in calculating the profits or losses of a company for corporation tax purposes, and

(b) subsequently the condition in section 370(2) is met.

(2) If this section applies—

(a) the amounts mentioned in subsection (1)(a), and

(b) any other amounts which, as a result of section 370, are to be taken into account in calculating the profits or losses of the company for corporation tax purposes,

are subject to such adjustments as are just and reasonable.

(3) All such assessments and adjustments of assessments are to be made as are necessary to give effect to this section.

372 Lessor also lessee under non-long funding lease U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is the lessee of any plant or machinery under a lease (“lease A”),

(b) lease A is not a long funding lease,

(c) the company enters into a lease (“lease B”) of any of that plant or machinery (as lessor), and

(d) lease B is a long funding lease.

(2) Sections 360 to 369 do not apply in relation to lease B.

(3) This section must be treated as never having applied in relation to lease B if lease A—

(a) becomes a long funding lease as a result of section 70H of CAA 2001 (tax return by lessee treating lease as long funding lease), and

(b) has not ceased to be such a lease.

373 Other avoidance U.K.

(1) Sections 360 to 369 do not apply in relation to a long funding lease in the case of a company which is or has been the lessor of any plant or machinery under the lease if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that the lease forms part of any arrangement entered into by the company which includes one or more other transactions.

(3) Condition B is that the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of the arrangement is to secure that, over the lease period, there would be a substantial difference between the GAAP total and the tax total.

(4) “The GAAP total” means the sum of the amounts under the arrangement which are, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice—

(a) recognised in determining the company's profit or loss for any period, or

(b) taken into account in calculating the amounts which are so recognised.

(5) “The tax total” means the sum of the amounts under the arrangement which would (apart from this section) be taken into account in calculating the profits or losses of the company for corporation tax purposes.

(6) Condition C is that the difference referred to in subsection (3) would be attributable (wholly or partly) to the application of any of sections 360 to 369 in relation to the company by reference to the plant or machinery under the lease.

(7) This section is supplemented by sections 374 and 375.

374 Provision supplementing section 373 U.K.

(1) It does not matter whether the arrangement referred to in condition A in section 373(2) is entered into before, after or at the inception of the long funding lease.

(2) It does not matter whether the parties to any transaction which forms part of that arrangement differ from the parties to any of the other transactions.

(3) The cases in which two or more transactions are to be taken as forming part of an arrangement for the purposes of section 373 include any case in which it would be reasonable to assume that one or more of them—

(a) would not have been entered into independently of the other or others, or

(b) if entered into independently of the other or others, would not have taken the same form or been on the same terms.

(4) For the purposes of condition B in section 373(3) “the lease period” means the period which—

(a) begins with the inception of the lease, and

(b) ends with the end of the term of the lease.

(5) The reference in section 373(4) to an amount being recognised in determining a company's profit or loss for a period is to an amount being recognised for accounting purposes in—

(a) the company's profit and loss account, income statement or statement of comprehensive income for that period,

(b) the company's statement of total recognised gains and losses, statement of recognised income and expense, statement of changes in equity or statement of income and retained earnings for that period, or

(c) any other statement of items taken into account in calculating the company's profits or losses for that period.

375 Adjustments where sections 360 to 369 subsequently disapplied by section 373 U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) at any time any of sections 360 to 369 has applied for determining the amounts to be taken into account in calculating the profits or losses of the company for corporation tax purposes, and

(b) subsequently conditions A, B and C in section 373 are met.

(2) If this section applies—

(a) the amounts mentioned in subsection (1)(a), and

(b) any other amounts which, as a result of section 373, are to be taken into account in calculating the profits or losses of the company for corporation tax purposes,

are subject to such adjustments as are just and reasonable.

(3) All such assessments and adjustments of assessments are to be made as are necessary to give effect to this section.

376 Films U.K.

(1) If a company is or has been a lessor under a long funding lease of a film, sections 360 to 369 do not apply in respect of the lease.

(2) “Film” has the same meaning as in Part 15 of CTA 2009 (see section 1181 of that Act).

Lessees under long funding finance leases U.K.

377 Lessee under long funding finance lease: limit on deductions U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company is the lessee of any plant or machinery under a long funding finance lease for the whole or part of any period of account.

(2) In calculating the company's profits for the period of account for corporation tax purposes, the amount deducted in respect of amounts payable under the lease must not exceed the finance charges.

(3) In subsection (2) “the finance charges” means the amounts which, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, fall (or would fall) to be shown in the company's accounts as finance charges in respect of the lease.

(4) If the lease is one which, in accordance with such practice, falls (or would fall), to be treated as a loan, subsections (2) and (3) apply as if the lease were one which, in accordance with such practice, fell to be treated as a finance lease.

378 Lessee under long funding finance lease: termination U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is or has been the lessee under a long funding finance lease, and

(b) in connection with the termination of the lease, a payment calculated by reference to the termination value falls to be made to the company.

(2) The payment is not to be brought into account in determining the profits of the company for any period of account for corporation tax purposes.

(3) Subsection (2) does not affect the amount of any disposal value that falls to be brought into account by the company under CAA 2001.

(4) For the meaning of “termination value”, see section 381(3)(m).

Lessees under long funding operating leases U.K.

379 Lessee under long funding operating lease U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company is the lessee of any plant or machinery under a long funding operating lease for the whole or part of any period of account.

(2) The deductions allowed in calculating the profits of the company for the period of account for corporation tax purposes are reduced.

(3) The amount of the reduction is so much of the expected gross reduction in value over the term of the lease as is attributable to the period of account.

(4) The expected gross reduction in value over the term of the lease is the starting value of the plant or machinery, less its expected end value.

(5) For the meaning of “starting value”, see section 380.

(6) The expected end value of plant or machinery is the amount which—

(a) at the commencement of the term of the lease is expected to be its market value at the end of the term, or

(b) if section 380(3) applies, would have been expected to be that value had that value been estimated at the commencement of the term.

(7) The expected gross reduction in value over the term of the lease that is attributable to the period of account is found by apportioning that reduction on a time basis according to the proportion of the term of the lease that falls in the period of account.

380 “Starting value” in section 379 U.K.

(1) This section is about the meaning of “starting value” in section 379 in relation to a long funding operating lease (“the section 379 lease”).

(2) Except where subsection (3) applies, the starting value is the market value of the plant or machinery at the commencement of the term of the section 379 lease.

(3) This subsection applies if the lessee—

(a) has the use of the plant or machinery as a result of having incurred expenditure on its provision for purposes other than those of a qualifying activity, but

(b) brings the plant or machinery into use for the purposes of a qualifying activity on or after 1 April 2006.

(4) If subsection (3) applies, the starting value is the lower of—

(a) first use market value, and

(b) first use amortised market value.

(5) “First use market value” means the market value of the plant or machinery at the time when it is first brought into use for the purposes of the qualifying activity.

(6) “First use amortised market value” means the value that the plant or machinery would have at the time when it is first brought into use for the purposes of the qualifying activity on the assumption in subsection (7).

(7) That assumption is that the market value of the plant or machinery at the commencement of the term of the section 379 lease had been written off on a straight line basis over its remaining useful economic life.

(8) For the meaning of “qualifying activity”, “remaining useful economic life” and writing off on a straight line basis, see section 381(4), (3)(i) and (5) respectively.

Interpretation U.K.

381 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) Chapter 6A of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (interpretation of provisions about long funding leases) applies in relation to this Chapter as it applies in relation to that Part.

(2) Accordingly—

• “the finance lease test” means the finance lease test in section 70N of CAA 2001,

• “long funding lease” has the meaning given by section 70G of that Act,

• “long funding finance lease” means a long funding lease that meets the finance lease test as a result of section 70N(1)(a) of that Act, and

• “long funding operating lease” means a long funding lease that is not a long funding finance lease.

(3) As to the meaning of the following other expressions used in this Chapter and defined in Chapter 6A of Part 2 of CAA 2001, see—

(a) for “commencement”, in relation to the term of a lease, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(b) for “inception”, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(c) for “lease”, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(d) for “lessee”, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(e) for “lessor”, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(f) for “market value”, in relation to plant or machinery, section 70YI(2) of that Act,

(g) for “plant or machinery”, in relation to a lease, section 70YI(3) of that Act,

(h) for “plant or machinery lease”, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(i) for “remaining useful economic life”, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(j) for “the term”, in relation to a lease, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(k) for “termination”, section 70YI(1) of that Act,

(l) for “termination amount”, section 70YG of that Act, and

(m) for “termination value”, section 70YH of that Act.

(4) In this Chapter—

• “qualifying activity” has the same meaning as in Part 2 of CAA 2001, and

• “residual value”, in relation to any plant or machinery leased under a long funding operating lease, means—

  (a)

  the estimated market value of the plant or machinery on a disposal at the end of the term of the lease, less

  (b)

  the estimated costs of that disposal.

(5) Any reference in this Chapter to a sum being written off on a straight line basis over a period of time (the “writing-off period”) is a reference to—

(a) the sum being apportioned between each of the periods of account in which any part of the writing-off period falls,

(b) that apportionment being made on a time basis, according to the proportion of the writing-off period that falls in each of the periods of account, and

(c) the sum being written off accordingly.

Chapter 3 U.K. Sales of lessors: leasing business carried on by a company alone

Introduction U.K.

382 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if there is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to a company carrying on a business of leasing plant or machinery otherwise than in partnership with other persons.

(2) For the meaning of “business of leasing plant or machinery”, see sections 387 to 391.

(3) For the meaning of “qualifying change of ownership”, see sections 392 to 398.

(4) As to cases where there is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to a company carrying on a business of leasing plant or machinery in partnership with other persons, see Chapter 4.

Income and matching expense in different accounting periods U.K.

383 Income and matching expense in different accounting periods U.K.

(1) This section applies if on any day (“the relevant day”)—

(a) a company carries on a business of leasing plant or machinery otherwise than in partnership,

(b) the company is within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the business, and

(c) there is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to the company.

(2) On the relevant day—

(a) the company is treated as receiving an amount of income, and

(b) the accounting period of the company ends.

(3) The income—

(a) is treated as a receipt of the business, and

(b) is brought into account in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of the business for that accounting period.

(4) On the day following the relevant day—

(a) the company is treated as incurring an expense, and

(b) a new accounting period of the company begins.

(5) The expense—

(a) is treated as an expense of the business, and

(b) is allowed as a deduction in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of the business for that new accounting period.

(6) This section is supplemented by sections 384 to 386.

384 Amount of income and expense U.K.

(1) The amount of the income under section 383 is calculated in accordance with sections 399 to 407.

(2) The amount of the expense under section 383 is the same as the amount of the income.

385 No carry back of the expense U.K.

(1) This section applies if the business carried on by the company is a trade carried on wholly or partly in the United Kingdom the profits of which are chargeable to corporation tax under Chapter 2 of Part 3 of CTA 2009 (trading income).

(2) No relief is to be given as a result of section 37(3)(b) (relief for trade losses against total profits of earlier accounting periods) in respect of so much of any loss as derives from the expense.

(3) For the purpose of determining how much of a loss derives from the expense, the loss is to be calculated on the basis that the expense is the final amount to be deducted.

386 Relief for expense otherwise giving rise to carried forward loss U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to a company on any day (“the relevant day”),

(b) on the following day the company is treated under section 383 as incurring an expense of a business and an accounting period of the company (“period 1”) begins,

(c) the company makes a loss in period 1 or a later accounting period,

(d) apart from this section some or all of that loss (“the carried forward loss”) would be carried forward to the next accounting period of the company after the accounting period in which the loss is made (“the subsequent period”),

(e) some or all of the carried forward loss (“the derived loss”) derives from—

(i) the expense under section 383, or

(ii) an expense treated as arising under subsection (2) and allowed as a deduction for the accounting period in which the loss is made, and

(f) the subsequent period starts within the period of 5 years beginning immediately after the relevant day and does not start as a result of section 383 or 425.

(2) Instead of being so carried forward, the derived loss is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as giving rise to an expense of an amount equal to—

where—

DL is the derived loss,

D is the number of days in the accounting period in which the loss is made, and

R is the percentage rate applicable to section 826 of ICTA under section 178 of FA 1989.

(3) The amount of the expense under this section is allowed as a deduction in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of the business for the subsequent period.

(4) For the purpose of determining how much of the carried forward loss derives from the expense under section 383 or an expense within subsection (1)(e)(ii), the loss is to be calculated on the basis that that expense is the final amount to be deducted.

“Business of leasing plant or machinery” U.K.

387 “Business of leasing plant or machinery” U.K.

(1) This section determines for the purposes of this Chapter whether, on any day (“the relevant day”), a company (“the relevant company”) carries on a business of leasing plant or machinery.

(2) A business carried on by the relevant company is a business of leasing plant or machinery on the relevant day if condition A or B is met.

(3) Condition A is that at least half of the relevant plant or machinery value relates to qualifying leased plant or machinery.

(4) Subsection (3) is supplemented by section 388.

(5) Condition B is that at least half of the relevant company's income in the period of 12 months ending with the relevant day derives from qualifying leased plant or machinery.

(6) Subsection (5) is supplemented by section 391.

(7) For the purposes of this Chapter, plant or machinery is “qualifying leased plant or machinery”, in relation to a company, if—

(a) expenditure is incurred (or treated as incurred) by the company on the provision of the plant or machinery wholly or partly for the purposes of the business,

(b) the company would be (or would at any time have been) entitled, on the assumptions in subsection (8), to an allowance under Part 2 of CAA 2001 in respect of that expenditure, and

(c) at any time in the period of 12 months ending with the relevant day the plant or machinery has been subject to a plant or machinery lease which is not an excluded lease of background plant or machinery for a building (see section 437(3)).

(8) The assumptions are—

(a) that sections 34A and 70A of CAA 2001 (lessees, and not lessors, under long funding leases to be entitled to capital allowances) are ignored, and

(b) that any claim that could be made for an allowance under Part 2 of that Act is made.

388 “Relevant plant or machinery value” for condition A in section 387 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of condition A in section 387.

(2) The relevant plant or machinery value is the sum of the amounts in subsection (3), but subject to section 390 (relevant plant or machinery value where relevant company lessee under long funding lease etc).

(3) The amounts are—

(a) the amounts (if any) that would be shown in respect of plant or machinery in the appropriate balance sheet of the relevant company drawn up as at the start of the relevant day, and

(b) the amounts (if any) that would be shown in the appropriate balance sheet of the relevant company drawn up as at the end of the relevant day in respect of relevant transferred plant or machinery.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)(b) plant or machinery is “relevant transferred plant or machinery” if an amount in respect of it would be shown in the appropriate balance sheet of an associated company drawn up as at the start of the relevant day.

(5) This section is supplemented by section 389.

389 Provision supplementing section 388 U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 388 and this section the amounts shown in the appropriate balance sheet of any company in respect of any plant or machinery are—

(a) the amounts shown in that balance sheet as the net book value (or carrying amount) in respect of the plant or machinery, and

(b) the amounts shown in that balance sheet as the net investment in respect of finance leases of the plant or machinery.

(2) If—

(a) any of the plant or machinery is a fixture in any land (see section 437(5)), and

(b) the amount which falls (or would fall) to be shown in an appropriate balance sheet as the net book value (or carrying amount) of the land includes (or would include) an amount in respect of the fixture,

the amount of the net book value (or carrying amount) in respect of the fixture is determined on a just and reasonable basis.

(3) If—

(a) any of the plant or machinery is subject to a finance lease (see section 437(4)), and

(b) any land or other asset which is not plant or machinery is subject to that lease,

the amount of the net investment in respect of the finance lease of that plant or machinery is determined on a just and reasonable basis.

(4) In section 388 and this section any reference to any amount shown in the appropriate balance sheet of a company is to the amount which, on the assumptions in subsection (5), falls (or would fall) to be shown in a balance sheet of the company.

(5) The assumptions are—

(a) that the balance sheet is drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, and

(b) that, if the company acquired any plant or machinery in circumstances in which this paragraph applies, the plant or machinery had been acquired for an amount equal to its market value as at the relevant day.

(6) Paragraph (b) of subsection (5) applies if—

(a) the relevant day falls on or after 22 March 2006,

(b) the plant or machinery was acquired directly or indirectly from a person who was connected with the company when the acquisition took place, and

(c) either the acquisition took place on or after 5 December 2005 or the person from whom the plant or machinery was so acquired was also connected with the company on that date.

390 Relevant plant or machinery value where relevant company lessee under long funding lease etc U.K.

(1) Any amount included in the amounts mentioned in section 388(2) in respect of plant or machinery to which this section applies is to be deducted from the sum mentioned in that section.

(2) But the market value as at the relevant day of any plant or machinery to which this section applies is to be added to that sum or, if that sum is nil, is the relevant plant or machinery value.

(3) This section applies to plant or machinery if—

(a) condition A or B is met at the start of the relevant day, or

(b) the plant or machinery is acquired by the relevant company from an associated company on the relevant day and condition A or B is met at the end of that day.

(4) Condition A is that the relevant company is the lessee of the plant or machinery under a long funding finance lease or a long funding operating lease.

(5) Condition B is that the relevant company is treated as the owner of the plant or machinery under section 67 of CAA 2001 (hire purchase and similar contracts).

391 Relevant company's income for condition B in section 387 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of condition B in section 387.

(2) The reference to the relevant company's income is to its income as calculated for corporation tax purposes.

(3) Any apportionment necessary to determine the amount of the relevant company's income attributable to the period of 12 months ending with the relevant day is to be made on a time basis.

(4) But—

(a) that basis does not apply if it would work in an unjust or unreasonable way in relation to any person, and

(b) in that case the apportionment is to be made instead on a just and reasonable basis.

(5) The proportion of the income that derives from qualifying leased plant or machinery is to be determined on a just and reasonable basis.

“Qualifying change of ownership” U.K.

392 “Qualifying change of ownership” U.K.

(1) This section defines when there is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to a company (“A”) for the purposes of the sales of lessors Chapters.

(2) There is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to A on any day if there is a relevant change in the relationship on that day between—

(a) A, and

(b) a principal company of A.

(3) For an exception to subsection (2) see section 395 (no qualifying change of ownership in certain intra-group reorganisations).

(4) There is a relevant change in the relationship between A and a principal company of A on any day in any of the circumstances in section 393 or 394 (qualifying 75% subsidiaries and consortium relationships).

(5) For an exception to subsection (4) see section 396 (no qualifying change of ownership where principal company's interest in consortium company unchanged).

393 Qualifying 75% subsidiaries U.K.

(1) A company (“B”) is a principal company of A if—

(a) A is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of B, and

(b) B is not a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company.

(2) There is a relevant change in the relationship between A and B (as a principal company) on any day if A ceases to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary of B on that day.

(3) A company (“C”) is a principal company of A if—

(a) A is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of B,

(b) B is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of C, and

(c) C is not a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company.

(4) There is a relevant change in the relationship between A and C (as a principal company) on any day if—

(a) A ceases to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary of B on that day, or

(b) B ceases to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary of C on that day.

(5) If C is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company (“D”), D is a principal company of A unless D is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company, and so on.

(6) Accordingly, there is a relevant change in the relationship between A and a principal company of A on any day if—

(a) in determining which company is a principal company, regard is had to any company which is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another, and

(b) that company ceases to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary of the other on that day.

(7) This section is supplemented by section 398 (“qualifying 75% or 90% subsidiary” etc).

394 Consortium relationships U.K.

(1) A company (“E”) is a principal company of A if—

(a) A is owned by a consortium of which E is a member, or

(b) A is a qualifying 90% subsidiary of a company owned by a consortium of which E is a member,

and E is not a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company.

(2) There is a relevant change in the relationship between A and E (as a principal company) on any day if the ownership proportion at the end of the day is less than the ownership proportion at the start of the day.

(3) In this section “the ownership proportion” is whichever is the lowest of the following percentages—

(a) the percentage of the ordinary share capital of A that is beneficially owned by E,

(b) the percentage to which E is beneficially entitled of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of A, and

(c) the percentage to which E would be beneficially entitled of any assets of A available for distribution to its equity holders on a winding up.

(4) But if A is a qualifying 90% subsidiary of a company, subsection (3) is to be read as if references to that company were substituted for references to A.

(5) A company (“F”) is a principal company of A if, in a case where E is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of F but F is not a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company—

(a) A is owned by a consortium of which E is a member, or

(b) A is a qualifying 90% subsidiary of a company owned by a consortium of which E is a member.

(6) There is a relevant change in the relationship between A and F (as a principal company) on any day if—

(a) the ownership proportion at the end of the day is less than the ownership proportion at the start of the day, or

(b) E ceases to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary of F on that day.

(7) If F is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company (“G”), G is a principal company of A unless G is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company, and so on.

(8) Accordingly, there is a relevant change in the relationship between A and a principal company of A on any day if—

(a) in determining which company is a principal company, regard is had to any company which is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another, and

(b) that company ceases to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary of the other on that day,

(as well as if the ownership proportion at the end of the day is less than the ownership proportion at the start of the day).

(9) This section is supplemented by—

(a) section 397 (companies owned by consortiums and members of consortiums), and

(b) section 398 (“qualifying 75% or 90% subsidiary” etc).

395 No qualifying change of ownership in certain intra-group reorganisations U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a relevant change in the relationship between a company (“A”) and a principal company of A occurs on any day,

(b) that change occurs by reference to A or any other company ceasing to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary on that day, and

(c) A, and every company by reference to which that change occurs, are qualifying 75% subsidiaries of the principal company concerned at the start and end of that day.

(2) For the purposes of the sales of lessors Chapters, there is no qualifying change of ownership in relation to A on that day as a result of that change in the relationship.

396 No qualifying change of ownership where principal company's interest in consortium company unchanged U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company (“A”) is owned by a consortium, and

(b) a relevant change in the relationship between A and a principal company of A occurs on any day,

but the principal company's interest in A remains unchanged.

(2) For the purposes of the sales of lessors Chapters, there is no qualifying change of ownership in relation to A on that day as a result of that change in that relationship.

(3) For the purposes of this section the principal company's interest in A remains unchanged if the percentage of the ordinary share capital of A that is beneficially owned directly or indirectly by the principal company is the same at the beginning and end of that day.

(4) Sections 1155 to 1157 apply for construing subsection (3).

397 Companies owned by consortiums and members of consortiums U.K.

(1) This section defines what a company being owned by, or a member of, a consortium means for the purposes of the sales of lessors Chapters.

(2) A company is owned by a consortium if—

(a) it is not a qualifying 75% subsidiary of any company,

(b) at least 75% of its ordinary share capital is beneficially owned between them by other companies, and

(c) none of those other companies owns less than 5% of that capital.

(3) Those other companies are the members of the consortium.

398 “Qualifying 75% or 90% subsidiary” etc U.K.

(1) For the purposes of the sales of lessors Chapters, a company (“the subsidiary company”) is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company (“the parent company”) if condition A or B is met and condition C is met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) the subsidiary company has ordinary share capital, and

(b) the subsidiary company is a 75% subsidiary of the parent company.

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) the subsidiary company does not have ordinary share capital, and

(b) the parent company has control of the subsidiary company.

(4) Condition C is that the parent company—

(a) is beneficially entitled to at least 75% of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of the subsidiary company, and

(b) would be beneficially entitled to at least 75% of any assets of the subsidiary company available for distribution to its equity holders on a winding up.

(5) In the sales of lessors Chapters, references to a qualifying 90% subsidiary are to be read in the same way as references to a qualifying 75% subsidiary, but as if the references in subsections (1), (2) and (4) to 75% were to 90%.

(6) A company (“S”) cannot be a qualifying 90% subsidiary of another company for the purposes of the sales of lessors Chapters if S is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of a third company.

(7) Chapter 6 of Part 5 (equity holders and profits or assets available for distribution)—

(a) applies for the purposes of section 394(3)(b) and (c) (including that section as applied for the purposes of section 406(5)) and of section 405(5)(b) and (c) as that Chapter applies for the purposes of section 143(3)(b) and (c) (condition 1: surrendering company owned by consortium) and section 144(3)(b) and (c) (condition 1: claimant company owned by consortium), and

(b) applies for the purposes of subsection (4)(a) and (b) as that Chapter applies for the purposes of section 151(4)(a) and (b) (meaning of “75% subsidiary” and “90% subsidiary”).

(8) But in a case where the subsidiary company does not have ordinary share capital, Chapter 6 of Part 5 applies for those purposes as if the members of that company were equity holders of that company for the purposes of that Chapter.

The amount of the income U.K.

399 The amount of the income: the basic amount U.K.

(1) This section determines the amount of the income under section 383 when a qualifying change of ownership in relation to a company carrying on a business of leasing plant or machinery occurs on any day.

(2) The amount of the income is found by—

(a) applying the formula in subsection (3) to give the basic amount, and

(b) making any adjustment in accordance with any of sections 404 to 406 to the basic amount.

(3) The formula is—

(4) For this purpose—

• “PM” has the meaning given by sections 400 to 402, and

• “TWDV” has the meaning given by section 403.

(5) In those sections references to the relevant company and the relevant day are to the company and the day mentioned in subsection (1).

400 “PM” in section 399 U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this section and sections 401 and 402 references to plant or machinery, in the case of any company, include all plant or machinery, whether or not subject to a lease, except for plant or machinery within subsection (2).

(2) Plant or machinery is within this subsection if—

(a) the company has not incurred expenditure on its provision that is qualifying expenditure for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001,

(b) the company is a lessor of it under a long funding lease,

(c) as a result of section 67 of that Act (hire-purchase and similar contracts) it is treated for the purposes of that Part as owned by a person other than the company, or

(d) it is to be ignored as a result of section 407(2) (migration).

(3) For the purposes of section 399, “PM” is the sum of—

(a) the amounts (if any) which would be shown in respect of plant or machinery in the appropriate balance sheet of the relevant company drawn up as at the start of the relevant day, and

(b) the amounts (if any) which would be shown in the appropriate balance sheet of the relevant company drawn up as at the end of the relevant day in respect of relevant transferred plant or machinery.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)(b), plant or machinery is “relevant transferred plant or machinery” if an amount in respect of it would be shown in the appropriate balance sheet of an associated company drawn up as at the start of the relevant day.

(5) This section is supplemented by section 401 and is subject to section 402 (“PM” where relevant company lessee under long funding lease etc).

401 Provisions supplementing section 400 U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 400 and this section the amounts shown in the appropriate balance sheet of any company in respect of any plant or machinery are—

(a) the amounts shown in that balance sheet as the net book value (or carrying amount) in respect of the plant or machinery, and

(b) the amounts shown in that balance sheet as the net investment in respect of finance leases of the plant or machinery.

(2) If—

(a) any of the plant or machinery is a fixture in any land (see section 437(5)), and

(b) the amount which falls (or would fall) to be shown in an appropriate balance sheet as the net book value (or carrying amount) of the land includes (or would include) an amount in respect of the fixture,

the amount of the net book value (or carrying amount) in respect of the fixture is determined on a just and reasonable basis.

(3) If—

(a) any of the plant or machinery is subject to a finance lease (see section 437(4)), and

(b) any land or asset which is not plant or machinery is subject to that lease,

the amount of the net investment in respect of the finance lease of that plant or machinery is determined on a just and reasonable basis.

(4) In section 400 and this section any reference to any amount shown in the appropriate balance sheet of a company is to the amount which, on the assumptions in subsection (5), falls (or would fall) to be shown in a balance sheet of the company.

(5) The assumptions are—

(a) that the balance sheet is drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, and

(b) that, if the company acquired any plant or machinery in circumstances in which this paragraph applies, the plant or machinery had been acquired for an amount equal to its market value as at the relevant day.

(6) Paragraph (b) of subsection (5) applies if—

(a) the relevant day falls on or after 22 March 2006,

(b) the plant or machinery was acquired directly or indirectly from a person who was connected with the company when the acquisition took place, and

(c) either the acquisition took place on or after 5 December 2005 or the person from whom the plant or machinery was so acquired was also connected with the company on that date.

402 “PM” where relevant company lessee under long funding lease etc U.K.

(1) Any amount included in the amounts mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of section 400(3) in respect of plant or machinery to which this section applies is to be deducted from the sum mentioned in that section.

(2) But the market value as at the relevant day of any plant or machinery to which this section applies is to be added to that sum or, if that sum is nil, is “PM”.

(3) This section applies to plant or machinery if—

(a) condition A or B is met at the start of the relevant day, or

(b) the plant or machinery is acquired by the relevant company from an associated company on the relevant day and condition A or B is met at the end of that day.

(4) Condition A is that the relevant company is the lessee of the plant or machinery under a long funding finance lease or a long funding operating lease.

(5) Condition B is that the relevant company is treated as the owner of the plant or machinery under section 67 of CAA 2001 (hire purchase and similar contracts).

403 “TWDV” in section 399 U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 399, “TWDV” means the sum of—

(a) the total amount of unrelieved qualifying expenditure in single asset pools for the new chargeable period that is carried forward in the pools from the previous chargeable period under section 59 of CAA 2001,

(b) the total amount of unrelieved qualifying expenditure in class pools for the new chargeable period that is carried forward in the pools from the previous chargeable period under that section, and

(c) the amount of unrelieved qualifying expenditure in the main pool for the new chargeable period that is carried forward in the pool from the previous chargeable period under that section.

(2) For the purposes of this section—

(a) “the new chargeable period” means the accounting period of the relevant company that begins on the day following the relevant day (see section 383(4)(b)), and

(b) expenditure incurred by the relevant company in acquiring plant or machinery on the relevant day is to be left out of account unless it is acquired from an associated company.

404 Amount to be nil if basic amount negative U.K.

If the basic amount given by the formula in section 399(3) is a negative amount, the amount is taken instead to be nil.

405 Adjustment to the basic amount: qualifying 75% subsidiaries U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the qualifying change of ownership occurs on any day as a result of section 393 (qualifying 75% subsidiaries),

(b) the change occurs by reference to a company (“A”) ceasing to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company (“B”) on that day, and

(c) on that day A meets one of the conditions in subsection (2).

(2) The conditions are—

(a) that A becomes owned by a consortium of which B is a member, or

(b) that A becomes a qualifying 90% subsidiary of a company owned by a consortium of which B is a member.

(3) The basic amount is adjusted so that the amount of the income is limited to the appropriate percentage of the basic amount.

(4) The appropriate percentage is found by subtracting the ownership percentage at the end of the day from 100%.

(5) For this purpose “the ownership percentage” is whichever is the lowest of the following percentages—

(a) the percentage of the ordinary share capital of A that is beneficially owned by B,

(b) the percentage to which B is beneficially entitled of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of A, and

(c) the percentage to which B would be beneficially entitled of any assets of A available for distribution to its equity holders on a winding up.

(6) But if A becomes a qualifying 90% subsidiary of a company, subsection (5) is to be read as if references to that company were substituted for references to A.

406 Adjustment to the basic amount: consortium relationships U.K.

(1) This section applies if the qualifying change of ownership occurs as a result of section 394 (consortium relationships).

(2) In a case where that change arises only because the ownership proportion at the end of the day on which the change occurs is less than the ownership proportion at the start of the day, the amount of the income is limited to the appropriate proportion of the basic amount.

(3) The appropriate proportion is found by subtracting the ownership proportion at the end of the day from the ownership proportion at the start of the day.

(4) In any other case, the amount of the income is limited to the ownership proportion at the start of the day on which the change occurs of the basic amount.

(5) In this section “the ownership proportion” has the same meaning as in section 394 (see section 394(3) and (4)).

407 Migration U.K.

(1) This section applies if on any day (“the relevant day”)—

(a) a company begins to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of a business of leasing plant or machinery which it carries on otherwise than in partnership, and

(b) a qualifying change of ownership in relation to the company occurs.

(2) For the purposes of this Chapter, any plant or machinery is to be ignored in calculating the amount of the income treated as received on the relevant day if an amount would be shown in respect of it in a balance sheet of the company drawn up immediately before that day in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.

“Associated company” U.K.

408 “Associated company” U.K.

(1) This section gives the meaning of “associated company” for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) References to an associated company in any provision other than subsection (6)(b) are to a company which is an associated company of the company that is the relevant company for the purposes of that provision on the day that is the relevant day for those purposes.

(3) A company is an “associated company” of another company on any day if, at the start of that day—

(a) one of the two has control of the other, or

(b) both are under the control of the same person or persons,

(4) Section 450 (meaning of “control” for the purposes of Part 10 (close companies)) applies for the purposes of subsection (3).

(5) Subsection (6) applies if at the start of any day a company (“the consortium company”)—

(a) is owned by a consortium, or

(b) is a qualifying 90% subsidiary of a company owned by a consortium.

(6) On that day the following companies are also associated companies of the consortium company—

(a) any relevant member of the consortium on that day, and

(b) any company which is an associated company of any relevant member of the consortium on that day.

(7) For the purposes of subsection (6) a member of the consortium is a “relevant” member on any day if—

(a) it is a member of the consortium at the start of the day,

(b) one or more qualifying changes of ownership occur in relation to the consortium company on that day, and

(c) any of those changes occur in a case where the member of the consortium is regarded as “E” for the purposes of section 394 (consortium relationships).

Chapter 4 U.K. Sales of lessors: leasing business carried on by a company in partnership

Introduction U.K.

409 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if, in the case of a company carrying on a business of leasing plant or machinery in partnership with other persons—

(a) there is a qualifying change in the company's interest in the business, (see sections 415 and 416), or

(b) there is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to the company (see sections 392 to 398).

(2) Sections 417 to 424 apply in the case mentioned in subsection (1)(a).

(3) Sections 425 to 429 apply in the case mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

(4) Sections 410 to 414 determine for the purposes of this Chapter whether on any day a business carried on by a company in partnership with other persons is a business of leasing plant or machinery.

(5) In sections 410 to 414—

(a) that day is referred to as “the relevant day”,

(b) that company is referred to as “the partner company”, and

(c) that partnership is referred to as “the partnership”.

(6) Elsewhere in this Chapter references to the partner company are to the company referred to in subsection (1)(a) or, as the case may be, subsection (1)(b).

“Business of leasing plant or machinery” U.K.

410 “Business of leasing plant or machinery” U.K.

(1) A business carried on by the partnership is a business of leasing plant or machinery on the relevant day if condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that at least half of the relevant plant or machinery value relates to qualifying leased plant or machinery.

(3) Subsection (2) is supplemented by section 411.

(4) Condition B is that at least half of the partnership's income in the period of 12 months ending with the relevant day derives from qualifying leased plant or machinery.

(5) Subsection (4) is supplemented by section 414.

(6) For the purposes of this Chapter, plant or machinery is “qualifying leased plant or machinery”, in relation to the partnership, if—

(a) expenditure is incurred (or treated as incurred) by the partnership on the provision of the plant or machinery wholly or partly for the purposes of the business,

(b) the partnership would be (or would at any time have been) entitled, on the assumptions in subsection (7), to an allowance under Part 2 of CAA 2001 in respect of that expenditure, and

(c) at any time in the period of 12 months ending with the relevant day the plant or machinery has been subject to a plant or machinery lease which is not an excluded lease of background plant or machinery for a building (see section 437(3)).

(7) The assumptions are—

(a) that sections 34A and 70A of CAA 2001 (lessees, and not lessors, under long funding leases to be entitled to capital allowances) are ignored, and

(b) that any claim that could be made for an allowance under Part 2 of that Act is made.

411 “Relevant plant or machinery value” for condition A in section 410 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of condition A in section 410.

(2) The relevant plant or machinery value is the sum of the amounts in subsection (3), but subject to section 413 (relevant plant or machinery value where partnership lessee under long funding lease).

(3) The amounts are—

(a) the amounts (if any) that would be shown in respect of plant or machinery in the appropriate balance sheet of the partnership drawn up as at the start of the relevant day, and

(b) the amounts (if any) that would be shown in the appropriate balance sheet of the partnership drawn up as at the end of the relevant day in respect of relevant transferred plant or machinery.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)(b) plant or machinery is “relevant transferred plant or machinery” if an amount in respect of it would be shown in the appropriate balance sheet of any company mentioned in subsection (5) drawn up as at the start of the relevant day.

(5) Those companies are—

(a) the partner company,

(b) any company which is an associated company of the partner company on the relevant day (see section 430),

(c) any other corporate partner in relation to whose interest in the business there is a qualifying change on the relevant day,

(d) any other corporate partner in relation to which there is a qualifying change of ownership on the relevant day, and

(e) any company which is an associated company of any other corporate partner mentioned in paragraph (c) or (d) on the relevant day.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5) “any other corporate partner” means a company which—

(a) carries on the business at the start of the relevant day, and

(b) is within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the business.

(7) This section is supplemented by section 412.

412 Provision supplementing section 411 U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 411 and this section the amounts shown in the appropriate balance sheet of the partnership or, as the case may be, any company in respect of any plant or machinery are—

(a) the amounts shown in that balance sheet as the net book value (or carrying amount) in respect of the plant or machinery, and

(b) the amounts shown in that balance sheet as the net investment in respect of finance leases of the plant or machinery.

(2) If—

(a) any of the plant or machinery is a fixture in any land (see section 437(5)), and

(b) the amount which falls (or would fall) to be shown in an appropriate balance sheet as the net book value (or carrying amount) of the land includes (or would include) an amount in respect of the fixture,

the amount of the net book value (or carrying amount) in respect of the fixture is determined on a just and reasonable basis.

(3) If—

(a) any of the plant or machinery is subject to a finance lease (see section 437(4)), and

(b) any land or other asset which is not plant or machinery is subject to that lease,

the amount of the net investment in respect of the finance lease of that plant or machinery is determined on a just and reasonable basis.

(4) In section 411 and this section any reference to any amount shown in the appropriate balance sheet of the partnership or a company is to the amount which, on the assumptions in subsection (5), falls (or would fall) to be shown in a balance sheet of the partnership or, as the case may be, the company.

(5) The assumptions are that—

(a) the balance sheet is drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, and

(b) if the partnership acquired any plant or machinery in circumstances in which this paragraph applies, the plant or machinery had been acquired for an amount equal to its market value as at the relevant day.

(6) Paragraph (b) of subsection (5) applies if—

(a) the relevant day falls on or after 22 March 2006,

(b) the plant or machinery was acquired directly or indirectly from a person who was connected with the partnership when the acquisition took place, and

(c) either the acquisition took place on or after 5 December 2005 or the person from whom the plant or machinery was so acquired was also connected with the partnership on that date.

413 Relevant plant or machinery value where partnership lessee under long funding lease etc U.K.

(1) Any amount included in the amounts mentioned in section 411(2) in respect of plant or machinery to which this section applies is to be deducted from the sum mentioned in that section.

(2) But the market value as at the relevant day of any plant or machinery to which this section applies is to be added to that sum or, if that sum is nil, is the relevant plant or machinery value.

(3) This section applies to plant or machinery if—

(a) condition A or B is met at the start of the relevant day, or

(b) the plant or machinery is acquired by the partnership from any company mentioned in section 411(5) on the relevant day and condition A or B is met at the end of that day.

(4) Condition A is that the partnership is the lessee of the plant or machinery under a long funding finance lease or a long funding operating lease.

(5) Condition B is that the partnership is treated as the owner of the plant or machinery under section 67 of CAA 2001 (hire purchase and similar contracts).

414 Partnership's income for condition B in section 410 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of condition B in section 410.

(2) The reference to the partnership's income is to its income as calculated for corporation tax purposes.

(3) Any apportionment necessary to determine the amount of the partnership's income attributable to the period of 12 months ending with the relevant day is to be made on a time basis.

(4) But—

(a) that basis does not apply if it would work in an unjust or unreasonable way in relation to any person, and

(b) in that case the apportionment is to be made instead on a just and reasonable basis.

(5) The proportion of the income that derives from qualifying leased plant or machinery is to be determined on a just and reasonable basis.

“Qualifying change” in company's interest in a business U.K.

415 “Qualifying change” in company's interest in a business U.K.

(1) For the purposes of the sales of lessors Chapters there is a qualifying change in a company's interest in a business on any day if its relevant percentage share at the end of the day is less than its relevant percentage share at the start of the day.

(2) In this section “relevant percentage share”, in relation to a company's interest in a business, means its percentage share in the profits or loss of the business (determined in accordance with section 416).

(3) For the purposes of this section any reference to a company's share in the profits or loss of the business includes a nil share (whether as a result of the dissolution of the partnership or otherwise).

416 Determining the percentage share in the profits or loss of business U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter a company's percentage share in the profits or loss of a business at any time is determined on a just and reasonable basis.

(2) In making that determination, regard must be had, in particular, to any matter that would be taken into account in determining under section 1262 of CTA 2009 (but without regard to sections 1263 and 1264 of that Act) the company's share at that time in the profits or loss of the business.

Qualifying changes in partner company's interest in business U.K.

417 Partner company's income and other companies' matching expense U.K.

(1) This section applies if on any day (“the relevant day”)—

(a) the partner company carries on a business of leasing plant or machinery in partnership with other persons,

(b) the partner company is within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the business, and

(c) there is a qualifying change in the partner company's interest in the business on the relevant day (see sections 415 and 416).

(2) On the relevant day—

(a) the partner company is treated as receiving an amount of income, and

(b) any other company which carries on the business on that day and which is within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the business is treated as incurring an expense.

(3) The income—

(a) is treated as a receipt of the partner company's notional business (see subsection (6)), and

(b) is brought into account in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of that business for the accounting period in which it is treated as received.

(4) Except where subsection (5) applies, the expense—

(a) is treated as an expense of the other company's notional business, and

(b) is allowed as a deduction in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of that business for the accounting period in which it is treated as incurred.

(5) If at the end of the relevant day the other company is the only person carrying on the business, the expense—

(a) is treated as an expense incurred by the other company in its carrying on of the business (at a time when it is the only person carrying it on), and

(b) is allowed as a deduction in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of the business for the accounting period in which it is treated as incurred.

(6) In this Chapter a company's “notional business” means the business the profits or losses of which are determined, in relation to the company, under section 1259 of CTA 2009 (calculation of firm's profits and losses).

(7) This section is supplemented by sections 418 and 419.

(8) This section is subject to section 420 (exception: companies carrying on business ceasing to share in its profits).

418 Amount of income and expense U.K.

(1) The amount of the income under section 417 is calculated in accordance with sections 421 to 423.

(2) The amount of the expense of the other company under section 417 is calculated in accordance with section 424.

419 Relief for expense otherwise giving rise to carried forward loss U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is treated under section 417(5) as incurring an expense in an accounting period of the company (“period 1”),

(b) the company makes a loss in period 1 or a later accounting period,

(c) apart from this section some or all of that loss (“the carried forward loss”) would be carried forward to the next accounting period of the company after the accounting period in which the loss is made (“the subsequent period”),

(d) some or all of the carried forward loss (“the derived loss”) derives from—

(i) the expense under section 417(5), or

(ii) an expense treated as arising under subsection (2) and allowed as a deduction for the accounting period in which the loss is made, and

(e) the subsequent period starts within the period of 5 years beginning with the relevant day within the meaning of section 417 and does not start as a result of section 383 or 425.

(2) Instead of being so carried forward, the derived loss is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as giving rise to an expense of an amount equal to—

where—

DL is the derived loss,

D is the number of days in the accounting period in which the loss is made, and

R is the percentage rate applicable to section 826 of ICTA under section 178 of FA 1989.

(3) The amount of the expense under this section is allowed as a deduction in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of the business for the subsequent period.

(4) For the purpose of determining how much of a loss derives from an expense under section 417(5) or an expense within subsection (1)(d)(ii), the loss is to be calculated on the basis that that expense is the final amount to be deducted.

420 Exception: companies carrying on business ceasing to share in its profits U.K.

(1) Section 417 does not apply if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that at the end of the relevant day none of the companies by which the business was carried on any longer has any share in the profits or loss of the business.

(3) Condition B is that, in consequence of what happens on the relevant day, the disposal value of all the plant and machinery that was used for the purposes of the business and in respect of which capital allowances have been claimed is to be brought into account under section 61 of CAA 2001.

(4) Condition C is that the disposal value to be brought into account in relation to all the plant or machinery is the price that the plant or machinery would fetch in the open market on that day.

421 The amount of the income: the basic amount U.K.

(1) This section determines the amount of the income under section 417 when a qualifying change in the interest of the partner company in a business of leasing plant or machinery occurs on any day (“the relevant day”).

(2) The amount of the income is found by—

(a) applying the formula in subsection (3) to give the basic amount, and

(b) making such adjustment to the basic amount as is required in accordance with section 422 or 423.

(3) The formula is—

(4) In this section “PM” has the meaning given by section 400, but—

(a) reading any reference in that section to the relevant company as a reference to the partnership, and

(b) reading the reference in section 400(4) to an associated company as a reference to a qualifying company (see subsection (7)).

(5) In this section “TWDV” means the sum of—

(a) the total amount of unrelieved qualifying expenditure in single asset pools for the new chargeable period that would be carried forward in the pools from the old chargeable period under section 59 of CAA 2001 (unrelieved qualifying expenditure),

(b) the total amount of unrelieved qualifying expenditure in class pools for the new chargeable period that would be carried forward in the pools from the old chargeable period under that section, and

(c) the amount of unrelieved qualifying expenditure in the main pool for the new chargeable period that would be carried forward in the pool from the old chargeable period under that section.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5)—

(a) it is to be assumed that the chargeable period (within the meaning of CAA 2001) of the partnership ends on the relevant day (“the old chargeable period”) and a new one begins on the following day (“the new chargeable period”), and

(b) expenditure incurred by the partnership in acquiring plant or machinery on the relevant day is to be left out of account unless it is acquired from a qualifying company.

(7) In this section “qualifying company” means each of the following—

(a) the partner company,

(b) any company which is an associated company of the partner company on the relevant day,

(c) any other corporate partner in relation to whose interest in the business there is a qualifying change on the relevant day,

(d) any other corporate partner in relation to which there is a qualifying change of ownership on the relevant day, and

(e) any company which is an associated company of any other corporate partner mentioned in paragraph (c) or (d) on the relevant day.

(8) For the purposes of subsection (7) “any other corporate partner” means a company which—

(a) carries on the business at the start of the relevant day, and

(b) is within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the business.

422 Amount to be nil if basic amount negative U.K.

If the basic amount given by the formula in section 421(3) is a negative amount, the amount is taken instead to be nil.

423 Adjustment to the basic amount U.K.

(1) The amount of the company's income under section 417 is limited to the appropriate percentage of the basic amount.

(2) The appropriate percentage is found by subtracting the company's relevant percentage share at the end of the day on which it is treated as receiving the income from its relevant percentage share at the start of the day.

(3) In this section “relevant percentage share” has the same meaning as it has for the purposes of section 415 (see subsection (2) of that section).

424 The amount of expense U.K.

(1) This section applies if, as a result of a qualifying change in the partner company's interest in a business on any day—

(a) the company is treated as receiving an amount of income under section 417 on that day,

(b) any other company is treated as incurring an expense under that section on that day,

(c) the other company's percentage share in the profits or loss of the business is greater at the end than at the start of that day, and

(d) the increase (or any part of the increase) is wholly attributable to the change in the partner company's interest in the business.

(2) Except where subsection (4) applies, the amount of the expense of the other company is limited to the appropriate percentage of the amount of the income.

(3) The appropriate percentage is—

where—

OCI is the increase in the other company's percentage share in the profits or loss of the business that is wholly attributable to the change in the partner company's interest in the business, and

PCD is the decrease in the partner company's percentage share in the profits or loss of the business.

(4) If section 417(5) applies (business carried on by the other company alone), the amount of the expense of the other company is equal to the amount of the income.

(5) For the purposes of this section any reference to an increase in the other company's percentage share in any profits or loss of the business includes an increase from a nil share (whether as a result of its becoming a partner or otherwise).

Qualifying changes of ownership in relation to partner company U.K.

425 Partner company's income and matching expense in different accounting periods U.K.

(1) This section applies if on any day (“the relevant day”)—

(a) a company carries on a business of leasing plant or machinery in partnership with other persons (see sections 410 to 414),

(b) the company is within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the business, and

(c) there is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to the company.

(2) On the relevant day—

(a) the company is treated as receiving an amount of income, and

(b) the accounting period of the company ends.

(3) The income—

(a) is treated as a receipt of the company's notional business (see section 417(6)), and

(b) is brought into account in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of that business for that accounting period.

(4) On the day following the relevant day—

(a) the company is treated as incurring an expense, and

(b) a new accounting period of the company begins.

(5) The expense—

(a) is treated as an expense of the company's notional business, and

(b) is allowed as a deduction in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of that business for that new accounting period.

(6) This section is supplemented by sections 426 to 428.

426 Amount of income and expense U.K.

(1) The amount of the income under section 425 is calculated in accordance with section 429.

(2) The amount of the expense under section 425 is the same as the amount of the income.

427 No carry back of the expense U.K.

(1) This section applies if the notional business carried on by the company is a trade carried on wholly or partly in the United Kingdom the profits of which are chargeable to corporation tax under Chapter 2 of Part 3 of CTA 2009 (trading income).

(2) No relief is to be given as a result of section 37(3)(b) (relief for trade losses against total profits of earlier accounting periods) in respect of so much of any loss as derives from the expense.

(3) For the purpose of determining how much of a loss derives from the expense, the loss is to be calculated on the basis that the expense is the final amount to be deducted.

428 Relief for expense otherwise giving rise to carried forward loss U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a qualifying change of ownership in relation to a company on any day (“the relevant day”),

(b) on the following day the company is treated under section 425 as incurring an expense of a business and an accounting period of the company (“period 1”) begins,

(c) the company makes a loss in period 1 or a later accounting period,

(d) apart from this section some or all of that loss (“the carried forward loss”) would be carried forward to the next accounting period of the company after the accounting period in which the loss is made (“the subsequent period”),

(e) some or all of the carried forward loss (“the derived loss”) derives from—

(i) the expense under section 425, or

(ii) an expense treated as arising under subsection (2) and allowed as a deduction for the accounting period in which the loss is made, and

(f) the subsequent period starts within the period of 5 years beginning immediately after the relevant day and does not start as a result of section 383 or 425.

(2) Instead of being so carried forward, the derived loss is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as giving rise to an expense of an amount equal to—

where—

DL is the derived loss,

D is the number of days in the accounting period in which the loss is made, and

R is the percentage rate applicable to section 826 of ICTA under section 178 of FA 1989.

(3) The amount of the expense under this section is allowed as a deduction in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of the business for the subsequent period.

(4) For the purpose of determining how much of the carried forward loss derives from the expense under section 425 or an expense within subsection (1)(e)(ii), the loss is to be calculated on the basis that that expense is the final amount to be deducted.

429 The amount of the income U.K.

(1) This section determines the amount of the income under section 425 when a qualifying change of ownership in relation to a company carrying on a business of leasing plant or machinery in partnership with other persons occurs on any day (“the relevant day”).

(2) The amount of the income is found by first—

(a) applying the formula in section 421(3) to give the basic amount (as if the company were “the partner company” mentioned in section 421), and

(b) making any adjustment in accordance with any of sections 404 to 406 to the basic amount.

(3) The amount is then limited to the appropriate percentage of the amount given as a result of subsection (2).

(4) If there is no qualifying change in the company's interest in the business on the relevant day, the appropriate percentage is the percentage share of the company in the profits or loss of the business on the relevant day.

(5) If there is a qualifying change in the company's interest in the business on the relevant day, the appropriate percentage is the percentage share of the company in the profits or loss of the business at the end of the relevant day.

Interpretation U.K.

430 “Associated company” U.K.

(1) This section gives the meaning of “associated company” for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A company is an “associated company” of another company on any day if, at the start of that day—

(a) one of the two has control of the other, or

(b) both are under the control of the same person or persons.

(3) Section 450 (meaning of “control” for the purposes of Part 10 (close companies)) applies for the purposes of subsection (2).

(4) Subsections (5) and (6) apply if, at the start of any day, a company (“the consortium company”)—

(a) is owned by a consortium, or

(b) is a qualifying 90% subsidiary of a company owned by a consortium.

(5) If there is any qualifying change in the consortium company's interest in a business on that day, references to an associated company of the consortium company on that day include—

(a) any member of the consortium at the start of that day, and

(b) any company which is an associated company of any such member on that day.

(6) If there is any qualifying change of ownership in relation to the consortium company on that day, but there is no qualifying change in its interest in a business on that day, references to an associated company of the consortium company on that day include—

(a) any relevant member of the consortium on that day, and

(b) any company which is an associated company of any relevant member of the consortium on that day.

(7) For the purposes of subsection (6) a member of the consortium is a “relevant” member on the day on which the qualifying change of ownership occurs if—

(a) it is a member of the consortium at the start of the day, and

(b) the change is a relevant change within section 394(2), (6) or (8) (consortium relationships) in relation to which the member is regarded as “E” for the purposes of section 394.

431 “Profits” and “loss” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “profits” does not include chargeable gains.

(2) References in this Chapter to “loss” are to be read accordingly.

Chapter 5 U.K. Sales of lessors: anti-avoidance provisions

432 Restrictions on relief for Chapter 3 or 4 expenses: introduction U.K.

(1) Section 433 applies if—

(a) a company is treated as incurring an expense under any provision of Chapter 3 or 4,

(b) the expense arises directly or indirectly in consequence of, or otherwise in connection with, any arrangements,

(c) the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of the arrangements is to secure that the company is treated as incurring the expense, and

(d) the company makes a loss that wholly or partly derives from the expense.

(2) The restrictions in section 433 apply in respect of so much of the loss as derives from the expense (in that section referred to as “the restricted loss amount”).

(3) For the purpose of determining how much of a loss derives from the expense, the loss is to be calculated on the basis that the expense is the final amount to be deducted.

(4) In this section “arrangements” includes any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions—

(a) whether or not legally enforceable, and

(b) whether or not the company is a party to the arrangements.

433 Restrictions applying to the restricted loss amount U.K.

(1) The restrictions in subsections (2), (5) and (6) apply to the restricted loss amount.

(2) Relief is not to be given to the company under any provision specified in subsection (3) in respect of the restricted loss amount, except by way of set off against any relevant leasing income (see subsection (4)).

(3) Those provisions are—

(a) section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits),

(b) section 62 (relief for losses made in UK property business),

(c) section 63 (company with investment business ceasing to carry on UK property business),

(d) section 66 (relief for losses made in overseas property business), and

(e) section 91 (relief for losses from miscellaneous transactions).

(4) In subsection (2) “relevant leasing income” means any income deriving from any plant or machinery lease which—

(a) is not an excluded lease of background plant or machinery for a building (see section 437(3)), and

(b) is entered into before the day on which the company is treated as incurring the expense mentioned in section 432(1)(a).

(5) If the business carried on by the company is a trade, relief is not to be given to the company under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits) in respect of the restricted loss amount.

(6) The restricted loss amount is not available for set off by way of group relief in accordance with Chapter 2 of Part 5 (surrender of company's losses etc for an accounting period).

434 Introduction to sections 435 and 436 U.K.

(1) Sections 435 and 436 apply if a question arises as to the application of Chapter 3 or 4.

(2) For the purposes of this section and sections 435 and 436 “a question as to the application of Chapter 3 or 4” means question A or B.

(3) Question A is whether any company carries on a business of leasing plant or machinery (whether alone or in partnership) for the purposes of any provision of the sales of lessors Chapters.

(4) Question B is the question of the amount (if any) of any income or expense which any company is treated as receiving or incurring under any provision of the sales of lessors Chapters.

435 Disregard of increases and decreases in balance sheet amounts U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) for the purpose of determining a question as to the application of Chapter 3 or 4 regard must be had to amounts (if any) which fall (or would fall) to be shown in any balance sheet of any company in respect of plant or machinery,

(b) apart from this section, there would be a reduction or increase in any such amount,

(c) the reduction or increase arises directly or indirectly in consequence of, or otherwise in connection with, any arrangements, and

(d) the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of the arrangements is to secure that there is a relevant tax advantage.

(2) There is a relevant tax advantage if (apart from this section)—

(a) any company would not be regarded for the purposes of any provision of Chapter 3 or 4 as carrying on a business of leasing plant or machinery (whether alone or in partnership),

(b) the amount of any income which any company is treated as receiving under any such provision would be reduced, or

(c) the amount of any expense which any company is treated as incurring under any such provision would be increased.

(3) For the purpose of determining the question as to the application of Chapter 3 or 4, the reduction or increase in the amount which falls (or would fall) to be shown in the balance sheet in respect of plant or machinery must be ignored.

(4) In this section—

• “arrangements” includes any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions—

  (a)

  whether or not legally enforceable, and

  (b)

  whether or not the company for which the relevant tax advantage is intended to be secured is a party to the arrangements,

• “increase” includes an increase from nil, and

• “reduction” includes a reduction to nil.

436 Balance sheet amounts determined on assumption company has no liabilities U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company owns any plant or machinery at any time on any day (“the relevant day”),

(b) for the purpose of determining a question as to the application of Chapter 3 or 4 regard must be had to the amount (if any) which falls (or would fall) to be shown in any balance sheet of the company in respect of the plant or machinery, and

(c) condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is met if, apart from this section, there would be no amount which would fall to be shown in the balance sheet of the company in respect of the plant or machinery.

(3) Condition B is met if the amount which, apart from this section, would fall to be shown in the balance sheet of the company in respect of the plant or machinery is less than the amount which would fall to be so shown on the assumption in subsection (4).

(4) The assumption is that the company has no liabilities of any kind at any time on the relevant day.

(5) For the purpose of determining the question as to the application of Chapter 3 or 4, the amount which falls (or would fall) to be shown in any balance sheet of the company in respect of the plant or machinery is to be determined on the assumption in subsection (4) (as well as on the other assumptions applicable under other provisions of those Chapters).

(6) In this section “liabilities” includes any share capital issued by the company which falls to be treated for accounting purposes as a liability.

Chapter 6 U.K. Sales of lessors: general interpretation

437 Interpretation of the sales of lessors Chapters U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of the sales of lessors Chapters.

(2) “Company” means a body corporate.

(3) “Excluded lease of background plant or machinery for a building” has the meaning given in Chapter 6A of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 70R of that Act).

(4) “Finance lease”, in the case of any person, means a lease that, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, falls (or would fall) to be treated as a finance lease or loan in the accounts of that person.

(5) “Fixture”—

(a) means any plant or machinery that is so installed or otherwise fixed in or to a building or other description of land as to become, in law, part of that building or other land, and

(b) includes any boiler or water-filled radiator installed in a building as part of a space or water heating system.

(6) “Long funding finance lease”, “long funding lease” and “long funding operating lease” have the meanings given in Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 70YI(1) of that Act).

(7) “Plant or machinery” has the same meaning as in Part 2 of CAA 2001.

(8) “Plant or machinery lease” has the meaning given in Chapter 6A of that Part (see section 70YI(1) of that Act).

(9) The market value of any plant or machinery at any time is to be determined on the assumption of a disposal by an absolute owner free from—

(a) all leases (including any agreement or arrangement which is or includes a plant or machinery lease), and

(b) other encumbrances.

Part 10 U.K. Close companies

Chapter 1 U.K. Overview of Part

438 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) Chapter 2 defines “close company” and other expressions used in this Part.

(2) Chapter 3 imposes a charge to tax in connection with loans or advances by close companies to participators.

(3) Chapter 4 contains a power to obtain information in connection with close companies.

(4) For the meaning of “participator”, see section 454.

Chapter 2 U.K. Basic definitions

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C12 Pt. 10 Ch. 2 applied (with modifications) (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 376(1) (as amended by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 610(2) (with Sch. 2))

C13 Pt. 10 Ch. 2 applied (with modifications) (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 (c. 5), s. 456(7) (as substituted by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 466(2) (with Sch. 2))

Meaning of “close company": general U.K.

439 “Close company” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts, a “close company” is a company in relation to which condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that the company is under the control—

(a) of 5 or fewer participators, or

(b) of participators who are directors.

(3) Condition B is that 5 or fewer participators, or participators who are directors, together possess or are entitled to acquire—

(a) such rights as would, in the event of the winding up of the company (“the relevant company”) on the basis set out in section 440, entitle them to receive the greater part of the assets of the relevant company which would then be available for distribution among the participators, or

(b) such rights as would, in that event, so entitle them if there were disregarded any rights which any of them or any other person has as a loan creditor (in relation to the relevant company or any other company).

(4) For exceptions to this section, see sections 442 to 447 (companies which are not to be close companies).

(5) Section 451 (section 450: rights to be attributed etc) applies for the purposes of subsection (3) and section 440 as it applies for the purposes of section 450.

(6) See also section 441 (treatment of some persons as participators or directors for the purposes of subsection (3)).

(7) For the meaning of—

(a) “control”, see sections 450 and 451,

(b) “director”, see section 452, and

(c) “loan creditor”, see section 453.

440 Basis of winding up under section 439(3) U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 439(3).

(2) In the notional winding up of the relevant company, the part of the assets available for distribution among the participators which any person is entitled to receive is the aggregate of—

(a) any part of those assets which the person would be entitled to receive in the event of the winding up of the relevant company, and

(b) any part of those assets which the person would be entitled to receive if—

(i) any other company which is a participator in the relevant company and is entitled to receive any assets in the notional winding up were also wound up on the basis set out in this section, and

(ii) the part of the assets of the relevant company to which the other company is entitled were distributed among the participators in the other company in proportion to their respective entitlement to the assets of the other company available for distribution among the participators.

(3) In the application of subsection (2)—

(a) to the notional winding up of the other company mentioned in paragraph (b) of that subsection, and

(b) to any further notional winding up required by that paragraph (or by any further application of that paragraph),

references to “the relevant company” are to be read as references to the company concerned.

441 Treatment of some persons as participators or directors for the purposes of section 439(3) U.K.

(1) The following provisions apply for the purpose of determining whether under subsection (3) of section 439 five or fewer participators, or participators who are directors, together possess or are entitled to acquire rights such as are mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of that subsection.

(2) A person is to be treated as a participator in or director of the relevant company if the person is a participator in or director of any other company which would be entitled to receive assets in the notional winding up of the relevant company on the basis set out in section 440.

(3) No account is to be taken of a participator which is a company unless the company possesses or is entitled to acquire the rights in a fiduciary or representative capacity.

(4) But subsection (3) does not apply for the purposes of section 440.

Companies which are not to be close companies U.K.

442 Particular types of company U.K.

A company is not to be treated as a close company if—

(a) it is non-UK resident,

(b) it is a registered industrial and provident society, or

(c) it is a building society.

443 Companies controlled by or on behalf of Crown U.K.

(1) A company is not to be treated as a close company as a result of section 439(2) if it is controlled by or on behalf of the Crown.

(2) A company is “controlled by or on behalf of the Crown”, for the purposes of this section, if it is under the control of the Crown or of persons acting on behalf of the Crown, independently of any other person.

(3) But a company is not controlled by or on behalf of the Crown, for the purposes of this section, if it is a close company as a result of being under the control of persons acting independently of the Crown.

444 Companies involved with non-close companies U.K.

(1) A company is not to be treated as a close company if condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that the company—

(a) is controlled by one or more companies none of which is a close company, and

(b) cannot be treated as a close company except by taking, as one of the 5 or fewer participators requisite for its being so treated, a company which is not a close company.

(3) Condition B is that the company—

(a) would not be a close company were it not for paragraph (a) of section 439(3) or paragraph (d) of section 450(3), and

(b) would not be a close company if the references in those paragraphs to participators did not include loan creditors which are companies other than close companies.

(4) References in subsections (2) and (3) to a close company include a company which, if UK resident, would be a close company.

445 Section 444: registered pension schemes U.K.

(1) If shares in a company (“C”) are held on trust for a registered pension scheme, the persons holding the shares are to be treated, for the purposes of section 444(2) and (3)—

(a) as the beneficial owners of the shares, and

(b) in that capacity, as a company which is not a close company.

(2) But subsection (1) does not apply if the scheme is established wholly or mainly for the benefit of—

(a) directors, employees, past directors or past employees of a company within subsection (3), or

(b) dependants of an individual within paragraph (a).

(3) The companies within this subsection are—

(a) C,

(b) an associated company of C,

(c) a company which is under the control of—

(i) a director of C,

(ii) an associate of a director of C, or

(iii) two or more persons each of whom is such a director or associate, and

(d) a close company.

(4) For the meaning of—

(a) “associate”, see section 448, and

(b) “associated company”, see section 449.

446 Particular types of quoted company U.K.

(1) A company is not to be treated as a close company at a particular time if—

(a) shares in the company carrying at least 35% of the voting power in the company have been allotted unconditionally to, or acquired unconditionally by, and are at that time beneficially held by, the public, and

(b) any such shares have within the preceding 12 months been the subject of dealings on a recognised stock exchange, and the shares have within those 12 months been listed on such an exchange.

(2) But subsection (1) does not apply to a company at any time when the total percentage of the voting power in the company possessed by all of the company's principal members exceeds 85%.

(3) For the purposes of this section, a person is a principal member of a company if the person possesses a percentage of the voting power in the company of more than 5% (but see subsection (4)).

(4) If there are more than 5 persons within subsection (3), a person is a principal member of the company only if—

(a) the person is one of the 5 persons who possess the greatest percentages, or

(b) in a case where there are no such 5 persons because two or more persons possess equal percentages of the voting power in the company, the person is one of the 6 or more persons (including those two or more who possess equal percentages) who possess the greatest percentages.

(5) In determining for the purposes of this section the voting power which a person possesses, there is to be attributed to the person any voting power which would be attributed to the person if section 451(3) to (6) applied for the purposes of this section.

(6) In this section “shares”—

(a) include stock, but

(b) do not include shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend, whether with or without a further right to participate in profits.

(7) See also section 447 (section 446: meaning of “shares held beneficially by the public” etc).

447 Section 446: meaning of “shares beneficially held by the public” etc U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 446, shares in a company (C) are beneficially held by the public if they are—

(a) beneficially held by a UK resident company which is not a close company, or by a non-UK resident company which would not be a close company if it were UK resident,

(b) held on trust for a registered pension scheme, or

(c) not comprised in a principal member's holding.

(2) But shares are not beneficially held by the public if they are held—

(a) by a director of C,

(b) by an associate of such a director,

(c) by a company which is under the control of one or more persons each of whom is such a director or associate,

(d) by an associated company of C, or

(e) as part of a fund the capital or income of which is applicable or applied wholly or mainly for the benefit of any of individuals within subsection (3).

(3) Those individuals are—

(a) employees, directors, past employees or past directors of C or of any company within subsection (2)(c) or (d), and

(b) dependants of any individuals within paragraph (a).

(4) The reference in section 446(1) to shares which have been allotted unconditionally to, or acquired unconditionally by, the public is to be read in accordance with subsections (1) to (3).

(5) For the purposes of subsection (1), a principal member's holding consists of the shares which carry the voting power possessed by him.

(6) The reference in subsection (2) to shares held by any person includes shares the rights or powers attached to which would be attributed to the person if section 451(3) applied for the purposes of that subsection.

(7) Subsections (3) to (5) of section 446 (meaning of “principal member” and determination of voting power possessed) apply for the purposes of this section as they apply for the purposes of that section.

(8) In this section, “shares” includes stock.

Meaning of other expressions in this Part U.K.

448 “Associate” U.K.

(1) In this Part “associate”, in relation to a person (“P”), means—

(a) any relative or partner of P,

(b) the trustees of any settlement in relation to which P is a settlor,

(c) the trustees of any settlement in relation to which any relative of P (living or dead) is or was a settlor,

(d) if P has an interest in any shares or obligations of a company which are subject to any trust, the trustees of any settlement concerned,

(e) if P—

(i) is a company, and

(ii) has an interest in any shares or obligations of a company which are subject to any trust,

any other company which has an interest in those shares or obligations,

(f) if P has an interest in any shares or obligations of a company which are part of the estate of a deceased person, the personal representatives of the deceased, or

(g) if P—

(i) is a company, and

(ii) has an interest in any shares or obligations of a company which are part of the estate of a deceased person,

any other company which has an interest in those shares or obligations.

(2) In this section, “relative” means—

(a) a spouse or civil partner,

(b) a parent or remoter forebear,

(c) a child or remoter issue, or

(d) a brother or sister.

449 “Associated company” U.K.

For the purposes of this Part, a company is another's “associated company” at a particular time if, at that time or at any other time within the preceding 12 months—

(a) one of them has control of the other, or

(b) both are under the control of the same person or persons.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C14 Ss. 449-451 applied (with modifications) by Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (c. 1), s. 815(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 116(b) (with Sch. 2))

450 “Control” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purpose of this Part.

(2) A person (“P”) is treated as having control of a company (“C”) if P—

(a) exercises,

(b) is able to exercise, or

(c) is entitled to acquire,

direct or indirect control over C's affairs.

(3) In particular, P is treated as having control of C if P possesses or is entitled to acquire—

(a) the greater part of the share capital or issued share capital of C,

(b) the greater part of the voting power in C,

(c) so much of the issued share capital of C as would, on the assumption that the whole of the income of C were distributed among the participators, entitle P to receive the greater part of the amount so distributed, or

(d) such rights as would entitle P, in the event of the winding up of C or in any other circumstances, to receive the greater part of the assets of C which would then be available for distribution among the participators.

(4) Any rights that P or any other person has as a loan creditor are to be disregarded for the purposes of the assumption in subsection (3)(c).

(5) If two or more persons together satisfy any of the conditions in subsections (2) and (3), they are treated as having control of C.

(6) See also section 451 (section 450: rights to be attributed etc).

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C14 Ss. 449-451 applied (with modifications) by Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (c. 1), s. 815(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 116(b) (with Sch. 2))

C15 Ss. 450, 451 applied by Taxes Management Act 1970 (c. 9), s. 109F(4) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 381(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 8, s. 381(1), Sch. 7 para. 54 (with Sch. 9 paras. 1-9, 22))

C16 Ss. 450, 451 applied by Finance Act 1996 (c. 8), Sch. 15 para. 11(2D)(a) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 293 (with Sch. 2))

451 Section 450: rights to be attributed etc U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 450.

(2) A person is treated as entitled to acquire anything which the person—

(a) is entitled to acquire at a future date, or

(b) will at a future date be entitled to acquire.

(3) If a person—

(a) possesses any rights or powers on behalf of another person (A), or

(b) may be required to exercise any rights or powers on A's direction or behalf,

those rights or powers are to be attributed to A.

(4) There may also be attributed to a person all the rights and powers—

(a) of any company of which the person has, or the person and associates of the person have, control,

(b) of any two or more companies within paragraph (a),

(c) of any associate of the person, or

(d) of any two or more associates of the person.

(5) The rights and powers which may be attributed under subsection (4)—

(a) include those attributed to a company or associate under subsection (3), but

(b) do not include those attributed to an associate under subsection (4).

(6) Such attributions are to be made under subsection (4) as will result in a company being treated as under the control of 5 or fewer participators if it can be so treated.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C14 Ss. 449-451 applied (with modifications) by Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (c. 1), s. 815(5) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 116(b) (with Sch. 2))

C15 Ss. 450, 451 applied by Taxes Management Act 1970 (c. 9), s. 109F(4) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 381(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 8, s. 381(1), Sch. 7 para. 54 (with Sch. 9 paras. 1-9, 22))

C16 Ss. 450, 451 applied by Finance Act 1996 (c. 8), Sch. 15 para. 11(2D)(a) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 293 (with Sch. 2))

452 “Director” U.K.

(1) In this Part, “director”, in relation to a company, includes—

(a) a person occupying the position of director of the company, by whatever name called,

(b) a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of the company are accustomed to act, and

(c) a person within subsection (2).

(2) A person (P) is within this subsection if P—

(a) is a manager of the company or otherwise concerned in the management of the company's trade or business, and

(b) is—

(i) the beneficial owner of, or

(ii) directly or indirectly able to control,

at least 20% of the ordinary share capital of the company.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(b), P is treated as owning or controlling (as the case may be) what any associate of P owns or controls.

453 “Loan creditor” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, “loan creditor”, in relation to a company, means a creditor—

(a) in respect of any debt within subsection (2), or

(b) in respect of any redeemable loan capital issued by the company.

But this is subject to subsection (4).

(2) Debt is within this subsection if it is incurred by the company—

(a) for any money borrowed or capital assets acquired by the company,

(b) for any right to receive income created in favour of the company, or

(c) for consideration the value of which to the company was (at the time when the debt was incurred) substantially less than the amount of the debt (including any premium on the debt).

(3) A person who—

(a) is not the creditor in respect of any debt or loan capital to which subsection (1) applies, but

(b) has a beneficial interest in that debt or loan capital,

is, to the extent of that interest, treated for the purposes of this Part as a loan creditor in respect of that debt or loan capital (but this is subject to subsection (4)).

(4) A person carrying on a business of banking is not treated as a loan creditor in respect of any debt or loan capital incurred or issued by the company for money lent by the person to the company in the ordinary course of that business.

(5) See also section 519(2) of CTA 2009 (bond-holder under investment bond arrangements is loan creditor in respect of bond-issuer).

454 “Participator” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, “participator”, in relation to a company, means a person having a share or interest in the capital or income of the company.

(2) In particular, “participator” includes—

(a) a person who possesses, or is entitled to acquire, share capital or voting rights in the company,

(b) a loan creditor of the company,

(c) a person who possesses a right to receive or participate in distributions of the company or any amounts payable by the company (in cash or in kind) to loan creditors by way of premium on redemption,

(d) a person who is entitled to acquire such a right as is mentioned in paragraph (c), and

(e) a person who is entitled to secure that income or assets (whether present or future) of the company will be applied directly or indirectly for the person's benefit.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), a person is treated as entitled to do anything which the person—

(a) is entitled to do at a future date, or

(b) will at a future date be entitled to do.

(4) In subsection (2) “distribution” is to be construed without regard to section 1000(2) (extended definition of distribution for close companies).

(5) See also section 519(2) of CTA 2009 (investment bond arrangements to be ignored in the application of subsection (2)(e)).

(6) This section does not affect any provision of this Part requiring a participator in one company to be treated as being also a participator in another company.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C17 S. 454 applied (with effect in accordance with s. 381(1) of the amending Act) by Taxation (International and Other Provisions) Act 2010 (c. 8), ss. 341(5), 381(1) (with Sch. 9 paras. 1-9, 22, 31)

Chapter 3 U.K. Charge to tax in case of loan to participator

Charge to tax in case of loan to participator U.K.

455 Charge to tax in case of loan to participator U.K.

(1) This section applies if a close company makes a loan or advances money to a relevant person who is a participator in the company or an associate of such a participator.

(2) There is due from the company, as if it were an amount of corporation tax chargeable on the company for the accounting period in which the loan or advance is made, an amount equal to 25% of the amount of the loan or advance.

(3) Tax due under this section in relation to a loan or advance is due and payable in accordance with section 59D of TMA 1970 on the day following the end of the period of 9 months from the end of the accounting period in which the loan or advance was made.

(4) For the purposes of this section and sections 456 to 459, the cases in which a close company is to be treated as making a loan to a person include a case where—

(a) that person incurs a debt to the close company, or

(b) a debt due from that person to a third party is assigned to the close company.

In such a case, the close company is to be treated as making a loan of an amount equal to the debt.

(5) If a company (C) controls another company (D), a participator in C is to be treated for the purposes of this section as being also a participator in D.

(6) In this Chapter, “relevant person” means—

(a) an individual, or

(b) a company receiving a loan or advance in a fiduciary or representative capacity.

(7) For exceptions to the charge under this section, see section 456.

(8) See also—

(a) section 458 (relief in case of repayment or release of loan),

(b) section 459 (loan treated as made to participator), and

(c) sections 460 to 462 (loan treated as made by close company).

Exceptions to the charge to tax under section 455 U.K.

456 Exceptions to the charge under section 455 U.K.

(1) Section 455 does not apply to a loan or advance made in the ordinary course of a business carried on by a company if the business includes the lending of money.

(2) Section 455(4)(a) does not apply to a debt incurred for the supply by a close company of goods or services in the ordinary course of its trade or business unless the credit given exceeds 6 months or is longer than that normally given to the company's customers.

(3) Section 455 does not apply to a loan or advance made to—

(a) a director of a close company,

(b) an employee of such a company,

(c) a director of an associated company of such a company, or

(d) an employee of such an associated company,

if conditions A, B and C are met (but see subsection (7)).

(4) Condition A is that—

(a) the amount of the loan or advance does not exceed £15,000, and

(b) that amount does not exceed £15,000 when taken together with any other outstanding loans and advances which were made to the borrower by—

(i) the close company, or

(ii) any of its associated companies.

(5) Condition B is that the borrower works full-time for the close company or any of its associated companies.

(6) Condition C is that the borrower does not have a material interest in the close company or in any of its associated companies.

(7) If the borrower acquires such a material interest at a time when the whole or part of any loan or advance within subsection (3) remains outstanding, the close company is to be treated as making to the borrower at that time a loan or advance of an amount equal to the sum outstanding.

(8) For the meaning of “material interest in a company”, see section 457.

457 Section 456: meaning of “material interest in a company” U.K.

(1) A person has a material interest in a company for the purposes of section 456 if condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that the person (with or without one or more associates) or any associate of that person (with or without one or more other such associates) is—

(a) the beneficial owner of, or

(b) directly or indirectly able to control,

more than 5% of the ordinary share capital of the company.

(3) Condition B is that, in the case of a close company, the person (with or without one or more associates) or any associate of that person (with or without one or more other such associates) possesses or is entitled to acquire such rights as would—

(a) in the event of the winding up of the company, or

(b) in any other circumstances,

give an entitlement to receive more than 5% of the assets which would then be available for distribution among the participators.

Relief in case of repayment or release of loan U.K.

458 Relief in case of repayment or release of loan U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if a close company has made a loan or advance which gave rise to a charge to tax on the company under section 455.

(2) Relief is to be given from that tax, or a proportionate part of it, if—

(a) the loan or advance or part of it is repaid to the company, or

(b) the whole or part of the debt in respect of the loan or advance is released or written off.

(3) Relief under this section is to be given on a claim, which must be made within 4 years from the end of the financial year in which the repayment is made or the release or writing off occurs.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if—

(a) the repayment of the whole or part of a loan or advance occurs on or after the day on which tax under section 455 becomes due and payable in relation to the loan or advance, or

(b) the release or writing off of the whole or part of the debt in respect of a loan or advance occurs on or after the day on which tax under that section becomes due and payable in relation to the loan or advance.

(5) Relief in respect of the repayment, release or writing off may not be given under this section at any time before the end of the period of 9 months from the end of the accounting period in which the repayment, release or writing off occurred.

(6) Schedule 1A to TMA 1970 (claims and elections not included in return) applies to a claim for relief under this section unless—

(a) the claim is included (by amendment or otherwise) in the return for the period in which the loan or advance was made, and

(b) the relief may be given at the time the claim is made.

Loan treated as made to participator U.K.

459 Loan treated as made to participator U.K.

(1) This section applies if under arrangements made by a person (P)—

(a) a close company makes a loan or advance which, apart from this section, does not give rise to a charge to tax under section 455, and

(b) a person other than the close company makes a payment or transfers property to, or releases or satisfies (in whole or in part) a liability of, a relevant person who is a participator in the company or an associate of such a participator.

(2) Sections 455 to 458 apply as if the loan or advance had been made to the relevant person.

(3) But this section does not apply if—

(a) the arrangements mentioned in subsection (1) are made by P in the ordinary course of a business carried on by P, or

(b) the total income of the relevant person includes, in respect of the matter mentioned in subsection (1)(b), an amount not less than the loan or advance.

(4) If a company (C) controls another company (D), a participator in C is to be treated for the purposes of this section as being also a participator in D.

Loan treated as made by close company U.K.

460 Loan treated as made by close company U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company (C) which is controlled by another company makes a loan or advance which, apart from this section, does not give rise to a charge to tax under section 455.

(2) If C is controlled by a close company at the time the loan or advance is made, sections 455 to 459 apply as if the loan or advance had been made by the close company.

(3) If C is not controlled by a close company at that time but a close company subsequently acquires control of it, sections 455 to 459 apply as if the loan or advance had been made by the close company immediately after the time when it acquired control.

(4) If two or more close companies together control C or together acquire control of C, subsection (2) or (as the case may be) subsection (3) is to have effect—

(a) as if each of them controlled C, and

(b) as if the loan or advance had been made by each of those close companies.

But the loan or advance is to be apportioned between those close companies in such proportion as may be appropriate having regard to the nature and amount of their respective interests in C.

(5) For an exception to this section, see section 461.

(6) See also section 462 (determination of particular questions as a result of this section).

(7) References in this section and sections 461 and 462 to a company making a loan include references to cases in which the company is, or if it were a close company would be, regarded as making a loan because of section 455(4).

461 Exception to section 460 U.K.

(1) Section 460 does not apply if it is shown that no person has made any arrangements (otherwise than in the ordinary course of a business carried on by the person) as a result of which there is a connection—

(a) between—

(i) the making of the loan or advance, and

(ii) the acquisition of control, or

(b) between—

(i) the making of the loan or advance, and

(ii) the provision by the close company of funds for C.

(2) The close company is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (1) as providing funds for C if it directly or indirectly makes a payment or transfers property to, or releases or satisfies (in whole or in part) a liability of, C.

462 Determination of particular questions as a result of section 460 U.K.

(1) This section applies if, as a result of section 460, sections 455 to 459 have effect as if a loan or advance made by C had been made by another company.

(2) Any question under those sections whether—

(a) the company making the loan or advance did so in the ordinary course of a business carried on by it which includes the lending of money,

(b) the loan or advance or part of it has been repaid to the company, or

(c) the company has released or written off the whole or part of the debt in respect of the loan or advance,

is to be determined by reference to C.

Taxation of debtor on release of loan to trustees of settlement which has ended U.K.

463 Taxation of debtor on release of loan to trustees of settlement which has ended U.K.

(1) This section applies if each of conditions A to D is met.

(2) Condition A is that a company (X) is or was chargeable to tax under section 455 (charge to tax in the case of loan to participator) in respect of a loan or advance made to the trustees of a settlement.

(3) Condition B is that X releases or writes off the whole or part of the debt in respect of the loan or advance.

(4) Condition C is that the person from which the debt was due at the time of the release or writing off is a company (Y).

(5) Condition D is that the release or writing off takes place after the settlement has ended.

(6) When the release or writing off takes place, Y is treated as receiving an amount to which the charge to corporation tax on income applies.

(7) The amount which Y is treated as receiving is equal to—

where—

N is the amount released or written off, and

R is a percentage rate equal to the dividend ordinary rate specified in section 8(1) of ITA 2007 for the tax year in which the release or writing off takes place.

464 Section 463: other person treated as releasing or writing off debt U.K.

(1) This section applies if sections 455 to 459 have effect under section 460 (loan treated as made by close company) as if a loan or advance had been made by a company (“A”), rather than the company (“B”) which—

(a) actually made it,

(b) is regarded as having made it under section 455(4) (deemed loan where debt incurred or assigned to close company), or

(c) would be so regarded if it were a close company.

(2) If the whole or part of the debt is released or written off by B, A rather than B is treated, for the purposes of section 463, as releasing it or writing it off.

Chapter 4 U.K. Power to obtain information

465 Power to obtain information U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may, for the purposes of Chapter 3, by notice require any person in whose name any shares or loan capital are registered—

(a) to state whether or not that person is the beneficial owner of the shares or loan capital, and

(b) if that person is not the beneficial owner of the shares or loan capital, to provide the name and address of the person on whose behalf the shares or loan capital are registered in that person's name.

(2) Subsections (3) and (4) apply if a company (“the issuing company”) appears to an officer of Revenue and Customs to be a close company.

(3) The officer may, for the purposes of Chapter 3, by notice require the issuing company to provide the officer with—

(a) particulars of any bearer securities issued by the company,

(b) the names and addresses of the persons to whom the securities were issued, and

(c) details of the amounts issued to each person.

(4) The officer may, for the purposes of Chapter 3, by notice require—

(a) any person to whom bearer securities were issued by the company, or

(b) any person to or through whom bearer securities issued by the company were subsequently sold or transferred,

to provide any further information that the officer reasonably requires with a view to enabling the officer to find out the names and addresses of the persons beneficially interested in the securities.

(5) In this section “securities” includes—

(a) shares, stocks, bonds, debentures and debenture stock, and

(b) any promissory note or other instrument evidencing indebtedness to a loan creditor of the company.

Part 11 U.K. Charitable companies etc

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

466 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) This Part makes provision about some gifts and payments made to charitable companies, including provision applying the charge to corporation tax on income and conferring exemptions (see sections 471 to 474).

(2) This Part also provides for some of the income of charitable companies and others to be exempt from corporation tax (see sections 475 to 477 and Chapter 3).

(3) In the case of a charitable company which has a non-exempt amount for an accounting period (see section 493), the exemptions under this Part are subject to restrictions (see section 492).

(4) The non-exempt amount for an accounting period depends on the charitable company's attributable income and gains for the period and its non-charitable expenditure for the period (see sections 493 and 496 to 517).

(5) See also Schedule 19 to FA 2008, which contains provision for transitional payments to charitable companies and certain other bodies in respect of gifts made in the tax years 2008-09 to 2010-11.

467 Meaning of “charitable company” U.K.

In this Part “charitable company” means a body of persons established for charitable purposes only.

468 Meaning of “eligible body” U.K.

Each of the following is an eligible body for the purposes of this Part—

(a) the Trustees of the National Heritage Memorial Fund,

(b) the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England,

(c) the Trustees of the British Museum,

(d) the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, and

(e) the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts.

469 Conditions for qualifying as a scientific research association U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part a body qualifies as a scientific research association for an accounting period if—

(a) it is an association (see subsection (5)(a)), and

(b) it meets conditions A and B with respect to the accounting period.

(2) Condition A is that the body has as its object the undertaking of research and development which may lead to or facilitate an extension of any class or classes of trade.

(3) Condition B is that the memorandum of association or other similar instrument regulating the body's functions precludes the direct or indirect payment or transfer to any of its members of any of its income or property by way of dividend, gift, division, bonus or otherwise by way of profit.

(4) For the purposes of compliance with condition B it is not necessary that the memorandum of association or other similar instrument regulating the body's functions should prevent the payment to its members of—

(a) reasonable remuneration for goods, labour or power supplied, or for services provided,

(b) reasonable interest for money lent, or

(c) reasonable rent for premises.

(5) The Treasury may by regulations—

(a) make provision specifying what is to be treated as being, or as not being, an association for the purposes of subsection (1)(a), or

(b) prescribe circumstances in which a body is to be treated as not meeting condition A or B with respect to an accounting period.

(6) The Treasury may by regulations make provision specifying for the purposes of condition A—

(a) circumstances in which a body is to be treated as having, or as not having, the undertaking of research and development as its object,

(b) circumstances in which the undertaking of research and development is to be treated as being, or as not being, capable of leading to or facilitating an extension of a class of trade, or

(c) what is to be treated as being, or as not being, a class of trade.

470 Meaning of “research and development” in section 469 U.K.

(1) Section 1138 (meaning of “research and development”) applies for the purposes of section 469(2).

(2) Regulations under section 1006(3) of ITA 2007 (power to prescribe activities which are, or are not, research and development), as that section applies by virtue of section 1138(3), may make provision for the purposes of section 469(2) which is additional to, or different from, the provision made for other purposes under section 1006(3).

Chapter 2 U.K. Gifts and other payments

Gifts and other payments to charitable companies U.K.

471 Gifts qualifying for gift aid relief: income tax treated as paid U.K.

(1) This section applies if a gift is made to a charitable company by an individual and the gift is a qualifying donation for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 8 of ITA 2007 (gift aid).

(2) The charitable company is treated as receiving, under deduction of income tax at the basic rate for the tax year in which the gift is made, a gift of an amount equal to the grossed up amount of the gift.

(3) References in this section to the grossed up amount of the gift are to the amount of the gift grossed up by reference to the basic rate for the tax year in which the gift is made.

(4) The income tax treated as deducted is treated as income tax paid by the charitable company.

472 Gifts qualifying for gift aid relief: corporation tax liability and exemption U.K.

(1) If a charitable company receives a gift from an individual and the gift is a qualifying donation for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 8 of ITA 2007 (gift aid), the grossed up amount of the gift is treated as an amount in respect of which the company is chargeable to corporation tax, under the charge to corporation tax on income.

(2) But the grossed up amount of the gift is not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as that grossed up amount is applied to charitable purposes only.

(3) References in this section to the grossed up amount of a gift are to the amount of the gift grossed up by reference to the basic rate for the tax year in which the gift is made.

(4) The exemption under subsection (2) requires a claim.

(5) A charitable company is treated as having made a claim for any exemption to which it may be entitled under subsection (2) if—

(a) it receives a gift as a result of a direction under section 429(2) of ITA 2007 (giving through self-assessment return), and

(b) as a result of section 429(4) of that Act, the gift is treated as a qualifying donation for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 8 of that Act.

473 Gifts of money from companies: corporation tax liability and exemption U.K.

(1) If a charitable company receives a gift of a sum of money from a company which is not a charity, the gift is treated as an amount in respect of which the charitable company is chargeable to corporation tax, under the charge to corporation tax on income.

(2) But the gift is not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as it is applied to charitable purposes only.

(3) The exemption under subsection (2) requires a claim.

474 Payments from other charities: corporation tax liability and exemption U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if a charitable company receives from another charity a payment which—

(a) is not made for full consideration in money or money's worth,

(b) is not chargeable to corporation tax apart from this section, and

(c) is not of a description which (on a claim) would be exempt from corporation tax under any of the exemptions conferred by this Part.

(2) The payment is treated as an amount in respect of which the charitable company is chargeable to corporation tax, under the charge to corporation tax on income.

(3) But the payment is not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as it is applied to charitable purposes only.

(4) In the case of a payment to which section 494 of ITA 2007 (discretionary payments by trustees) applies, the references in subsections (2) and (3) to the payment are to be read as references to the grossed up amount of the discretionary payment within the meaning of that section.

(5) The exemption under subsection (3) requires a claim.

Gifts to eligible bodies U.K.

475 Gifts qualifying for gift aid relief: income tax treated as paid and exemption U.K.

(1) This section applies if a gift is made to an eligible body by an individual and the gift is a qualifying donation for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 8 of ITA 2007 (gift aid).

(2) The eligible body is treated as receiving, under deduction of income tax at the basic rate for the tax year in which the gift is made, a gift of an amount equal to the grossed up amount of the gift.

(3) References in this section to the grossed up amount of the gift are to the amount of the gift grossed up by reference to the basic rate for the tax year in which the gift is made.

(4) The income tax treated as deducted is treated as income tax paid by the eligible body.

(5) The grossed up amount of the gift is not taken into account in calculating total profits.

(6) The exemption under subsection (5) requires a claim.

(7) An eligible body is treated as having made a claim for any exemption to which it may be entitled under subsection (5) if—

(a) it receives a gift as a result of a direction under section 429(2) of ITA 2007 (giving through self-assessment return), and

(b) as a result of section 429(4) of that Act, the gift is treated as a qualifying donation for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 8 of that Act.

(8) In the case of an eligible body which is a charitable company, this section applies instead of sections 471 and 472.

476 Gifts of money from companies: exemption U.K.

(1) If an eligible body receives a gift of a sum of money from a company, the gift is not taken into account in calculating total profits.

(2) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

(3) In the case of an eligible body which is a charitable company, this section applies instead of section 473.

Gifts to scientific research associations U.K.

477 Gifts of money from companies: exemption U.K.

(1) A gift of a sum of money that a body receives from a company is not taken into account in calculating total profits if the body receiving the gift qualifies as a scientific research association for the relevant accounting period.

(2) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

(3) In subsection (1) “the relevant accounting period” means the accounting period for which the exemption is to be claimed.

(4) In the case of a body which qualifies as a scientific research association and is also a charitable company, this section applies instead of section 473.

Chapter 3 U.K. Other exemptions

Exemptions U.K.

478 Exemption for profits etc of charitable trades U.K.

(1) The income mentioned in subsection (2) is not taken into account in calculating total profits if the condition in subsection (3) is met.

(2) The income referred to in subsection (1) is—

(a) profits of a charitable trade carried on by a charitable company, and

(b) post-cessation receipts arising from a charitable trade carried on by a charitable company which are received by the company or to which it is entitled.

(3) The condition is that the profits are, or (as the case may be) the post-cessation receipt is, applied to the purposes of the charitable company only.

(4) In this section “post-cessation receipt” means an amount that is a post-cessation receipt for the purposes of Part 3 of CTA 2009 (see sections 190 to 195 of that Act).

(5) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

479 Meaning of “charitable trade” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part a trade carried on by a charitable company is a charitable trade if—

(a) the trade is exercised in the course of carrying out a primary purpose of the charitable company, or

(b) the work in connection with the trade is mainly carried out by beneficiaries of the charitable company.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(a), if a trade is exercised partly in the course of carrying out a primary purpose of the charitable company and partly otherwise, each part is to be treated as a separate trade.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b), if work in connection with a trade is carried out partly but not mainly by beneficiaries, the part in connection with which work is carried out by beneficiaries and the other part are to be treated as separate trades.

(4) If different parts of a trade are treated as separate trades under subsection (2) or (3), a just and reasonable apportionment is to be made for that purpose of—

(a) expenses and receipts of the trade, and

(b) any amounts which are post-cessation receipts arising from the trade for the purposes of Part 3 of CTA 2009.

480 Exemption for profits of small-scale trades U.K.

(1) The income mentioned in subsection (2) is not taken into account in calculating total profits if conditions A and B are met.

(2) The income referred to in subsection (1) is—

(a) the profits of a trade carried on by a charitable company, and

(b) post-cessation receipts arising from a trade carried on by a charitable company which are received by the company or to which it is entitled.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in respect of—

(a) profits of a trade that are, apart from this section, exempt from corporation tax chargeable under Part 3 of CTA 2009, or

(b) post-cessation receipts that are, apart from this section, exempt from corporation tax chargeable under Chapter 15 of Part 3 of CTA 2009.

(4) Condition A is—

(a) in the case of the profits of a trade, that the profits are profits of an accounting period in relation to which the condition specified in section 482 (condition as to trading and miscellaneous incoming resources) is met, and

(b) in the case of a post-cessation receipt, that it is received in such an accounting period.

(5) Condition B is that the profits are, or (as the case may be) the receipt is, applied to the purposes of the charitable company only.

(6) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

(7) In this section “post-cessation receipt” means an amount that is a post-cessation receipt for the purposes of Part 3 of CTA 2009 (see sections 190 to 195 of that Act).

481 Exemption from charges under provisions to which section 1173 applies U.K.

(1) Any income or gains of a charitable company that is or are chargeable to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 applies is not or are not taken into account in calculating total profits if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in respect of any income or gains that is or are chargeable to corporation tax by virtue of any of—

(a) section 818(1) (gains from transactions in land),

(b) section 1086(2) (chargeable payments connected with exempt distributions), and

(c) any other enactment specified in an order made by the Treasury.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in respect of any income that is, or gains that are, apart from this section, exempt from corporation tax chargeable under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 applies.

(4) Condition A is that the income is, or the gains are, for an accounting period in relation to which the condition specified in section 482 (condition as to trading and miscellaneous incoming resources) is met.

(5) Condition B is that the income is, or the gains are, applied to the purposes of the charitable company only.

(6) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

482 Condition as to trading and miscellaneous incoming resources U.K.

(1) The condition in this section is met in relation to an accounting period if—

(a) the sum of the charitable company's trading incoming resources and miscellaneous incoming resources for the accounting period does not exceed the requisite limit for the period, or

(b) the charitable company had, at the beginning of the period, a reasonable expectation that it would not do so.

(2) The charitable company's “trading incoming resources” for the accounting period are—

(a) the incoming resources which are required to be taken into account in calculating the profits of, or losses made in, the period for any non-exempt trade carried on by the company, and

(b) the incoming resources which are post-cessation receipts arising from such a trade.

“Post-cessation receipt” has the meaning given by section 480(7).

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) a trade is a “non-exempt trade” if any profits of the trade would not, apart from section 480, be exempt from corporation tax chargeable under Part 3 of CTA 2009.

(4) The charitable company's “miscellaneous incoming resources” for the accounting period are the incoming resources which are required to be taken into account in calculating non-exempt miscellaneous income or non-exempt miscellaneous losses for the period.

(5) In subsection (4)—

• “non-exempt miscellaneous income” means income or gains chargeable to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 applies that is not, or are not, apart from section 480 or 481, exempt from corporation tax chargeable under or by virtue of that provision, and

• “non-exempt miscellaneous losses” means losses arising from a transaction which is of such a nature that if income or gains had arisen from it the income would have been non-exempt miscellaneous income.

(6) The requisite limit—

(a) is 25% of the charitable company's total incoming resources for the accounting period, but

(b) must not be less than £5,000 or more than £50,000.

(7) If the accounting period is shorter than 12 months, the amounts of £5,000 and £50,000 mentioned in subsection (6)(b) are proportionately reduced.

483 Exemption for profits from fund-raising events U.K.

(1) The profits of a trade carried on by a charitable company are not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as they—

(a) arise from an event that is VAT-exempt in relation to the company, and

(b) are applied to charitable purposes or transferred to a charity.

(2) The profits of a trade carried on by a body to which subsection (3) applies are not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as they—

(a) arise from an event that is VAT-exempt in relation to the body, and

(b) are applied to charitable purposes or transferred to a charity.

(3) This subsection applies to any voluntary organisation that is a qualifying body for the purposes of Group 12 of Schedule 9 to the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (fund-raising events by charities and other qualifying bodies).

(4) The exemptions under this section require a claim.

(5) For the purposes of this section an event is VAT-exempt in relation to a person if the supply of goods and services by that person in connection with the event would be exempt from value added tax under Group 12 of Schedule 9 to the Value Added Tax Act 1994.

484 Exemption for profits from lotteries U.K.

(1) The profits accruing to a charitable company from a lottery are not taken into account in calculating total profits if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) the lottery is an exempt lottery within the meaning of the Gambling Act 2005 by virtue of Part 1 or 4 of Schedule 11 to that Act,

(b) the lottery is promoted in accordance with a lottery operating licence within the meaning of Part 5 of the Gambling Act 2005, or

(c) the lottery is promoted and conducted in accordance with Article 133 or 135 of the Betting, Gaming, Lotteries and Amusements (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (S.I. 1985/1204 (N.I. 11)).

(3) Condition B is that the profits are applied to the purposes of the charitable company only.

(4) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

485 Exemption for property income etc U.K.

(1) Income which is chargeable to corporation tax under Part 3 of CTA 2009 (trading income) as a result of section 287 of that Act is not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as—

(a) it arises in respect of rents or other receipts from an estate, interest or right in or over land, and

(b) the estate, interest or right is vested in any person for charitable purposes.

(2) Income which is chargeable to corporation tax under Part 4 of CTA 2009 (property income) is not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as—

(a) it arises in respect of an estate, interest or right in or over land, and

(b) the estate, interest or right is vested in any person for charitable purposes.

(3) Distributions to which section 548 (Real Estate Investment Trusts: distributions) applies and which are chargeable to corporation tax under Part 4 of CTA 2009 are not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as they arise in respect of shares vested in any person for charitable purposes.

(4) Subsections (1) to (3) apply so far as the income is applied to charitable purposes only.

(5) The exemptions under this section require a claim.

486 Exemption for investment income and non-trading profits from loan relationships U.K.

(1) The income mentioned in subsection (2) is not taken into account in calculating total profits if—

(a) it is income of a charitable company, or

(b) it is required, under an Act (including an Act of the Scottish Parliament), court judgment, charter, trust deed or will, to be applied to charitable purposes only.

(2) The income referred to in subsection (1) is—

(a) profits which are charged to tax under section 299 of CTA 2009 (non-trading profits from loan relationships),

(b) a dividend or other distribution of a company, and

(c) income treated for the purposes of Chapter 5 of Part 10 of CTA 2009 (distributions from unauthorised unit trusts) as received by a unit holder from a scheme to which section 972 of that Act applies (unauthorised unit trust schemes).

(3) Subsection (1) applies, in relation to the income mentioned in subsection (2)(b), only so far as the income falls within, and is dealt with under, Part 9A of CTA 2009 (see section 931W of that Act as to provisions given priority over Part 9A).

(4) Subsection (1) applies, in relation to the income mentioned in subsection (2)(c), only so far as the income falls within, and is dealt with under, Part 10 of CTA 2009 (see section 982 of that Act as to provisions given priority over Part 10).

(5) Subsection (1) applies so far as the income is applied to charitable purposes only.

(6) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

487 Exemption for public revenue dividends U.K.

(1) Public revenue dividends on securities which are in the name of trustees are not taken into account in calculating total profits so far as the dividends are applicable and applied only for the repair of—

(a) a cathedral, college, church or chapel, or

(b) a building used only for the purposes of divine worship.

(2) In this section “public revenue dividends” means—

(a) income from securities which is payable out of the public revenue of the United Kingdom or Northern Ireland, or

(b) income from securities issued by or on behalf of a government or a public or local authority in a country outside the United Kingdom.

(3) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

488 Exemption for certain miscellaneous income U.K.

(1) The income mentioned in subsection (3) is not taken into account in calculating total profits if—

(a) it is income of a charitable company, or

(b) it is required, under an Act (including an Act of the Scottish Parliament), court judgment, charter, trust deed or will, to be applied to charitable purposes only.

(2) Subsection (1) applies so far as the income is applied to charitable purposes only.

(3) The income referred to in subsection (1) is—

(a) non-trading gains on intangible fixed assets,

(b) annual payments charged to tax under Chapter 7 of Part 10 of CTA 2009, and

(c) qualifying income from intangible fixed assets.

(4) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

(5) In this section—

• “intangible fixed asset” has the same meaning as in Part 8 of CTA 2009 (see section 713 of that Act),

• “non-trading credit” has the meaning given by section 301 of CTA 2009,

• “non-trading gain” has the meaning given by section 751 of CTA 2009,

• “pre-FA 2002 asset” has the meaning given by sections 881 and 892 to 895 of CTA 2009, and

• “qualifying income from intangible fixed assets” means income which—

  (a)

  is in respect of intangible fixed assets which are pre-FA 2002 assets,

  (b)

  is of a kind which, if the intangible fixed assets were not pre-FA 2002 assets, would fall to be brought into account under Chapter 6 of Part 8 of CTA 2009 as non-trading credits, and

  (c)

  does not fall within subsection (3)(a) or (b).

489 Exemption for income from estates in administration U.K.

(1) If a charitable company is liable for any corporation tax charged under section 934 of CTA 2009 (charge to tax on estate income), the estate income is not taken into account in calculating total profits.

(2) Subsection (1) applies so far as the estate income is applied to the purposes of the charitable company only.

(3) The exemption under subsection (1) requires a claim.

(4) In this section “estate income” has the same meaning as in Chapter 3 of Part 10 of CTA 2009 (see section 934 of that Act).

Application of exemptions to certain bodies U.K.

490 Eligible bodies U.K.

(1) The provisions mentioned in subsection (3) apply in relation to an eligible body as they apply in relation to a charitable company.

(2) But in relation to an eligible body those provisions have effect as if the whole income of the body were applied to charitable purposes.

(3) The provisions referred to in subsection (1) are—

(a) sections 478 and 479 (profits of charitable trades),

(b) section 483 (profits from fund-raising events),

(c) section 484 (profits from lotteries),

(d) section 485 (property income etc),

(e) section 486 (investment income etc),

(f) section 488 (certain miscellaneous income), and

(g) section 489 (income from estates in administration).

491 Scientific research associations U.K.

(1) The provisions mentioned in subsection (3) (which confer exemptions) apply in relation to a body which qualifies as a scientific research association for the relevant accounting period as they apply in relation to a charitable company.

(2) But in relation to such a body those provisions have effect as if the whole income of the body were applied to charitable purposes.

(3) The provisions referred to in subsection (1) are—

(a) sections 478 and 479 (profits of charitable trades),

(b) section 483 (profits from fund-raising events),

(c) section 484 (profits from lotteries),

(d) section 485 (property income etc),

(e) section 486 (investment income etc),

(f) section 488 (certain miscellaneous income), and

(g) section 489 (income from estates in administration).

(4) In subsection (1) “the relevant accounting period” means the accounting period for which the exemption in question is to be claimed.

Chapter 4 U.K. Restrictions on exemptions

Restrictions on exemptions U.K.

492 Restrictions on exemptions U.K.

(1) This section applies if a charitable company has a non-exempt amount for an accounting period (see section 493).

(2) The exemptions mentioned in subsection (3) do not apply, and are treated as never having applied, to so much of any income of the charitable company for the accounting period as is attributed under section 494 to the non-exempt amount.

(3) Those exemptions are—

(a) the exemptions under this Part, and

(b) the exemption under regulation 31(1) of the Offshore Funds (Tax) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/3001) (exemption from corporation tax in respect of certain offshore income gains).

(4) Section 256(4) of TCGA 1992 contains corresponding restrictions which apply in relation to section 256(1) of that Act (gains accruing to charities not to be chargeable gains).

493 The non-exempt amount U.K.

(1) A charitable company has a non-exempt amount for an accounting period if it has—

(a) non-charitable expenditure for the period (amount A), and

(b) attributable income and gains for the period (amount B).

(2) The non-exempt amount for the accounting period is—

(a) amount A, or

(b) if less, amount B.

(3) For the purposes of this Part—

(a) a charitable company's “attributable income” for an accounting period is the charitable company's income for the period that is exempt from corporation tax as a result of any of the exemptions mentioned in section 492(3),

(b) a charitable company's “attributable gains” for an accounting period are any gains accruing to the charitable company in the period that as a result of section 256(1) of TCGA 1992 are not chargeable gains, and

(c) a charitable company's “attributable income and gains” for an accounting period is the sum of its attributable income for the period and its attributable gains for the period.

(4) In applying subsection (3)(a) ignore any restrictions on the exemptions under this Part which result from section 492(2).

(5) In applying subsection (3)(b) ignore any restriction on the exemption under section 256(1) of TCGA 1992 which results from section 256(4) of that Act.

494 Attributing income to the non-exempt amount U.K.

(1) This section applies if a charitable company has a non-exempt amount for an accounting period.

(2) Attributable income of the charitable company for the accounting period may be attributed to the non-exempt amount but only so far as the non-exempt amount has not been used up.

(3) The non-exempt amount can be used up (in whole or in part) by—

(a) attributable income being attributed to it under this section, or

(b) attributable gains being attributed to it under section 256C of TCGA 1992.

(4) The whole of the non-exempt amount must be used up by—

(a) attributable income being attributed to the whole of it under this section,

(b) attributable gains being attributed to the whole of it under section 256C of TCGA 1992, or

(c) a combination of attributable income being attributed to some of it under this section and attributable gains being attributed to the rest of it under section 256C of TCGA 1992.

495 How income is attributed to the non-exempt amount U.K.

(1) This section is about the ways in which attributable income can be attributed to a non-exempt amount under section 494.

(2) The charitable company may specify the attributable income that is to be attributed to the non-exempt amount.

(3) A specification under subsection (2) is made by notice to an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(4) Subsection (6) applies if—

(a) an officer of Revenue and Customs requires a charitable company to make a specification under this section, and

(b) the charitable company has not given notice under subsection (3) of the specification before the end of the required period.

(5) The required period is 30 days beginning with the day on which the officer made the requirement.

(6) An officer of Revenue and Customs may determine the attributable income that is to be attributed to the non-exempt amount.

Non-charitable expenditure U.K.

496 Meaning of “non-charitable expenditure” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part a charitable company's non-charitable expenditure for an accounting period is—

(a) any loss made in the accounting period in a trade carried on by the charitable company unless—

(i) the trade is a charitable trade, or

(ii) the trade is not a charitable trade but profits of the trade arising in the period would be exempt from corporation tax as a result of one of the exemptions in section 480, 483 or 484,

(b) any loss made in the accounting period in a trade, or in a UK property business or an overseas property business, carried on by the charitable company, if—

(i) the loss relates to land, and

(ii) profits of the trade, or income of the business, generated from the land in the period would not be exempt from corporation tax as a result of the exemptions in section 485,

(c) any loss made in the accounting period in a miscellaneous transaction entered into by the charitable company otherwise than in the course of carrying out a charitable purpose,

(d) any expenditure incurred by the charitable company in the accounting period which is not incurred for charitable purposes only and is not required to be taken into account in calculating—

(i) the profits of, or losses made in, any trade, UK property business or overseas property business carried on by the charitable company, or

(ii) the profit or loss made in any miscellaneous transaction entered into by the charitable company,

(e) any payment made in the accounting period by the charitable company to a substantial donor which is treated under section 504(1) or (5) as non-charitable expenditure,

(f) any non-charitable expenditure treated as incurred under section 504(2) as a result of a transaction between the charitable company and a substantial donor,

(g) the amount of any of the charitable company's funds that is invested in the accounting period in an investment which is not an approved charitable investment (see section 511), and

(h) any amount lent in the accounting period by the charitable company, if the loan is neither an investment nor an approved charitable loan (see section 514).

But anything which falls within more than one of the above paragraphs counts as non-charitable expenditure only once.

(2) An amount may also be non-charitable expenditure for an accounting period as a result of section 515 (excess expenditure treated as non-charitable expenditure of earlier periods).

(3) This section needs to be read with—

• section 479 (meaning of “charitable trade”),

• sections 497 to 501 (supplementary provision in relation to this section, in particular in relation to subsection (1)(d), (g) and (h)),

• sections 502 to 510 (transactions with substantial donors),

• section 511 (approved charitable investments), and

• section 514 (approved charitable loans).

497 Section 496: supplementary U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 496.

(2) A transaction is a miscellaneous transaction if it is of such a nature that, if income or gains had arisen from it (ignoring section 481 (exemption from charges under provisions to which section 1173 applies)), it would have been charged to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 applies.

(3) For rules about the calculation of losses, see—

(a) section 47 of CTA 2009 (losses of a trade calculated on same basis as profits),

(b) section 210 of that Act (which applies section 47 of that Act, so that losses of a UK property business or overseas property business are calculated on the same basis as profits), and

(c) section 1306 of that Act (losses from miscellaneous transactions calculated on same basis as miscellaneous income).

498 Section 496(1)(d): meaning of expenditure U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 496(1)(d) “expenditure” includes expenditure of a capital nature.

(2) None of the following is “expenditure” for those purposes—

(a) the investment of any of the charitable company's funds,

(b) the making of a loan by the charitable company, or

(c) the repayment by the charitable company of the whole or a part of a loan made to it.

499 Section 496(1)(d): accounting period in which certain expenditure treated as incurred U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 496(1)(d).

(2) Subsection (3) applies to expenditure which is referable to commitments (whether or not of a contractual nature) that the charitable company has entered into before or during an accounting period.

(3) The expenditure is treated as incurred in the accounting period if, had the charitable company been required to draw up accounts that met the requirements mentioned in subsection (4), the expenditure would have been required to be taken into account in preparing those accounts.

(4) The requirements referred to in subsection (3) are—

(a) that the accounts are drawn up for the accounting period, and

(b) that UK generally accepted accounting practice applies with respect to them.

500 Section 496(1)(d): payment to body outside the UK U.K.

A payment made, or to be made, to a body situated outside the United Kingdom is non-charitable expenditure under section 496(1)(d) if—

(a) it is incurred for charitable purposes only, but

(b) the charitable company has not taken such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to ensure that the payment will be applied for charitable purposes.

501 Section 496(1)(g) and (h): investments and loans U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if in an accounting period a charitable company—

(a) realises the whole or part of an investment which was made in the period and is not an approved charitable investment (see section 511), or

(b) is repaid the whole or part of a loan which was made in the period and is neither an investment nor an approved charitable loan (see section 514).

(2) Any further investment or lending in the accounting period of the sum realised or repaid, so far as it does not exceed the sum originally invested or lent, is not non-charitable expenditure as a result of section 496(1)(g) or (h).

Substantial donor transactions U.K.

502 Transactions with substantial donors U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this section and sections 504 to 506, “substantial donor transaction” means any of the following—

(a) the sale or letting of property by a charitable company to a substantial donor,

(b) the sale or letting of property to a charitable company by a substantial donor,

(c) the provision of services by a charitable company to a substantial donor,

(d) the provision of services to a charitable company by a substantial donor,

(e) an exchange of property between a charitable company and a substantial donor,

(f) the provision of financial assistance by a charitable company to a substantial donor,

(g) the provision of financial assistance to a charitable company by a substantial donor, and

(h) investment by a charitable company in the business of a substantial donor.

(2) For the purposes of this section and sections 504 to 506, a person is a substantial donor to a charitable company for an accounting period if—

(a) the charitable company receives relievable gifts of at least £25,000 from the person in a period of 12 months in which the accounting period wholly or partly falls, or

(b) the charitable company receives relievable gifts of at least £150,000 from the person in a period of 6 years in which the accounting period wholly or partly falls.

(3) If a person is a substantial donor to a charitable company for an accounting period as a result of subsection (2)(a) or (b), the person is a substantial donor to the charitable company for each of the following 5 accounting periods.

(4) A transaction entered into in an accounting period with a person who is a substantial donor for that period may be a substantial donor transaction, even if it was not until after the transaction was entered into that the person first satisfied the definition of “substantial donor” for the period.

503 Meaning of “relievable gift” U.K.

A gift is a “relievable gift” for the purposes of section 502(2) if relief is available in respect of it under—

(a) Part 6 (charitable donations relief),

(b) section 257 of TCGA 1992 (gifts of chargeable assets),

(c) section 63 of CAA 2001 (gifts of plant or machinery),

(d) sections 713 to 715 of ITEPA 2003 (payroll giving),

(e) section 108 of ITTOIA 2005 (gifts of trading stock),

(f) sections 628 and 630 of ITTOIA 2005 (gifts from settlor-interested trusts),

(g) Chapter 2 or 3 of Part 8 of ITA 2007 (gift aid and gifts of shares, securities and real property), or

(h) section 105 of CTA 2009 (gifts of trading stock to charities etc).

504 Non-charitable expenditure in substantial donor transactions U.K.

(1) A payment made by a charitable company to a substantial donor in the course of, or for the purposes of, a substantial donor transaction is treated for the purposes of section 496 as non-charitable expenditure.

(2) If the terms of a substantial donor transaction are less beneficial to the charitable company than terms which might be expected in a transaction at arm's length, the charitable company is treated for the purposes of section 496 as incurring non-charitable expenditure.

(3) The amount of the non-charitable expenditure that the charitable company is treated as incurring under subsection (2) is equal to the amount which an officer of Revenue and Customs determines as the cost to the charitable company of the difference in terms.

(4) A charitable company is treated as incurring non-charitable expenditure under subsection (2) at such time (or times) as an officer of Revenue and Customs may determine.

(5) A payment by a charitable company of remuneration to a substantial donor is treated for the purposes of section 496 as non-charitable expenditure unless it is remuneration, for services as a trustee, which is approved by—

(a) the Charity Commission,

(b) another body with responsibility for regulating charities by virtue of legislation having effect in respect of any part of the United Kingdom, or

(c) a court.

(6) If remuneration is paid otherwise than in money, subsection (5) applies as if it had been paid in money of an amount that would, under Part 3 of ITEPA 2003, be the cash equivalent of the remuneration as a benefit.

505 Adjustment if section 504(1) and (2) applied to single transaction U.K.

(1) Either or both of subsections (1) and (2) of section 504 may be applied to a single transaction between a charitable company and a substantial donor.

(2) But if they are both applied, the amount of non-charitable expenditure that the charitable company would, apart from this subsection, be treated as incurring under section 504(2) in respect of the transaction, is reduced by the section 504(1) amount (but is not to be reduced below nil).

(3) The “section 504(1) amount” means the amount of any payment made by the charitable company, in the course of, or for the purposes of, the transaction, that is treated as non-charitable expenditure under section 504(1).

506 Section 504: certain payments and benefits to be ignored U.K.

(1) In the application of section 504, payments by a charitable company, or benefits arising to a substantial donor from a transaction, are to be ignored so far as—

(a) they relate to a donation by the donor, and

(b) either condition A or condition B is met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) the donation is made by an individual, and

(b) the payments or benefits do not prevent the donation being a qualifying donation for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 8 of ITA 2007 because of section 416(7)(b) of that Act (restrictions on associated benefits).

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) the donation is made by a company, and

(b) the payments or benefits do not prevent the donation being a qualifying donation for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 6 because of section 191(7) (restrictions on associated benefits).

507 Transactions: exceptions U.K.

(1) A transaction within section 502(1)(b) or (d) is not a substantial donor transaction if an officer of Revenue and Customs determines that the transaction—

(a) takes place in the course of a business carried on by the substantial donor,

(b) is on terms which are no less beneficial to the charitable company than those which might be expected in a transaction at arm's length, and

(c) is not part of an arrangement for the avoidance of any tax.

(2) The provision of services to a substantial donor is not a substantial donor transaction if an officer of Revenue and Customs determines that those services are provided—

(a) in the course of carrying out a primary purpose of the charitable company, and

(b) on terms which are no more beneficial to the substantial donor than those on which services are provided to others.

(3) The provision of financial assistance to a charitable company by a substantial donor is not a substantial donor transaction if an officer of Revenue and Customs determines that the assistance—

(a) is on terms which are no less beneficial to the charitable company than those which might be expected in a transaction at arm's length, and

(b) is not part of an arrangement for the avoidance of any tax.

(4) Investment by a charitable company in the business of a substantial donor is not a substantial donor transaction if the investment takes the form of the purchase of shares or securities listed on a recognised stock exchange.

(5) The following are not substantial donor transactions—

(a) a disposal at an undervalue in respect of which relief is available under section 203 of this Act or section 431 of ITA 2007 (gifts of shares, securities and real property), or

(b) a disposal at an undervalue to which section 257(2) of TCGA 1992 (gifts of chargeable assets) applies,

but such disposals may be taken into account in the application of section 502(2).

508 Donors: exceptions U.K.

(1) A company which is wholly owned by a charity within the meaning of section 200 is not a substantial donor in relation to a charitable company which owns it (or any part of it).

(2) Subsection (3) applies to any body which—

(a) is a non-profit registered provider of social housing (see sections 80 and 115 of the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008), or

(b) is registered under—

(i) section 1 of the Housing Act 1996,

(ii) section 57 of the Housing (Scotland) Act 2001 (asp 10), or

(iii) Article 14 of the Housing (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/1725 (N.I. 15)).

(3) The body is not a substantial donor in relation to a charitable company with which it is connected.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), a body and a charitable company are connected if (and only if)—

(a) one is wholly owned, or subject to control, by the other, or

(b) both are wholly owned, or subject to control, by the same person.

509 Connected charities U.K.

(1) A charitable company and any other charities with which it is connected are to be treated as a single charitable company for the purposes of sections 502 to 508.

(2) For this purpose “connected” means connected in a matter relating to the structure, administration or control of a charity.

510 Substantial donor transactions: supplementary U.K.

(1) In sections 502 to 508—

(a) a reference to a substantial donor or other person includes a reference to a person connected with the donor or other person,

(b) “financial assistance” includes, in particular—

(i) the provision of a loan, guarantee or indemnity, and

(ii) entering into alternative finance arrangements within the meaning of section 564A(2) of ITA 2007 or section 501(2) of CTA 2009, and

(c) a reference to a gift of a specified amount includes a reference to a non-monetary gift of that value.

(2) On an appeal against an assessment the tribunal may affirm or replace a decision of an officer of Revenue and Customs under section 504 or 507.

(3) The Treasury may by regulations vary a sum, or a period of time, specified in section 502(2).

(4) Section 1124 (meaning of “control”) does not apply for the purposes of section 508(4) or 509(2).

Approved charitable investments and loans U.K.

511 Approved charitable investments U.K.

An investment is an approved charitable investment for the purposes of section 496 (meaning of “non-charitable expenditure”) if it is an investment of any of the following types.

• Type 1

  An investment to which section 512 applies.

• Type 2

  An investment in a common investment fund established under—

  (a)

  section 22 of the Charities Act 1960,

  (b)

  section 24 of the Charities Act 1993, or

  (c)

  section 25 of the Charities Act (Northern Ireland) 1964.

• Type 3

  An investment in a common deposit fund established under—

  (a)

  section 22A of the Charities Act 1960, or

  (b)

  section 25 of the Charities Act 1993.

• Type 4

  An investment in a fund which—

  (a)

  is similar to a fund mentioned in relation to Type 2 or 3, and

  (b)

  is established for the exclusive benefit of charities by or under a provision relating to any particular charities or class of charities contained in an Act (including an Act of the Scottish Parliament).

• Type 5

  An interest in land, other than an interest held as security for a debt.

• Type 6

  Any of the following issued by Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom—

  (a)

  bills,

  (b)

  Certificates of Tax Deposit,

  (c)

  Savings Certificates, and

  (d)

  Tax Reserve Certificates.

• Type 7

  Northern Ireland Treasury Bills.

• Type 8

  Units in a unit trust scheme (as defined in section 237(1) of FISMA 2000) or in a recognised scheme (as defined in section 237(3) of FISMA 2000).“Units” is defined in section 237(2) of FISMA 2000.

• Type 9

  A deposit with a bank (as defined in section 1120)—

  (a)

  in respect of which interest is payable at a commercial rate, and

  (b)

  which is not made as part of an arrangement under which a loan is made by the bank to some other person.

• Type 10

  A deposit with—

  (a)

  the National Savings Bank,

  (b)

  a building society, or

  (c)

  a credit institution which operates on mutual principles and which is authorised by an appropriate governmental body in the territory in which the deposit is taken.

• Type 11

  Certificates of deposit (including uncertificated eligible debt security units as defined in section 986(3) of ITA 2007).

• Type 12

  A loan or other investment as to which an officer of Revenue and Customs is satisfied, on a claim, that it is made for the benefit of the charitable company and not for the avoidance of tax (whether by the company or any other person).

512 Securities which are approved charitable investments U.K.

(1) The investments to which this section applies are investments in securities—

(a) issued or guaranteed by the government of a member State of the European Union,

(b) issued or guaranteed by the government or a governmental body of any territory or part of a territory,

(c) issued by an international entity listed in the Annex to Council Directive 2003/48/EC (directive on taxation of interest payments),

(d) issued by an entity meeting the four criteria set out at the end of that Annex,

(e) issued by a building society,

(f) issued by a credit institution which operates on mutual principles and which is authorised by an appropriate governmental body in the territory in which the securities are issued,

(g) issued by an open-ended investment company,

(h) issued by a company and listed on a recognised stock exchange, or

(i) issued by a company but not listed on a recognised stock exchange.

(2) Subsection (1) is subject to section 513.

(3) In this section and in section 513—

• “debentures” includes—

  (a)

  debenture stock and bonds (whether constituting a charge on assets or not), and

  (b)

  loan stock or notes,

• “open-ended investment company” is to be read in accordance with sections 613 and 615,

• “securities” includes shares and debentures, and

• “shares” includes stocks.

513 Conditions to be met for some securities U.K.

(1) Section 512 does not apply to an investment by virtue of subsection (1)(b), (c) or (d) of that section unless—

(a) condition A is met in relation to the securities, and

(b) if the securities are shares or debenture stock, condition B is met in relation to the securities.

But see subsection (3) of this section.

(2) In the case of an investment in securities issued by a company which is incorporated, section 512 does not apply to the investment by virtue of subsection (1)(i) of that section unless—

(a) condition A is met in relation to the securities,

(b) if the securities are shares or debenture stock, condition B is met in relation to the securities, and

(c) condition C is met in relation to the company.

But see subsection (3) of this section.

(3) Conditions A and B need not be met if the securities are traded or quoted on a money market supervised by the government or a governmental body of any territory or part of a territory.

(4) Condition A is that the securities are traded or quoted on—

(a) a recognised investment exchange (as defined in section 285(1) of FISMA 2000), or

(b) an investment exchange which constitutes the principal or only market established in a territory on which securities admitted to official listing are dealt in or traded.

(5) Condition B is that—

(a) the securities are fully paid up,

(b) the terms of the issue of the securities require them to be fully paid up within the period of 9 months beginning with the day after the day on which they are issued, or

(c) the securities are shares issued with no nominal value.

(6) Condition C is that—

(a) throughout the last business day before the investment day, the company has total issued and paid up share capital of at least £1,000,000 (or the equivalent of £1,000,000 in some other currency), and

(b) in each of the 5 years immediately before the calendar year in which the investment day falls, the company paid a dividend on all the shares issued by the company (excluding any shares issued after the dividend was declared and any shares which by their terms of issue did not rank for dividend for that year).

(7) For the purposes of the words in brackets in subsection (6)(a) use the exchange rate prevailing in the United Kingdom at the close of business on the last business day before the investment day.

(8) For the purposes of subsection (6)(b) a company formed—

(a) to take over the business of another company or other companies, or

(b) to acquire the securities of, or control of, another company or other companies,

is treated as having paid a dividend in any year in which a dividend has been paid by the other company or all of the other companies (as the case may be).

(9) It is irrelevant that the company is formed for other purposes in addition to those mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (8).

(10) In this section—

• “business day” means, in relation to an investment, a business day in the place where the investment is made, and

• “the investment day” means, in relation to an investment, the day on which the investment is made.

514 Approved charitable loans U.K.

(1) A loan is an approved charitable loan for the purposes of section 496 (meaning of “non-charitable expenditure”) if it meets conditions A and B.

(2) Condition A is that the loan is not made by way of investment.

(3) Condition B is that either—

(a) the loan is made to another charity for charitable purposes only,

(b) it is made to a beneficiary of the charitable company in the course of carrying out the purposes of the charitable company,

(c) it consists of money placed on current account with a bank otherwise than as part of an arrangement under which a loan is made by a bank to some other person, or

(d) an officer of Revenue and Customs is satisfied, on a claim, that the loan is made for the benefit of the charitable company and not for the avoidance of tax (whether by the charitable company or by some other person).

(4) In this section “bank” has the meaning given by section 1120.

Carry back of excess non-charitable expenditure U.K.

515 Excess expenditure treated as non-charitable expenditure of earlier periods U.K.

(1) This section applies if a charitable company's non-charitable expenditure for an accounting period exceeds its available income and gains for the period.

(2) The excess is the charitable company's “excess expenditure” for the accounting period.

(3) The charitable company's excess expenditure for the accounting period is treated for the purposes of this Part as non-charitable expenditure for earlier accounting periods so far as it can be attributed to earlier accounting periods under section 516.

(4) For the purposes of this Part a charitable company's “available income and gains” for an accounting period is the sum of—

(a) the amount in respect of which the charitable company is chargeable for the period under the charge to corporation tax on income after giving effect to any exemption under this Part,

(b) any chargeable gains accruing to the charitable company in the period,

(c) the charitable company's attributable income and gains for the period (see section 493), and

(d) any non-taxable sums received by the charitable company in the period.

(5) In subsection (4) “non-taxable sums” means donations, legacies and other sums of a similar nature which, ignoring exemptions from corporation tax under this Part and under section 256 of TCGA 1992, are not liable to corporation tax.

(6) Any restrictions on the exemptions under this Part which result from sections 492(2) and 494 are to be ignored in calculating the amount mentioned in subsection (4)(a).

(7) Any restriction on the exemption under section 256(1) of TCGA 1992 which results from section 256(4) of that Act is to be ignored in calculating the amount of any chargeable gains to be taken into account in accordance with subsection (4)(b).

516 Rules for attributing excess expenditure to earlier periods U.K.

(1) The rules in this section apply for attributing a charitable company's excess expenditure for an accounting period to earlier accounting periods under section 515.

(2) The excess expenditure for an accounting period may be attributed to an earlier accounting period if—

(a) the earlier period ends not more than 6 years before the end of the period in question, and

(b) the charitable company's available income and gains for the earlier period exceed its non-charitable expenditure for the earlier period.

(3) If the conditions in subsection (2) are met in the case of more than one earlier accounting period, the excess expenditure is to be attributed to a later accounting period in priority to an earlier accounting period.

(4) The amount of excess expenditure that is to be attributed to an earlier accounting period must not be greater than the amount by which the charitable company's available income and gains for the earlier period exceed its non-charitable expenditure for the earlier period.

(5) For the purposes of subsections (2)(b) and (4) the charitable company's non-charitable expenditure for the earlier accounting period includes any excess expenditure attributed to the earlier period as a result of a previous operation of this section, but ignores the attribution in question.

517 Adjustments in consequence of section 515 U.K.

Such adjustments must be made (whether by way of the making of assessments or otherwise) as may be required in consequence of section 515.

Part 12 U.K. Real Estate Investment Trusts

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

Introductory U.K.

518 Introduction to Part U.K.

(1) This Part—

(a) enables a group of companies which carries on property rental business and which meets requirements specified in Chapter 2 to opt to benefit from exemptions from corporation tax on profits and gains in accordance with Chapter 3, and

(b) imposes liabilities to tax on members of the group and the recipients of distributions made by the principal company of the group.

(2) This Part makes corresponding provision in relation to a company which carries on property rental business and which meets requirements specified in Chapter 2.

(3) In addition—

(a) Chapter 4 deals with some of the consequences of becoming, or becoming a member of, a UK REIT,

(b) Chapters 5, 6 and 7 contain provision relating to (respectively) assets of, distributions made by, and gains arising to a UK REIT,

(c) Chapter 8 contains provision about failure to meet requirements specified in Chapter 2,

(d) Chapter 9 contains provision about ceasing to be, or to be a member of, a UK REIT,

(e) Chapter 10 provides for the application of this Part in relation to property rental business carried on by way of a joint venture, and

(f) Chapter 11 contains miscellaneous provision and definitions.

(4) In this Part “UK REIT” means—

(a) a group UK REIT (see section 523(5)), or

(b) a company UK REIT (see section 524(5)).

Key concepts U.K.

519 “Property rental business” U.K.

(1) In this Part “property rental business” means—

(a) UK property business (within the meaning given by section 205 of CTA 2009), and

(b) overseas property business (within the meaning given by section 206 of that Act).

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) ignore the effect of section 42(2) of CTA 2009 (which provides for receipts and expenses in connection with tied premises to be treated as part of a trade and not as part of a property business).

(3) The definition of “property rental business” is subject to—

(a) section 598(3) (which provides that certain lettings of property by a joint venture company or a member of a joint venture group are not property rental business),

(b) section 604 (which provides that business of a specified class is not property rental business), and

(c) section 605 (which provides that business giving rise to income of a specified class is not property rental business).

(4) Business carried on by a non-UK company which is a member of a group is property rental business for the purposes of this Part if the business would be property rental business if carried on by a UK company.

520 “UK property rental business” of non-UK companies U.K.

(1) In this Part references to “UK property rental business”, in relation to a non-UK company, are to the company's property rental business in the United Kingdom.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) a non-UK company which is a member of a group UK REIT has UK property rental business, and

(b) the profits of that business would be chargeable to income tax under Chapter 3 of Part 3 of ITTOIA 2005.

(3) Profits of the UK property rental business—

(a) are to be treated for the purposes of this Part as if they were (subject to the application of this Part) chargeable to corporation tax, and

(b) are not to be charged to income tax.

521 “UK company” and “non-UK company” U.K.

(1) In this Part “UK company” means a company which is—

(a) UK resident, and

(b) not resident in another place in accordance with the law of that place relating to taxation.

(2) References in this Part to a “non-UK company”, in the case of a group of companies, are to be read in accordance with subsection (1) (and references in such a case to a company which is a “UK member” or “non-UK member” of the group are to be read accordingly).

522 “Residual business” U.K.

In this Part “residual business” means business which is not property rental business.

Chapter 2 U.K. Requirements for being a UK REIT

Becoming a UK REIT U.K.

523 Notice for a group of companies to become a UK REIT U.K.

(1) A group of companies becomes a group UK REIT if the principal company of the group gives a notice under this section.

(2) A notice under this section is a notice specifying a date from which the group is to be a UK REIT.

(3) The principal company of a group may only give a notice under this section if—

(a) it is a UK company, and

(b) section 236 of FISMA 2000 (open-ended investment companies) does not apply to it.

(4) If the principal company of a group gives a notice under this section, the group is a UK REIT from the date specified in the notice.

(5) In this Part “group UK REIT” means a group of companies the principal company of which has given a notice under this section.

(6) This section is subject to section 527(2) (requirements to be a group UK REIT).

524 Notice for a company to become a UK REIT U.K.

(1) A company becomes a company UK REIT if it gives a notice under this section.

(2) A notice under this section is a notice specifying a date from which the company is to be a UK REIT.

(3) A company may only give a notice under this section if—

(a) it is a UK company, and

(b) section 236 of FISMA 2000 (open-ended investment companies) does not apply to it.

(4) If a company gives a notice under this section, the company is a UK REIT from the date specified in the notice.

(5) In this Part “company UK REIT” means a company which has given a notice under this section.

(6) This section is subject to section 527(3) (requirements to be a company UK REIT).

525 Notice under section 523 or 524: supplementary U.K.

(1) A notice under section 523 or 524—

(a) must be given in writing to an officer of Revenue and Customs,

(b) must be given before the date specified in the notice,

(c) must be accompanied by a statement by the company giving the notice that each of the conditions in section 528 (conditions for company) is reasonably expected to be met in relation to the company throughout accounting period 1, and

(d) must contain such other information, and be accompanied by such other documents, as may be prescribed by regulations made by the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if the company giving the notice—

(a) does not expect to meet condition C in section 528 on the first day of accounting period 1, but

(b) reasonably expects to meet that condition throughout the rest of accounting period 1.

(3) If this subsection applies—

(a) subsection (1)(c) does not apply, but

(b) the notice must be accompanied by a statement by the company containing the assertions specified in subsection (4).

(4) Those assertions are—

(a) that conditions A, B, D, E and F in section 528 are reasonably expected to be met in relation to the company throughout accounting period 1, and

(b) that condition C in that section is reasonably expected to be met in relation to the company for at least a part of the first day of accounting period 1, and throughout the remainder of the period.

(5) Subsection (6) applies if the company giving the notice—

(a) does not expect to meet condition D in section 528 on the first day of accounting period 1, but

(b) reasonably expects to meet that condition throughout the rest of accounting period 1 in reliance on section 446(1)(b).

(6) If this subsection applies—

(a) subsection (1)(c) does not apply, but

(b) the notice must be accompanied by a statement by the company containing the assertions specified in subsection (7).

(7) Those assertions are—

(a) that conditions A, B, C, E and F in section 528 are reasonably expected to be met in relation to the company throughout accounting period 1, and

(b) that condition D in that section is reasonably expected to be met in relation to the company throughout all of accounting period 1 apart from the first day.

(8) A company may take advantage both of subsections (2) to (4) and of subsections (5) to (7) (in which case the assertion under subsection (4)(a) should omit the reference to condition D and the assertion under subsection (7)(a) should omit the reference to Condition C).

(9) For the meaning of “accounting period 1”, see section 609.

526 Duration of status as UK REIT U.K.

Once a group or a company becomes a UK REIT, the group or company continues to be a UK REIT until it ceases to be a UK REIT in accordance with section 571, 572 or 578.

Being a UK REIT in relation to an accounting period U.K.

527 Being a UK REIT in relation to an accounting period U.K.

(1) This section sets out the requirements that must be met if a group or company is to be a UK REIT in relation to an accounting period.

(2) In order for a group of companies in respect of which a notice has been given under section 523 to be a group UK REIT in relation to an accounting period—

(a) each of the conditions in section 528 (conditions for company) must be met in relation to the principal company throughout the accounting period,

(b) the group must throughout the period have property rental business in relation to which conditions A and B in section 529 are met (whether or not the group also has other business),

(c) the condition in section 530 (distribution of profits) must be met in relation to the period,

(d) conditions A and B in section 531 (balance of business) must be met in relation to the period, and

(e) the principal company must prepare for the period, and submit to an officer of Revenue and Customs, financial statements under section 532.

(3) In order for a company which has given a notice under section 524 to be a company UK REIT in relation to an accounting period—

(a) each of the conditions in section 528 (conditions for company) must be met in relation to the company throughout the accounting period,

(b) the company must throughout the period have property rental business in relation to which conditions A and B in section 529 are met (whether or not the company also has other business),

(c) the condition in section 530 (distribution of profits) must be met in relation to the period, and

(d) conditions A and B in section 531 (balance of business) must be met in relation to the period.

(4) Subsections (2) and (3) are subject to any relaxation of any condition in section 525, 558 or 559 or Chapter 8.

528 Conditions for company U.K.

(1) Condition A is that the company is a UK company.

(2) Condition B is that section 236 of FISMA 2000 (open-ended investment companies) does not apply to the company.

(3) Condition C is that the shares forming the company's ordinary share capital are listed on a recognised stock exchange.

(4) Condition D is that the company [F1 meets the non-close condition.]

F2 (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F3 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[F4 (4C) The non-close condition is met—

(a) in relation to a company, if—

(i) it is not a close company, or

(ii) it is a close company but only because it has an institutional investor as a direct or indirect participator, and

(b) in relation to a person or scheme other than a company, if it would fall within paragraph (a)(i) or (ii) if—

(i) the person’s business or the scheme were a company, and

(ii) the interests of persons in the business or scheme were shares in the company.]

(5) For the purposes of [F5 determining whether the non-close condition is met] a company is to be treated as a close company if it is prevented from being a close company only by section 444 or 447(1)(a).

[F6 (5B) For the purposes of subsection (4C)(a)(ii)—

(a) a person is a “direct participator” if the person is a participator for the purposes of Part 10 of CTA 2010 (see section 454), and

(b) a person is an “indirect” participator in a company if the person has a share or interest in the capital or income of the company through another body corporate or other bodies corporate.

(5C) In determining whether a person is an indirect participator—

(a) reference to having a share or interest in the capital or income of a company through a body corporate is to be read in accordance with sub-paragraphs (9) and (10) of paragraph 46 of Schedule 5AAA to TCGA 1992 (meaning of direct or indirect participator), and

(b) a person is regarded for the purposes of those sub-paragraphs, and for the purposes of subsection (5B)(b) of this section, as having a share or interest in the capital or income of a company if the person would be a participator in the company as a result of section 454(2) of CTA 2010.]

(6) Condition E is that—

(a) each share issued by the company either—

(i) forms part of the company's ordinary share capital, or

(ii) is a non-voting restricted preference share, and

(b) there is no more than one class of ordinary share issued by the company.

(7) For the purposes of condition E—

(a) “restricted preference share” means a share which is a restricted preference share (within the meaning of section 160) or would be but for the fact that it carries a right of conversion into shares or securities in the company, and

(b) a share is “non-voting” if it carries no right to vote at a general meeting of the company or if it carries a right to vote which is contingent on the non-payment of a dividend and which has not become exercisable.

(8) Condition F is that in the case of a loan in respect of which the company is a debtor—

(a) the loan creditor is not entitled to an amount by way of interest which depends to any extent on the results of all or part of the company's business or on the value of any of the company's assets,

(b) the loan creditor is not entitled to an amount by way of interest which exceeds a reasonable commercial return on the consideration lent, and

(c) the loan creditor is entitled on repayment to an amount which either does not exceed the consideration lent or is reasonably comparable with the amount generally repayable (in respect of an equal amount of consideration) under the terms of issue of securities listed on a recognised stock exchange.

(9) For the purposes of condition F a loan is not dependent on the results of the company's business merely because the terms of the loan provide—

(a) for the interest to be reduced in the event of the results improving, or

(b) for the interest to be increased in the event of the results deteriorating.

Textual Amendments

F1 Words in s. 528(4) inserted (retrospectively) by Finance Act 2024 (c. 3), Sch. 7 para. 3(2)(a)(6)

F2 S. 528(4)(a) omitted (retrospectively) by virtue of Finance Act 2024 (c. 3), Sch. 7 para. 3(2)(b)(6)

F3 S. 528(4)(b) omitted (retrospectively) by virtue of Finance Act 2024 (c. 3), Sch. 7 para. 3(2)(b)(6)

F4 S. 528(4C) inserted (retrospectively) by Finance Act 2024 (c. 3), Sch. 7 para. 3(3)(6)

F5 Words in s. 528(5) substituted (retrospectively) by Finance Act 2024 (c. 3), Sch. 7 para. 3(4)(6)

F6 S. 528(5B)(5C) inserted (retrospectively) by Finance Act 2024 (c. 3), Sch. 7 para. 3(5)(6)

529 Conditions as to property rental business U.K.

(1) Condition A is that the property rental business involves at least 3 properties.

(2) Condition B is that no single property represents more than 40% of the total value of the properties involved in the property rental business.

(3) For the purposes of conditions A and B the property rental businesses of the members of a group are to be treated as a single business.

(4) For the purposes of conditions A and B—

(a) a reference to a property “involved” in a business is a reference to an estate, interest, or right by the exploitation of which the business is conducted,

(b) a property is a single property if it is designed, fitted or equipped for the purpose of being rented, and it is rented or available for rent, as a commercial or residential unit (separate from any other commercial or residential unit),

(c) assets must be valued in accordance with international accounting standards,

(d) where international accounting standards offer a choice of valuation between cost basis and fair value, fair value must be used, and

(e) no account is to be taken of liabilities secured against or otherwise relating to assets (whether generally or specifically).

(5) If a percentage of the profits of property rental business of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of the member's property rental business is to be ignored for the purposes of subsection (2).

530 Condition as to distribution of profits U.K.

(1) In the case of a group UK REIT, the condition in this section is met in relation to an accounting period if at least 90% of the group's UK profits arising in the period are distributed—

(a) by the principal company of the group,

(b) by way of dividend, and

(c) on or before the filing date for the principal company's tax return for the period (see paragraph 14 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998).

(2) In subsection (1) “UK profits” means the sum of the profits of members of the group as shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(b) (group's property rental business in UK).

(3) Subsection (1) is to be ignored so far as—

(a) the condition applies to profits of the property rental business attributable to a member of the group, and

(b) compliance with the condition by the member would (if the condition applied to it) be unlawful as a result of a relevant enactment.

(4) In the case of a company UK REIT, the condition in this section is met in relation to an accounting period if at least 90% of the profits of the company's property rental business arising in the period are distributed—

(a) by way of dividend, and

(b) on or before the filing date for the company's tax return for the accounting period (see paragraph 14 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998).

For the purposes of this subsection profits are to be calculated in accordance with section 599.

(5) Subsection (4) is to be ignored so far as compliance with the condition would be unlawful as a result of a relevant enactment.

(6) A distribution that is withheld in order to prevent or reduce a charge to tax arising under section 551 (distribution to holder of excessive rights) is to be treated for the purposes of this section as having been made.

(7) In this section “relevant enactment” means—

(a) an enactment (including Northern Ireland legislation and an Act of the Scottish Parliament), or

(b) an enactment of a jurisdiction outside the United Kingdom if the enactment is prescribed, or is of a kind prescribed, for the purposes of this paragraph in regulations made by the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs.

531 Conditions as to balance of business U.K.

(1) Condition A is that in the accounting period profits of property rental business are at least 75% of the aggregate profits of the group or company (as the case may be).

(2) “Aggregate profits”, in the case of a group, means the sum of—

(a) the profits of property rental business of members of the group (as shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(a)), and

(b) the profits of residual business of members of the group (as shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(c)).

(3) “Aggregate profits”, in the case of a company, means the sum of—

(a) profits of property rental business of the company, and

(b) profits of residual business of the company.

(4) In the case of a company, references in subsections (1) and (3) to profits are to profits before deduction of tax, calculated in accordance with international accounting standards, and excluding—

(a) realised and unrealised gains and losses on the disposal of property,

(b) changes in the fair value of hedging derivative contracts (within the meaning given by section 599(4)), and

(c) items which are outside the ordinary course of the group's or, as the case may be, the company's business (irrespective of their treatment in the group's or company's accounts), having regard to that group's or company's past transactions.

(5) Condition B is that at the beginning of the accounting period the value of the assets relating to property rental business is at least 75% of the total value of assets held by the group or company (as the case may be).

(6) For the purposes of condition B as it applies in the case of a group—

(a) the amount shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(a) as the amount of the assets of members of the group is to be treated as the amount of the assets relating to property rental business, and

(b) the amount shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(c) as the amount of the assets of members of the group is to be treated as the amount of the assets relating to residual business.

(7) For the purposes of condition B as it applies in the case of a company—

(a) an asset relates to property rental business if it would be shown as an asset if separate accounts were prepared for the property rental business,

(b) assets must be valued in accordance with international accounting standards,

(c) where international accounting standards offer a choice of valuation between cost basis and fair value, fair value must be used, and

(d) no account is to be taken of liabilities secured against or otherwise relating to assets (whether generally or specifically).

532 Financial statements for group UK REITs U.K.

(1) This section and section 533 set out the requirements referred to in section 527(2)(e) for financial statements in relation to a group UK REIT for an accounting period.

(2) The principal company must prepare—

(a) a financial statement for the group's property rental business for the accounting period,

(b) a financial statement for the group's property rental business in the United Kingdom for the period, and

(c) a financial statement for the group's residual business for the period.

(3) The reference in subsection (2)(b) to the group's property rental business in the United Kingdom is a reference to—

(a) property rental business of UK members of the group, and

(b) UK property rental business of other members.

533 Financial statements: supplementary U.K.

(1) A financial statement under section 532(2)(a) or (c) must specify, in relation to each member of the group—

(a) profits (calculated in accordance with international accounting standards),

(b) expenses (calculated in accordance with international accounting standards),

(c) profits before tax excluding gains or losses on property (whether realised or not) calculated in accordance with international accounting standards, and

(d) assets valued—

(i) at the beginning of the accounting period,

(ii) in accordance with international accounting standards,

(iii) using fair value where there is a choice, and

(iv) ignoring liabilities secured against or otherwise relating to the assets.

(2) A financial statement under section 532(2)(b) must specify profits (calculated in accordance with section 599) for each member of the group.

(3) If a non-member of the group holds a percentage of the beneficial interest in a member of the group (other than the principal company), the financial statements under section 532(2) must exclude that percentage of profits, expenses, gains, losses, assets and liabilities of the member.

(4) Percentages of beneficial interest for the purposes of subsection (3) are to be determined by reference to beneficial entitlement to profits available for distribution to equity holders.

(5) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may by regulations—

(a) make further provision relating to the content of a financial statement under section 532,

(b) prescribe the form of a financial statement, and

(c) specify a time before which a financial statement must be submitted to an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(6) Regulations under subsection (5)(a) may in particular—

(a) permit or require apportionment or otherwise prescribe or refer to accounting practice;

(b) provide for the inclusion or exclusion of specified profits, expenses, gains, losses, assets and liabilities;

(c) make provision about the treatment of an interest in a business held by a member.

Chapter 3 U.K. Tax treatment of profits and gains of UK REITs

534 Profits U.K.

(1) Profits of property rental business of a UK company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT are not charged to corporation tax.

(2) Profits of UK property rental business of a non-UK member of a group UK REIT are not charged to corporation tax.

(3) Profits which—

(a) arise from residual business of a UK company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT, and

(b) are charged to corporation tax,

are to be so charged at a rate determined without reference to sections 18 to 23 (small profits rate and marginal relief).

(4) If a percentage of the profits of property rental business of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those profits is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as profits of residual business of the member.

(5) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2) profits are to be calculated in accordance with section 599.

535 Gains U.K.

(1) A gain on the disposal of an asset is not a chargeable gain if—

(a) the gain accrues to a company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT, and

(b) condition A or B is met in relation to the asset.

(2) Condition A is that the asset was used wholly and exclusively for the purposes of property rental business of the company.

(3) Condition B is that the asset was used during one or more periods of (in total) less than a year—

(a) partly for the purposes of property rental business of the company, and

(b) partly for the purposes of residual business of the company,

but was otherwise used as mentioned in subsection (2).

(4) Subsection (5) applies if a gain accrues to a company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT on the disposal of an asset which for one or more periods of (in total) at least a year has been used—

(a) partly for the purposes of property rental business of the company, and

(b) partly for the purposes of residual business of the company.

(5) Such part of the gain as may reasonably be attributed to property rental business of the company, having regard to—

(a) the extent to which the asset was used for the different purposes, and

(b) the length of the periods during which it was used for those purposes,

is not a chargeable gain.

(6) Gains which—

(a) accrue to residual business of a company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT, and

(b) are charged to corporation tax,

are to be so charged at a rate determined without reference to sections 18 to 23 (small profits rate and marginal relief).

(7) If a percentage of the gains of property rental business of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those gains is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as gains of the member's residual business.

(8) This section has effect in relation to a non-UK member of a group UK REIT as if references to property rental business of the member were to its UK property rental business.

(9) This section is to be read as if it were contained in TCGA 1992.

Chapter 4 U.K. Entering the UK REIT regime

536 Effects of entry: corporation tax U.K.

(1) Property rental business carried on before entry by a company which becomes, or becomes a member of, a UK REIT (an “incoming company”) is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as ceasing at entry.

(2) Assets which immediately before entry are involved in property rental business of an incoming company are to be treated for corporation tax purposes as being—

(a) sold by the pre-entry company immediately before entry, and

(b) reacquired immediately after entry by the company so far as it carries on property rental business.

(3) The sale and reacquisition deemed under subsection (2) is to be treated as being for a consideration equal to the market value of the assets.

(4) A gain accruing as a result of subsection (2) is not a chargeable gain.

(5) For corporation tax purposes, one accounting period of an incoming company ends on entry and a new one begins.

(6) In the case of a group UK REIT—

(a) if a percentage of the assets of a member of the group is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those assets is to be ignored in the application of subsection (2) to the member, and

(b) this section has effect in relation to a non-UK member of the group as if references to property rental business were references to UK property rental business of the member.

(7) This section does not apply if—

(a) a company which was a member of one group UK REIT becomes a member of a different group UK REIT, or

(b) a company which was a company UK REIT becomes a member of a group UK REIT.

(8) This section and section 537 are subject to section 559 (demergers: company leaving group UK REIT).

(9) For the meaning of “entry”, see section 607(1).

537 Effects of entry: CAA 2001 U.K.

(1) Subsections (2) to (4) apply for the purposes of CAA 2001.

(2) The sale and reacquisition deemed under section 536(2)—

(a) does not give rise to allowances or charges, and

(b) does not enable an election to be made under section 198 or 199 of CAA 2001 (apportionment).

(3) Section 536(3) (deemed consideration for sale and reacquisition) does not apply.

(4) Anything done by or to a company which becomes, or becomes a member of, a UK REIT in relation to an asset which is deemed under section 536(2) to be sold and reacquired is to be treated after entry as having been done by or to the company so far as it carries on property rental business.

538 Entry charge U.K.

(1) An amount of notional income calculated in accordance with section 539 (“the notional amount”) is treated as arising to a company at entry.

(2) The notional amount is treated as arising to the company's residual business.

(3) If the company is a UK company, it is chargeable to corporation tax under the charge to corporation tax on income on the notional amount (which is accordingly charged at the rate mentioned in section 534(3)).

(4) If the company is a non-UK company, it is chargeable to income tax on the notional amount (which is accordingly charged at the basic rate in accordance with section 11 of ITA 2007).

(5) No loss, deficit, expense or allowance may be set off against the notional amount or against tax arising under this section.

(6) This section does not apply if a company—

(a) which was a member of one group UK REIT becomes a member of another group UK REIT, or

(b) which was a company UK REIT becomes a member of a group UK REIT.

(7) This section is subject to section 559 (demergers: company leaving group UK REIT).

539 Calculation of the notional amount U.K.

(1) This section provides for the calculation of the amount of notional income mentioned in section 538(1).

(2) The calculation is—

(3) “MV” means the total market value of assets which immediately before entry are involved in—

(a) property rental business of the company (in the case of a UK company), or

(b) UK property rental business of the company (in the case of a non-UK member of a group UK REIT),

ignoring any asset of negative market value.

(4) If a percentage of the assets of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those assets is to be ignored for the purposes of subsection (3).

(5) “TR” means—

(a) in the case of a UK company, the rate of corporation tax mentioned in section 534(3), and

(b) in the case of a non-UK company, the rate of income tax mentioned in section 538(4).

540 Election to treat notional income as arising in instalments U.K.

(1) A company may elect to have the amount of notional income mentioned in section 538(1) treated as arising in 4 instalments, the first on the date of entry and the other 3 on the first three anniversaries of that date.

(2) For this purpose section 539(2) has effect as if the percentage referred to were—

(a) 0.50% for the first instalment,

(b) 0.53% for the second instalment,

(c) 0.56% for the third instalment, and

(d) 0.60% for the fourth instalment.

(3) If a company makes an election under subsection (1)—

(a) notice of the election must be given to an officer of Revenue and Customs with the notice under section 523 or 524 (as the case may be), and

(b) the election cannot be revoked.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if—

(a) a company makes an election under subsection (1), and

(b) before the third anniversary of entry, the company ceases to be, or to be a member of, a UK REIT.

(5) Any remaining instalments become chargeable immediately.

(6) The Treasury may by regulations amend a percentage specified in subsection (2) in order to reflect a change in interest rates; but any such regulations are not to have effect in relation to elections made before the regulations come into force.

Chapter 5 U.K. Assets etc

Ring-fencing of property rental business U.K.

541 Ring-fencing of property rental business U.K.

(1) This section applies—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, to the group and to each company which is a member of the group, and

(b) to a company UK REIT.

(2) For corporation tax purposes property rental business of the group or company is treated as a separate business, distinct from—

(a) business of the pre-entry group or pre-entry company,

(b) residual business of the group or company, and

(c) business of the post-cessation group or post-cessation company.

(3) For corporation tax purposes the group or company is treated as a separate group or company so far as it carries on property rental business, distinct from—

(a) the pre-entry group or pre-entry company,

(b) the group or company so far as it carries on residual business, and

(c) the post-cessation group or post-cessation company.

(4) In particular—

(a) a loss made in property rental business may not be set off against profits of residual business,

(b) a loss made in residual business may not be set off against profits of property rental business,

(c) a loss made in business carried on before entry may not be set off against profits of property rental business,

(d) a loss made in property rental business may not be set off against profits of business carried on after cessation (in respect of business of any kind), and

(e) receipts accruing after entry but relating to business carried on before entry are not treated as receipts of property rental business.

(5) Nothing in this section prevents a loss made in business carried on before entry from being set off against profits of residual business.

(6) In subsections (4) and (5) references to a loss include references to a deficit, expense, charge or allowance.

(7) If a percentage of the profits of property rental business of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those profits is to be treated for the purposes of this section as profits of the member's residual business.

(8) This section has effect in relation to a non-UK member of a group, as if references to property rental business were references to UK property rental business.

(9) For the meaning of “cessation”, see section 607(2).

542 Disapplication of certain provisions U.K.

(1) Section 66 (ring-fencing of losses from overseas property business) does not apply to property rental business of a UK company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT.

(2) Sections 166 to 171 of TIOPA 2010 (transfer pricing: exemption for small and medium enterprises) do not apply to a UK company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT (whether to property rental business or residual business of the company).

Profits: financing-cost ratio U.K.

543 Profit: financing-cost ratio U.K.

(1) This section applies to a UK REIT if the result of the calculation in subsection (2) is less than 1.25 for an accounting period.

(2) The calculation is—

where—

PP is the UK REIT's property profits for the accounting period (see section 544(1)), and

PFC is the UK REIT's property financing costs for the accounting period (see section 544(3)).

(3) The amount (“the excess”) given by subtracting—

(a) the property financing costs which would cause the calculation in subsection (2) to equal 1.25 for the accounting period, from

(b) the UK REIT's actual property financing costs for the period,

is charged to corporation tax in relation to the period under the charge to corporation tax on income.

(4) The excess is treated as profits of residual business—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, of the principal company of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, of the company.

(5) Accordingly it is charged to corporation tax at the rate mentioned in section 534(3) (rate at which profits of residual business are charged).

(6) No loss, deficit, expense or allowance may be set off against the excess.

(7) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may waive a charge to corporation tax under this section in respect of an accounting period if they think that—

(a) the company was in severe financial difficulties at a time in the accounting period,

(b) the result of the calculation in subsection (2) is less than 1.25 in respect of the accounting period because of circumstances that arose unexpectedly, and

(c) in those circumstances the company could not reasonably have taken action to avoid the result being less than 1.25.

(8) The Treasury may make regulations which specify criteria to be applied by the Commissioners in determining whether to waive a charge under subsection (7).

544 Meaning of “property profits” and “property financing costs” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 543 “property profits” for an accounting period means—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, the sum of the profits of property rental business of members of the group that arise in the period, as shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(b), and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, the amount of the profits of the company's property rental business (calculated in accordance with section 599) that arise in the period.

(2) References in subsection (1) to a company's profits are to its profits before the offset of—

(a) capital allowances,

(b) losses from a previous accounting period, and

(c) amounts taken into account as a result of section 599(3).

(3) For the purposes of section 543 “property financing costs” for an accounting period means—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, the amount of the financing costs incurred in respect of [F7 the group's property rental business in the United Kingdom], excluding financing costs owed by one member of the group to another, as shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(a), and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, the amount of the financing costs incurred in the period in respect of the company's property rental business.

[F8 (3A) The reference in subsection (3)(a) to the group's property rental business in the United Kingdom is a reference to—

(a) property rental business of UK members of the group, and

(b) UK property rental business of other members.]

(4) In subsection (3) “financing costs” means the cost of debt finance.

(5) In calculating the costs of debt finance in relation to an accounting period the matters to be taken into account include—

(a) costs giving rise to debits in respect of debtor relationships of the group or company under Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships), other than debits in respect of exchange losses from such relationships (within the meaning given by section 475 of that Act),

(b) any exchange gain or loss from a debtor relationship within the meaning of that Part in relation to debt finance,

(c) any credit or debit falling to be brought into account in accordance with Part 7 of CTA 2009 (derivative contracts) in relation to debt finance,

(d) the financing cost implicit in a payment under a finance lease, and

(e) any other costs arising from what would be considered, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, to be a financing transaction.

Textual Amendments

F7 Words in s. 544(3)(a) substituted (retrospectively) by Finance Act 2024 (c. 3), Sch. 7 para. 7(2)(4)

F8 S. 544(3A) inserted (retrospectively) by Finance Act 2024 (c. 3), Sch. 7 para. 7(3)(4)

Cancellation of tax advantage U.K.

545 Cancellation of tax advantage U.K.

(1) If an officer of Revenue and Customs thinks that a company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT has tried to obtain a tax advantage for itself or another person, the officer may give a notice to the company specifying the tax advantage.

(2) Subsections (3) and (4) apply if a notice is given under subsection (1).

(3) The tax advantage is to be counteracted, in accordance with the notice, by an adjustment by way of—

(a) an assessment;

(b) the cancellation of a right of repayment;

(c) a requirement to return a repayment already made;

(d) the calculation or recalculation of profits or gains, or liability to tax, on a basis specified in the notice.

(4) An officer of Revenue and Customs may (in addition to the adjustment under subsection (3)) assess the company to such amount of corporation tax or income tax (as the case may be) as the officer thinks is equivalent to the value of the tax advantage.

(5) For the purposes of this section “tax advantage” has the meaning given by section 1139 (and includes, in particular, entering into arrangements the sole or main purpose of which is to avoid or reduce a charge to tax under section 538).

(6) But a company does not obtain a tax advantage merely because it is, or is a member of, a UK REIT unless the company does anything (whether before or while it is, or is a member of, the UK REIT) which in the opinion of an officer of Revenue and Customs is wholly or principally designed—

(a) to create or inflate or apply a loss, deduction or expense (whether or not made or incurred by the company), or

(b) to have another effect of a kind specified for the purposes of this subsection by regulations made by the Treasury.

546 Appeal against notice under section 545 U.K.

(1) A company which receives a notice under section 545(1) may appeal.

(2) An appeal must be made by notice given in writing to an officer of Revenue and Customs during the period of 30 days beginning with the date on which the notice under section 545(1) is given.

(3) On an appeal under subsection (2) that is notified to the tribunal, the tribunal may—

(a) quash the notice under section 545(1),

(b) affirm the notice, or

(c) vary the notice.

Funds awaiting reinvestment U.K.

547 Funds awaiting reinvestment U.K.

(1) This section applies if a—

(a) company UK REIT or a member of a group UK REIT disposes of an asset used wholly and exclusively for the purposes of property rental business, and

(b) the company UK REIT or any member of the group UK REIT holds the proceeds in cash.

(2) Profits or losses arising from a loan relationship entered into in connection with the proceeds—

(a) are to be ignored for the purposes of section 599 (calculation of profits), and

(b) are to be treated for all tax purposes as arising from a loan relationship entered into in connection with residual business.

(3) For the purposes of section 531 (conditions as to balance of business)—

(a) during the period of 24 months beginning with the date of the disposal, the proceeds are to be treated for the purposes of condition B in that section as assets involved in property rental business, but

(b) any income derived from the proceeds is to be treated as profits of residual business.

(4) For the purposes of this section proceeds are held in cash if—

(a) held on deposit (whether or not in sterling),

(b) invested in stocks or bonds of any of the descriptions included in Part 1 of Schedule 11 to FA 1942 (gilts), or

(c) held or invested in such other form as the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may specify for the purposes of this section in regulations.

(5) In the case of the disposal of an asset which, for one or more periods of (in total) at least a year, has been used—

(a) partly for the purposes of property rental business of the company, and

(b) partly for the purposes of residual business of the company,

this section applies to such part of the proceeds as may reasonably be attributed to the property rental business (having regard to the extent to which, and the length of the periods during which, the asset was used for the different purposes).

Chapter 6 U.K. Distributions

Recipients of distributions U.K.

548 Distributions: liability to tax U.K.

(1) This section applies if a shareholder of the principal company of a group UK REIT receives a distribution of amounts shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(a) (statement of group's property rental business) as—

(a) profits or gains (or both) of UK members of the group, or

(b) profits or gains (or both) of UK property rental business of non-UK members of the group.

(2) In subsection (1) the reference to the principal company includes a reference to the principal company of the post-cessation group.

(3) This section also applies if a shareholder of a company UK REIT receives a distribution in respect of profits or gains (or both) of property rental business of the company.

(4) In subsection (3) the reference to a company UK REIT includes a reference to the post-cessation company.

(5) If the shareholder is within the charge to corporation tax, the distribution is to be treated as profits of a UK property business (within the meaning given by section 205 of CTA 2009).

(6) If the shareholder is not within the charge to corporation tax, the distribution is to be treated as profits of a UK property business (within the meaning given by section 264 of ITTOIA 2005).

(7) In the case of a non-UK resident shareholder, the distribution is not non-resident landlord income for the purposes of regulations under section 971 of ITA 2007 (income tax due in respect of income of non-resident landlords).

(8) See sections 973 and 974 of ITA 2007 (income tax due in respect of distributions) for provision about the deduction of sums representing income tax in relation to distributions of a kind mentioned in this section.

549 Distributions: supplementary U.K.

(1) Section 548 does not apply in relation to a shareholder so far as the shareholder—

(a) is a person who is charged to tax under Part 3 of CTA 2009 (trading income) in respect of distributions made by companies that are received in the course of a trade not consisting of insurance business,

(b) is a dealer in securities who is charged to income tax under Part 2 of ITTOIA 2005 (trading income) in respect of distributions made by companies,

(c) is an individual member of Lloyd's (within the meaning given by section 184(1) of FA 1993) and the distribution is made in respect of assets forming part of—

(i) a premium trust fund of the member (within the meaning given by section 174 of FA 1993), or

(ii) an ancillary trust fund of the member (within the meaning given by section 176 of that Act), or

(d) is a corporate member of Lloyd's (within the meaning given by section 230(1) of FA 1994) and the distribution is made in respect of assets forming part of—

(i) a premium trust fund belonging to the member (within the meaning given by section 222 of FA 1994), or

(ii) an ancillary trust fund belonging to the member (within the meaning given by section 223 of that Act).

(2) Section 1109 of this Act and section 397 of ITTOIA 2005 (tax credits in respect of qualifying distributions) do not apply to relevant distributions received by a shareholder.

(3) “Relevant distribution” means—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, a distribution from the principal company of the group of amounts shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(a) (statement of group's property rental business) as—

(i) profits or gains (or both) of UK members of the group, or

(ii) profits or gains (or both) of UK property rental business of non-UK members of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, a distribution from the company in respect of profits or gains (or both) of its property rental business.

(4) Relevant distributions received by a shareholder are to be treated for the purposes of section 548(5) and (6) as the profits of a single business (irrespective of whether the shareholder receives different distributions in different capacities).

(5) That single business is separate from—

(a) any other UK property business (within the meaning given by section 205 of CTA 2009) carried on by the shareholder,

(b) any other UK property business (within the meaning given by section 264 of ITTOIA 2005) carried on by the shareholder,

(c) any overseas property business (within the meaning given by section 206 of CTA 2009) carried on by the shareholder, and

(d) any overseas property business (within the meaning given by section 265 of ITTOIA 2005) carried on by the shareholder.

(6) If a shareholder is a partnership, subsection (4) applies to receipts by a partner of a share of any distribution as it applies to receipts by a shareholder.

Attribution of distributions U.K.

550 Attribution of distributions U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies to—

(a) distributions made by the principal company of a group UK REIT, and

(b) distributions made by a company UK REIT.

(2) The distributions are to be attributed—

(a) first, to payments in satisfaction of the condition in section 530 (distribution of profits),

(b) second, so far as the company determines, to distribution of amounts which derive from activities of a kind in respect of which corporation tax is chargeable in relation to income,

(c) third, to distribution of profits of property rental business (calculated in accordance with section 599),

(d) fourth, to distribution of relevant non-chargeable gains, and

(e) fifth, to other distributions.

(3) In subsection (2)(d) “relevant non-chargeable gains” means—

(a) in the case of a group, gains accruing to property rental business of a member of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company, gains accruing to property rental business of the company,

which as a result of section 535 are not chargeable gains.

Distributions to certain shareholders U.K.

551 Tax consequences of distribution to holder of excessive rights U.K.

(1) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) a distribution is made to or in respect of a holder of excessive rights (as defined by section 553), and

(b) the distributor has not taken reasonable steps to prevent a distribution to or in respect of such a person from being made.

(2) “The distributor” means—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, the principal company of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, the company.

(3) The distributor is treated as receiving an amount of income calculated in accordance with section 552 (“the section 552 amount”).

(4) The section 552 amount is chargeable to corporation tax under the charge to corporation tax on income.

(5) It is treated—

(a) as arising in the accounting period in which the distribution was made, and

(b) as profits of residual business of the distributor.

(6) Accordingly it is charged to corporation tax at the rate mentioned in section 534(3) (rate at which profits of residual business are charged).

(7) No loss, deficit, expense or allowance may be set off against the section 552 amount.

552 “The section 552 amount” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 551, the section 552 amount is calculated by taking 3 steps.

(2) Step 1: find the amount given by—

where—

DO is—

(a)

in the case of a group UK REIT, the amount of the group's UK profits (as defined by section 530(2)) distributed in respect of ordinary shares in the principal company, and

(b)

in the case of a company UK REIT, the amount of profits of property rental business of the company distributed in respect of ordinary shares in the company,

SO is—

(a)

the percentage of rights in respect of those shares held by the holder of excessive rights, or

(b)

if less, the percentage of rights held by the recipient of the distribution,

in respect of which the distribution is made,

BRT is the basic rate of income tax in force at the time the distribution is made, and

MCT is the rate of corporation tax mentioned in section 534(3) (rate determined without reference to sections 18 to 23).

(3) Step 2: find the amount given by—

where—

DP is—

(a)

in the case of a group UK REIT, the amount of the group's UK profits (as defined by section 530(2)) distributed in respect of preference shares in the principal company, and

(b)

in the case of a company UK REIT, the amount of profits of property rental business of the company distributed in respect of preference shares in the company,

SP is—

(a)

the percentage of rights in respect of those shares held by the holder of excessive rights, or

(b)

if less, the percentage of rights held by the recipient of the distribution,

in respect of which the distribution is made, and

BRT and MCT have the same meaning as they have in subsection (2).

(4) Step 3: add together the amounts given by steps 1 and 2.

That amount is the section 552 amount.

553 Meaning of “holder of excessive rights” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 551 “holder of excessive rights” means a person who meets—

(a) condition A, and

(b) either condition B or C.

(2) Condition A is that the person—

(a) is beneficially entitled (directly or indirectly) to at least 10% of the dividends paid by the distributor,

(b) is beneficially entitled (directly or indirectly) to at least 10% of the distributor's share capital, or

(c) controls (directly or indirectly) at least 10% of the voting rights in the distributor.

(3) Condition B is that the person is a company.

(4) Condition C is that—

(a) the person is treated as a body corporate for tax purposes—

(i) in accordance with the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom with which arrangements have been entered into to provide relief from double taxation, or

(ii) in accordance with an international agreement containing such arrangements, and

(b) those arrangements have effect by virtue of an Order in Council under section 2 of TIOPA 2010.

(5) In subsection (2) “the distributor” has the meaning given by section 551(2).

554 Regulations: distributions to holders of excessive rights U.K.

(1) The Treasury may by regulations make provision of the kind mentioned in subsection (2) for cases where—

(a) the principal company of a group UK REIT, or

(b) a company UK REIT,

makes a distribution to or in respect of a holder of excessive rights (as defined by section 553).

(2) The provision referred to in subsection (1) is—

(a) provision that a charge does not arise, or is reduced, if the company takes or does not take action of a specified kind;

(b) a requirement for the company to provide the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs with specified information relating to the distribution and the persons to or in respect of whom it is made.

Chapter 7 U.K. Gains etc

Movement of assets U.K.

555 Assets: change of use U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) an asset has been used wholly and exclusively for the purposes of property rental business of a company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT, and

(b) the asset begins to be used (otherwise than by being disposed of in the course of trade) wholly and exclusively for the purposes of residual business of the company.

(2) The asset is treated as having been at that time—

(a) disposed of by the company so far as it carries on property rental business, and

(b) immediately reacquired by the company so far as it carries on residual business.

(3) The sale and reacquisition deemed under subsection (2) is to be treated as being for a consideration equal to the market value of the asset.

(4) For the purposes of CAA 2001—

(a) a sale and reacquisition deemed under subsection (2)—

(i) does not give rise to allowances or charges, and

(ii) does not make it possible to make an election under section 198 or 199 of that Act (apportionment),

(b) subsection (3) does not apply, and

(c) anything done by or to the company so far as it carries on property rental business before the deemed sale and reacquisition is to be treated after the deemed sale and reacquisition as having been done by or to the company so far as it carries on residual business.

(5) If a percentage of the gains of property rental business of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those gains is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as gains of the member's residual business.

(6) This section has effect in relation to a non-UK member of a group UK REIT as if references to property rental business were references to UK property rental business.

(7) Section 535 is relevant to the tax treatment of any gain arising to a company under this section.

556 Disposal of assets U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) an asset has been used wholly and exclusively for the purposes of property rental business of a company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT, and

(b) the asset is disposed of in the course of trade for the purposes of residual business of the company.

(2) If this subsection applies—

(a) the deemed sale and reacquisition under section 536(2) is to be ignored, and

(b) the asset is to be treated as having been disposed of in the course of the company's residual business.

(3) Subsection (2) is to be taken to apply in particular if—

(a) a property acquired by a company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT has been developed since acquisition,

(b) the cost of the development exceeds 30% of the fair value of the property (determined in accordance with international accounting standards) at entry or at acquisition, whichever is later, and

(c) the company disposes of the property within the period of 3 years beginning with the completion of the development.

(4) If subsection (2) applies in relation to an asset held at entry, the company may make a claim for repayment of a proportion of the tax paid under section 538 (entry charge) calculated as follows—

where—

AMV means market value of the asset at entry,

MV has the same meaning as in section 539(3), and

TP means tax paid under section 538.

(5) If a percentage of the gains of property rental business of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those gains is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as gains of the member's residual business.

(6) This section has effect in relation to a non-UK member of a group UK REIT as if references to property rental business were references to UK property rental business.

(7) Section 535 is relevant to the tax treatment of any gain arising to a company under this section.

557 Movement of assets into ring fence U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) an asset has been used wholly and exclusively for the purposes of residual business of a company which is, or is a member of, a UK REIT, and

(b) the asset begins to be used wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the company so far as it carries on property rental business.

(2) The asset is to be treated as having been at that time—

(a) disposed of by the company so far as it carries on residual business, and

(b) immediately reacquired by the company so far as it carries on property rental business.

(3) The sale and reacquisition deemed under subsection (2) is to be treated as being for a consideration equal to the market value of the asset.

(4) For the purposes of CAA 2001—

(a) a sale and reacquisition deemed under subsection (2)—

(i) does not give rise to allowances or charges, and

(ii) does not make it possible to make an election under section 198 or 199 of that Act (apportionment),

(b) subsection (3) does not apply, and

(c) anything done by or to the company so far as it carries on residual business before the deemed sale and reacquisition is to be treated after the deemed sale and reacquisition as having been done by or to the company so far as it carries on property rental business.

(5) If a percentage of the gains of property rental business of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those gains is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as gains of the member's residual business.

(6) This section has effect in relation to a non-UK member of a group UK REIT as if references to property rental business were references to UK property rental business.

(7) Section 535 is relevant to the tax treatment of any gain arising to a company under this section.

Demergers U.K.

558 Demergers: disposal of asset U.K.

(1) This section applies in the case of a company UK REIT if—

(a) the company (“C”) disposes of an asset involved in its property rental business to a 75% subsidiary (“S”) of C,

(b) C (so far as it carries on residual business) disposes of its interest in S to another company (“P”),

(c) on the date when P acquires the interest in S, P gives a notice under section 523 specifying a date that falls within the post-disposal period, and

(d) the group of which S is a member becomes a group UK REIT from the specified date.

(2) “The post-disposal period” means the period of 6 months beginning with the date of the disposal of the asset by C.

(3) P may give a notice under section 523 in accordance with subsection (1)(c) even if it does not expect to meet conditions C to F in section 528 throughout accounting period 1.

(4) Sections 536 and 537 (effects of entry) and section 538 (entry charge) do not apply to the group of which S is a member—

(a) in relation to the asset disposed of by C, or

(b) in relation to business conducted by the exploitation of that asset.

(5) Sections 555 and 556 (movement of assets out of ring fence) do not apply to the disposal of the asset by C.

(6) But if, at the end of the post-disposal period, conditions C to F in section 528 are not met in relation to P, subsections (4) and (5) are to be treated as not having had effect.

559 Demergers: company leaving group UK REIT U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to a company if each of conditions A to D is met.

(2) Condition A is that the company (“the exiting company”) ceases to be a member of a group UK REIT (“Group 1”).

(3) Condition B is that at the time immediately after it ceases to be a member of Group 1—

(a) the exiting company is a member of another group (“Group 2”) and—

(i) the principal company of Group 2 meets conditions A and B in section 528,

(ii) Group 2 has property rental business in relation to which conditions A and B in section 529 are met,

(iii) the condition in section 530 is met in relation to the principal company of Group 2, and

(iv) Group 2 meets conditions A and B in section 531, or

(b) the exiting company—

(i) meets conditions A and B in section 528,

(ii) has property rental business in relation to which conditions A and B in section 529 are met, and

(iii) meets the condition in section 530 and conditions A and B in section 531.

(4) Condition C is that—

(a) in a case within subsection (3)(a), the principal company of Group 2 gives a notice under section 523 no later than the date on which the exiting company ceases to be a member of Group 1, and

(b) in a case within subsection (3)(b), the exiting company gives a notice under section 524 no later than the date on which it ceases to be a member of Group 1.

(5) Condition D is that the date specified in the notice under section 523 or 524 (as the case may be) is the same as that on which the exiting company ceases to be a member of Group 1.

(6) A company may give a notice under section 523 or 524 in accordance with subsection (4) even if it does not expect to meet conditions C to F in section 528 throughout accounting period 1.

(7) If this section applies, the exiting company is to be treated as a member of a group UK REIT (or as a company UK REIT) during the period of 6 months beginning with the time when it ceases to be a member of Group 1.

(8) If this section applies, the following provisions do not have effect—

• sections 536 and 537 (effects of entry),

• section 538 (entry charge), and

• sections 579 and 580 (effects of cessation).

(9) But if, at the end of the period of 6 months mentioned in subsection (7) conditions C to F in section 528 are not met in relation to the principal company of Group 2 or the exiting company (as the case may be)—

(a) this section does not apply, and

(b) the exiting company is to be treated as having ceased to be a member of a group UK REIT (or a company UK REIT) on the date on which it ceased to be a member of Group 1.

Interpretation U.K.

560 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

This Chapter (other than section 559) is to be read as if it were contained in TCGA 1992.

Chapter 8 U.K. Breach of conditions in Chapter 2

561 Notice of breach of relevant Chapter 2 condition U.K.

(1) The principal company of a group UK REIT must notify an officer of Revenue and Customs as soon as reasonably practicable if a relevant Chapter 2 condition ceases to be met in relation to the principal company or (as the case may be) the group.

(2) A company UK REIT must notify an officer of Revenue and Customs as soon as is reasonably practicable if a relevant Chapter 2 condition ceases to be met in relation to the company.

(3) Each of the following is a “relevant Chapter 2 condition”—

• conditions C and D in section 528 (conditions for company),

• conditions A and B in section 529 (property rental business),

• the condition in section 530 (distribution of profits), and

• conditions A and B in section 531 (balance of business).

(4) A notification under subsection (1) or (2) must include—

(a) the date on which the condition first ceased to be met and the date (if any) on which it was met again,

(b) a description of the breach, and

(c) details of the steps (if any) taken by the company to prevent a recurrence of the breach.

562 Breach of conditions C and D in section 528 (conditions for company) U.K.

(1) This section makes provision about cases relating to breaches of condition C or D in section 528 (or of both those conditions) in relation to—

(a) the principal company of a group UK REIT, or

(b) a company UK REIT.

(2) If both conditions C and D are not met—

(a) as a result of the principal company of a group UK REIT becoming a member of another group UK REIT, or

(b) as a result of a company UK REIT becoming a member of a group UK REIT,

the breaches are to be ignored.

(3) If—

(a) condition D is not met as a result of anything done (or not done) by a person other than the company in question, and

(b) the company remedies the breach not later than the end of the accounting period after that in which the breach began,

the breach is to be ignored.

(4) But if, in a case within subsection (3), the breach of condition D is not remedied by the time mentioned in that subsection, the group or company (as the case may be) is to be treated as having ceased to be a UK REIT at the end of the accounting period in which the breach began.

(5) If—

(a) either condition C or D is not met in relation to an accounting period, and

(b) the case is not one within subsection (2) or (3),

the group or company (as the case may be) is to be treated as having ceased to be a UK REIT at the end of the previous accounting period.

563 Breach of conditions as to property rental business U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if condition A or B in section 529 (property rental business) is not met in the case of a UK REIT throughout an accounting period of—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, the principal company of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, the company.

(2) The breach is to be ignored.

564 Breach of condition as to distribution of profits U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if the condition in section 530 (distribution of profits) is not met in relation to an accounting period.

(2) The breach is to be ignored; but the amount given by section 565 (“the section 565 amount”) is charged to corporation tax under the charge to corporation tax on income.

(3) The section 565 amount is to be treated as profits of residual business—

(a) of the principal company of the group UK REIT, or

(b) of the company UK REIT,

as the case may be.

(4) Accordingly it is charged to corporation tax at the rate mentioned in section 534(3) (rate at which profits of residual business are charged).

(5) No charge to corporation tax arises under subsection (2) if—

(a) a distribution by way of dividend is made by the principal company or (as the case may be) by the company,

(b) the distribution is made within the relevant period, and

(c) as a result of the distribution the condition in section 530 is met in relation to the accounting period.

(6) In subsection (5)(b) the “relevant period” is the period of 3 months beginning with the date on which—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, the group's UK profits (as defined by section 530(2)),

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, the company's profits from property rental business,

can no longer be altered.

(7) A distribution made as mentioned in subsection (5) is to be ignored in determining whether the condition in section 530 has been met in relation to another accounting period.

(8) Profits relating to a different accounting period are not to be taken into account in determining whether that condition has been met.

(9) No loss, deficit, expense or allowance may be set off against the section 565 amount.

565 “The section 565 amount” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 564 “the section 565 amount” is found by subtracting D from P.

(2) In the case of a group UK REIT—

• P is 90% of the group's UK profits (as defined by section 530(2)) arising in the accounting period, and

• D is the gross amount of those profits distributed in respect of the period on or before—

  (a)

  the filing date referred to in section 530(1), or

  (b)

  any later date specified by an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(3) In the case of a company UK REIT—

• P is 90% of the company's profits from property rental business arising in the accounting period, and

• D is the gross amount of those profits distributed in respect of the accounting period on or before—

  (a)

  the filing date referred to in section 530(4), or

  (b)

  any later date specified by an officer of Revenue of Customs.

566 Breach of condition B in section 531 in accounting period 1 U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if condition B in section 531 (balance of business: assets involved in property rental business)—

(a) is not met in relation to accounting period 1, but

(b) is met at the beginning of the next accounting period.

(2) The breach is to be ignored; but an amount of income calculated in accordance with section 567 (“the notional amount”) is charged to corporation tax under the charge to corporation tax on income.

(3) The notional amount is to be treated as profits of residual business—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, of the principal company of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, of the company.

(4) It is treated as arising at the end of accounting period 1.

(5) Accordingly it is charged to corporation tax at the rate mentioned in section 534(3) (rate at which profits of residual business are charged).

(6) No loss, deficit, expense or allowance may be set off against the notional amount or against tax charged under this section.

567 Meaning of “the notional amount” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 566 “the notional amount” is found by taking two steps.

(2) Step 1: find the amount obtained by the calculation—

(3) TMV is—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, the total market value of assets involved in—

(i) property rental business of UK members of the group, and

(ii) UK property rental business of non-UK members of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, the total market value of assets involved in property rental business of the company.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) the market value of assets is to be determined as at the end of accounting period 1,

(b) any asset of negative market value is to be ignored, and

(c) if a percentage of the assets of a member of a group UK REIT is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those assets is to be ignored in determining the market value of assets involved in property rental business (or, as the case may be, UK property rental business) of the member.

(5) TR is the percentage rate at which the principal company of the group or (as the case may be) the company is chargeable to corporation tax on profits in respect of residual business (see section 534(3)).

(6) Step 2: subtract the entry charge notional income from the amount obtained by step 1.

(7) In step 2 “entry charge notional income” means—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, the sum of the amounts of notional income treated as arising under section 538 to members of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, the amount of notional income treated as arising to the company under section 538.

(8) But the entry charge notional income is reduced in accordance with the calculation in subsection (9) if—

(a) in the case of a group UK REIT, an asset held at the beginning of accounting period 1 by a company which is a member of the group, and

(b) in the case of a company UK REIT, an asset held by the company at the beginning of accounting period 1,

is disposed of by the company during that period.

(9) The calculation referred to in subsection (8) is—

where—

AMV is the market value of the asset at entry,

MV has the same meaning as in section 539(3), and

NI is the amount of notional income treated as arising to the company under section 538.

568 Breach of balance of business conditions after accounting period 1 U.K.

(1) If—

(a) condition A in section 531 (balance of business: profits) is not met in relation to an accounting period other than accounting period 1, but

(b) the profits of property rental business of the UK REIT in question are at least 50% of its aggregate profits for the period,

the breach is to be ignored.

(2) If—

(a) condition B in section 531 (balance of business: assets) is not met in relation to an accounting period other than accounting period 1, but

(b) the value of the assets involved in property rental business of the UK REIT in question is at least 50% of the total value of assets held by the UK REIT,

the breach is to be ignored.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) are to be read in accordance with section 531.

569 Chapter subject to section 572 U.K.

This Chapter is subject to section 572 (under which an officer of Revenue and Customs may terminate the UK REIT status of a group or company in certain circumstances).

Chapter 9 U.K. Leaving the UK REIT regime

Introduction U.K.

570 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter makes provision about how, and in what circumstances, a group or a company ceases to be a UK REIT.

(2) The UK REIT status of a group or company may be terminated—

(a) by a notice given by the principal company of the group or (as the case may be) by the company (see section 571), or

(b) in the cases set out in sections 573 to 577, by a notice given by an officer of Revenue of Customs (see section 572).

(3) In some circumstances a group or company ceases to be a UK REIT automatically (see section 578).

(4) This Chapter also contains provision about the effects of ceasing to be a UK REIT (see sections 579 to 582).

Notice to leave regime U.K.

571 Termination by notice: group or company U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) the principal company of a group UK REIT, or

(b) a company UK REIT,

gives a notice specifying a date at the end of which the group or company is to cease to be a UK REIT.

(2) The group or company ceases to be a UK REIT at the end of that date.

(3) A notice under subsection (1) must be given in writing to an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(4) The date specified in a notice under subsection (1) must be after the date on which the officer receives the notice.

572 Termination by notice: officer of Revenue and Customs U.K.

(1) If an officer of Revenue and Customs gives a notice in writing—

(a) to the principal company of a group UK REIT, or

(b) to a company UK REIT,

the group or company ceases to be a UK REIT.

(2) An officer of Revenue and Customs may give a notice under subsection (1) only in a case within section 573, 574, 575, 576 or 577.

(3) A notice under subsection (1) must state the reason for it.

(4) If a notice is given under subsection (1)—

(a) the group or company (as the case may be) is to be taken to have ceased to be a UK REIT at the end of the accounting period before the accounting period during which the event occurs (or the last event occurs) which caused the officer to give the notice, and

(b) the company to which the notice is given may appeal.

(5) An appeal under subsection (4)(b) must be made by notice given in writing to an officer of Revenue and Customs during the period of 30 days beginning with the date on which the notice under subsection (1) is given.

(6) Section 574(3) modifies subsection (4)(a) for the case described in section 574(2) (breach of condition B in section 531 in accounting period 1).

573 Notice under section 572: tax advantage U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may give a notice under section 572(1) if the condition in this section is met.

(2) The condition is met in the case of a group UK REIT if, during the relevant 10-year period, two notices have been given under section 545 (cancellation of tax advantage) to members of the group.

(3) The condition is met in the case of a company UK REIT if, during the relevant 10-year period, two notices have been given under section 545 to the company.

(4) “The relevant 10-year period” is the period of 10 years beginning with the day on which the first notice was given under section 545.

574 Notice under section 572: serious breach U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may give a notice under section 572(1) if the officer thinks that—

(a) a breach of a condition in section 529, 530 or 531, or

(b) an attempt by a member of the group or (as the case may be) by the company to obtain a tax advantage,

is so serious that the group or company should cease to be a UK REIT.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) the case is one relating to a breach of condition B in section 531 (balance of business: assets) in relation to accounting period 1, and

(b) that condition is not met at the beginning of the next accounting period.

(3) In that case, section 572(4) has effect as if for paragraph (a) there were substituted—

“(a) the group or company (as the case may be) is to be taken to have ceased to be a UK REIT on the first day of accounting period 1, and”

575 Notice under section 572: breach of conditions as to property rental business U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may give a notice under section 572(1) if, in 3 consecutive accounting periods, there is a breach of condition A or B in section 529 (property rental business).

(2) An officer of Revenue and Customs may also give a notice under section 572(1) if, during the relevant 10-year period, section 563(2) has been relied on—

(a) more than twice in relation to condition A in section 529, or

(b) more than twice in relation to condition B in that section.

(3) “The relevant 10-year period” is the period of 10 years beginning with the first day on which section 563(2) was relied on.

(4) The following rules apply for the purposes of subsection (2)—

• Rule 1 If a breach of condition B in section 529 is a necessary consequence of a breach of condition A in that section in the same accounting period, the breach of condition B is to be ignored (and accordingly the UK REIT is not to be treated as having relied on section 563(2) in relation to the breach of condition B).

• Rule 2 If a breach of condition A or B in section 529 lasts for—

  (a)

  more than one accounting period, but

  (b)

  not more than two accounting periods,

  the UK REIT is to be treated as having relied on section 563(2) only once.

576 Notice under section 572: breach of conditions as to balance of business U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may give a notice under section 572(1) if there is a breach of condition A or B in section 531 (balance of business) in 3 consecutive accounting periods.

(2) An officer of Revenue and Customs may also give a notice under section 572(1) if, during the relevant 10-year period, either subsection (1) or (2) of section 568 has been relied on more than twice.

(3) “The relevant 10-year period” is the period of 10 years beginning with the first day on which subsection (1) or (as the case may be) subsection (2) of section 568 was relied on.

(4) In the case of a breach of condition A in section 531, section 568(1) is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (3) as having first been relied on on the last day of the accounting period in which profits are assessed for the purposes of that condition.

(5) If a breach of condition A or B in section 531 lasts for—

(a) more than one accounting period, but

(b) not more than two accounting periods,

the UK REIT is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (2) as having relied on section 568(1) or (2) (as the case may be) only once.

(6) References in this section to an accounting period do not include a reference to accounting period 1.

577 Notice under section 572: multiple breaches of conditions in Chapter 2 U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may give a notice under section 572(1) if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that at least two of the conditions in sections 528 to 531 have been breached during the relevant 10-year period.

(3) Condition B is that the breached conditions are not both (or all) contained in the same section; and for this purpose the condition in section 530 (distribution of profits) is to be treated as contained in section 529.

(4) Condition C is that the UK REIT has relied on some or all of the provisions mentioned in subsection (5)(a) more than 4 times (in total) during the relevant 10-year period.

(5) For the purposes of this section—

(a) the provisions referred to in subsection (4) are—

• section 562(2) and (3),

• section 563(2), and

• section 568(1) and (2), and

(b) “the relevant 10-year period” is the period of 10 years beginning with the day on which the first of the conditions to be breached was first breached.

(6) If the first of the conditions to be breached is condition A in section 531 (balance of business: profits), that condition is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (5)(b) as breached from the last day of the accounting period in which profits are assessed for the purposes of the condition.

(7) For the purposes of this section the following breaches are to be ignored—

(a) a breach of condition C or D in section 528 (conditions for company) occurring as a result of—

(i) a member of a group UK REIT becoming a member of another group UK REIT, or

(ii) a company UK REIT becoming a member of a group UK REIT,

(b) a breach of condition C or D in section 528 in respect of which section 525(2) to (4) or (5) to (7) applies,

(c) a breach of any of conditions C to F in section 528 in respect of which section 558(3) or 559(6) applies,

(d) a breach of condition A in section 531 in accounting period 1, and

(e) a breach of condition B in section 531 at the beginning of that period.

Automatic termination U.K.

578 Automatic termination for breach of certain conditions in section 528 U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if condition A, B, E or F in section 528 (conditions for company) is not met in relation to an accounting period.

(2) The group or (as the case may be) the company is to be taken to have ceased to be a UK REIT at the end of the previous accounting period.

(3) The company which gave a notice under section 523 or 524 must notify an officer of Revenue and Customs as soon as is reasonably practicable if condition A, B, E or F in section 528 ceases to be met in relation to the company.

Effects of cessation U.K.

579 Effects of cessation: corporation tax U.K.

(1) Subsections (3) to (7) apply if—

(a) a group or company ceases to be a UK REIT, or

(b) a company ceases to be a member of a group UK REIT.

(2) For the purposes of those subsections references to an “exiting company” are to each member of the group UK REIT or (as the case may be) to the company UK REIT.

(3) Property rental business of an exiting company is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as ceasing immediately before cessation.

(4) Assets which immediately before cessation are involved in property rental business of an exiting company are to be treated for corporation tax purposes as being—

(a) sold immediately before cessation by the company so far as it carries on property rental business, and

(b) reacquired immediately after cessation by the post-cessation company.

(5) The sale and reacquisition deemed under subsection (4) is to be treated as being for a consideration equal to the market value of the assets.

(6) If a percentage of the assets of an exiting company is excluded from a financial statement in accordance with section 533(3), that percentage of those assets is to be ignored for the purposes of subsection (4).

(7) For corporation tax purposes—

(a) an accounting period of the company so far as it carries on residual business ends on cessation, and

(b) a new accounting period of the company begins.

(8) In relation to a non-UK member of a group UK REIT, subsections (3) to (7) have effect as if references to property rental business were references to UK property rental business.

(9) Subsections (3) to (7) do not apply if—

(a) a member of a group UK REIT becomes a member of another group UK REIT, or

(b) a company UK REIT becomes a member of a group UK REIT.

(10) This section is subject to section 559 (demergers: company leaving group UK REIT).

580 Effects of cessation: CAA 2001 U.K.

(1) Subsections (3) to (5) apply for the purposes of CAA 2001 if a group or a company ceases to be a UK REIT.

(2) Subsections (3) to (5) also apply for those purposes if a company ceases to be a member of a group UK REIT.

(3) The sale and reacquisition deemed under section 579(4)—

(a) does not give rise to allowances or charges, and

(b) does not enable an election to be made under section 198 or 199 of CAA 2001 (apportionment).

(4) Section 579(5) (deemed consideration for sale and reacquisition) does not apply.

(5) Anything done before cessation by or to a company so far as it carries on property rental business in relation to an asset which is deemed under section 579(4) to be sold and reacquired is to be treated after cessation as having been done by or to the post-cessation company.

(6) This section is subject to section 559 (demergers: company leaving group UK REIT).

Early exit U.K.

581 Early exit by notice U.K.

(1) Subsection (6) applies if conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that a group or company ceases to be a UK REIT as a result of a notice under section 571.

(3) Condition B is that the group or company had been a UK REIT for a continuous period immediately before cessation of less than 10 years.

(4) Condition C is that, during the post-cessation period, a relevant company, that is to say—

(a) in the case of a group, a member of the group, or

(b) otherwise, the company,

disposes of an asset that was involved in property rental business of the relevant company.

(5) “The post-cessation period” means the period of two years beginning with the date of cessation.

(6) The relevant company's liability to corporation tax is to be determined without regard to—

(a) any deemed disposal under section 536(2) that resulted in a gain,

(b) any deemed disposal under section 555(2), or

(c) any deemed disposal under section 579(4).

(7) Subsection (6) also applies if—

(a) a company ceases to be a member of a group UK REIT,

(b) either—

(i) the group has been a group UK REIT for a continuous period of less than 10 years, or

(ii) the company has been a member of the group for a continuous period of less than 10 years, and

(c) during the post-cessation period the company disposes of an asset that was involved in its property rental business.

(8) This section has effect in relation to a non-UK member of a group as if references to property rental business were references to UK property rental business.

582 Early exit U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a group or a company ceases to be a UK REIT as a result of section 572 or 578, and

(b) the group or company has been a UK REIT for a continuous period immediately before cessation of less than 10 years.

(2) An officer of Revenue and Customs may direct—

(a) that a provision of this Part applies in relation to the group or company with a specified modification, or

(b) that a provision of an enactment relating to corporation tax applies, does not apply or applies with modifications in relation to the group or company.

(3) A direction under subsection (2)(a) may in particular—

(a) alter the time at which the group or company is to be taken to cease to be a UK REIT in accordance with section 572 or 578;

(b) disapply or alter the effect of section 534(1) or (2) or 535(1).

(4) A direction under subsection (2)(b) may in particular prevent all or a specified part of a loss, deficit or expense from being set off or otherwise used at all or in a specified manner.

(5) In the case of a group, a direction under subsection (2) may relate to the group as a whole or to one or more members.

(6) An appeal may be made—

(a) in the case of a group in relation to which a direction is given, by the principal company of the group,

(b) in the case of a company in relation to which a direction is given, by the company.

(7) On an appeal under subsection (6) that is notified to the tribunal, the tribunal may—

(a) quash the direction,

(b) affirm the direction, or

(c) vary the direction.

Chapter 10 U.K. Joint ventures

Introduction U.K.

583 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter makes provision about how this Part applies in relation to property rental business carried on—

(a) by a joint venture company (as defined by section 584), or

(b) by one or more members of a joint venture group (as defined by that section).

(2) Sections 586 and 587 are about the notice required for this Part to apply in relation to the property rental business; it is the giving of the notice that makes a group UK REIT or company UK REIT a venturing group or venturing company (see section 585).

(3) Sections 588 to 590 contain provision about the effect of the notice and its duration.

(4) The remainder of the Chapter contains—

(a) specific modifications and other provision relevant to the application of this Part (see sections 591 to 594),

(b) provision that in certain circumstances a joint venture company or a member of a joint venture group is (or is not) liable to a further charge to tax under section 538 (see sections 595 to 597), and

(c) provision about the interpretation of this Chapter (see section 598).

584 Meaning of “joint venture company” and “joint venture group” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “joint venture company” means a company carrying on property rental business (“the joint venture”) in circumstances where the condition in subsection (3) is met.

(2) In this Chapter “joint venture group” means a group of companies one or more of which is or are carrying on property rental business (“the joint venture”) in circumstances where the condition in subsection (3) is met.

(3) The condition is that an interest in the joint venture is held—

(a) by one or more members of a group UK REIT, or

(b) by a company UK REIT.

585 Meaning of “venturing group” and “venturing company” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “venturing group” means a group UK REIT the principal company of which has given a notice under section 586(1) or 587(1).

(2) In this Chapter “venturing company” means a company UK REIT which has given a notice under section 586(2) or 587(2).

Notice for Part to apply to joint venture U.K.

586 Notice for Part to apply: joint venture company U.K.

(1) The principal company of a group UK REIT may give notice that this Part is to apply (in accordance with this Chapter) in relation to property rental business carried on by a joint venture company.

(2) A company UK REIT may give notice that this Part is to apply (in accordance with this Chapter) in relation to property rental business carried on by a joint venture company.

(3) A company may give a notice under subsection (1) or (2) only if the 40% tests are met in relation to the joint venture company.

(4) The 40% tests are met in a case within subsection (1) if members of the group UK REIT are together beneficially entitled to—

(a) at least 40% of the profits available for distribution to equity holders in the joint venture company, and

(b) at least 40% of the assets of the joint venture company available to equity holders in the event of a winding up.

(5) The 40% tests are met in a case within subsection (2) if the company UK REIT is beneficially entitled to—

(a) at least 40% of the profits available for distribution to equity holders in the joint venture company, and

(b) at least 40% of the assets of the joint venture company available to equity holders in the event of a winding up.

(6) A notice under subsection (1) or (2)—

(a) must specify the joint venture company concerned,

(b) may be given only with the consent of that joint venture company,

(c) must specify a date from which this Part is to apply in relation to the property rental business, and

(d) must be given in writing to an officer of Revenue and Customs before the date specified under paragraph (c).

(7) A company giving a notice under subsection (1) or (2) may do so—

(a) at the same time as giving a notice under section 523 or 524 (as the case may be), or

(b) at any later time when the group or company (as the case may be) is a UK REIT.

(8) See section 588 for provision about the effect of a notice under this section.

587 Notice for Part to apply: joint venture group U.K.

(1) The principal company of a group UK REIT may give notice that this Part is to apply (in accordance with this Chapter) in relation to property rental business carried on by one or more members of a joint venture group.

(2) A company UK REIT may give notice that this Part is to apply (in accordance with this Chapter) in relation to property rental business carried on by one or more members of a joint venture group.

(3) A company may give a notice under subsection (1) or (2) only if the 40% tests are met in relation to the joint venture group.

(4) The 40% tests are met in a case within subsection (1) if members of the group UK REIT are together beneficially entitled to—

(a) at least 40% of the profits available for distribution to equity holders in the principal company of the joint venture group, and

(b) at least 40% of the assets of the principal company of the joint venture group available to equity holders in the event of a winding up.

(5) The 40% tests are met in a case within subsection (2) if the company UK REIT is beneficially entitled to—

(a) at least 40% of the profits available for distribution to equity holders in the principal company of the joint venture group, and

(b) at least 40% of the assets of the principal company of the joint venture group available to equity holders in the event of a winding up.

(6) A notice under subsection (1) or (2)—

(a) must specify the principal company of the joint venture group concerned,

(b) may be given only with the consent of that principal company,

(c) must specify a date from which this Part is to apply in relation to the property rental business, and

(d) must be given in writing to an officer of Revenue and Customs before the date specified under paragraph (c).

(7) A company giving a notice under subsection (1) or (2) may do so—

(a) at the same time as giving notice under section 523 or 524 (as the case may be), or

(b) at any later time when the group or company (as the case may be) is a UK REIT.

(8) See section 589 for provision about the effect of a notice under this section.

Effect and duration of notice U.K.

588 Effect of notice under section 586 U.K.

(1) If a notice is given under section 586(1), this Part applies in relation to the property rental business carried on by the joint venture company as if the company were a member of the venturing group.

(2) If a notice is given under section 586(2), this Part applies in relation to the property rental business carried on by the joint venture company as if the venturing company and the joint venture company were the members of a new group UK REIT (a “deemed UK REIT”).

(3) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2) references in this Part to a company which is a member of a group UK REIT include references to—

(a) the joint venture company, and

(b) in a case within subsection (2), the venturing company.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) references in this Part to a UK company which is a member of a group UK REIT include references to a joint venture company which—

(i) is UK resident, and

(ii) is not resident in another place in accordance with the law of that place relating to taxation, and

(b) references in this Part to a non-UK company which is a member of a group UK REIT include references to a joint venture company which is not within paragraph (a).

(5) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2) any reference in this Part to—

(a) entry, or

(b) a company becoming a member of a group UK REIT,

is to be read in relation to the joint venture company as a reference to the date specified under section 586(6)(c).

(6) For the purposes of subsection (2)—

(a) references in this Part to a UK REIT (or group UK REIT) include references to the deemed UK REIT, and

(b) references in this Part to the principal company of a group are to be read as references to the venturing company.

589 Effect of notice under section 587 U.K.

(1) If a notice is given under section 587(1), this Part applies in relation to the property rental business carried on by the member or members of the joint venture group as if each member of the group were a member of the venturing group.

(2) If a notice is given under section 587(2), this Part applies in relation to the property rental business carried on by the member or members of the joint venture group as if the venturing company and each member of the group were the members of a new group UK REIT (a “deemed UK REIT”).

(3) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2) references in this Part to a company which is a member of a group UK REIT include references to—

(a) each member of the joint venture group, and

(b) in a case within subsection (2), the venturing company.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) references in this Part to a UK company which is a member of a group UK REIT include references to a member of the joint venture group if the member is—

(i) UK resident, and

(ii) not resident in another place in accordance with the law of that place relating to taxation, and

(b) references in this Part to a non-UK company which is a member of a group UK REIT include references to any member of the joint venture group not within paragraph (a).

(5) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2) any reference in this Part to—

(a) entry, or

(b) a company becoming a member of a group UK REIT,

is to be read in relation to a member of a joint venture group as a reference to the date specified under section 587(6)(c).

(6) For the purposes of subsection (2)—

(a) references in this Part to a UK REIT (or group UK REIT) include references to the deemed UK REIT, and

(b) references in this Part to the principal company of a group are to be read as references to the venturing company.

590 Duration of notice under section 586 or 587 U.K.

(1) A notice given under section 586(1) ceases to have effect if—

(a) the venturing group ceases to meet either of the 40% tests in relation to the joint venture company, or

(b) the venturing group ceases to be a UK REIT.

(2) A notice given under section 586(2) ceases to have effect if—

(a) the venturing company ceases to meet either of the 40% tests in relation to the joint venture company, or

(b) the venturing company ceases to be a UK REIT.

(3) A notice given under section 587(1) ceases to have effect if—

(a) the venturing group ceases to meet the 40% tests in relation to the joint venture group, or

(b) the venturing group ceases to be a UK REIT.

(4) A notice given under section 587(2) ceases to have effect if—

(a) the venturing company ceases to meet the 40% tests in relation to the joint venture group, or

(b) the venturing company ceases to be a UK REIT.

(5) If a notice under section 586 or 587 ceases to have effect, this Part ceases to apply as mentioned in section 588 or 589 (as the case may be) in relation to the joint venture company or joint venture group.

(6) But section 581 (early exit) continues to apply to a joint venture company or to the members of a joint venture group despite subsection (5).

(7) For the meaning of “the 40% tests” see—

(a) section 586, in the case of a notice given under that section, and

(b) section 587, in the case of a notice given under that section.

Specific requirements and modifications U.K.

591 Conditions as to balance of business U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a notice is given under section 586 in respect of a joint venture company, or

(b) a notice is given under section 587 in respect of a joint venture group.

(2) Condition A in section 531 (balance of business: profits) must be met in respect of the company or group in relation to each accounting period in relation to which the notice has effect.

(3) Condition B in section 531 (balance of business: assets) must be met in respect of the company or group at the beginning of each accounting period in relation to which the notice has effect.

(4) For the purposes of this section, section 531 applies—

(a) in the case of a joint venture company, as if it were a company which had given a notice under section 524, and

(b) in the case of a joint venture group, as if it were a group in respect of which a notice had been given under section 523.

592 Joint venture groups: financial statements U.K.

(1) This section applies if a notice is given under section 587 in respect of a joint venture group.

(2) The principal company of the joint venture group must prepare financial statements for the group for each accounting period in relation to which the notice has effect.

(3) The reference in subsection (2) to financial statements is a reference to financial statements of a kind required under section 532(2).

(4) Sections 532(3) and 533 apply to the financial statements under subsection (2) as they apply to financial statements under section 532(2).

(5) Financial statements prepared under subsection (2) must be submitted to an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(6) Financial statements under subsection (2) are in addition to the provision required in respect of the members of the joint venture group (as a result of the application of this Part to the group) in financial statements under section 532.

593 Financial statements under section 532: joint venture groups U.K.

(1) This section applies if a notice is given under section 587 in respect of a joint venture group.

(2) The amount to be included in the financial statements under section 532(2) in relation to a member of a joint venture group is the relevant percentage of profits, expenses, gains, losses, assets and liabilities of the member.

(3) “The relevant percentage” means—

(a) in a case where a notice was given under section 587(1), the percentage of the beneficial interest in the member that is held by members of the venturing group, and

(b) in a case where a notice was given under section 587(2), the percentage of the beneficial interest in the member that is held by the venturing company.

(4) Section 533 accordingly has effect in relation to the member as if for subsection (3) there were substituted subsections (2) and (3) of this section.

594 Modifications of Chapter 3 U.K.

(1) Section 534(4) (profits) has effect in relation to a joint venture company or a member of a joint venture group as if for the words from “is to be treated” to the end there were substituted “is to be ignored for the purposes of this section”.

(2) Section 535(7) (gains) has effect in relation to a joint venture company or a member of a joint venture group as if for the words from “is to be treated” to the end there were substituted “is to be ignored for the purposes of this section”.

Additional entry charge due in some cases U.K.

595 Joint venture company liable for additional charge U.K.

(1) A joint venture company is chargeable to tax under section 538 (entry charge) if, after the giving of a notice under section 586(2) in respect of the company, condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is met if—

(a) the company that gave the notice under section 586(2) becomes the principal company of a group UK REIT,

(b) it gives a notice under section 586(1) in respect of the joint venture company, and

(c) its shareholding in the joint venture company has increased (but not to 75% or more) between the giving of the two notices.

(3) Condition B is met if the company that gave the notice under section 586(2)—

(a) increases its shareholding in the joint venture company to at least 75%, and

(b) gives a notice under section 523 (such that the joint venture company becomes a member of the new group UK REIT resulting from the notice).

(4) A joint venture company is chargeable to tax under section 538 if, after the giving of a notice under section 586(1) in respect of the company, the venturer holding in the company increases to at least 75% (and accordingly the company becomes a member of the venturing group).

(5) “The venturer holding” means the sum of the beneficial interests in the joint venture company held by members of the venturing group.

(6) Tax is chargeable as a result of subsection (1) or (4) in respect of the reduced notional amount.

(7) “The reduced notional amount” means—

(a) an amount of notional income calculated in accordance with section 539, less

(b) the amount of notional income already charged to tax under section 538 when the notice under 586(1) or (2) (as the case may be) was first given in relation to the joint venture company.

596 Member of joint venture group liable for additional charge U.K.

(1) A member of a joint venture group (“MJVG”) is chargeable to tax under section 538 (entry charge) if, after the giving of a notice under section 587(2) in respect of the group, condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) the company that gave the notice under section 587(2) becomes the principal company of a group UK REIT,

(b) it gives a notice under section 587(1) in respect of the joint venture group, and

(c) its shareholding in MJVG has increased (but not to 75% or more) between the giving of the two notices.

(3) Condition B is that the company that gave the notice under section 587(2)—

(a) increases its shareholding in MJVG to at least 75%, and

(b) gives a notice under section 523 (such that MJVG becomes a member of the new group UK REIT resulting from the notice).

(4) A member of a joint venture group (“MJVG”) is chargeable to tax under section 538 if a venturing group increases its shareholding in MJVG to at least 75% (and accordingly MJVG becomes a member of the venturing group).

(5) Tax is chargeable as a result of subsection (1) or (4) in respect of the reduced notional amount.

(6) “The reduced notional amount” means—

(a) the amount of notional income calculated in accordance with section 539, less

(b) the amount of notional income already charged to tax under section 538 when the notice under section 587(1) or (2) was given or (as the case may be) when MJVG became a member of the joint venture group.

597 Cases where no additional charge due U.K.

(1) A joint venture company is not chargeable to tax under section 538 (entry charge) in a case where—

(a) a company which has given a notice under section 586(2) (“notice A”) in respect of the joint venture company becomes the principal company of a group UK REIT,

(b) the company gives a notice under section 586(1) (“notice B”) in respect of the joint venture company, and

(c) the company's shareholding in the joint venture company has not changed between the giving of notice A and notice B.

(2) A member of a joint venture group is not chargeable to tax under section 538 in a case where—

(a) a company which has given a notice under section 587(2) (“notice A”) in respect of the joint venture group becomes the principal company of a group UK REIT,

(b) the company gives a notice under section 587(1) (“notice B”) in respect of the joint venture group, and

(c) the company's shareholding in the member of the joint venture group has not changed between the giving of notice A and notice B.

Supplementary U.K.

598 Chapter 10: supplementary U.K.

(1) References in this Chapter to an “equity holder”, in relation to a company, are to a person who—

(a) holds ordinary shares in the company, or

(b) is a loan creditor of the company in relation to a loan other than a normal commercial loan (as defined by section 162).

(2) Percentages of beneficial interest for the purposes of this Chapter are to be determined by reference to beneficial entitlement to profits available for distribution to equity holders.

(3) References in this Part to property rental business, in relation to a joint venture company or a company which is a member of a joint venture group, do not include the letting of property by the company to (as the case may be)—

(a) the venturing company in respect of the company, or

(b) a member of the venturing group in respect of the company.

Chapter 11 U.K. Part 12: supplementary

Miscellaneous U.K.

599 Calculation of profits U.K.

(1) This section is about the calculation of profits for the purposes of any provision of this Part which provides that profits are to be calculated in accordance with this section.

(2) Profits are to be calculated in the same way as profits of a UK property business are calculated for the purposes of the charge to tax under Chapter 3 of Part 4 of CTA 2009 (as to which see, in particular, section 210 of that Act).

(3) Section 211(1) of CTA 2009 (property businesses: disregard of credits and debits from loan relationships and derivative contracts) does not apply in respect of—

(a) a loan relationship so far as it relates to property rental business,

(b) a hedging derivative contract so far as it relates to property rental business, or

(c) embedded derivatives so far as the host contract is entered into for the purposes of property rental business.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) a derivative contract is hedging in relation to a company so far as—

(i) it is acquired as a hedge of risk in relation to an asset by the exploitation of which property rental business is conducted, or

(ii) it is acquired as a hedge of risk in relation to a liability incurred in connection with property rental business,

(b) a designation of a contract as wholly or partly hedging for the purposes of a company's accounts is conclusive,

(c) “embedded derivatives” is to be read in accordance with section 584 or 586 (as the case may be) of CTA 2009, and

(d) “the host contract” means—

(i) the contract mentioned in section 584(1)(a) of CTA 2009, or

(ii) the contract mentioned in section 586(1)(a) of that Act,

as the case may be.

(5) In subsection (4)(a)(i) the reference to an asset includes a reference to—

(a) the value of an asset, and

(b) profits attributable to it.

(6) Profits are to be calculated without regard to items giving rise to credits or debits which would be within Part 7 of CTA 2009 (derivative contracts) but for section 589(2)(b) and (c) of that Act (exclusion of share-based and unit trust-based contracts).

(7) Income and expenditure relating partly to property rental business and partly to residual business are to be apportioned on a just and reasonable basis.

(8) Section 3(1) of CAA 2001 (claims for capital allowances) does not apply; and any allowance which could be claimed under that provision is to be made automatically and reflected in the calculation of profits.

600 Power to make regulations about cases involving related persons U.K.

(1) If they consider it expedient in the public interest the Treasury may make regulations about the application of this Part to activities or situations which involve, or arise in connection with, a relationship between a REIT company and another person.

(2) In subsection (1) “REIT company” means—

(a) a company UK REIT, or

(b) a company which is a member of a group UK REIT.

(3) The regulations may, in particular—

(a) treat a specified person, or a person in specified circumstances, as forming part of a group UK REIT for specified purposes;

(b) provide for a specified provision which applies in respect of a members of a group UK REIT also to apply, with or without modifications, in respect of a specified person or a person in specified circumstances.

(4) Regulations under this section may make provision in relation to accounting periods ending on or after the date on which the regulations are made.

(5) No regulations may be made under this section unless a draft of the statutory instrument containing them has been laid before and approved by a resolution of the House of Commons.

601 Availability of group reliefs U.K.

(1) In the application of a provision specified in subsection (2) to a group of companies, the group so far as it carries on property rental business while it is a UK REIT is to be treated as a separate group, distinct from—

(a) the pre-entry group,

(b) the group so far as it carries on residual business while it is a UK REIT, and

(c) the post-cessation group.

(2) The provisions mentioned in subsection (1) are—

(a) section 171 of TCGA 1992 (transfer of assets within group),

(b) sections 171A to 171C of TCGA (reallocation of gain or loss within group),

(c) sections 179A and 179B of TCGA 1992 (degrouping: reallocation of gain or loss, or rollover of gain, within group),

(d) Chapters 4 and 6 to 8 of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships),

(e) Part 7 of that Act (derivative contracts),

(f) Part 8 of that Act (intangible assets), and

(g) Part 5 of this Act (group relief).

602 Effect of deemed disposal and reacquisition U.K.

A deemed disposal and reacquisition of an asset under this Part is to be taken into account for the purposes of any subsequent disposal (whether actual or deemed).

603 Regulations U.K.

Regulations under this Part—

(a) may make provision which applies generally or only in specified cases or circumstances,

(b) may make different provision for different cases or circumstances, and

(c) may contain incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision and savings.

Interpretation U.K.

604 Property rental business: exclusion of listed business U.K.

(1) Business of a class listed in the table in subsection (2) is not property rental business.

(2) This is the table—

Class	Description
Class 1	Incidental letting of property (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere) which is held in connection with a trade in property.
Class 2	Letting of property which is held for use for administrative purposes in carrying on property rental business but is temporarily surplus to requirements for those purposes, so long as— (a) the space let is small compared to the space occupied for administrative purposes, and (b) the letting is for a term of not more than 3 years.
Class 3	Letting of property if the property would fall in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice to be described as owner-occupied (but see subsection (3)).
Class 4	The provision of services in connection with property outside the United Kingdom where the services would not fall within Chapter 3 of Part 4 of CTA 2009 if provided in connection with property in the United Kingdom.
Class 5	Entering into arrangements which are such that a finance arrangement code (within the meaning given by section 770(2) of this Act or section 809BZM(2) of ITA 2007) applies (factoring of income etc: finance arrangements).

(3) For the purposes of class 3, ignore the fact that a property may fall to be described as owner-occupied merely because of the provision by the company of services to an occupant who—

(a) is in exclusive occupation of the property, and

(b) is not connected with a member of the group.

(4) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may by regulations—

(a) add a class to the table in subsection (2),

(b) amend a class (or provision made in relation to it) or make such provision in relation to a class as the Commissioners consider appropriate, or

(c) remove a class from the table (or provision made in relation to it).

605 Property rental business: exclusion of business producing listed income U.K.

(1) Business is not property rental business so far as it gives rise to income of a class listed in the table in subsection (2).

(2) This is the table—

Class	Description
Class 1	All income in connection with the operation of a caravan site, if section 20(1) of ITTOIA 2005 (caravan sites) would apply in respect of any receipts in connection with the operation of the site.
Class 2	Rent in respect of an electric-line wayleave.
Class 3	Rent in respect of the siting of a pipeline for gas.
Class 4	Rent in respect of the siting of a pipeline for oil.
Class 5	Rent in respect of the siting of a mast or similar structure designed for use in a mobile telephone network or other system of electronic communication.
Class 6	Rent in respect of the siting of a wind turbine.
Class 7	Dividends from shares in— (a) the principal company of a group UK REIT, or (b) a company UK REIT.
Class 8	Income arising out of an interest in a limited liability partnership where section 1273(4) of CTA 2009 (winding up) applies.

(3) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may by regulations—

(a) add a class to the table in subsection (2),

(b) amend a class (or provision made in relation to it) or make such provision in relation to a class as the Commissioners consider appropriate, or

(c) remove a class from the table (or provision made in relation to it).

606 Groups U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part a company (“the principal company”) and all its 75% subsidiaries form a group; and if any of those subsidiaries have 75% subsidiaries the group includes them and their 75% subsidiaries, and so on.

This is subject to subsection (2).

(2) A group does not include—

(a) a company (other than the principal company) which is not an effective 51% subsidiary of the principal company,

(b) an insurance company,

(c) an insurance subsidiary, or

(d) an open-ended investment company.

(3) A company cannot be a member of more than one group; and if a company would be a member of more than one group, section 170(6) of TCGA 1992 (capital gains tax: groups) applies to determine the group of which it is a member.

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply for the purposes of Chapter 10.

(5) In this section—

• “effective 51% subsidiary” has the meaning given by section 170(7) of TCGA 1992 (groups of companies),

• “75% subsidiary” has the meaning given by section 1154(3) (subsidiaries),

• “insurance company” has the meaning given by section 431(2) of ICTA,

• “insurance subsidiary” means a company in which at least 75% of the ordinary shares are held by one or more insurance companies, and

• “open-ended investment company” has the meaning given by section 613.

607 Meaning of “entry” and “cessation” etc U.K.

(1) In this Part “entry” means—

(a) in the case of a group, the time when the group becomes a group UK REIT, and

(b) in the case of a company, the time when the company becomes, or becomes a member of, a UK REIT.

(2) In this Part “cessation” means—

(a) in the case of a group, the time when the group ceases to be a UK REIT, and

(b) in the case of a company, the time when the company ceases to be, or to be a member of, a UK REIT.

(3) In this Part, in relation to a group or company—

(a) references to the “pre-entry group” or “pre-entry company” are references to the group or company before entry, and

(b) references to the “post-cessation group” or “post-cessation company” are references to the group or company after cessation.

608 References to assets U.K.

(1) A reference in this Part to an asset includes a reference to—

(a) part of an asset, and

(b) an interest in, or right in relation to, an asset.

(2) A reference in this Part to assets used in business of a company includes a reference to assets—

(a) which were acquired for the purpose of that business and which are not being used in another business,

(b) which are available for use in that business, or

(c) which are in any other way held in respect of, or associated or connected with, that business.

(3) For the purposes of this Part an asset is “involved” in a business if it is property involved in the business as described in section 529(4)(a).

609 Definitions U.K.

In this Part—

• “accounting period 1”, in relation to a company that is, or is a member of, a UK REIT, means the accounting period that begins on entry (in accordance with section 536(5)),

• “company” has the meaning given by section 170(9) of TCGA 1992, and

• “market value” has the same meaning as in TCGA 1992 (see sections 272 and 273 of, and Schedule 11 to, that Act).

Part 13 U.K. Other special types of company etc

Chapter 1 U.K. Corporate beneficiaries under trusts

Discretionary payments U.K.

610 Discretionary payments by trustees to companies U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the trustees of a settlement make a payment to a company,

(b) sections 494 and 495 of ITA 2007 (grossing up of trustees' discretionary payments etc) apply in relation to the payment,

(c) the company is chargeable to corporation tax, and

(d) the company is not excluded by subsection (2).

(2) A company is excluded if it is—

(a) a charitable company as defined in section 467,

(b) an eligible body as defined in section 468, or

(c) a scientific research association as defined in section 469.

(3) If this section applies—

(a) none of the following applies in relation to the payment—

(i) section 967,

(ii) section 968, and

(iii) section 952 of ITA 2007 (set-off claims),

(b) the payment is to be ignored for the purpose of calculating the company's income for corporation tax purposes, and

(c) no repayment is to be made of the amount treated under section 494 of ITA 2007 as income tax paid by the company in relation to the payment.

(4) If the company is non-UK resident, this section applies only in relation to so much (if any) of the payment as is income of the company for corporation tax purposes.

(5) “Payment” includes payment in money's worth.

Trustees' expenses U.K.

611 Income tax provisions to apply in relation to trustees' expenses U.K.

(1) This section applies in a case of a kind mentioned in section 499(1) of ITA 2007 (beneficiary entitled to some or all of the income arising to trustees of a settlement).

(2) In relation to the reduction of the beneficiary's income by reference to expenses of the trustees, sections 500 and 503 of ITA 2007 apply for corporation tax purposes as they apply for income tax purposes.

Chapter 2 U.K. Authorised investment funds

Introduction U.K.

612 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter contains provision about taxation in relation to—

(a) open-ended investment companies (see sections 613 and 614),

(b) authorised unit trusts (see sections 616 to 618), and

(c) court investment funds (which are treated in accordance with section 620 as authorised unit trusts).

(2) The Chapter also includes provision about—

(a) open-ended investment companies which take the form of umbrella companies (see section 615), and

(b) authorised unit trust schemes which take the form of umbrella schemes (see section 619).

(3) The effect of the provision mentioned in subsection (2) is that, for the purposes of this Chapter, each part of the umbrella company or scheme is regarded as an open-ended investment company or authorised unit trust, but the umbrella company or scheme itself is not.

Open-ended investment companies U.K.

613 Meaning of “open-ended investment company” U.K.

In this Chapter “open-ended investment company” means a company incorporated in the United Kingdom to which section 236 of FISMA 2000 applies.

614 Applicable corporation tax rate U.K.

The rate of corporation tax in relation to an open-ended investment company for any financial year is the rate at which income tax at the basic rate is charged for the tax year beginning on 6 April in that financial year (and sections 18 and 19 (relief for companies with small profits) do not apply).

615 Umbrella companies U.K.

(1) In this section “umbrella company” means an open-ended investment company—

(a) whose instrument of incorporation provides arrangements for separate pooling of the contributions of the shareholders and the profits or income out of which payments are made to them, and

(b) whose shareholders are entitled to exchange rights in one pool for rights in another.

(2) References in this section to a part of an umbrella company are to a separate pool.

(3) For the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) each of the parts of an umbrella company is to be regarded as an open-ended investment company, and

(b) the umbrella company as a whole is not to be regarded as an open-ended investment company.

(4) The umbrella company as a whole is not to be regarded as a company for any other purpose of the Tax Acts unless an enactment expressly provides otherwise.

Authorised unit trusts U.K.

616 Meaning of “authorised unit trust” and “unit holder” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “authorised unit trust” means, in relation to an accounting period, a unit trust scheme in respect of which an order under section 243 of FISMA 2000 is in force during the whole or part of the period.

(2) In this Chapter “unit holder” means a person entitled to a share of the investments subject to the trusts of a unit trust scheme.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) are subject to section 619 (umbrella schemes).

617 Authorised unit trust treated as UK resident company U.K.

(1) In respect of income arising to the trustees of an authorised unit trust, and for the purposes of the provisions relating to relief for capital expenditure, the Tax Acts have effect as if—

(a) the trustees were a UK resident company, and

(b) the rights of the unit holders were shares in the company.

(2) References in the Corporation Tax Acts to a body corporate are to be read in accordance with subsection (1); and sections 1104 to 1107 (companies required to provide tax certificates) apply with any necessary modifications.

(3) Subsection (1)(b) does not affect the making of distributions which are interest distributions to unit holders.

(4) “Interest distributions” has the meaning given by regulations made under section 17(3) of F(No.2)A 2005.

618 Applicable corporation tax rate U.K.

The rate of corporation tax in relation to an authorised unit trust for any financial year is the rate at which income tax at the basic rate is charged for the tax year beginning on 6 April in that financial year (and sections 18 and 19 (relief for companies with small profits) do not apply).

619 Umbrella schemes U.K.

(1) In this section “umbrella scheme” means a unit trust scheme—

(a) which provides arrangements for separate pooling of the contributions of the participants and the profits or income out of which payments are made to them (“pooling arrangements”),

(b) under which the participants are entitled to exchange rights in one pool for rights in another, and

(c) in respect of which an order under section 243 of FISMA 2000 is in force.

(2) References in this section to a part of an umbrella scheme are to such of the pooling arrangements as relate to a separate pool.

(3) For the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) each of the parts of an umbrella scheme is to be regarded as an authorised unit trust, and

(b) the umbrella scheme as a whole is not to be regarded as an authorised unit trust.

(4) In relation to a part of an umbrella scheme, references to investments subject to the trusts of an authorised unit trust are references to such of the investments as under the pooling arrangements form part of the separate pool to which the part relates.

(5) In relation to a part of an umbrella scheme, references to a unit holder are references to a person for the time being having rights in that separate pool.

Court investment funds U.K.

620 Court investment funds U.K.

(1) In this section “court investment fund” means a fund established under section 42 of the Administration of Justice Act 1982 (investment funds for money paid into court).

(2) The Tax Acts apply in relation to a court investment fund as if—

(a) the fund were an authorised unit trust,

(b) the person who is for the time being the investment manager of the fund were the trustee of the trust, and

(c) the persons with qualifying interests (see the table in subsection (3)) were the unit holders in the trust.

(3) This is the table referred to in subsection (2)(c)—

Description of shares in the fund	Persons with qualifying interests in relation to the shares
Shares held by the Accountant General	The persons whose interests entitle them, as against the Accountant General, to share in the fund's investments
Shares held by any other person authorised by the Lord Chancellor to hold such shares on behalf of others (an “authorised person”)	The persons whose interests entitle them, as against the authorised person, to share in the fund's investment (or, if there are no such persons, the authorised person)
Shares held by persons authorised by the Lord Chancellor to hold such shares on their own behalf	The persons so authorised

(4) In subsection (3) “the Accountant General” means—

(a) the Accountant General of the Senior Courts of England and Wales, or

(b) the Accountant General of the Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland.

Chapter 3 U.K. Unauthorised unit trusts

621 Treatment of income U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to an unauthorised unit trust if the trustees are UK resident.

(2) If income arises to the trustees, the income is treated for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as the income of the trustees and not of the unit holders.

622 Treatment of capital expenditure U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to an unauthorised unit trust if the trustees are UK resident.

(2) The trustees (and not the unit holders) are treated as the persons to or on whom an allowance or charge is to be made under any provision of the Corporation Tax Acts relating to relief for capital expenditure.

Chapter 4 U.K. Securitisation companies

623 Meaning of “securitisation company” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “securitisation company” means a company to which subsection (2) or (6) applies.

(2) This subsection applies to a company if—

(a) conditions A, B and C are met in relation to it, and

(b) it meets such other conditions as the Treasury may specify by regulations.

(3) Condition A is that the company is party as debtor to a capital market investment.

(4) Condition B is that securities representing that capital market investment are issued.

(5) Condition C is that the capital market investment is part of a capital market arrangement.

(6) This subsection applies to a company if there is between it and a company to which subsection (2) applies a relationship (direct or indirect) of a description specified by the Treasury by regulations.

(7) In this section “capital market investment” and “capital market arrangement” have the same meaning as in section 72B(1) of the Insolvency Act 1986 (see paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of Schedule 2A to that Act).

624 Power to make regulations about the taxation of securitisation companies U.K.

(1) The Treasury may by regulations make provision about the application of the Corporation Tax Acts in relation to a securitisation company.

(2) The regulations may, in particular, provide for the application, modification or non-application of any of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts.

(3) The regulations may, in particular, provide—

(a) that the amount of profits of any specified description (before any such adjustments as are mentioned in subsection (4)) is to be taken to be such amount, or is to be calculated on such basis, as may be specified, and

(b) that the amount determined in accordance with regulations under paragraph (a) is to be brought into account for corporation tax purposes instead of any specified amount that would otherwise fall to be brought into account.

(4) The regulations may, in particular, provide for specified adjustments to be made to the amount to be brought into account for corporation tax purposes.

(5) The regulations may, in particular, provide—

(a) that the regulations apply to a company only if an election that they are to apply is made, or

(b) that the regulations do not apply to a company if an election that they are not to apply is made.

(6) The regulations may, in particular, provide that once subject to the regulations a company is to continue to be subject to them for all subsequent periods of account.

(7) The regulations may, in particular, impose conditions that must be met if a company is to have, or continue to have, the benefit of the regulations.

(8) The regulations may, in particular, provide for the consequences of failing to meet any specified condition (which may include recalculating the company's profits for previous periods on the basis that the regulations did not apply).

(9) In this section “specified” means specified in the regulations.

625 Regulations: supplementary U.K.

(1) Regulations under this Chapter may—

(a) make different provision for different descriptions of company,

(b) contain incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision and savings.

(2) The provision which may be made under subsection (1)(b) includes provision amending any provision of, or made under, the Taxes Acts (within the meaning of section 118(1) of TMA 1970).

(3) Regulations under this Chapter may include provision which—

(a) in the case of provision relating to corporation tax, has effect from the beginning of periods of account current when the regulations are made, and

(b) in the case of provision relating to income tax or capital gains tax, has effect in relation to times before the regulations are made.

Chapter 5 U.K. Companies in liquidation or administration

Introduction U.K.

626 Meaning of “final year”, “penultimate year” etc U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) In relation to a company that is being wound up—

• “the final year” means the financial year in which the winding up of the company is completed, and

• “the penultimate year” means the last financial year before the company's final year.

(3) In relation to a company in administration—

• “the final year” means the financial year in which the dissolution event in respect of the company occurs, and

• “the penultimate year” means the last financial year before the company's final year.

(4) A reference in this Chapter to the “dissolution event” in respect of a company in administration is a reference—

(a) to the administrator sending a notice in respect of the company under paragraph 84(1) of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986 (company moving from administration to dissolution), or

(b) if the company enters administration otherwise than under that Act, to the doing of any other act for a similar purpose.

(5) “Profits” means income and chargeable gains, except so far as the context otherwise requires.

627 Meaning of “rate of corporation tax” in case of companies with small profits U.K.

(1) This section applies if corporation tax chargeable on profits of a company for a financial year—

(a) is to be charged at the small profits rate (see section 18), or

(b) is to be reduced by reference to the standard fraction or the ring fence fraction within the meaning of Part 3 (see sections 19 and 20).

(2) References in this Chapter to the “rate of corporation tax”, so far as relating to profits of the company for the financial year concerned, are to be taken—

(a) as references to the small profits rate, or

(b) (as the case may be) as including references to the standard fraction or the ring fence fraction (and with references to a rate being “fixed” or “proposed” read accordingly as references to the fraction concerned being fixed or proposed).

Companies in liquidation U.K.

628 Company in liquidation: corporation tax rates U.K.

(1) This section applies, in the case of a company that is being wound up, in relation to profits of the company arising in its final year (see subsections (2) to (5)) or its penultimate year (see subsections (6) and (7)).

(2) The rate of corporation tax to be applied in assessing, before the winding up of the company is completed, the corporation tax chargeable on the profits of the company arising in the winding up in its final year is to be determined in accordance with subsections (3) to (5).

(3) If the rate of corporation tax has been fixed for the final year, that fixed rate is to be applied.

(4) If the rate of corporation tax has been proposed (but not yet fixed) for the final year, that proposed rate is to be applied.

(5) If the rate of corporation tax has been neither fixed nor proposed for the final year, the rate fixed or proposed for the penultimate year is to be applied.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if—

(a) the winding up of the company started before the company's final year, and

(b) an assessment to corporation tax is made at a time when the rate of corporation tax for the company's penultimate year is proposed (but not yet fixed).

(7) The rate of corporation tax proposed for the penultimate year is to be applied in relation to the profits of the company arising in the winding up at any time in that year.

629 Company in liquidation: making of assessment to tax U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) an assessment to corporation tax is made on the profits of a company that is being wound up, and

(b) the assessment is made before the date when the winding up is completed (“the actual winding up date”).

(2) An assessment for an accounting period falling after the start of the winding up is not invalid because it is made before the end of the period.

(3) In applying section 12 of CTA 2009 (accounting periods of companies being wound up) for the purpose of determining when an accounting period of the company ends, the liquidator may make an assumption as to what the actual winding up date will be (“the assumed winding up date”).

(4) The company's final and penultimate years are not changed if the assumption made under subsection (3) as to the actual winding up date is wrong.

(5) If the actual winding up date is later than the assumed winding up date—

(a) an accounting period of the company ends on the assumed winding up date (“period A”), and

(b) a new accounting period of the company (“period B”) begins immediately after the end of period A.

(6) Section 12 of CTA 2009 then applies as if the winding up of the company started at the time when period B begins.

Companies in administration U.K.

630 Company in administration: corporation tax rates U.K.

(1) This section applies, in the case of a company in administration, in relation to profits of the company arising in its final year (see subsections (2) to (5)) or its penultimate year (see subsections (6) and (7)).

(2) The rate of corporation tax to be applied in assessing, before the dissolution event in respect of the company, the corporation tax chargeable on the profits of the company arising in the administration in its final year is to be determined in accordance with subsections (3) to (5).

(3) If the rate of corporation tax has been fixed for the final year, that fixed rate is to be applied.

(4) If the rate of corporation tax has been proposed (but not yet fixed) for the final year, that proposed rate is to be applied.

(5) If the rate of corporation has been neither fixed nor proposed for the final year, the rate fixed or proposed for the penultimate year is to be applied.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if—

(a) the company entered administration before its final year, and

(b) an assessment to corporation tax is made at a time when the rate of corporation tax for the company's penultimate year is proposed (but not yet fixed).

(7) The rate of corporation tax proposed for the penultimate year is to be applied in relation to the profits of the company arising in the administration at any time in that year.

631 Company in administration: making of assessment to tax U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) an assessment to corporation tax is made on the profits of a company in administration, and

(b) the assessment is made before the date of the dissolution event in respect of the company (“the actual dissolution date”).

(2) An assessment for an accounting period in which the company is in administration is not invalid because it is made before the end of the period.

(3) In applying section 10(1) of CTA 2009 (time when accounting periods come to an end) for the purpose of determining when an accounting period of the company ends, the administrator may make an assumption as to what the actual dissolution date will be (“the assumed dissolution date”).

(4) The company's final and penultimate years are not changed if the assumption made under subsection (3) as to the actual dissolution date is wrong.

(5) If the actual dissolution date is later than the assumed dissolution date—

(a) an accounting period of the company ends on the assumed dissolution date (“period A”), and

(b) a new accounting period of the company (“period B”) begins immediately after the end of period A.

(6) Section 10(1) of CTA 2009 then applies as if the company had entered administration at the beginning of period B.

Supplementary U.K.

632 Meaning of rate being “fixed” or “proposed” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 628 and 630.

(2) A rate of corporation tax is “fixed”—

(a) in the case of a company that is being wound up, if the rate has been fixed by an Act passed before the completion of the winding up, and

(b) in the case of a company that is in administration, if the rate has been fixed by an Act passed before the dissolution event in respect of the company,

but this is subject to subsection (4).

(3) A rate of corporation tax is “proposed” if the rate is proposed by a Budget resolution (whether or not subsequently fixed by an Act).

(4) If a Budget resolution proposes to alter a rate of corporation tax that has been fixed, references in sections 628 and 630 to a fixed rate are references to that rate as proposed to be altered by the resolution.

(5) In this section “Budget resolution” means a resolution of the House of Commons for fixing a rate of corporation tax.

633 Exemption for interest on overpaid tax in final accounting period U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in the final accounting period of a company that is being wound up or is in administration, interest within subsection (2) arises to the company.

(2) Interest within this subsection arises to a company if—

(a) the interest is received or is receivable by the company under section 826 of ICTA (interest on tax overpaid), and

(b) the interest does not exceed £2000.

(3) The interest is excluded in calculating the company's income for corporation tax purposes.

(4) In subsection (1) the “final accounting period” means—

(a) in the case of a company being wound up, the accounting period which ends, in accordance with section 12 of CTA 2009 (accounting periods of companies being wound up), with the completion of the winding up, and

(b) in the case of a company in administration, the last accounting period of the company before the dissolution event in respect of the company.

Chapter 6 U.K. Banks etc in compulsory liquidation

634 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter provides for the receipts of certain types of company being wound up to be charged to corporation tax.

(2) For provision charging the receipts of such companies to income tax, see Chapter 3A of Part 14 of ITA 2007.

635 Application of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if—

(a) a company is being or has been wound up by the court in the United Kingdom, and

(b) conditions A, B and C are met.

(2) Condition A is that the company was, at any time within the period mentioned in subsection (5), lawfully carrying on a business of accepting deposits as—

(a) a person of the kind mentioned in paragraph (b) of the definition of “bank” in section 1120(2) (persons with permission under Part 4 of FISMA 2000 to accept deposits), or

(b) a permitted EEA credit institution.

(3) Condition B is that the company has permanently ceased to carry on the trade that included the business of accepting deposits (the “deposit-taking trade”).

(4) Condition C is that the company is insolvent and—

(a) was so when the winding up proceedings started, or

(b) became so at any time in the period of 12 months following the day on which those proceedings started.

(5) The period referred to in subsection (2) is the period of 12 months ending with the earlier of—

(a) the day on which the winding up proceedings started, and

(b) the day on which the company permanently ceased to carry on the deposit-taking trade.

(6) In subsection (2)(b) a “permitted EEA credit institution” means an EEA firm of the kind mentioned in paragraph 5(b) of Schedule 3 to FISMA 2000 (credit institutions authorised by home state regulator) which has permission to accept deposits under paragraph 15 of that Schedule.

636 Charge to corporation tax on winding up receipts U.K.

(1) The charge to corporation tax on income applies to winding up receipts arising from the deposit-taking trade.

(2) Subsection (1) applies in relation to a winding up receipt only so far as its value was not brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade of any period before the permanent cessation of the trade.

(3) A “winding up receipt” means (subject to subsection (4)) a sum received by the company or its liquidator after—

(a) the start of the winding up proceedings, or

(b) if later, the permanent cessation of the deposit-taking trade.

(4) The following are not winding up receipts—

(a) a sum received on behalf of a person entitled to the sum to the exclusion of the company and its liquidator, and

(b) a sum realised by the transfer of an asset required to be valued under section 162 of CTA 2009 (valuation of trading stock on cessation).

637 Transfer of rights to payment U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the company or its liquidator transfers for value to another person the right to receive a sum arising from the deposit-taking trade, and

(b) the sum is one which, if received by the company or its liquidator, would be a winding up receipt.

(2) If the transfer is at arm's length, this Chapter has effect as if the amount or value of the consideration for the transfer were a winding up receipt arising from the deposit-taking trade.

(3) If the transfer is not at arm's length, this Chapter has effect as if the value of the right transferred as between parties at arm's length were a winding up receipt arising from the deposit-taking trade.

638 Allowable deductions U.K.

(1) In calculating the amount on which corporation tax is charged under this Chapter for an accounting period, deductions are allowed in accordance with this section from the amount which would otherwise be chargeable to corporation tax under this Chapter.

(2) A deduction is allowed for the total sum of all losses, expenses and debits within subsection (3) that are incurred during or before the accounting period (but subject to subsections (4) and (5)).

(3) The losses, expenses and debits within this subsection are those which, if the company carrying on the deposit-taking trade had not permanently ceased to do so—

(a) would have been deducted in calculating the profits of the trade for corporation tax purposes, or

(b) would have been deducted from or set off against the profits of the trade for corporation tax purposes.

(4) No deduction is allowed if the loss, expense or debit arises directly or indirectly from the cessation itself.

(5) A loss, expense or debit is only within subsection (3) if incurred—

(a) after the start of the winding up proceedings or, if later, the permanent cessation of the deposit-taking trade, or

(b) in the case of a loss, at or before the permanent cessation of the deposit-taking trade.

(6) No deduction for an amount is allowed under this section if the amount has already been allowed (whether under this section or under any other provision of the Tax Acts).

639 Election to carry back U.K.

(1) This section applies if a winding up receipt arising from the deposit-taking trade is received in an accounting period beginning no later than 6 years after the company permanently ceased to carry on the trade.

(2) The company or its liquidator may elect that the corporation tax chargeable under this Chapter in respect of the receipt is to be charged as if the receipt has been received on the date of the cessation.

(3) The election must be made before the end of the period of two years beginning immediately after the end of the accounting period in which the receipt is received.

(4) If an election is made under this section an assessment to corporation tax must be made accordingly (regardless of anything in the Corporation Tax Acts).

640 Relationship of Chapter with other corporation tax provisions U.K.

(1) If a winding up receipt arising from the deposit-taking trade is chargeable to corporation tax under this Chapter it is not chargeable to corporation tax under any other provision.

(2) This Chapter has effect regardless of section 464(1) of CTA 2009 (priority of loan relationship provisions).

641 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) Winding up proceedings start against a company at the time when the petition for its winding up by the court is presented.

(3) There is the permanent cessation of a company's trade if—

(a) the company ceases to carry on the trade, or

(b) the company ceases to be within the charge to corporation tax in respect of the trade,

whether or not the trade is in fact ceased.

(4) A company is insolvent at any time if at that time—

(a) it is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, or

(b) the value of its assets is less than the amount of its liabilities (including its contingent and prospective liabilities).

(5) “Company” means—

(a) a company as defined in section 1(1) of the Companies Act 2006, or

(b) an unregistered company as defined in section 220 of the Insolvency Act 1986 or Article 184 of the Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.I. 1989/2405 (N.I.19)).

(6) For the meaning of “deposit-taking trade” and “winding up receipt”, see sections 635(3) and 636(3) respectively.

Chapter 7 U.K. Co-operative housing associations

642 Disregard of rent from members and of interest payable U.K.

(1) Subsections (2) and (3) apply if a housing association makes a claim under this section for an accounting period or part of an accounting period during which the association was approved for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) Rent to which the association was entitled from its members for the accounting period or part of an accounting period is ignored for tax purposes.

(3) The association is treated for corporation tax purposes as if any interest payable by it for the accounting period or part of an accounting period were not payable.

(4) But subsection (3) does not apply so far as the interest is attributable to property that is not subject to a tenancy.

643 Exemption for gains on a sale of property U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) chargeable gains accrue to a housing association on a disposal by way of sale of any property which has been occupied, or is occupied, by a tenant of the housing association,

(b) the gains accrue in an accounting period or part of an accounting period during which the association was approved for the purposes of this Chapter, and

(c) the association makes a claim under this section for that period or part of a period.

(2) No liability to corporation tax arises in respect of the gains.

644 Approval of housing associations U.K.

(1) In the case of a housing association in Great Britain, the power to approve housing associations for the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) is exercisable by the Scottish Ministers if the association has its registered office in Scotland,

(b) is exercisable by the Welsh Ministers in relation to Wales, and

(c) is otherwise exercisable by the Secretary of State.

(2) In the case of a housing association in Northern Ireland, the power to approve housing associations for the purposes of this Chapter is exercisable by the Department for Social Development.

(3) An approval given for the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) has effect from the date specified by the approving authority (which may be earlier or later than the date on which the approval is given), and

(b) may be revoked by the approving authority.

(4) See also paragraph 80 of Schedule 2 (concurrent exercise by the Secretary of State of certain functions exercisable by the Welsh Ministers).

645 Tests to be satisfied by the association U.K.

(1) The authority mentioned in section 644(1) or (2) must not approve a housing association unless it is satisfied that the association satisfies each of tests A to E.

(2) Test A is that the association is—

(a) a housing association within the meaning of the Housing Associations Act 1985 (see section 1(1) of that Act), or

(b) a housing association within the meaning of Part 2 of the Housing (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1725 (N.I. 15)) (see Article 3 of that Order).

(3) Test B is that the association is a society registered or treated as registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 or the Industrial and Provident Societies Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c. 24 (N.I.)).

(4) Test C is that the rules of the association—

(a) restrict membership to persons who are tenants or prospective tenants of the association, and

(b) preclude the granting or assignment of tenancies to persons other than members.

(5) Test D is that the association satisfies any other requirements prescribed by—

(a) the Secretary of State as regards England and Scotland,

(b) the Welsh Ministers as regards Wales, or

(c) the Department for Social Development as regards Northern Ireland.

(6) Test E is that the association will comply with any conditions that may be prescribed by—

(a) the Secretary of State as regards England and Scotland,

(b) the Welsh Ministers as regards Wales, or

(c) the Department for Social Development as regards Northern Ireland.

646 Delegation of powers to the Regulator of Social Housing U.K.

(1) In relation to a housing association which is a registered provider of social housing (see section 80(2) of the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008) the Secretary of State may delegate to the Regulator of Social Housing any of the Secretary of State's functions under section 644 or 645.

(2) The functions may be delegated—

(a) to any extent that the Secretary of State specifies, and

(b) subject to any conditions that the Secretary of State specifies.

647 Claims under section 642 or 643 U.K.

(1) A claim under section 642 or 643 must be made—

(a) within two years after the end of the accounting period to which it relates, or

(b) if it relates to part of an accounting period, within two years after the end of that accounting period.

(2) A housing association must not make a claim under section 642 or 643 for an accounting period or part of an accounting period unless—

(a) the requirements in subsection (3) were complied with during that period or part, or

(b) the association reasonably considers that those requirements were substantially complied with during that period or part.

(3) The requirements are that—

(a) no property belonging to the association was let otherwise than to a member of the association,

(b) only persons who were then members of the association occupied (whether solely or jointly with another person) any property, or any part of any property, let by the association,

(c) the association satisfied each of tests A to C in section 645 and complied with any conditions that were in force by virtue of section 645(6), and

(d) any covenants required to be included in grants of tenancies by those conditions were observed.

(4) If a member of a housing association dies and another person occupies a property, or part of a property, in accordance with the member's will or the provisions applicable on the member's intestacy, that person's occupation during the first 6 months after the death does not infringe the requirement in subsection (3)(b).

648 Adjustments of liability U.K.

(1) If an adjustment of a housing association's liability to corporation tax is necessary as a result of a claim under section 642, the adjustment may be made by an assessment, by repayment of tax or otherwise.

(2) A housing association's liability to corporation tax may be adjusted by means of assessments or otherwise if—

(a) a claim by the housing association under section 642 or 643 is included in a company tax return,

(b) an enquiry is made into the tax return, and

(c) an amendment is made to the tax return as a result of the enquiry.

(3) A housing association's liability to corporation tax may be adjusted by means of assessments or otherwise if—

(a) an enquiry is made under paragraph 5 of Schedule 1A to TMA 1970 into a claim made by the association under section 642 or 643, or into an amendment of such a claim, and

(b) an amendment is made to the claim as a result of the enquiry.

(4) Adjustments under subsection (2) or (3) may be made for all relevant accounting periods.

649 Power to make further provision U.K.

(1) The Secretary of State may by statutory instrument make regulations with respect to England and Scotland for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Chapter.

(2) The Welsh Ministers may by statutory instrument make regulations with respect to Wales for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Chapter.

(3) The Department for Social Development may make regulations with respect to Northern Ireland for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Chapter.

(4) Regulations made under subsection (3) are a statutory rule for the purposes of the Statutory Rules (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (S.I. 1979/1573 (N.I. 12)).

(5) If any regulations under this section prescribe requirements for the purposes of section 645(5) or conditions for the purposes of section 645(6)—

(a) any requirements or conditions previously prescribed under section 645(5) or (6) are to cease to have effect when the regulations come into force, and

(b) no further exercise may be made of the power under section 645(5) or (6) to prescribe requirements or conditions otherwise than by regulations.

(6) The reference in section 647(3)(c) to conditions that were in force by virtue of section 645(6) includes conditions prescribed for the purposes of section 645(6) under subsection (5) above.

Chapter 8 U.K. Self-build societies

650 Meaning of “self-build society” U.K.

(1) Subsections (2) and (3) give the meaning of “self-build society” in this Chapter.

(2) In England, Scotland and Wales “self-build society” has the same meaning as in the Housing Associations Act 1985 (see section 1(3) of that Act).

(3) In Northern Ireland “self-build society” has the same meaning as in Part 2 of the Housing (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1725 (N.I. 15)) (see Article 3 of that Order).

651 Disregard of rent from members U.K.

(1) If a self-build society makes a claim under this section for an accounting period or part of an accounting period during which the society was approved for the purposes of this Chapter, rent to which the society was entitled from its members for the accounting period or part of an accounting period is ignored for tax purposes.

(2) In this section “rent” includes any amounts to which a self-build society is entitled in respect of the occupation of any of its land.

(3) The reference in subsection (2) to occupation includes occupation under a licence.

652 Exemption for gains on disposals of land to members U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) chargeable gains accrue to a self-build society on a disposal of land to a member of the society,

(b) the gains accrue in an accounting period or part of an accounting period during which the society was approved for the purposes of this Chapter, and

(c) the society makes a claim under this section for that period or part of a period.

(2) No liability to corporation tax arises in respect of the gains.

653 Approval of self-build societies U.K.

(1) The power to approve self-build societies for the purposes of this Chapter is exercisable—

(a) in relation to England and Scotland, by the Secretary of State,

(b) in relation to Wales, by the Welsh Ministers, and

(c) in relation to Northern Ireland, by the Department for Social Development.

(2) The authority mentioned in subsection (1) must not approve a self-build society unless it is satisfied that the society—

(a) is registered, or treated as being registered, as mentioned in subsection (3),

(b) satisfies any other requirements prescribed by or under regulations under section 657, and

(c) will comply with any conditions that may be prescribed by or under regulations under that section.

(3) The reference in subsection (2)(a) is to registration—

(a) under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 (if the power is exercisable by the Secretary of State or the Welsh Ministers), or

(b) under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c. 24 (N.I.)) (if the power is exercisable by the Department for Social Development).

(4) An approval given for the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) has effect from the date specified by the approving authority (which may be earlier or later than the date on which the approval is given), and

(b) may be revoked by the approving authority.

(5) See also paragraph 81 of Schedule 2 (concurrent exercise by the Secretary of State of certain functions exercisable by the Welsh Ministers).

654 Delegation of powers to the Regulator of Social Housing U.K.

(1) The Secretary of State may delegate to the Regulator of Social Housing any function of the Secretary of State under section 653 in a case where the function is exercisable in relation to a society whose registered office for the purposes of the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 is in England.

(2) The function may be delegated—

(a) to any extent that the Secretary of State specifies, and

(b) subject to any conditions that the Secretary of State specifies.

655 Claims under section 651 or 652 U.K.

(1) A claim under section 651 or 652 must be made—

(a) within two years after the end of the accounting period to which it relates, or

(b) if it relates to part of an accounting period, within two years after the end of that accounting period.

(2) A self-build society must not make a claim under section 651 or 652 for an accounting period or part of an accounting period unless—

(a) the requirements in subsection (3) were complied with during that period or part, or

(b) the society reasonably considers that those requirements were substantially complied with during that period or part.

(3) The requirements are that—

(a) only persons who were then members of the society occupied (whether solely or jointly with another person) any land, or any part of any land, owned by the society,

(b) the society complied with the requirement in section 653(2)(a), and

(c) the society complied with any conditions that were in force by virtue of section 653(2)(c).

(4) If a member of a self-build society dies and another person occupies a property, or part of a property, in accordance with the member's will or the provisions applicable on the member's intestacy, that person's occupation during the first 6 months after the death does not infringe the requirement in subsection (3)(a).

(5) A claim under section 651 or 652 must be in the form (if any) prescribed by the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs and contain any details which they prescribe.

656 Adjustments of liability U.K.

(1) If an adjustment of a self-build society's liability to corporation tax is necessary as a result of a claim under section 651, the adjustment may be made by an assessment, by repayment of tax or otherwise.

(2) A self-build society's liability to corporation tax may be adjusted by means of assessments or otherwise if—

(a) a claim by the society under section 651 or 652 is included in a company tax return,

(b) an enquiry is made into the tax return, and

(c) an amendment is made to the tax return as a result of the enquiry.

(3) A self-build society's liability to corporation tax may be adjusted by means of assessments or otherwise if—

(a) an enquiry is made under paragraph 5 of Schedule 1A to TMA 1970 into a claim made by the society under section 651 or 652, or into an amendment of such a claim, and

(b) an amendment is made to the claim as a result of the enquiry.

(4) Adjustments under subsection (2) or (3) may be made for all relevant accounting periods.

657 Power to make further provision U.K.

(1) The Secretary of State may by statutory instrument make regulations with respect to England and Scotland for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Chapter.

(2) A statutory instrument containing regulations made under subsection (1) is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of the House of Commons.

(3) The Welsh Ministers may by statutory instrument make regulations with respect to Wales for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Chapter.

(4) A statutory instrument containing regulations made under subsection (3) is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of the National Assembly for Wales.

(5) The Department for Social Development may make regulations with respect to Northern Ireland for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Chapter.

(6) Regulations made under subsection (5) are a statutory rule for the purposes of the Statutory Rules (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (S.I. 1979/1573 (N.I. 12)).

(7) A statutory rule containing regulations made under subsection (5) is subject to negative resolution within the meaning of section 41(6) of the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 (c. 33 (N.I.)).

Chapter 9 U.K. Community amateur sports clubs

Basic concepts U.K.

658 Meaning of “community amateur sports club” and “registered club” U.K.

(1) A club is entitled to be registered as a community amateur sports club if it is, and is required by its constitution to be, a club which—

(a) is open to the whole community (see section 659),

(b) is organised on an amateur basis (see section 660), and

(c) has as its main purpose the provision of facilities for, and the promotion of participation in, one or more eligible sports (see section 661).

(2) A club may apply to an officer of Revenue and Customs to be registered as a community amateur sports club.

(3) The officer must register the club as a community amateur sports club if satisfied that the club is entitled to be registered.

(4) The officer—

(a) may register the club with effect from such date as the officer may specify (which may be before the date of the application), and

(b) may cancel the club's registration with effect from such date as the officer may specify (which may be before the date of the decision to cancel it) if no longer satisfied that the club is entitled to be registered.

(5) Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may publish the names and addresses of registered clubs.

(6) In this Chapter a “registered club” means a club which is for the time being registered as a community amateur sports club under this section.

659 Meaning of “open to the whole community” U.K.

(1) A club is “open to the whole community” for the purposes of section 658 if—

(a) its membership is open to all without discrimination,

(b) its facilities are available to members without discrimination, and

[F9 (c) the costs associated with membership of the club for any year do not represent a significant obstacle to membership of the club, use of its facilities or full participation in its activities (see subsection (2A)).]

(2) For the purposes of this section “discrimination” includes indirect discrimination and (in particular) includes discrimination on the grounds of—

(a) ethnicity or nationality,

(b) religion or beliefs,

(c) sexual orientation, or

(d) sex, age or disability (except as a necessary consequence of the requirements of a particular sport).

[F10 (2A) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) the costs associated with membership of a club for any year represent a significant obstacle to membership of the club, use of its facilities or full participation in its activities if—

(a) those costs exceed the amount specified for the year for the purposes of this subsection in regulations made by the Treasury, and

(b) the club has not made such arrangements as are necessary to secure that those costs do not represent such an obstacle.

(2B) The Treasury may by regulations make provision supplementing subsection (2A), including—

(a) provision as to what constitutes full participation in a club's activities;

(b) provision as to costs that are, or are not, to be regarded as the costs associated with membership of a club;

(c) provision about calculating the amount of the costs associated with membership of a club for any year.

(2C) The provision that may be made by regulations under this section includes—

(a) different provision for different purposes, and

(b) provision having effect in relation to times before the regulations are made.

(2D) Section 1171(4) (orders and regulations subject to negative resolution procedure) does not apply to any regulations made under this section if a draft of the statutory instrument containing them has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, the House of Commons.]

[F11 (3) A club is not prevented from being “open to the whole community” for the purposes of section 658 merely because it charges different fees for different descriptions of person.]

Textual Amendments

F9 S. 659(1)(c) substituted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 2(2), 9(2) (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F10 S. 659(2A)-(2D) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 2(3), 9 (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F11 S. 659(3) substituted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 2(4), 9(2) (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

660 Meaning of “organised on an amateur basis” U.K.

(1) A club is “organised on an amateur basis” for the purposes of section 658 if—

(a) it is non-profit making (see subsections (2) and (3)),

(b) it provides for members and their guests only the ordinary benefits of an amateur sports club (see subsections (4) and (5)), F12 ...

[F13 (ba) it does not exceed the limit on paid players (see subsection (5A)), and]

(c) its constitution provides for any net assets on its dissolution to be applied for approved sporting or charitable purposes (see subsections (6) and (7)).

(2) A club is “non-profit making” for the purposes of subsection (1) if its constitution —

(a) requires any surplus income or surplus gains to be reinvested in the club, and

(b) does not allow the distribution of any of its assets (in cash or in kind) to members or third parties.

(3) A club is not prevented from being “non-profit making” for those purposes merely because it makes donations to charities or registered clubs.

(4) The following are “ordinary benefits of an amateur sports club” for the purposes of subsection (1)—

(a) the provision of sporting facilities,

(b) the reasonable provision and maintenance of club-owned sports equipment,

(c) the provision of suitably qualified coaches,

(d) the provision, or reimbursement of the costs, of coaching courses,

(e) the provision of insurance cover,

(f) the provision of medical treatment,

(g) the reimbursement of reasonable travel [F14 or subsistence] expenses incurred by players and officials [F15 in connection with away matches],

(h) the reasonable provision of post-match refreshments for players and match officials, and

(i) the sale or supply of food or drink as a social benefit which arises incidentally from the sporting purposes of the club.

[F16 (4A) In subsection (4)(g) “subsistence expenses” means expenses on food, drink and temporary living accommodation.]

(5) A club is not prevented from providing for members and their guests only the ordinary benefits of an amateur sports club for the purposes of subsection (1) merely because—

(a) a member supplies goods or services to the club on an arm's length basis, or

(b) the club employs members of the club on an arm's length basis.

[F17 (5A) A club does not exceed the limit on paid players for the purposes of subsection (1) if—

(a) the number of persons paid to play for the club does not at any time exceed the specified maximum,

(b) the number of such persons in any year does not exceed the specified maximum for that year,

(c) the amount paid to any such person in any year in respect of activities undertaken for the club does not exceed the specified maximum for that year, and

(d) the total amount paid to such persons in any year in respect of activities undertaken for the club does not exceed the specified maximum for that year.

“Specified” means specified in regulations made by the Treasury.

(5B) The Treasury may by regulations make provision supplementing subsection (5A), including—

(a) provision as when a person is, or is not, to be regarded as a person paid to play for a club, and

(b) provision about calculating for the purposes of subsection (5A) the amount paid to such a person.]

(6) In relation to any club, the following are “sporting or charitable purposes” for the purposes of subsection (1)—

(a) the purposes of the governing body of an eligible sport for the purposes of which the club existed, for use in related community sport,

(b) the purposes of another registered club, and

(c) the purposes of a charity.

(7) Purposes of a club are “approved” sporting or charitable purposes for the purposes of subsection (1) if they are approved by—

(a) the members of the club in general meeting, or

(b) the members of the club's governing body.

[F18 (8) The Treasury may by regulations make further provision as to when a club is “organised on an amateur basis” for the purposes of section 658.

(9) The provision that may be made by regulations under subsection (8) includes—

(a) provision as to the conditions which a club must meet in order to be “organised on an amateur basis” for the purposes of section 658;

(b) provision as to what are, or are not, to be regarded as “ordinary benefits of an amateur sports club” for the purposes of subsection (1);

(c) provision about persons who are, or are not, to be regarded as guests of a member of a club for the purposes of subsection (1).

(10) Regulations made under subsection (8) may amend this section or make other amendments to this Chapter.

(11) A statutory instrument that contains (whether alone or with other provisions) regulations under subsection (8) that amend this section or make other amendments to this Chapter may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, the House of Commons.]

[F19 (12) The provision that may be made by regulations under this section includes—

(a) different provision for different purposes, and

(b) provision having effect in relation to times before the regulations are made.

(13) Section 1171(4) (orders and regulations subject to negative resolution procedure) does not apply to any regulations made under this section if a draft of the statutory instrument containing them has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, the House of Commons.]

Textual Amendments

F12 Word in s. 660(1)(b) omitted (1.4.2010) by virtue of Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 3(2), 9(2) (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F13 S. 660(1)(ba) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 3(2), 9(2) (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F14 Words in s. 660(4)(g) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 3(3)(a), 9(2) (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F15 Words in s. 660(4)(g) substituted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 3(3)(b), 9(2) (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F16 S. 660(4A) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 3(4), 9(2) (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F17 S. 660(5A)(5B) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 3(5), 9 (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F18 S. 660(8)-(11) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 3(6), 9 (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

F19 S. 660(12)(13) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 3(7), 9 (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

[F20 660A Clubs consisting mainly of social members U.K.

(1) A club is not to be regarded as a club that has as its main purpose the provision of facilities for, and the promotion of participation in, one or more eligible sports if the percentage of its members who are social members exceeds the percentage specified for the purposes of this section in regulations made by the Treasury.

(2) A member is a “social member” for the purposes of this section if the member does not participate, or participates only occasionally, in the sporting activities of the club.

(3) The Treasury may by regulations make provision—

(a) as to activities that are, or are not, to be regarded as “sporting activities” of a club;

(b) as to the circumstances in which a member of a club is, or is not, to be regarded as participating in the sporting activities of the club;

(c) as to the circumstances in which a member of a club is, or is not, to be regarded as participating only occasionally in those activities.

(4) The provision that may be made by regulations under this section includes—

(a) different provision for different purposes, and

(b) provision having effect in relation to times before the regulations are made.

(5) Section 1171(4) (orders and regulations subject to negative resolution procedure) does not apply to any regulations made under this section if a draft of the statutory instrument containing them has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, the House of Commons.]

Textual Amendments

F20 S. 660A inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 5, 9 (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

661 Meaning of “eligible sport”, “qualifying purposes” etc U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter “eligible sport” means a sport which is designated for those purposes by an order made by the Treasury.

(2) An order under this section may designate a sport by reference to its inclusion in a list maintained by a body specified in the order.

(3) For the purposes of this Chapter “qualifying purposes” means—

(a) the purpose of providing facilities for one or more eligible sports, and

(b) the purpose of promoting participation in one or more eligible sports.

(4) For the purposes of this Chapter “non-qualifying purposes” means purposes which are not qualifying purposes.

(5) For the purposes of this Chapter “non-qualifying expenditure” means expenditure which is incurred for non-qualifying purposes.

Exemptions U.K.

662 Exemption for UK trading income U.K.

(1) A club which is a registered club throughout an accounting period may make a claim for its UK trading income for that period to be exempt from corporation tax if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that the receipts which would (but for this section) be brought into account in calculating the club's UK trading income for that period do not exceed the relevant threshold.

(3) Condition B is that the whole of its UK trading income for that period is applied for qualifying purposes.

(4) If a club is a registered club for only part of an accounting period, this section has effect as if—

(a) that part were a separate accounting period, and

(b) the club's UK trading income and receipts for that separate accounting period were proportionately reduced.

(5) In this section “the relevant threshold” means—

(a) £30,000 in the case of an accounting period which is 12 months, and

(b) a proportionately reduced figure in the case of a shorter accounting period.

[F21 (5A) The Treasury may by order amend the figure for the time being specified as the relevant threshold in subsection (5)(a).

(5B) A statutory instrument containing an order under subsection (5A) that amends that figure so as to substitute a lower figure may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, the House of Commons.]

(6) In this section “UK trading income” means profits that (apart from this section) are chargeable under Chapter 2 of Part 3 of CTA 2009 and are—

(a) profits of a trade carried on wholly or partly in the United Kingdom, or

(b) profits of an activity other than a trade.

Textual Amendments

F21 S. 662(5A)(5B) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 6, 9 (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

663 Exemption for UK property income U.K.

(1) A club which is a registered club throughout an accounting period may make a claim for its UK property income for that period to be exempt from corporation tax if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that the receipts which would (but for this section) be brought into account in calculating the club's UK property income for that period do not exceed the relevant threshold.

(3) Condition B is that the whole of its UK property income for that period is applied for qualifying purposes.

(4) If a club is a registered club for only part of an accounting period, this section has effect as if—

(a) that part were a separate accounting period, and

(b) the club's UK property income and receipts for that separate accounting period were proportionately reduced.

(5) In this section “the relevant threshold” means—

(a) £20,000 in the case of an accounting period which is 12 months, and

(b) a proportionately reduced figure in the case of a shorter accounting period.

[F22 (5A) The Treasury may by order amend the figure for the time being specified as the relevant threshold in subsection (5)(a).

(5B) A statutory instrument containing an order under subsection (5A) that amends that figure so as to substitute a lower figure may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, the House of Commons.]

(6) In this section “UK property income” means income of a UK property business which would (but for this section) be chargeable under Chapter 3 of Part 4 of CTA 2009.

Textual Amendments

F22 S. 663(5A)(5B) inserted (1.4.2010) by Finance Act 2013 (c. 29), Sch. 21 paras. 7, 9 (with Sch. 21 para. 10); S.I. 2015/674, art. 2

664 Exemption for interest and gift aid income U.K.

(1) A club which is a registered club throughout an accounting period may make a claim for—

(a) its interest income for that period, and

(b) its gift aid income for that period,

to be exempt from corporation tax if the whole of that interest income and gift aid income is applied for qualifying purposes.

(2) If a club is a registered club for only part of an accounting period, this section has effect as if—

(a) that part were a separate accounting period, and

(b) the club's interest income for that separate accounting period were proportionately reduced.

(3) In this section—

• “interest income”, in relation to a club, means interest arising to the club that is not brought into account under section 297 of CTA 2009 (trading credits and debits brought into account under Part 3 of that Act as trading income), and

• “gift aid income”, in relation to a club, means gifts made by individuals to the club which are qualifying donations for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 8 of ITA 2007 (gift aid).

665 Exemption for chargeable gains U.K.

A registered club to which a gain accrues may make a claim for the gain not to be a chargeable gain for the purposes of TCGA 1992 if the whole of it is applied for qualifying purposes.

Restrictions on exemptions U.K.

666 Exemptions reduced if non-qualifying expenditure incurred U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a registered club has relevant income or relevant gains for an accounting period (“the accounting period in question”), and

(b) the club incurs non-qualifying expenditure in that period.

(2) For the purposes of this section—

• “relevant income”, in relation to an accounting period, means income which is exempt under this Chapter for that period (ignoring the effect of the following provisions of this section),

• “relevant gains”, in relation to an accounting period, means gains which are not chargeable gains under this Chapter for the purposes of TCGA 1992 for that period (ignoring the effect of the following provisions of this section), and

• “income receipts and chargeable gains”, in relation to an accounting period, means the sum of the club's income receipts for that period (whether or not chargeable to tax) and its chargeable gains for the purposes of TCGA 1992 for that period (ignoring the effect of section 665).

(3) If the amount of the non-qualifying expenditure in the accounting period in question is less than the amount of the income receipts and chargeable gains for that period, there is a reduction in the amount of relief given under this Chapter.

(4) The total amount of the relevant income and relevant gains for that period exempted under this Chapter is reduced by the amount found by the appropriate fraction.

(5) This is the appropriate fraction—

where—

“RIRG” means the total amount of the relevant income and relevant gains for that period,

“NQE” means the amount of the non-qualifying expenditure in that period, and

“IRCG” means the income receipts and chargeable gains for that period.

(6) If the amount of the non-qualifying expenditure in the accounting period in question is at least equal to the amount of the income receipts and chargeable gains for that period, the exemptions under this Chapter—

(a) do not apply, and

(b) are treated as never having applied,

to any of the relevant income or relevant gains for that period.

(7) If the amount of the non-qualifying expenditure in the accounting period in question is greater than the amount of the income receipts and chargeable gains for that period, there is a reduction in the amount of relief given under this Chapter for previous accounting periods.

(8) The total amount of the relevant income and relevant gains for previous accounting periods exempted under this Chapter is reduced (but not below nil) by the surplus amount.

(9) The surplus amount is the amount by which the amount found by the appropriate fraction exceeds the total amount of the relevant income and relevant gains for the accounting period in question.

667 Rules for attributing surplus amount to earlier periods etc U.K.

(1) This section supplements section 666.

(2) An amount exempted under this Chapter for an earlier accounting period is reduced by the surplus amount only if that earlier accounting period ends not more than 6 years before the end of the accounting period in question.

(3) If the condition in subsection (2) is met in the case of more than one earlier accounting period, amounts exempted under this Chapter for later accounting periods are reduced in priority to earlier ones.

(4) If an amount exempted under this Chapter has been reduced under section 666 in respect of non-qualifying expenditure incurred in an accounting period, it may not be reduced again under that section in respect of non-qualifying expenditure incurred in a later accounting period.

(5) Such adjustments must be made (whether by way of the making of assessments or otherwise) as may be required in consequence of section 666(7).

668 How income and gains are attributed U.K.

(1) A registered club may specify the income and gains to be reduced (in whole or in part) as a result of section 666.

(2) A specification under subsection (1) is made by notice to an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(3) Subsection (5) applies if—

(a) an officer of Revenue and Customs requires the club to make a specification under this section, and

(b) the club has not given notice under subsection (2) of the specification before the end of the required period.

(4) The required period is 30 days beginning with the day on which the officer made the requirement.

(5) An officer of Revenue and Customs may determine the income and gains to be reduced (in whole or in part).

Deemed disposal and acquisition of asset U.K.

669 Asset ceasing to be held for qualifying purposes etc U.K.

(1) This section applies if a club holds any asset (within the meaning of TCGA 1992) and, without disposing of it (within the meaning of that Act)—

(a) the club ceases to be a registered club, or

(b) the club ceases to hold the asset for qualifying purposes.

(2) The club is treated for the purposes of TCGA 1992 as disposing of, and immediately reacquiring, the asset at the time of the cessation for a consideration equal to its market value at that time.

(3) The exemption under section 665 does not apply to any gain accruing on that deemed disposal.

(4) So far as any of the asset represents (directly or indirectly) the consideration for a disposal of any other asset by the club, the exemption under that section does not apply, and is treated as never having applied, to any gain accruing on that disposal of that other asset.

(5) Such adjustments must be made (whether by way of the making of assessments or otherwise) as may be required in consequence of this section.

(6) But an assessment in respect of a chargeable gain accruing as a result of this section may not be made more than 3 years after the end of the accounting period in which the cessation in question occurred.

Decisions and appeals U.K.

670 Notification of HMRC decision U.K.

An officer of Revenue and Customs must notify the club of any decision—

(a) to register it as a registered club,

(b) to refuse to register it as a registered club, or

(c) to cancel its registration.

671 Appeals U.K.

(1) A club may appeal against a decision of any officer of Revenue and Customs in relation to its application, or registration, as a registered club.

(2) Notice of the appeal must be given in writing to an officer of Revenue and Customs within 30 days of the date of the notification under section 670.

(3) The notice must specify the grounds of the appeal.

(4) If the appeal is against a refusal to register the club, or a decision to register it with effect from a particular date, the tribunal may (if not dismissing the appeal)—

(a) direct that the club is to be registered with effect from a specified date, or

(b) send the matter back to any officer of Revenue and Customs for reconsideration.

(5) If the appeal is against a decision to cancel the registration of the club, or to do so with effect from a particular date, the tribunal may (if not dismissing the appeal)—

(a) revoke the cancellation,

(b) direct that the cancellation is to have effect from a specified date, or

(c) send the matter back to any officer of Revenue and Customs for reconsideration.

(6) The provisions of TMA 1970 relating to appeals under the Taxes Acts (within the meaning of TMA 1970) apply to an appeal under this section as they apply to those appeals.

Part 14 U.K. Change in company ownership

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

672 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) Chapter 2 restricts relief for trading losses in some cases where there is a change in the ownership of a company.

(2) Chapters 3 and 4 restrict relief in some cases where there is a change in the ownership of a company with investment business.

(3) Chapter 5 restricts relief for property losses in some cases where there is a change in the ownership of a company without investment business.

(4) Chapter 6 enables unpaid corporation tax to be recovered from a linked person in some cases where there is a change in the ownership of a company.

(5) Chapter 8 contains supplementary provision.

(6) See also Chapter 7 of Part 22 (recovery of unpaid corporation tax due from non-UK resident company).

(7) For the meaning of—

(a) “change in the ownership of a company”, see Chapter 7,

(b) “company with investment business”, see section 729, and

(c) “linked” person, see section 706.

Chapter 2 U.K. Disallowance of trading losses

673 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if—

(a) there is a change in the ownership of a company (“the company”), and

(b) condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that within any period of 3 years in which the change in ownership occurs there is a major change in the nature or conduct of a trade carried on by the company.

(3) Condition B is that the change in ownership occurs at any time after the scale of the activities in a trade carried on by the company has become small or negligible and before any significant revival of the trade.

(4) In this section “major change in the nature or conduct of a trade” includes—

(a) a major change in the type of property dealt in, or services or facilities provided in, the trade, or

(b) a major change in customers, outlets or markets of the trade.

This Chapter applies even if the change is the result of a gradual process which began before the period of 3 years mentioned in subsection (2).

(5) In this Chapter—

• “the change in ownership” means the change in ownership mentioned in subsection (1),

• “the company” has the same meaning as in this section, and

• “trade” includes an office.

674 Disallowance of trading losses U.K.

(1) In calculating the company's taxable total profits of an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership, no relief may be given under section 37 or 42 (relief for trade losses) for a loss made by the company in an accounting period ending after the change in ownership.

(2) No relief may be given under section 45 for a loss made by the company in an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership by carrying forward the loss to reduce the profits of a trade of an accounting period ending after the change in ownership.

(3) For the purposes of this section and section 675—

(a) the accounting period in which the change in ownership occurs is treated as two separate accounting periods, the first ending with the change and the second consisting of the remainder of the period, and

(b) the profits or losses of the accounting period are apportioned to the two periods.

(4) The apportionment under subsection (3)(b) is to be made on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two periods.

(5) But if that method of apportionment would work unjustly or unreasonably in any case, such other method is to be used as is just and reasonable.

(6) In subsection (2), “profits of a trade” includes interest or dividends treated as profits of a trade under section 46.

675 Disallowance of trading losses: calculation of balancing charges U.K.

(1) The following provisions apply if relief in respect of the company's losses is restricted because of section 674(2).

(2) In applying the provisions of CAA 2001 about balancing charges to the company by reference to any event after the change in ownership, there is to be disregarded any allowance falling to be made in taxing the company's trade for any accounting period beginning before the change in ownership.

This subsection applies despite section 577(3) of CAA 2001.

(3) But subsection (2) does not apply if the allowance has been given effect to by means of relief against any profits of that accounting period or any subsequent accounting period beginning before the change in ownership.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), it is to be assumed that any loss attributable to any such allowance as is mentioned in subsection (2) is relieved before any loss which is not attributable to such an allowance.

676 Disallowance of trading losses where company reconstruction without change in ownership U.K.

In relation to any relief available under section 944(3) (modified application of Chapter 2 of Part 4) to a successor company, section 674(2) applies as if—

(a) any loss sustained by a predecessor company had been sustained by a successor company, and

(b) as if the references to a trade included the trade as carried on by a predecessor company.

Chapter 3 U.K. Company with investment business: restrictions on relief: general provision

Introduction U.K.

677 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if—

(a) there is a change in the ownership of a company with investment business (“the company”), and

(b) condition A, B or C is met.

(2) Condition A is that after the change in ownership there is a significant increase in the amount of the company's capital (see sections 688 to 691).

(3) Condition B is that within the period of 6 years beginning 3 years before the change in ownership there is a major change in the nature or conduct of the business carried on by the company.

(4) Condition C is that the change in ownership occurs at any time after the scale of the activities in the business carried on by the company has become small or negligible and before any significant revival of the business.

(5) In subsection (3) “major change in the nature or conduct of a business” includes a major change in the nature of the investments held by the company, even if the change is the result of a gradual process which began before the period of 6 years mentioned in that subsection.

(6) In this Chapter—

• “the change in ownership” means the change in ownership mentioned in subsection (1), and

• “the company” has the same meaning as in this section.

Notional split of accounting period in which change in ownership occurs U.K.

678 Notional split of accounting period in which change in ownership occurs U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) The accounting period in which the change in ownership occurs (“the actual accounting period”) is treated as two separate accounting periods (“notional accounting periods”), the first ending with the change and the second consisting of the remainder of the period.

(3) The amounts for the actual accounting period in column 1 of the table in section 685(2) are apportioned to the two notional accounting periods in accordance with section 685.

(4) In this Chapter “the actual accounting period” and “notional accounting periods” have the same meaning as in this section.

Restrictions on relief U.K.

679 Restriction on debits to be brought into account U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting the debits to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) in respect of the company's loan relationships.

(2) The debits to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 for—

(a) the accounting period beginning immediately after the change in ownership, or

(b) any subsequent accounting period,

do not include relevant non-trading debits so far as amount A exceeds amount B.

(3) Amount A is the sum of—

(a) the amount of those relevant non-trading debits, and

(b) the amount of any relevant non-trading debits which have been brought into account for the purposes of that Part for any previous accounting period ending after the change in ownership.

(4) Amount B is the amount of the taxable total profits of the accounting period ending with the change in ownership.

(5) For the meaning of “relevant non-trading debit”, see section 730.

680 Restriction on the carry forward of non-trading deficit from loan relationships U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting the carry forward of a non-trading deficit from the company's loan relationships under Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships).

(2) Subsection (3) applies if the non-trading deficit in column 1 of row 4 of the table in section 685(2) is apportioned in accordance with section 685(2) to the first notional accounting period.

(3) None of that non-trading deficit may be carried forward to—

(a) the accounting period beginning immediately after the change in ownership, or

(b) any subsequent accounting period.

681 Restriction on relief for non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting relief under section 753 of CTA 2009 (treatment of non-trading losses) in respect of a non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets.

(2) Relief under section 753 of CTA 2009 against the total profits of the same accounting period is available only in relation to each of the notional accounting periods considered separately.

(3) A non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets for an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership may not be—

(a) carried forward under section 753(3) of that Act to an accounting period ending after the change in ownership, or

(b) treated under that section as if it were a non-trading debit of that period.

682 Restriction on the deduction of expenses of management U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting deductions for expenses of management.

(2) Any amounts which—

(a) are, or are treated as, expenses of management referable to the actual accounting period, and

(b) are apportioned to either of the two notional accounting periods in accordance with section 685,

are treated for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 16 of CTA 2009 (companies with investment business) as expenses of management referable to that notional accounting period.

(3) Any allowances which are apportioned to either of the notional accounting periods in accordance with section 685 are treated for the purposes of section 253 of CAA 2001 and section 1233 of CTA 2009 (companies with investment business: excess capital allowances) as falling to be made in that notional accounting period.

(4) In calculating the taxable total profits of an accounting period of the company ending after the change in ownership, no deduction may be made under section 1219 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business) by reference to—

(a) expenses of management deductible for an accounting period beginning before the change, or

(b) allowances falling to be made for such an accounting period.

683 Disallowance of UK property business losses U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting relief under sections 62 and 63 for a loss made by the company in a UK property business before the change in ownership.

(2) Relief under section 62(3) is available only in relation to each of the notional accounting periods considered separately.

(3) A loss made in an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership may not be—

(a) carried forward under section 62(5)(a) or 63(3)(a) to an accounting period ending after the change in ownership, or

(b) treated in relation to that accounting period as mentioned in section 62(5)(b) or 63(3)(b).

684 Disallowance of overseas property business losses U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting relief under section 66 for a loss made by the company in an overseas property business before the change in ownership.

(2) A loss in the business made in an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership may not be used under section 66(3) to reduce the profits of the business of an accounting period ending after the change in ownership.

Apportionment of amounts U.K.

685 Apportionment of amounts U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter, but subsection (2) is subject to subsection (3).

(2) Any amount for the actual accounting period in column 1 of the following table is to be apportioned to the two notional accounting periods in accordance with the corresponding method of apportionment in column 2 of the table.

Row	1. Amount to be apportioned	2. Method of apportionment
1	The amount for the actual accounting period of any adjusted non-trading profits from the company's loan relationships (see section 686(2)).	Apportion the amount in column 1 on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two notional accounting periods.
2	The amount for the actual accounting period of any adjusted non-trading deficit from the company's loan relationships (see section 686(3)).	Apportion the amount in column 1 on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two notional accounting periods.
3	The amount of any non-trading debit that falls to be brought into account for the actual accounting period for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) in respect of any debtor relationship of the company.	(1) If condition A in section 686(4) is met, apportion the amount in column 1 by reference to the time of accrual of the amount to which the debit relates. (2) If condition B in section 686(5) is met, apportion the amount in column 1 to the first notional accounting period.
4	The amount of any non-trading deficit carried forward to the actual accounting period under section 457(1) of CTA 2009 (basic rule for deficits: carry forward to accounting periods after deficit period).	Apportion the whole of the amount in column 1 to the first notional accounting period.
5	The amount of any non-trading credits or debits in respect of intangible fixed assets that fall to be brought into account for the actual accounting period under section 751 of CTA 2009 (non-trading gains and losses), but excluding any amount within column 1 of row 6.	Apportion to each notional accounting period the credits or debits that would fall to be brought into account in that period if it were a period of account for which accounts were drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.
6	The amount of any non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets carried forward to the actual accounting period under section 753(3) of CTA 2009 and treated under that section as if it were a non-trading debit of that period.	Apportion the whole of the amount in column 1 to the first notional accounting period.
7	The amount of any expenses of management referable to the actual accounting period within the meaning of Chapter 2 of Part 16 of CTA 2009 (companies with investment business) (but see section 686(6)).	Apportion to each notional accounting period the amounts that would fall to be brought into account in that period as an amount in column 1 if it were a period of account for which accounts were drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.
8	The amount of any excess carried forward under section 1223 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management carried forward) to the actual accounting period.	Apportion the whole of the amount in column 1 to the first notional accounting period.
9	The amount of any allowances falling to be made for the actual accounting period as a result of section 253 of CAA 2001 which would (but for this Chapter) be added to the expenses of management for the period because of section 1233 of CTA 2009 (excess capital allowances).	Apportion the amount in column 1 on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two notional accounting periods.
10	Any other amounts by reference to which the profits or losses of the actual accounting period would (but for this Chapter) be calculated.	Apportion the amount in column 1 on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two notional accounting periods.

(3) If any method of apportionment in column 2 of the table in subsection (2) would work unjustly or unreasonably in any case, such other method is to be used as is just and reasonable.

(4) For the meaning of certain expressions used in this section, see section 686.

686 Meaning of certain expressions in section 685 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of the table in section 685(2).

(2) For the purposes of column 1 of row 1 of the table, the amount for the actual accounting period of any adjusted non-trading profits from the company's loan relationships is the amount which would be the amount of the profits from those relationships chargeable under section 299 of CTA 2009 (charge to tax on non-trading profits) if, in calculating that amount, amounts for that period within column 1 of row 3 or 4 of the table were disregarded.

(3) For the purposes of column 1 of row 2 of the table, the amount for the actual accounting period of any adjusted non-trading deficit from the company's loan relationships is the amount which would be the amount of the non-trading deficit from those relationships if, in calculating that amount, amounts for that period within column 1 of row 3 or 4 of the table were disregarded.

(4) Condition A is that —

(a) the amount in column 1 of row 3 of the table is determined on an amortised cost basis of accounting, and

(b) none of the following provisions applies—

(i) section 373 of CTA 2009 (late interest treated as not accruing until paid in some cases),

(ii) section 407 of that Act (postponement until redemption of debits for connected companies' deeply discounted securities), or

(iii) section 409 of that Act (postponement until redemption of debits for close companies' deeply discounted securities).

(5) Condition B is that —

(a) the amount in column 1 of row 3 of the table is determined on an amortised cost basis of accounting, and

(b) any of the provisions mentioned in subsection (4)(b) applies.

(6) The expenses of management mentioned in column 1 of row 7 of the table do not include any expenses for which a deduction under section 1219 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business) would be disallowed because of subsection (3)(b) of that section.

Adjustment to balancing charges if relief is restricted U.K.

687 Adjustment to balancing charges if relief is restricted U.K.

(1) This section applies if condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that the debits to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) in the case of the company in respect of its loan relationships are restricted because of section 679.

(3) Condition B is that deductions from the company's total profits are restricted because of section 680 or 682.

(4) In applying the provisions of CAA 2001 about balancing charges to the company by reference to any event after the change in ownership, there is to be disregarded any allowance falling to be made in taxing the company's trade for any accounting period beginning before the change in ownership.

This subsection applies despite section 577(3) of CAA 2001.

(5) But subsection (4) does not apply if the allowance has been given effect to by means of relief against any profits of that accounting period or any subsequent accounting period beginning before the change in ownership.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5), it is to be assumed that any loss attributable to any such allowance as is mentioned in subsection (4) is relieved before any loss which is not attributable to such an allowance.

Meaning of “significant increase in the amount of a company's capital” U.K.

688 Meaning of “significant increase in the amount of a company's capital” U.K.

(1) This section and sections 689 to 691 have effect for determining whether, for the purposes of section 677(2), there is a significant increase in the amount of a company's capital after a change in the ownership of the company.

(2) There is a significant increase in the amount of a company's capital if amount B—

(a) exceeds amount A by at least £1 million, or

(b) is at least twice amount A.

(3) For the meaning of—

(a) “amount A” and “amount B”, see sections 689 and 690 respectively, and

(b) “amount of capital”, see section 691.

689 Amount A U.K.

(1) In section 688, amount A is the lower of—

(a) the amount of the company's capital immediately before the change in ownership, and

(b) the highest 60 day minimum amount for the pre-change year.

(2) The highest 60 day minimum amount for the pre-change year is found as follows.

• Step 1 Find the daily amounts of the company's capital over the pre-change year.

• Step 2 Take the highest of the daily amounts.

• Step 3 Find out whether there was in the pre-change year a period of at least 60 days in which there was no daily amount lower than the amount taken.

• Step 4 If there was, the amount taken is the highest 60 day minimum amount for the pre-change year. If there was not, take the next highest of the daily amounts and repeat step 3; and so on, until the highest 60 day minimum amount for the pre-change year is found.

(3) In this section “the pre-change year” means the period of one year ending immediately before the change in ownership.

690 Amount B U.K.

(1) In section 688, amount B is the highest 60 day minimum amount for the post-change period.

(2) The highest 60 day minimum amount for the post-change period is found as follows.

• Step 1 Find the daily amounts of the company's capital over the post-change period.

• Step 2 Take the highest of the daily amounts.

• Step 3 Find out whether there was in the post-change period a period of at least 60 days in which there was no daily amount lower than the amount taken.

• Step 4 If there was, the amount taken is the highest 60 day minimum amount for the post-change period. If there was not, take the next highest of the daily amounts and repeat step 3; and so on, until the highest 60 day minimum amount for the post-change period is found.

(3) In this section “the post-change period” means the period of 3 years beginning with the change in ownership.

691 Meaning of “amount of capital” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 688 to 690.

(2) The amount of the capital of a company is the sum of—

(a) the amount of the paid up share capital of the company,

(b) the amount outstanding of any debts incurred by the company which are within section 453(2), and

(c) the amount outstanding of any redeemable loan capital issued by the company.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)—

(a) the amount of the paid up share capital includes any amount in the share premium account of the company, and

(b) the amount outstanding of any debts includes the amount of any interest due on the debts.

(4) Amounts of capital are to be expressed in sterling.

(5) In this section “share premium account” has the same meaning as in section 610 of the Companies Act 2006.

Chapter 4 U.K. Company with investment business: restrictions on relief: asset transferred within group

Introduction U.K.

692 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if—

(a) there is a change in the ownership of a company with investment business (“the company”), and

(b) conditions 1 to 3 are met.

(2) Condition 1 is that none of conditions A to C in section 677 is met.

(3) Condition 2 is that after the change in ownership the company acquires an asset from another company in circumstances such that—

(a) section 171(1) of TCGA 1992 (no gain/no loss on transfer within group), or

(b) section 775 of CTA 2009 (tax-neutral transfer within group),

applies to the acquisition.

(4) Condition 3 is that—

(a) in a case within subsection (3)(a), a chargeable gain accrues to the company on a disposal of the asset within the period of 3 years beginning with the change in ownership, or

(b) in a case within subsection (3)(b), there is a non-trading chargeable realisation gain on the realisation of the asset within that period.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (4), an asset (P) acquired by the company as mentioned in subsection (3) is treated as the same as an asset (Q) owned at a later time by the company if the value of Q is derived in whole or in part from P.

(6) In particular, P is treated as the same as Q for those purposes if—

(a) Q is a freehold,

(b) P was a leasehold, and

(c) the lessee has acquired the reversion.

(7) In this Chapter—

• “the change in ownership” means the change in ownership mentioned in subsection (1),

• “the company” has the same meaning as in this section,

• “non-trading chargeable realisation gain” means a chargeable realisation gain (within the meaning of Part 8 of CTA 2009 (intangible fixed assets)) which is a non-trading credit for the purposes of that Part (see section 746 of that Act),

• “realisation” has the meaning given by section 734 of CTA 2009, and

• “the relevant gain” means the gain within subsection (4)(a) or (b).

693 Meaning of “amount of profits which represents a relevant gain” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter, the amount of any profits which represents a relevant gain is found by comparing—

(a) the amount (“Y”) of the relevant gain, with

(b) the amount (“Z”) which is included in respect of chargeable gains or, as the case may be, non-trading chargeable realisation gains for the accounting period concerned.

(2) If Y does not exceed Z, the amount of the profits which represents the relevant gain equals Y.

(3) If Y exceeds Z, the amount of those profits equals Z.

694 Meaning of “the relevant provisions” U.K.

In this Chapter “the relevant provisions” means—

(a) section 8(1) of, and Schedule 7A to, TCGA 1992 (amounts included in respect of chargeable gains in total profits), or

(b) Chapter 6 of Part 8 of CTA 2009 (intangible fixed assets: how credits and debits are given effect).

Notional split of accounting period in which change in ownership occurs U.K.

695 Notional split of accounting period in which change in ownership occurs U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) The accounting period in which the change in ownership occurs (“the actual accounting period”) is treated as two separate accounting periods (“notional accounting periods”), the first ending with the change and the second consisting of the remainder of the period.

(3) The amounts for the actual accounting period in column 1 of the table in section 702(2) are apportioned to the two notional accounting periods in accordance with section 702.

(4) In this Chapter “the actual accounting period” and “notional accounting periods” have the same meaning as in this section.

Restrictions on relief U.K.

696 Restriction on debits to be brought into account U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting the debits to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) in respect of the company's loan relationships.

(2) But this section applies only if, in accordance with the relevant provisions and section 702, an amount is included in respect of chargeable gains or, as the case may be, non-trading chargeable realisation gains in the total profits of the accounting period of the company in which the relevant gain accrues or arises.

(3) The debits to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 for—

(a) the accounting period beginning immediately after the change in ownership, or

(b) any subsequent accounting period,

do not include relevant non-trading debits so far as the amount of those debits exceeds the modified total profits of the accounting period.

(4) In subsection (3) “the modified total profits of the accounting period” means the total profits of that period—

(a) less, if that period is the period in which the relevant gain accrues or arises, an amount equal to so much of those profits as represents the relevant gain, and

(b) after deducting any amounts which can be relieved against the profits, other than an amount falling to be deducted under section 461 of CTA 2009 (claim to set off deficit against other profits for the deficit period).

(5) If, as a result of subsection (3), a debit is to any extent not brought into account for an accounting period, that debit may (to that extent) be brought into account for the next accounting period, but this is subject to the application of subsections (3) and (4) to that next accounting period.

(6) For the meaning of “relevant non-trading debit”, see section 730.

697 Restriction on the carry forward of non-trading deficit from loan relationships U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting the carry forward of a non-trading deficit from the company's loan relationships under Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships).

(2) But this section applies only if, in accordance with the relevant provisions and section 702, an amount is included in respect of chargeable gains or, as the case may be, non-trading chargeable realisation gains in the total profits of the accounting period of the company in which the relevant gain accrues or arises.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if the non-trading deficit in column 1 of row 5 of the table in section 702(2) is apportioned in accordance with section 702(2) to the first notional accounting period.

(4) None of that non-trading deficit may be carried forward to—

(a) the accounting period beginning immediately after the change in ownership, or

(b) any subsequent accounting period.

698 Restriction on relief for non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting relief under section 753 of CTA 2009 (treatment of non-trading losses) in respect of a non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets.

(2) But this section applies only if, in accordance with the relevant provisions and section 702, an amount is included in respect of chargeable gains or, as the case may be, non-trading chargeable realisation gains in the total profits of the accounting period of the company (“the relevant period”) in which the relevant gain accrues or arises.

(3) Relief under section 753 of CTA 2009 against the total profits of the same accounting period is available only in relation to each of the notional accounting periods considered separately.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if a non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets for an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership is carried forward under section 753(3) of that Act to an accounting period ending after the change in ownership.

(5) The non-trading loss may not be used to give relief under section 753 of that Act in respect of so much of the total profits of the relevant period as represents the relevant gain.

699 Restrictions on the deduction of expenses of management U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting deductions for expenses of management.

(2) Any amounts which—

(a) are, or are treated as, expenses of management referable to the actual accounting period, and

(b) are apportioned to either of the two notional accounting periods in accordance with section 702,

are treated for the purposes of Chapter 2 of Part 16 of CTA 2009 (companies with investment business) as expenses of management referable to that notional accounting period.

(3) Any allowances which are apportioned to either of the notional accounting periods in accordance with section 702 are treated for the purposes of section 253 of CAA 2001 and section 1233 of CTA 2009 (companies with investment business: excess capital allowances) as falling to be made in that notional accounting period.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if, in accordance with the relevant provisions and section 702, an amount is included in respect of chargeable gains or, as the case may be, non-trading chargeable realisation gains in the total profits of the accounting period of the company in which the relevant gain accrues or arises.

(5) In calculating the taxable total profits of the accounting period of the company in which the relevant gain accrues or arises, no deduction may be made under section 1219 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business) by reference to—

(a) expenses of management deductible for an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership, or

(b) allowances falling to be made for such an accounting period,

from so much of the total profits of the accounting period as represents the relevant gain.

700 Disallowance of UK property business losses U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting relief under sections 62 and 63 for a loss made by the company in a UK property business before the change in ownership.

(2) But this section applies only if, in accordance with the relevant provisions and section 702, an amount is included in respect of chargeable gains or, as the case may be, non-trading chargeable realisation gains in the total profits of the accounting period of the company in which the relevant gain accrues or arises.

(3) Relief under section 62(3) is available only in relation to each of the notional accounting periods considered separately.

(4) A loss made in an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership may not be deducted, as a result of section 62(5) or 63(3), from so much of the profits of an accounting period ending after the change in ownership as represents the relevant gain.

701 Disallowance of overseas property business losses U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purpose of restricting relief under section 66 for a loss made by the company in an overseas property business before the change in ownership.

(2) But this section applies only if, in accordance with the relevant provisions and section 702, an amount is included in respect of chargeable gains or, as the case may be, non-trading chargeable realisation gains in the total profits of the accounting period of the company in which the relevant gain accrues or arises.

(3) A loss in the business made in an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership may not be used under section 66(3) to reduce so much of the profits of the business of an accounting period ending after the change in ownership as represents the relevant gain.

Apportionment of amounts U.K.

702 Apportionment of amounts U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter, but subsection (2) is subject to subsection (3).

(2) Any amount for the actual accounting period in column 1 of the following table is to be apportioned to the two notional accounting periods in accordance with the corresponding method of apportionment in column 2 of the table.

Row	1. Amount to be apportioned	2. Method of apportionment
1	The amount which would in accordance with the relevant provisions (and but for this Chapter) be included in respect of chargeable gains or, as the case may be, non-trading chargeable realisation gains in the total profits of the actual accounting period.	(1) If the amount in column 1 does not exceed the amount of the relevant gain, apportion the whole of it to the second notional accounting period. (2) If the amount in column 1 exceeds the amount of the relevant gain, apportion the excess to the first notional accounting period and an amount equal to the relevant gain to the second notional accounting period.
2	The amount for the actual accounting period of any adjusted non-trading profits from the company's loan relationships (see section 703(2)).	Apportion the amount in column 1 on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two notional accounting periods.
3	The amount for the actual accounting period of any adjusted non-trading deficit from the company's loan relationships (see section 703(3)).	Apportion the amount in column 1 on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two notional accounting periods.
4	The amount of any non-trading debit that falls to be brought into account for the actual accounting period for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) in respect of any debtor relationship of the company.	(1) If condition A in section 703(4) is met, apportion the amount in column 1 by reference to the time of accrual of the amount to which the debit relates. (2) If condition B in section 703(5) is met, apportion the amount in column 1 to the first notional accounting period.
5	The amount of any non-trading deficit carried forward to the actual accounting period under section 457(1) of CTA 2009 (basic rule for deficits: carry forward to accounting periods after deficit period).	Apportion the whole of the amount in column 1 to the first notional accounting period.
6	The amount of any non-trading credits or debits in respect of intangible fixed assets that fall to be brought into account for the actual accounting period under section 751 of CTA 2009 (non-trading gains and losses), but excluding any amount within column 1 of row 7.	Apportion to each notional accounting period the credits or debits that would fall to be brought into account in that period if it were a period of account for which accounts were drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.
7	The amount of any non-trading loss on intangible fixed assets carried forward to the actual accounting period under section 753(3) of CTA 2009 and treated under that section as if it were a non-trading debit of that period.	Apportion the whole of the amount in column 1 to the first notional accounting period.
8	The amount of any expenses of management referable to the actual accounting period within the meaning of Chapter 2 of Part 16 of CTA 2009 (companies with investment business) (but see section 703(6)).	Apportion to each notional accounting period the amounts that would fall to be brought into account in that period as an amount in column 1 if it were a period of account for which accounts were drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.
9	The amount of any excess carried forward under section 1223 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management carried forward) to the actual accounting period.	Apportion the whole of the amount in column 1 to the first notional accounting period.
10	The amount of any allowances falling to be made for the actual accounting period as a result of section 253 of CAA 2001 which would (but for this Chapter) be added to the expenses of management for the period because of section 1233 of CTA 2009 (excess capital allowances).	Apportion the amount in column 1 on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two notional accounting periods.
11	Any other amounts by reference to which the profits or losses of the actual accounting period would (but for this Chapter) be calculated.	Apportion the amount in column 1 on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two notional accounting periods.

(3) If any method of apportionment in column 2 of rows 2 to 11 of the table in subsection (2) would work unjustly or unreasonably in any case, such other method is to be used as is just and reasonable.

(4) For the meaning of certain expressions used in this section, see section 703.

703 Meaning of certain expressions in section 702 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of the table in section 702(2).

(2) For the purposes of column 1 of row 2 of the table, the amount for the actual accounting period of any adjusted non-trading profits from the company's loan relationships is the amount which would be the amount of the profits from those relationships chargeable under section 299 of CTA 2009 (charge to tax on non-trading profits) if, in calculating that amount, amounts for that period within column 1 of row 4 or 5 of the table were disregarded.

(3) For the purposes of column 1 of row 3 of the table, the amount for the actual accounting period of any adjusted non-trading deficit from the company's loan relationships is the amount which would be the amount of the non-trading deficit from those relationships if, in calculating that amount, amounts for that period within column 1 of row 4 or 5 of the table were disregarded.

(4) Condition A is that—

(a) the amount in column 1 of row 4 of the table is determined on an amortised cost basis of accounting, and

(b) none of the following provisions applies—

(i) section 373 of CTA 2009 (late interest treated as not accruing until paid in some cases),

(ii) section 407 of that Act (postponement until redemption of debits for connected companies' deeply discounted securities), or

(iii) section 409 of that Act (postponement until redemption of debits for close companies' deeply discounted securities).

(5) Condition B is that—

(a) the amount in column 1 of row 4 of the table is determined on an amortised cost basis of accounting, and

(b) any of the provisions mentioned in subsection (4)(b) applies.

(6) The expenses of management mentioned in column 1 of row 8 of the table do not include any expenses for which a deduction under section 1219 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business) would be disallowed because of subsection (3)(b) of that section.

Chapter 5 U.K. Company without investment business: disallowance of property losses

704 Company carrying on UK property business U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a change in the ownership of a company carrying on a UK property business,

(b) the company is not a company with investment business, and

(c) condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that within any period of 3 years in which the change in ownership occurs there is a major change in the nature or conduct of a trade or UK property business carried on by the company.

(3) Condition B is that the change in ownership occurs at any time after the scale of the activities in a trade or UK property business carried on by the company has become small or negligible and before any significant revival of the trade or business.

(4) The following provisions have effect for the purpose of restricting relief under section 62 for a loss made by the company in a UK property business before the change in ownership.

(5) The accounting period in which the change in ownership occurs (“the actual accounting period”) is treated for that purpose as two separate accounting periods (“notional accounting periods”), the first ending with the change and the second consisting of the remainder of the period.

(6) The profits or losses of the actual accounting period are apportioned to the two notional accounting periods on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two periods.

(7) But if that method of apportionment would work unjustly or unreasonably in any case, such other method is to be used as is just and reasonable.

(8) Relief under section 62(3) is available only in relation to each of the notional accounting periods considered separately.

(9) A loss made in an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership may not be—

(a) carried forward under section 62(5)(a) to an accounting period ending after the change in ownership, or

(b) treated in relation to such an accounting period as mentioned in section 62(5)(b).

(10) In this section “major change in the nature or conduct of a trade or UK property business” includes—

(a) a major change in the type of property dealt in, or services or facilities provided in, the trade or business, or

(b) a major change in customers, outlets or markets of the trade or business.

This section applies even if the change is the result of a gradual process which began before the period of 3 years mentioned in subsection (2).

705 Company carrying on overseas property business U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a change in the ownership of a company carrying on an overseas property business,

(b) the company is not a company with investment business, and

(c) condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that within any period of 3 years in which the change in ownership occurs there is a major change in the nature or conduct of a trade or overseas property business carried on by the company.

(3) Condition B is that the change in ownership occurs at any time after the scale of the activities in a trade or overseas property business carried on by the company has become small or negligible and before any significant revival of the trade or business.

(4) The following provisions have effect for the purpose of restricting relief under section 66 for a loss made by the company in an overseas property business before the change in ownership.

(5) The accounting period in which the change in ownership occurs (“the actual accounting period”) is treated for that purpose as two separate accounting periods (“notional accounting periods”), the first ending with the change and the second consisting of the remainder of the period.

(6) The profits or losses of the actual accounting period are apportioned to the two notional accounting periods on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the two periods.

(7) But if that method of apportionment would work unjustly or unreasonably in any case, such other method is to be used as is just and reasonable.

(8) A loss in the business made in an accounting period beginning before the change in ownership may not be used under section 66(3) to reduce the profits of the business of an accounting period ending after the change in ownership.

(9) In this section “major change in the nature or conduct of a trade or overseas property business” includes—

(a) a major change in the type of property dealt in, or services or facilities provided in, the trade or business, or

(b) a major change in customers, outlets or markets of the trade or business.

This section applies even if the change is the result of a gradual process which began before the period of 3 years mentioned in subsection (2).

Chapter 6 U.K. Recovery of unpaid corporation tax

General definitions U.K.

706 Meaning of “linked” person U.K.

(1) If there is a change in the ownership of a company, a person is “linked” to the company, for the purposes of this Chapter, if condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that the person had control of the company at any time in the relevant period before the change.

(3) Condition B is that the person is a company of which a person mentioned in subsection (2) had control at any time in the period of 3 years before the change.

(4) For the meaning of—

(a) “control”, see section 707, and

(b) “the relevant period”, see section 709.

707 Meaning of “control” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A person (“P”) is treated as having control of a company (“C”) if P—

(a) exercises,

(b) is able to exercise, or

(c) is entitled to acquire,

direct or indirect control over C's affairs.

(3) In particular, P is treated as having control of C if P possesses or is entitled to acquire—

(a) 50% of the share capital or issued share capital of C,

(b) 50% of the voting power in C,

(c) so much of the issued share capital of C as would, on the assumption that the whole of the income of C were distributed among the participators, entitle P to receive the greater part of the amount so distributed, or

(d) such rights as would entitle P, in the event of the winding up of C or in any other circumstances, to receive the greater part of the assets of C which would then be available for distribution among the participators.

(4) Any rights that P or any other person has as a loan creditor are to be disregarded for the purposes of the assumption in subsection (3)(c).

(5) If two or more persons together satisfy any of the conditions in subsections (2) and (3) and do so because they acted together to put themselves in a position where they will in fact satisfy the condition, each of them is treated as having control of C.

(6) In this section—

• “loan creditor” has the meaning given by section 453, and

• “participator” has the meaning given by section 454.

(7) See also section 708 (rights to be attributed for the purposes of this section).

708 Rights to be attributed for the purposes of section 707 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 707.

(2) A person is treated as entitled to acquire anything which the person—

(a) is entitled to acquire at a future date, or

(b) will at a future date be entitled to acquire.

(3) If a person—

(a) possesses any rights or powers on behalf of another person (A), or

(b) may be required to exercise any rights or powers on A's direction or behalf,

those rights or powers are to be attributed to A.

(4) There may also be attributed to a person all the rights and powers—

(a) of any company of which the person has, or the person and associates of the person have, control,

(b) of any two or more companies within paragraph (a),

(c) of any associate of the person, or

(d) of any two or more associates of the person.

(5) The rights and power which may be attributed under subsection (4)—

(a) include those attributed to a company or associate under subsection (3) but

(b) do not include those attributed to an associate under subsection (4).

(6) Such attributions are to be made under subsection (4) as will result in C being treated as under the control of 5 or fewer participators if it can be so treated.

(7) In this section—

• “associate” has the meaning given by section 448, and

• “participator” has the meaning given by section 454.

709 Meaning of “the relevant period” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) “The relevant period”, in relation to a change in the ownership of a company, means the period of 3 years before the change.

(3) But if in the period of 3 years before the change (“the later change”) there was another change in the ownership of the company (“the earlier change”), “the relevant period”, in relation to the later change, means the period between the earlier change and the later change.

Recovery of unpaid corporation tax for accounting period beginning before change U.K.

710 Recovery of unpaid corporation tax for accounting period beginning before change U.K.

(1) This section applies if an officer of Revenue and Customs considers that—

(a) there has been a change in the ownership of a company (“X”),

(b) any corporation tax assessed on X for an accounting period beginning before the change remains unpaid at any time more than 6 months after it was assessed, and

(c) any of conditions A to C in section 711 (conditions relating to company's trade or business) is met.

(2) A person who is linked to X may be assessed by the officer and charged to an amount of corporation tax which does not exceed the amount remaining unpaid.

(3) A person assessed and charged under this section is to be assessed and charged in the name of X.

(4) An assessment under this section is not out of time if it is made within 3 years from the date of the final determination of the liability of X to corporation tax for the accounting period mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

711 Conditions relating to company's trade or business U.K.

(1) The following are the conditions mentioned in section 710(1)(c).

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) in the period of 3 years before the change in the ownership of X, the activities of a trade or business of X cease or the scale of those activities becomes small or negligible, and

(b) there is no significant revival of those activities before the change occurs.

(3) Condition B is that after the change in the ownership of X, but under arrangements made before it, the activities of a trade or business of X cease or the scale of those activities becomes small or negligible.

(4) Condition C is that—

(a) there is a major change in the nature or conduct of a trade or business of X in the relevant 6 year period,

(b) a relevant transfer of assets of X occurs—

(i) in the period of 3 years before the change in the ownership of X, or

(ii) after the change but under arrangements made before it, and

(c) the major change mentioned in paragraph (a) is attributable to that transfer.

(5) In this section—

• “the relevant 6 year period” means the period of 6 years beginning 3 years before the change in the ownership of X,

• “relevant transfer”, in relation to assets of X, means a transfer of those assets—

  (a)

  to a person who had control of X at any time in the relevant period before the change in the ownership of X,

  (b)

  to a person connected with a person mentioned in paragraph (a), or

  (c)

  to a person under arrangements which enable any of those assets, or any assets representing those assets, to be transferred to a person mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b), and

• “transfer”, in relation to an asset, includes—

  (a)

  any disposal, letting or hiring of it,

  (b)

  any grant or transfer of any right, interest or licence in or over it, and

  (c)

  the giving of any business facilities with respect to it.

(6) For the meaning of “a major change in the nature or conduct of a trade or business”, see section 712.

712 Meaning of “a major change in the nature or conduct of a trade or business” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 711(4).

(2) “A major change in the nature or conduct of a trade or business” includes—

(a) a major change in the type of property dealt in, or services or facilities provided, in the trade or business,

(b) a major change in customers, outlets or markets of the trade or business,

(c) a change by which the company ceases to be a trading company and becomes an investment company,

(d) a change by which the company ceases to be an investment company and becomes a trading company, and

(e) if the company is an investment company, a major change in the nature of the investments held by the company.

(3) Any reference in subsection (2) to a change includes a change which is achieved gradually as a result of a series of transfers.

(4) In this section “trading company” means a company whose business consists wholly or mainly in the carrying on of a trade or trades.

(5) For the purposes of this section, a company is an investment company if—

(a) its business consists wholly or mainly in the making of investments, and

(b) the principal part of its income is derived from investments.

(6) But a company is not an investment company if its business consists wholly or mainly in the holding of shares or securities of companies—

(a) which are its 90% subsidiaries, and

(b) which are trading companies.

Recovery of unpaid corporation tax for accounting period ending on or after change U.K.

713 Recovery of unpaid corporation tax for accounting period ending on or after change U.K.

(1) This section applies if an officer of Revenue and Customs considers that—

(a) there has been a change in the ownership of a company (“Y”),

(b) any corporation tax has been assessed on Y or an associated company for an accounting period ending on or after the change,

(c) that tax remains unpaid at any time more than 6 months after it was assessed, and

(d) the condition in section 714 (the expectation condition) is met.

(2) A person who is linked to Y may be assessed by the officer and charged to an amount of corporation tax which does not exceed the amount remaining unpaid.

(3) A person assessed and charged under this section is to be assessed and charged in the name of the company (“T”) by which the tax remains unpaid.

(4) An assessment under this section is not out of time if it is made within 3 years from the date of the final determination of the liability of T to corporation tax for the accounting period mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

(5) For the meaning of “associated company”, see section 718.

714 The expectation condition U.K.

(1) The condition mentioned in section 713(1)(d) is that it would be reasonable (apart from section 713) to make the inference specified in subsection (3) from any of the matters specified in subsection (2).

(2) Those matters are—

(a) the terms of any transactions entered into in connection with the change in the ownership of Y, and

(b) the other circumstances of the change and of any such transactions.

(3) The inference is that at least one of the transactions mentioned in subsection (2) was entered into by one or more of its parties on the assumption that, if a potential tax liability were to arise, it would be unlikely to be met or to be met in full.

(4) A “potential tax liability” is a liability to pay corporation tax which would or might arise—

(a) from an assessment, made after the change in ownership, on Y or an associated company (whether or not a particular associated company), and

(b) in foreseeable circumstances.

(5) Circumstances are “foreseeable circumstances” if—

(a) the circumstances were reasonably foreseeable at the time of the change in ownership, or

(b) there was a reasonably foreseeable risk at that time that the circumstances might occur.

(6) For the meaning of “transaction entered into in connection with change in ownership”, see section 715.

715 Meaning of “transaction entered into in connection with change in ownership” U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of section 714.

(2) A transaction is entered into in connection with a change in the ownership of Y if—

(a) it is the transaction, or one of the transactions, by which the change is effected, or

(b) it is entered into as part of a series of transactions, or scheme, of which transactions effecting the change have formed or will form part.

(3) Any reference in this section to a scheme is to a scheme, arrangements or understanding of any kind.

(4) It does not matter for the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) whether the scheme, arrangements or understanding is legally enforceable, or

(b) how many transactions are involved.

(5) It does not matter, for the purpose of determining whether any transactions have formed or will form part of a series of transactions or scheme, that the parties to each of the transactions are not the same.

(6) The cases in which any two or more transactions are to be taken as forming part of a series of transactions or scheme include a case in which it would be reasonable to assume that one or more of them—

(a) would not have been entered into independently of the other or others, or

(b) if entered into independently of the other or others, would not have taken the same form or been on the same terms.

Miscellaneous U.K.

716 Interest U.K.

(1) Section 87A of TMA 1970 (interest on overdue corporation tax etc) has effect in relation to corporation tax assessed under section 710 or 713 (recovery of unpaid corporation tax) with the following modification.

(2) That modification is that any reference to the date when the tax becomes due and payable is to be read as a reference to the date when the tax became due and payable—

(a) in the case of an assessment under section 710 (recovery of tax for accounting period beginning before change), by X,

(b) in the case of an assessment under section 713 (recovery of tax for accounting period ending on or after change), by Y or the associated company, depending on which is the company whose unpaid tax gave rise to the assessment.

717 Effect of payment in pursuance of assessment under section 710 or 713 U.K.

(1) A payment—

(a) in pursuance of an assessment under section 710 or 713 (recovery of unpaid corporation tax), or

(b) of interest under section 87A of TMA 1970 (as that section has effect in accordance with section 716),

is not allowed as a deduction in calculating income, profits or losses for any tax purposes.

(2) A person who makes such a payment may recover an amount equal to the payment—

(a) in the case of an assessment under section 710 (recovery of tax for accounting period beginning before change), from X, or

(b) in the case of an assessment under section 713 (recovery of tax for accounting period ending on or after change), from Y or the associated company, depending on which is the company whose unpaid tax gave rise to the assessment.

718 Meaning of “associated company” U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of sections 713 and 714.

(2) “Associated company”, in relation to Y and an assessment to tax, means a company (whenever formed) which, at the time of the assessment or at an earlier time after the change in the ownership of Y—

(a) has control of Y,

(b) is a company of which Y has control, or

(c) is a company under the control of the same person or persons as Y.

Chapter 7 U.K. Meaning of “change in the ownership of a company”

Meaning of “change in the ownership of a company” U.K.

719 Meaning of “change in the ownership of a company” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part there is a change in the ownership of a company if condition A, B or C is met.

(2) Condition A is that a single person acquires a holding of more than half the ordinary share capital of the company.

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) two or more persons each acquire a holding of at least 5% of the ordinary share capital of the company, and

(b) those holdings together amount to more than half the ordinary share capital of the company.

(4) Condition C is that—

(a) two or more persons each acquire a holding of the ordinary share capital of the company, and

(b) those holdings together amount to more than half the ordinary share capital of the company,

but there is disregarded a holding of less than 5% unless—

(i) it is an addition to an existing holding, and

(ii) the two holdings together amount to at least 5% of the ordinary share capital of the company.

(5) See also sections 721 and 722 which provide for things other than ordinary share capital to be taken into account in determining whether there has been a change in the ownership of a company.

720 Section 719: supplementary U.K.

(1) The following provisions apply for the purposes of section 719.

(2) The circumstances at any two points in time with not more than 3 years between may be compared, and a holder (“H”) at the later time may be regarded as having acquired whatever H did not hold at the earlier time.

It does not matter what H has acquired or disposed of in between.

(3) To allow for any issue of shares or other reorganisation of capital, the comparison may be made in terms of percentage holdings of the total ordinary share capital at the respective times, so that a person whose percentage holding is greater at the later time may be regarded as having acquired a percentage holding equal to the increase.

(4) To decide if a person has acquired—

(a) a holding of at least 5%, or

(b) a holding which makes at least 5% when added to an existing holding,

acquisitions by, and holdings of, two or more persons who are connected persons are to be added together as if they were acquisitions by, and holdings of, one and the same person.

(5) Any acquisition of shares under a will or on intestacy is left out of account.

(6) Any gift of shares which is unsolicited and made without regard to the provisions of this Part is left out of account.

721 When things other than ordinary share capital may be taken into account: Chapters 2 to 5 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of Chapters 2 to 5 if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that persons (whether company members or not) possess extraordinary rights or powers under any document regulating a company.

(3) Condition B is that because of that fact ownership of the ordinary share capital may not be an appropriate test of whether there has been a major change in the persons for whose benefit the relief may ultimately enure.

(4) In determining whether there has been a change in the ownership of the company for the purposes of Chapter 2, 3, 4 or 5, any of the following may be taken into account instead of ordinary share capital—

(a) holdings of all kinds of share capital,

(b) holdings of any particular kind of share capital,

(c) voting power, and

(d) any other kind of special power.

722 When things other than ordinary share capital may be taken into account: Chapter 6 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of Chapter 6 if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that persons (whether company members or not) possess extraordinary rights or powers under any document regulating a company.

(3) Condition B is that because of that fact ownership of the ordinary share capital may not be an appropriate test of whether there has been a change in the ownership of the company.

(4) In determining whether there has been a change in the ownership of the company for the purposes of Chapter 6, any of the following may be taken into account instead of ordinary share capital—

(a) holdings of all kinds of share capital,

(b) holdings of any particular kind of share capital,

(c) voting power, and

(d) any other kind of special power.

Changes in indirect ownership U.K.

723 Changes in indirect ownership U.K.

(1) This section applies if there is a change in the ownership of a company, other than a change in ownership which is disregarded because of section 724.

(2) The reference in subsection (1) to a change in the ownership of a company includes a change in ownership occurring as a result of the application of this section.

(3) If condition A in section 719 is met, the person mentioned in that condition is treated for the purposes of this Chapter as having acquired at the time of the change in ownership any relevant assets owned by the company.

(4) If condition B in section 719 is met but condition A is not, each of the persons mentioned in condition B is treated for the purposes of this Chapter as having acquired at the time of the change in ownership the appropriate fraction of any relevant assets owned by the company.

(5) In a case not falling within subsection (3) or (4), each of the persons mentioned in condition C in section 719 (other than any person whose holding is disregarded for the purposes of that condition) is treated for the purposes of this Chapter as having acquired at the time of the change in ownership the appropriate fraction of any relevant assets owned by the company.

(6) In this section—

• “the appropriate fraction”, in relation to one of two or more persons mentioned in subsection (4) or (5), means—

  

  where—

  a

  X is the percentage of the ordinary share capital acquired by that person, and

  b

  Y is the percentage of that capital acquired by all those persons taken together, and

• “relevant assets”, in relation to a company, means—

  (a)

  any ordinary share capital of another company, and

  (b)

  any property or rights which under section 721 or 722 may be taken into account instead of ordinary share capital of another company.

Disregard of change in ownership U.K.

724 Disregard of change in company ownership U.K.

(1) A change in the ownership of a company (“the subsidiary company”) is disregarded for the purposes of Chapters 2 to 6 if —

(a) immediately before the change in ownership, the subsidiary company is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of another company (“the parent company”), and

(b) although there is a change in the direct ownership of the subsidiary company, the subsidiary company continues after the change to be a qualifying 75% subsidiary of the parent company.

(2) For the purposes of this section, the subsidiary company is a qualifying 75% subsidiary of the parent company if conditions A, B and C are met.

(3) Condition A is that the subsidiary company is a 75% subsidiary of the parent company.

(4) Condition B is that the parent company would be beneficially entitled to at least 75% of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of the subsidiary company.

(5) Condition C is that the parent company would be beneficially entitled to at least 75% of any assets of the subsidiary company available for distribution to its equity holders on a winding up.

(6) Chapter 6 of Part 5 (equity holders and profits or assets available for distribution) applies for the purposes of subsections (4) and (5) as it applies for the purposes of section 151(4)(a) and (b).

Supplementary provision U.K.

725 Provision applying for the purposes of Chapters 2 to 5 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of Chapters 2 to 5.

(2) If any of those Chapters has operated to restrict relief by reference to a change in the ownership of a company taking place at any time, no transaction or circumstances before that time may be taken into account in determining whether there is any subsequent change in the ownership of the company.

(3) The following provisions apply if—

(a) any relevant assets are taken into account in determining that there has been a change in the ownership of a company, and

(b) the relevant assets were acquired—

(i) in pursuance of a contract of sale or option or other contract, or

(ii) by a person holding such a contract.

(4) The time when the change in the ownership of the company took place is to be determined as if the acquisition had been made—

(a) when the contract was made with the holder, or

(b) when the benefit of it was assigned to the holder.

(5) Accordingly, a person exercising an option to purchase shares is treated as having purchased the shares when that person acquired the option.

(6) In this section “relevant assets” means—

(a) ordinary share capital, or

(b) any property or rights which under section 721 or 722 may be taken into account instead of ordinary share capital.

726 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

In this Chapter—

• “ownership” means beneficial ownership (and references to acquisition are construed accordingly), and

• “shares” includes stock.

Chapter 8 U.K. Supplementary provision

727 Extended time limit for assessment U.K.

If the operation of any provision in Chapters 2 to 6 depends on circumstances or events at a time or times after (but not more than 3 years after) a change in the ownership of a company, an assessment to give effect to that provision is not out of time if made within 6 years from that time, or the latest of those times.

728 Provision of information about ownership of shares etc U.K.

(1) A person (“P”) in whose name any shares, stock or securities of a company are registered must comply with the obligation in subsection (2) if required to do so by notice given by an officer of Revenue and Customs for the purposes of any provision of this Part.

(2) The obligation is—

(a) to state whether or not P is the beneficial owner of those shares, stock or securities, and

(b) if P is not the beneficial owner of any of those shares, stocks or securities, to provide the name and address of the person on whose behalf they are registered.

729 Meaning of “company with investment business” U.K.

In this Part “company with investment business” has the meaning given by section 1218 of CTA 2009.

730 Meaning of “relevant non-trading debit” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 679 and 696.

(2) “Relevant non-trading debit” means a non-trading debit within subsection (3), (4) or (5).

(3) A non-trading debit is within this subsection if—

(a) it is determined on an amortised cost basis of accounting,

(b) section 407 or 409 of CTA 2009 (postponement until redemption of debits for connected or close companies' deeply discounted securities) applies, and

(c) were it not for those sections, the debit would have fallen to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of that Act (loan relationships) for an accounting period ending before or with the change in ownership mentioned in section 679 or 696.

(4) A non-trading debit is within this subsection if—

(a) it is determined on an amortised cost basis of accounting,

(b) section 373 of CTA 2009 (late interest treated as not accruing until paid in some cases) applies, and

(c) were it not for that section, the debit would have fallen to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of that Act for an accounting period ending before or with the change in ownership mentioned in section 679 or 696.

(5) A non-trading debit is within this subsection if—

(a) it is not within subsection (3) or (4),

(b) it is a debit in respect of a debtor relationship of the company mentioned in section 679 or 696,

(c) it is determined on an amortised cost basis of accounting, and

(d) it relates to an amount that accrued before the change in ownership so mentioned.

(6) Expressions used both in this section and in Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) have the same meaning as in that Part.

Part 15 U.K. Transactions in securities

Introduction U.K.

731 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) This Part makes provision for counteracting corporation tax advantages obtained or obtainable by companies to which section 733 applies in respect of a transaction or transactions in securities.

(2) See section 746 (counteraction notices) for the way in which the corporation tax advantages may be counteracted.

732 Meaning of “corporation tax advantage” U.K.

(1) In this Part “corporation tax advantage” means—

(a) a relief from corporation tax or increased relief from corporation tax,

(b) a repayment of corporation tax or increased repayment of corporation tax,

(c) the avoidance or reduction of a charge to corporation tax or an assessment to corporation tax, or

(d) the avoidance of a possible assessment to corporation tax.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) and (d) it does not matter whether the avoidance or reduction is effected—

(a) by receipts accruing in such a way that the recipient does not pay or bear corporation tax on them, or

(b) by a deduction in calculating profits or gains.

Company liable to counteraction of corporation tax advantage U.K.

733 Company liable to counteraction of corporation tax advantage U.K.

(1) This section applies to a company in respect of a transaction in securities or two or more such transactions if the company is in a position to obtain or has obtained a corporation tax advantage—

(a) in circumstances where any of the provisions specified in subsection (2) applies in relation to the company, and

(b) in consequence of—

(i) the transaction, or

(ii) the combined effect of the transactions.

(2) The provisions are—

• section 735 (abnormal dividends used for exemptions or reliefs (circumstance A)),

• section 736 (receipt of consideration representing company's assets, future receipts or trading stock (circumstance C)),

• section 737 (receipt of consideration in connection with relevant company distribution (circumstance D)), and

• section 738 (receipt of assets of relevant company (circumstance E)).

(3) For the purposes of this Part a corporation tax advantage is treated as obtained or obtainable by a company in consequence of—

(a) a transaction in securities, or

(b) the combined effect of two or more such transactions,

if it is obtained or obtainable by the company in consequence of the combined effect of the transaction or transactions and the liquidation of a company.

(4) This section is subject to—

• section 734 (exception where no tax avoidance object shown),

• section 744(3) (disapplication of this section where company receiving preliminary notification that this section may apply makes a statutory declaration and the relevant officer of Revenue and Customs sees no reason to take further action), and

• section 745(5) (determination by tribunal that there is no prima facie case that this section applies).

734 Exception where no tax avoidance object shown U.K.

(1) Section 733 does not apply to a company in respect of a transaction in securities or two or more such transactions if the company shows that the transaction or transactions meet conditions A and B.

(2) Condition A is that the transaction or transactions are effected—

(a) for genuine commercial reasons, or

(b) in the ordinary course of making or managing investments.

(3) Condition B is that enabling corporation tax advantages to be obtained is not the main object or one of the main objects of the transaction or, as the case may be, any of the transactions.

Circumstances in which corporation tax advantages obtained or obtainable U.K.

735 Abnormal dividends used for exemptions or reliefs (circumstance A) U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to a company if subsections (2) to (4) apply.

(2) The company receives an abnormal amount by way of dividend (see section 740).

(3) The receipt is in connection with—

(a) the purchase of securities where the purchase is followed by the sale of the same or other securities,

(b) the sale of securities where the sale is followed by the purchase of the same or other securities,

(c) the distribution, transfer or realisation of assets of a company, or

(d) the application of such assets in discharge of liabilities.

(4) The amount so received is taken into account for the purposes of the application of franked investment income for the purposes of regulations made under section 32 of FA 1998 (unrelieved surplus advance corporation tax).

736 Receipt of consideration representing company's assets, future receipts or trading stock (circumstance C) U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to a company (“A”) if subsections (2) to (4) apply.

(2) A receives consideration which—

(a) is or represents the value of—

(i) assets which are available for distribution by a company by way of dividend, or

(ii) assets which would have been so available apart from anything done by the company,

(b) is received in respect of future receipts of a company, or

(c) is or represents the value of trading stock of a company.

(3) The receipt is in consequence of a transaction whereby another person subsequently receives, or has received, an abnormal amount by way of dividend (see section 740).

(4) The receipt of the consideration is such that A does not pay or bear corporation tax on income in respect of it (apart from this Part).

(5) The assets mentioned in subsection (2) do not include assets which are shown to represent a return of sums paid by subscribers on the issue of securities, despite the fact that under the law of the country in which the company is incorporated assets of that description are available for distribution by way of dividend.

(6) In this section references to the receipt of consideration include references to the receipt of any money or money's worth.

737 Receipt of consideration in connection with relevant company distribution (circumstance D) U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to a company (“the section 733 company”) if subsections (2) to (4) apply.

(2) The section 733 company receives consideration in connection with—

(a) the distribution, transfer or realisation of assets of a relevant company (see section 739), or

(b) the application of such assets in discharge of liabilities.

(3) The consideration—

(a) is or represents the value of—

(i) assets which are available for distribution by way of dividend by the relevant company, or

(ii) assets which would have been so available apart from anything done by the relevant company,

(b) is received in respect of future receipts of the relevant company, or

(c) is or represents the value of trading stock of the relevant company.

(4) The section 733 company so receives the consideration that it does not pay or bear corporation tax on income in respect of it (apart from this Part).

(5) The assets mentioned in subsection (3) do not include assets which are shown to represent a return of sums paid by subscribers on the issue of securities, despite the fact that under the law of the country in which the relevant company is incorporated assets of that description are available for distribution by way of dividend.

(6) In this section references to the receipt of consideration include references to the receipt of any money or money's worth.

738 Receipt of assets of relevant company (circumstance E) U.K.

(1) This section applies in relation to a company (“the section 733 company”) if subsections (2) to (4) and (7) apply.

(2) The section 733 company receives consideration in connection with—

(a) the direct or indirect transfer of assets of a relevant company (see section 739) to another such company, or

(b) any transaction in securities in which two or more relevant companies are concerned.

(3) The consideration is or represents the value of assets which—

(a) are available for distribution by way of dividend by a relevant company,

(b) would have been so available apart from anything done by the relevant company, or

(c) are trading stock of a relevant company.

(4) The consideration consists of any share capital or any security issued by a relevant company.

(5) So far as subsection (4) relates to share capital other than redeemable share capital, it applies only so far as the share capital is repaid (in a winding up or otherwise).

(6) The reference in subsection (5) to the repayment of share capital includes a reference to any distribution made in respect of any shares in a winding up or dissolution of the relevant company.

(7) The section 733 company does not pay or bear corporation tax on income in respect of the consideration (apart from this Part).

(8) In this section—

(a) references to the receipt of consideration include references to the receipt of any money or money's worth,

(b) “security” includes securities not creating or evidencing a charge on assets, and

(c) “share” includes stock and any other interest of a member in a company.

739 Meaning of “relevant company” in sections 737 and 738 U.K.

(1) A company is a relevant company for the purposes of sections 737 and 738 if it is—

(a) a company under the control of not more than 5 persons (but see subsection (2)), or

(b) any other company none of whose shares or stocks is—

(i) included in the official UK list, and

(ii) dealt in on a recognised stock exchange in the United Kingdom regularly or from time to time.

(2) A company is not a relevant company for those purposes if it is under the control of one or more companies which are not relevant companies for those purposes.

(3) The reference in subsection (1)(b) to shares or stocks does not include debenture stock, preferred shares or preferred stock.

(4) Section 450 (meaning of “control” for the purposes of Part 10 (close companies)) applies for the purposes of this section.

740 Abnormal dividends: general U.K.

(1) An amount received by way of dividend is treated as abnormal for the purposes of this Part if the appropriate authority is satisfied—

(a) in any case that the excessive return condition is met (see section 741), or

(b) in the case of a dividend at a fixed rate, that the excessive accrual condition is met (see section 742).

(2) In subsection (1) “the appropriate authority” means whichever of the following is determining the question whether the amount is abnormal for the purposes of this Part—

(a) an officer of Revenue and Customs,

(b) the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, or

(c) the tribunal.

741 Abnormal dividends: the excessive return condition U.K.

(1) The excessive return condition is that the dividend substantially exceeds a normal return on the consideration provided by the recipient for the relevant securities.

(2) In this section “the relevant securities” means-

(a) the securities in respect of which the dividend was received, and

(b) if those securities are derived from securities previously acquired by the recipient, the securities that were previously acquired.

(3) In determining whether an amount received by way of dividend exceeds a normal return, regard must be had—

(a) to the length of time before its receipt that the recipient first acquired any of the relevant securities, and

(b) to any dividends paid and other distributions made in respect of them during that time.

(4) If—

(a) the consideration provided by the recipient for any of the relevant securities exceeded their market value at the time the recipient acquired them, or

(b) no consideration was so provided,

for the purposes of subsection (1) consideration equal to that market value is taken to have been so provided.

742 Abnormal dividends: the excessive accrual condition U.K.

(1) The excessive accrual condition is that the dividend substantially exceeds the amount which the recipient would have received if—

(a) the dividend had accrued from day to day, and

(b) the recipient had been entitled to only so much of the dividend as accrued while the recipient held the securities.

(2) But the excessive accrual condition is treated as not being met if during the period of 6 months beginning with the purchase of the securities the recipient does not—

(a) sell or otherwise dispose of any of the securities or any securities similar to them, or

(b) acquire an option to sell any of the securities or any securities similar to them.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) securities are taken to be similar if they entitle their holders—

(a) to the same rights against the same persons as to capital and interest, and

(b) to the same remedies for the enforcement of those rights.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) rights guaranteed by the Treasury are treated as rights against the Treasury.

(5) Subsection (3) applies despite any differences—

(a) in the total nominal amounts of the respective securities,

(b) in the form in which they are held, or

(c) in the way in which they can be transferred.

Procedure for counteraction of corporation tax advantages U.K.

743 Preliminary notification that section 733 may apply U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs must notify a company if the officer has reason to believe that—

(a) section 733 (company liable to counteraction of corporation tax advantage) may apply to the company in respect of a transaction or transactions, and

(b) a counteraction notice ought to be served on the company under section 746 about the transaction or transactions.

(2) The notification must specify the transaction or transactions.

(3) See section 746 for the serving of counteraction notices, and sections 744 and 745 for cases where the company on which the notice under this section is served disagrees that section 733 applies.

744 Opposed notifications: statutory declarations U.K.

(1) If a company on which a notification is served under section 743 is of the opinion that section 733 (company liable to counteraction of corporation tax advantage) does not apply to the company in respect of the transaction or transactions specified in the notification, the company may—

(a) make a statutory declaration to that effect, stating the facts and circumstances on which the opinion is based, and

(b) send it to the officer of Revenue and Customs.

(2) Such a declaration must be sent within 30 days of the issue of the notification.

(3) If the company sends that declaration to the officer and the officer sees no reason to take further action—

(a) section 733 does not so apply, and

(b) accordingly no counteraction notice may be served on the company under section 746 about the transaction or transactions.

745 Opposed notifications: determinations by tribunal U.K.

(1) This section applies if the officer of Revenue and Customs receiving a statutory declaration under section 744(1) sees reason to take further action about the transaction or transactions in question.

(2) The officer must send the tribunal a certificate to that effect, together with the statutory declaration.

(3) The officer may also send the tribunal a counter-statement with the certificate.

(4) The tribunal must—

(a) consider the declaration and certificate and any counter-statement, and

(b) determine whether there is a prima facie case for the officer to take further action on the basis that section 733 (company liable to counteraction of corporation tax advantage) applies to the company by which the declaration was made in respect of the transaction or transactions in question.

(5) If the tribunal determines that there is no such case—

(a) section 733 does not so apply, and

(b) accordingly no counteraction notice may be served on the company under section 746 about the transaction or transactions.

(6) But such a determination does not affect the application of sections 733 and 746 in respect of transactions including not only the ones to which the determination relates but also others.

746 Counteraction notices U.K.

(1) If—

(a) a company on which a notification is served under section 743 does not send a statutory declaration to an officer of Revenue and Customs under section 744 within 30 days of the issue of the notification, or

(b) the tribunal to which such a declaration is sent under section 745 determines that there is a prima facie case for serving a notice on a company under this section,

the corporation tax advantage in question is to be counteracted by adjustments.

(2) The adjustments required to be made to counteract the corporation tax advantage and the basis on which they are to be made are to be specified in a notice served on the company by an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(3) In this Part such a notice is referred to as a “counteraction notice”.

(4) Any of the following adjustments may be specified—

(a) an assessment,

(b) the nullifying of a right to repayment,

(c) the requiring of the return of a repayment already made, or

(d) the calculation or recalculation of profits or gains or liability to corporation tax.

(5) Nothing in this section authorises the making of an assessment later than 6 years after the accounting period to which the corporation tax advantage relates.

(6) This section is subject to—

• section 747 (timing of assessments in section 738 cases), and

• section 749(2) (effect of clearance notification under section 748).

(7) But no other provision in the Corporation Tax Acts is to be read as limiting the powers conferred by this section.

747 Timing of assessments in section 738 cases U.K.

(1) This section applies if section 733 (company liable to counteraction of corporation tax advantage) applies to a company because it is in a position to obtain or has obtained a corporation tax advantage by falling within the circumstances mentioned in section 738 (receipt of relevant company assets (circumstance E)) when share capital is repaid.

(2) An assessment to corporation tax made in accordance with a counteraction notice must be an assessment for the accounting period in which the repayment occurs.

(3) The references in this section to the repayment of share capital include references to any distribution made in respect of any shares in a winding up or dissolution of the company.

(4) In subsection (3) “shares” includes stock and any other interest of a member in a company.

Clearance procedure U.K.

748 Application for clearance of transactions U.K.

(1) A company may provide the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs with particulars of a transaction or transactions effected or to be effected by it in order to obtain a notification about them under this section.

(2) If the Commissioners consider that the particulars, or any further information provided under this subsection, are insufficient for the purposes of this section, they must notify the company what further information they require for those purposes within 30 days of receiving the particulars or further information.

(3) If any such further information is not provided within 30 days from the notification, or such further time as the Commissioners allow, they need not proceed further under this section.

(4) The Commissioners must notify the company whether they are satisfied that the transaction or transactions, as described in the particulars, were or will be such that no counteraction notice ought to be served about the transaction or transactions.

(5) The notification must be given within 30 days of receipt of the particulars, or, if subsection (2) applies, of all further information required.

749 Effect of clearance notification under section 748 U.K.

(1) This section applies if the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs notify a company under section 748 that they are satisfied that a transaction or transactions, as described in the particulars provided under that section, were or will be such that no counteraction notice ought to be served about the transaction or transactions.

(2) No such notice may be served on the company in respect of the transaction or transactions.

(3) But the notification does not prevent such a notice being served on the company in respect of transactions including not only the ones to which the notification relates but also others.

(4) The notification is void if the particulars and any further information given under section 748 about the transaction or transactions do not fully and accurately disclose all facts and considerations which are material for the purposes of that section.

Appeals U.K.

750 Appeals against counteraction notices U.K.

(1) A company on which a counteraction notice has been served may appeal on the grounds that—

(a) section 733 (company liable to counteraction of corporation tax advantage) does not apply to the company in respect of the transaction or transactions in question, or

(b) the adjustments directed to be made are inappropriate.

(2) Such an appeal may be made only by giving notice to the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs within 30 days of the service of the counteraction notice.

(3) On an appeal under this section the tribunal may—

(a) affirm, vary or cancel the counteraction notice, or

(b) affirm, vary or quash an assessment made in accordance with the notice.

(4) But the bringing of an appeal under this section does not affect—

(a) the validity of the counteraction notice, or

(b) the validity of any other thing done under or in accordance with section 746 (counteraction notices),

pending the determination of the proceedings.

Interpretation U.K.

751 Interpretation of Part U.K.

In this Part—

• “company” includes any body corporate,

• “dividends” includes references to other qualifying distributions and to interest,

• “securities”—

  (a)

  includes shares and stock, and

  (b)

  in relation to a company not limited by shares (whether or not it has a share capital) also includes a reference to the interest of a member of the company as such, whatever the form of that interest,

• “trading stock” has the meaning given by section 163 of CTA 2009, and

• “transaction in securities” means transactions, of whatever description, relating to securities, and in particular—

  (a)

  the purchase, sale or exchange of securities,

  (b)

  issuing or securing the issue of new securities,

  (c)

  applying or subscribing for new securities, and

  (d)

  altering or securing the alteration of the rights attached to securities.

Part 16 U.K. Factoring of income etc

Chapter 1 U.K. Transfers of income streams

752 Application of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if—

(a) a company within the charge to corporation tax (“the transferor”) makes a transfer to another person (“the transferee”) of a right to relevant receipts (see subsection (2)), and

(b) (subject to subsection (3)) the transfer of the right is not a consequence of the transfer to the transferee of an asset from which the right to relevant receipts arises.

(2) “Relevant receipts” means any income—

(a) which (but for the transfer) would be charged to corporation tax as income of the transferor, or

(b) which (but for the transfer) would be brought into account in calculating profits of the transferor for the purposes of corporation tax.

(3) Despite subsection (1)(b), this Chapter applies if the transfer of the right is a consequence of the transfer to the transferee of all rights under an agreement for annual payments; and for the purposes of subsection (1)(b) the transfer of an asset under a sale and repurchase agreement is not to be regarded as a transfer of the asset.

(4) Section 753 makes provision as to the consequences of this Chapter applying.

(5) For exclusions from this Chapter, see—

(a) section 754 (amount otherwise taxed), and

(b) section 755 (transfer by way of security).

(6) Section 756 makes special provision about transfers of partnership shares.

(7) Section 757 contains supplementary provisions.

753 Value of transferred income stream treated as income U.K.

(1) The relevant amount (see subsection (2)) is to be treated as income of the transferor chargeable to corporation tax in the same way and to the same extent as that in which the relevant receipts—

(a) would have been chargeable to corporation tax, or

(b) would have been brought into account in calculating any profits for the purposes of corporation tax,

but for the transfer of the right to relevant receipts.

(2) The relevant amount is—

(a) (except where paragraph (b) applies) the amount of the consideration for the transfer of the right, or

(b) where the amount of any such consideration is substantially less than the market value of the right at the time when the transfer takes place (or where there is no consideration for the transfer of the right), the market value of the right at that time.

(3) The income under subsection (1) is to be treated as arising—

(a) to the extent that it does not exceed the amount of the consideration for the transfer of the right, in the period or periods for which, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, the consideration for the transfer is recognised for accounting purposes in a profit and loss account or income statement of the transferor, and

(b) otherwise, in the period or periods for which, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, the consideration for the transfer would be so recognised if it were of an amount equal to the market value of the right at the time when the transfer takes place.

(4) But if at any time it becomes reasonable to assume that the income (to any extent) is not, or would not be, treated by subsection (3) as arising in an accounting period of the transferor, the income is to that extent to be treated as arising immediately before that time.

754 Exception: amount otherwise taxed U.K.

This Chapter does not apply if and to the extent that the income under section 753(1) is (apart from this Chapter)—

(a) charged to tax as income of the transferor,

(b) brought into account as income in calculating the profits of the transferor, or

(c) brought into account under CAA 2001.

755 Exception: transfer by way of security U.K.

(1) This Chapter does not apply if—

(a) the consideration for the transfer is the advance under a type 1 finance arrangement, and

(b) the transferor is, or is a member of a partnership which is, the borrower in relation to the arrangement.

(2) This Chapter does not apply if—

(a) the consideration for the transfer is the advance under a type 2 finance arrangement or a type 3 finance arrangement, and

(b) the transferor is a member of the partnership which receives that advance under the arrangement.

(3) In this section—

• “type 1 finance arrangement” has the meaning given for the purposes of Chapter 2 by section 758,

• “type 2 finance arrangement” has the meaning given for the purposes of Chapter 2 by section 763, and

• “type 3 finance arrangement” has the meaning given for the purposes of Chapter 2 by section 767.

756 Partnership shares U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter a transfer of a right to relevant receipts consisting of the reduction in the transferor's share in the profits or losses of a partnership is to be regarded as a consequence of a transfer of an asset from which the right arose (that is, the partnership property) if condition A or B is met.

(2) Condition A is that there is a reduction of the transferor's share in the partnership property and the reduction in the transferor's share in the profits or losses is proportionate to that reduction.

(3) Condition B is that it is not the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of the transfer to secure that the relevant receipts are not charged to corporation tax or income tax as income of any partner or brought into account as income of any partner for the purpose of either of those taxes.

757 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) the grant or surrender of a lease of land is to be regarded as a transfer of the land,

(b) the disposal of an interest in an oil licence (within the meaning of section 809 of CTA 2009) is to be regarded as a transfer of the oil licence, and

(c) the grant or disposal of an interest in intellectual property (within the meaning of section 712(3) of CTA 2009) which constitutes a pre-FA 2002 asset (within the meaning of section 881 of that Act) is to be regarded as a transfer of that intellectual property.

(2) The Treasury may by order make other provision for securing that other transactions are to be regarded as transfers of assets for those purposes.

(3) In this Chapter—

(a) references to a transfer include sale, exchange, gift and assignment and any other arrangement which equates in substance to a transfer, and

(b) references to a transfer taking place are, in the case of an arrangement other than a sale, exchange, gift or assignment, to the making of the arrangement.

(4) A transfer to or by any partnership of which the transferor or transferee is a member, and a transfer to the trustees of any trust of which the transferor is a beneficiary, counts as a transfer in relation to which this Chapter applies.

Chapter 2 U.K. Finance arrangements

Type 1 arrangements U.K.

758 Type 1 finance arrangement defined U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter an arrangement is a type 1 finance arrangement if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that under the arrangement—

(a) a person (“the borrower”) receives money or another asset (“the advance”) from another person (“the lender”),

(b) the borrower or a person connected with the borrower makes a disposal of an asset (“the security”) to or for the benefit of the lender or a person connected with the lender, and

(c) the lender or a person connected with the lender is entitled to payments in respect of the security.

(3) Condition B is that in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice—

(a) the borrower's accounts for the period in which the advance is received record a financial liability in respect of it, and

(b) the payments reduce the amount of the financial liability.

(4) If the borrower is a partnership the reference to the borrower's accounts includes a reference to the accounts of any member of the partnership.

(5) For the purposes of this section the borrower and the lender are not connected with one another.

759 Certain tax consequences not to have effect U.K.

(1) This section applies if a type 1 finance arrangement would have the relevant effect (ignoring this section).

(2) The arrangement is not to have that effect.

(3) The relevant effect is that—

(a) an amount of income on which the borrower or a person connected with the borrower would otherwise have been charged to corporation tax is not so charged,

(b) an amount which would otherwise have been brought into account in calculating for corporation tax purposes any income of the borrower or of a person connected with the borrower is not so brought into account, or

(c) the borrower or a person connected with the borrower becomes entitled to an income deduction.

(4) But if the borrower is a partnership the relevant effect is that—

(a) an amount of income on which a member of the partnership would otherwise have been charged to corporation tax is not so charged,

(b) an amount which would otherwise have been brought into account in calculating for corporation tax purposes any income of a member of the partnership is not so brought into account, or

(c) a member of the partnership becomes entitled to an income deduction.

(5) For the purposes of this section the borrower and the lender are not connected with one another.

(6) An income deduction is—

(a) a deduction in calculating income for corporation tax purposes, or

(b) a deduction from total profits.

760 Payments treated as borrower's income U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a type 1 finance arrangement would not have the relevant effect (ignoring section 759(2)),

(b) that arrangement would not have the corresponding income-tax effect (ignoring section 809BZB(2) of ITA 2007), and

(c) the borrower is—

(i) a company within the charge to corporation tax, or

(ii) a partnership at least one member of which is a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(2) The payments mentioned in section 758(2)(c) must be treated for corporation tax purposes as income of the borrower payable in respect of the security.

(3) Subsection (2) applies whether or not the payments are also the income of another person for tax purposes.

(4) Subsections (3) to (6) of section 759 (meaning of relevant effect) apply for the purposes of this section as for those of that.

(5) In subsection (1)(b) “the corresponding income-tax effect” means the relevant effect as defined by section 809BZB(3) to (6) of ITA 2007 (provision for income tax corresponding to section 759(3) to (6)).

761 Deemed loan relationship if borrower is a company U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a type 1 finance arrangement,

(b) the borrower is a company, and

(c) either—

(i) the arrangement is prevented by section 759 from having the relevant effect in relation to the company, or

(ii) section 760 applies to the company.

(2) For the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships)—

(a) the advance is treated in relation to the company as a money debt owed by it, and

(b) the arrangement is treated in relation to the company as a loan relationship of the company (as a debtor relationship).

(3) Any amount which in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice is recorded in the company's accounts as a finance charge in respect of the advance is treated as interest payable under the loan relationship.

(4) If an amount is treated as interest (“deemed interest”) under subsection (3), to find out when it is paid—

(a) treat the payments mentioned in section 758(2)(c) as consisting of amounts for repaying the advance and amounts (“the interest elements”) in respect of interest on the advance,

(b) treat the interest elements of the payments as paid when the payments are paid, and

(c) treat the deemed interest as paid at the times when the interest elements are treated as paid.

762 Deemed loan relationship if borrower is partnership with corporate member U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a type 1 finance arrangement,

(b) the borrower is a partnership, and

(c) either—

(i) the arrangement is prevented by section 759 from having the relevant effect in relation to a company that is a member of the partnership, or

(ii) section 760 applies to the partnership (in which event “the company” in subsections (2) and (3) means the company within the charge to corporation tax that is a member of the partnership).

(2) For the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships)—

(a) the advance is treated in relation to the company as a money debt owed by the partnership, and

(b) the arrangement is treated in relation to the company as a loan relationship of the partnership (as a debtor relationship).

(3) Any amount which in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice is recorded in the company's accounts, or the partnership's accounts, as a finance charge in respect of the advance is treated as interest payable under the loan relationship by the partnership.

(4) If an amount is treated as interest (“deemed interest”) under subsection (3), to find out when it is paid—

(a) treat the payments mentioned in section 758(2)(c) as consisting of amounts for repaying the advance and amounts (“the interest elements”) in respect of interest on the advance,

(b) treat the interest elements of the payments as paid when the payments are paid, and

(c) treat the deemed interest as paid at the times when the interest elements are treated as paid.

Type 2 arrangements U.K.

763 Type 2 finance arrangement defined U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter an arrangement is a type 2 finance arrangement if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) under the arrangement a person (“the transferor”) makes a disposal of an asset (“the security”) to a partnership,

(b) the transferor is a member of the partnership immediately after the disposal (whether or not a member immediately before it),

(c) under the arrangement the partnership receives money or another asset (“the advance”) from another person (“the lender”),

(d) there is a relevant change in relation to the partnership (see section 764), and

(e) under the arrangement the share in the partnership's profits of the person involved in the change is determined by reference (wholly or partly) to payments in respect of the security.

(3) Condition B is that in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice—

(a) the partnership's accounts for the period in which the advance is received record a financial liability in respect of it, and

(b) the payments reduce the amount of the financial liability.

(4) The reference to the partnership's accounts includes a reference to the transferor's accounts.

764 Relevant change in relation to partnership U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter there is a relevant change in relation to a partnership if condition A or condition B is met.

(2) Condition A is that in connection with the arrangement the lender or a person connected with the lender becomes a member of the partnership at any time.

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) in connection with the arrangement there is at any time a change in a member's share in the partnership's profits, and

(b) the member is the lender or a person connected with the lender or a person who in connection with the arrangement becomes at any time connected with the lender.

(4) An event occurs in connection with the arrangement if it occurs directly or indirectly in consequence of it or otherwise in connection with it.

(5) If there is a relevant change in relation to a partnership, a reference in this Chapter to the person involved in the change is—

(a) if it is condition A that is met, to the person who becomes a member of the partnership, and

(b) if it is condition B that is met, to the member of the partnership in whose share in the partnership's profits there is a change.

765 Certain tax consequences not to have effect U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a type 2 finance arrangement, and

(b) any relevant change in relation to the partnership would have the relevant effect (ignoring this section).

(2) In such a case—

(a) sections 1259 to 1265 of CTA 2009 (partnerships involving companies) are to have effect in relation to the transferor as if the relevant change in relation to the partnership had not occurred, and

(b) accordingly the finance arrangement is not to have the relevant effect.

(3) The relevant effect is that—

(a) an amount of income on which the transferor would otherwise have been charged to corporation tax is not so charged,

(b) an amount which would otherwise have been brought into account in calculating for corporation tax purposes any income of the transferor is not so brought into account, or

(c) the transferor becomes entitled to an income deduction.

(4) In deciding whether subsection (1)(b) is met assume that amounts of income equal to the payments mentioned in section 763(2)(e) were payable to the partnership before the relevant change in relation to it occurred.

(5) An income deduction is—

(a) a deduction in calculating income for corporation tax purposes, or

(b) a deduction from total profits.

766 Deemed loan relationship U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a type 2 finance arrangement, and

(b) the transferor is a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(2) In relation to the company—

(a) the advance is treated for the purposes of Chapter 9 of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (and the other provisions of that Part (loan relationships)) as a money debt owed by the partnership, and

(b) the arrangement is treated as a transaction for the lending of money from which the debt is treated as arising for those purposes.

(3) Any amount which in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice is recorded in the partnership's accounts as a finance charge in respect of the advance is treated as interest payable by the company under the transaction.

(4) The reference in subsection (3) to the partnership's accounts includes a reference to the transferor's accounts.

(5) If an amount is treated as interest (“deemed interest”) under subsection (3), to find out when it is paid—

(a) treat the payments mentioned in section 763(2)(e) as consisting of amounts for repaying the advance and amounts (“the interest elements”) in respect of interest on the advance,

(b) treat the interest elements of the payments as paid when the payments are paid, and

(c) treat the deemed interest as paid at the times when the interest elements are treated as paid.

Type 3 arrangements U.K.

767 Type 3 finance arrangement defined U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter an arrangement is a type 3 finance arrangement if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) a partnership holds an asset (“the security”) as a partnership asset at any time before the arrangement is made,

(b) under the arrangement the partnership receives money or another asset (“the advance”) from another person (“the lender”),

(c) there is a relevant change in relation to the partnership (see section 764), and

(d) under the arrangement the share in the partnership's profits of the person involved in the change is determined by reference (wholly or partly) to payments in respect of the security.

(3) Condition B is that in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice—

(a) the partnership's accounts for the period in which the advance is received record a financial liability in respect of it, and

(b) the payments reduce the amount of the financial liability.

(4) The reference to the partnership's accounts includes a reference to the accounts of any person who is a member of the partnership immediately before the arrangement is made.

768 Certain tax consequences not to have effect U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a type 3 finance arrangement, and

(b) any relevant change in relation to the partnership would have the relevant effect (ignoring this section).

(2) The relevant effect is that—

(a) an amount of income on which a relevant member would otherwise have been charged to corporation tax is not so charged,

(b) an amount which would otherwise have been brought into account in calculating for corporation tax purposes any income of a relevant member is not so brought into account, or

(c) a relevant member becomes entitled to an income deduction.

(3) A relevant member is a person who—

(a) was a member of the partnership immediately before the relevant change in relation to it occurred, and

(b) is not the lender.

(4) If this section applies—

(a) sections 1259 to 1265 of CTA 2009 (partnerships involving companies) are to have effect in relation to any relevant member as if the relevant change in relation to the partnership had not occurred, and

(b) accordingly the finance arrangement is not to have the relevant effect.

(5) In deciding whether subsection (1)(b) is met assume that amounts of income equal to the payments mentioned in section 767(2)(d) were payable to the partnership before the relevant change in relation to it occurred.

(6) An income deduction is—

(a) a deduction in calculating income for corporation tax purposes, or

(b) a deduction from total profits.

769 Deemed loan relationship U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a type 3 finance arrangement, and

(b) a relevant member is a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(2) In relation to the company—

(a) the advance is treated for the purposes of Chapter 9 of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (and the other provisions of that Part (loan relationships)) as a money debt owed by the partnership, and

(b) the arrangement is treated as a transaction for the lending of money from which the debt is treated as arising for those purposes.

(3) Any amount which in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice is recorded in the partnership's accounts as a finance charge in respect of the advance is treated as interest payable by the partnership under the transaction.

(4) The reference in subsection (3) to the partnership's accounts includes a reference to the accounts of any relevant member.

(5) If an amount is treated as interest (“deemed interest”) under subsection (3), to find out when it is paid—

(a) treat the payments mentioned in section 767(2)(d) as consisting of amounts for repaying the advance and amounts (“the interest elements”) in respect of interest on the advance,

(b) treat the interest elements of the payments as paid when the payments are paid, and

(c) treat the deemed interest as paid at the times when the interest elements are treated as paid.

(6) A relevant member is a person who—

(a) was a member of the partnership immediately before the relevant change in relation to it occurred, and

(b) is not the lender.

Exceptions U.K.

770 Exceptions: preliminary U.K.

(1) Sections 771 to 773 make provision for finance arrangement codes not to apply in certain circumstances.

(2) For the purposes of those sections each of the following groups of provisions is a finance arrangement code—

(a) sections 758 to 762 (type 1 arrangements),

(b) sections 763 to 766 (type 2 arrangements), and

(c) sections 767 to 769 (type 3 arrangements).

771 Exceptions U.K.

(1) A finance arrangement code does not apply if the whole of the advance under the arrangement—

(a) is charged to tax on a relevant person as an amount of income,

(b) is brought into account in calculating for tax purposes any income of a relevant person, or

(c) is brought into account for the purposes of any provision of CAA 2001 as a disposal receipt, or proceeds from a balancing event or disposal event, of a relevant person.

(2) Treat subsection (1)(c) as not met if—

(a) the receipt gives rise, or proceeds give rise, to a balancing charge, and

(b) the amount of the balancing charge is limited by any provision of CAA 2001.

(3) A finance arrangement code does not apply if at all times the whole of the advance under the arrangement—

(a) is a debtor relationship of a relevant person for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships), or

(b) would be a debtor relationship of a relevant person for those purposes if that person were a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(4) In subsection (3) references to a debtor relationship do not include references to a relationship to which Chapter 2 of Part 6 of CTA 2009 applies (relevant non-lending relationships).

(5) A finance arrangement code does not apply so far as—

(a) section 263A of TCGA 1992 applies in relation to the arrangement (agreements for sale and repurchase of securities), or

(b) Schedule 13 to FA 2007 or Chapter 10 of Part 6 of CTA 2009 applies in relation to the arrangement (sale and repurchase of securities, and repos).

(6) A finance arrangement code does not apply so far as Chapter 6 of Part 6 of CTA 2009, Part 10A of ITA 2007 or Chapter 4 of Part 4 of TCGA 1992 has effect in relation to the arrangement (alternative finance arrangements).

(7) A finance arrangement code does not apply so far as the security is plant or machinery which is the subject of a sale and finance leaseback.

(8) For the purposes of subsection (7) apply section 221 of CAA 2001 to determine whether plant or machinery is the subject of a sale and finance leaseback.

(9) A finance arrangement code does not apply so far as sections 228B and 228C of CAA 2001 (finance leaseback) apply in relation to the arrangement.

(10) Section 772 defines a relevant person for the purposes of this section.

772 Exceptions: relevant person U.K.

(1) This section defines a relevant person for the purposes of section 771.

(2) If (apart from sections 771 and 773) sections 758 to 762 would apply, each of the following is a relevant person—

(a) the borrower, and

(b) a person connected with the borrower or (if the borrower is a partnership) a member of the partnership.

(3) If (apart from sections 771 and 773) sections 763 to 766 would apply, the transferor is a relevant person.

(4) If (apart from sections 771 and 773) sections 767 to 769 would apply, a relevant member as there defined is a relevant person.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (2)(b) the persons connected with the borrower include any persons who under section 1122 (meaning of “connected”) are connected with the borrower.

773 Power to make further exceptions U.K.

(1) The Treasury may make regulations prescribing other circumstances in which a finance arrangement code is not to apply.

(2) The regulations may amend sections 771 and 772.

(3) The power to make regulations includes—

(a) power to make provision that has effect in relation to times before the making of the regulations (but not times before 6 June 2006),

(b) power to make different provision for different cases or different purposes, and

(c) power to make incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision and savings.

Supplementary U.K.

774 Accounts U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A reference to the accounts of a person includes (if the person is a company) a reference to the consolidated group accounts of a group of companies of which it is a member.

(3) In determining whether accounts record an amount as a financial liability in respect of an advance, assume that the period in which the advance is received ended immediately after the receipt of the advance.

(4) If a person does not draw up accounts in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, assume that the person drew up the accounts in accordance with that practice.

775 Arrangements U.K.

A reference in this Chapter to an arrangement includes a reference to an agreement or understanding (whether or not legally enforceable).

776 Assets U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A reference to a person receiving an asset includes—

(a) a reference to the person obtaining (directly or indirectly) the value of an asset or otherwise deriving (directly or indirectly) a benefit from it, and

(b) a reference to the discharge (in whole or part) of a liability of the person.

(3) A reference to a disposal of an asset includes a reference to anything constituting a disposal of it for the purposes of TCGA 1992.

(4) A reference to payments in respect of an asset includes—

(a) a reference to payments in respect of another asset substituted for it under the arrangement, and

(b) a reference to obtaining (directly or indirectly) the value of an asset or otherwise deriving (directly or indirectly) a benefit from it.

Chapter 3 U.K. Loan or credit transactions

777 Loan or credit transaction defined U.K.

(1) This section defines a loan or credit transaction for the purposes of sections 778 and 779.

(2) A transaction is a loan or credit transaction if it is—

(a) effected with reference to the lending of money or the varying of the terms on which money is lent, or

(b) effected with a view to enabling or facilitating an arrangement concerning the lending of money or the varying of the terms on which money is lent.

(3) A transaction is a loan or credit transaction if it is—

(a) effected with reference to the giving of credit or the varying of the terms on which credit is given, or

(b) effected with a view to enabling or facilitating an arrangement concerning the giving of credit or the varying of the terms on which credit is given.

(4) Subsection (2) has effect whether the transaction is effected—

(a) between the lender and the borrower,

(b) between either of them and a person connected with the other, or

(c) between a person connected with one and a person connected with the other.

(5) Subsection (3) has effect whether the transaction is effected—

(a) between the creditor and the debtor,

(b) between either of them and a person connected with the other, or

(c) between a person connected with one and a person connected with the other.

778 Certain payments treated as interest U.K.

(1) This section applies if a loan or credit transaction provides for a payment which is not interest but is—

(a) an annuity or other annual payment falling within Part 5 of ITTOIA 2005 and chargeable to income tax otherwise than as relevant foreign income, or

(b) an annuity or other annual payment which is from a source in the United Kingdom and chargeable to corporation tax under Chapter 5 of Part 10 of CTA 2009 (distributions from unauthorised unit trusts) or Chapter 7 of that Part (annual payments not otherwise charged).

(2) The payment must be treated for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as if it were a payment of interest.

779 Tax charged on income transferred U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) under a loan or credit transaction a company transfers income arising from property,

(b) the company is not, as a result of Chapter 2 (finance arrangements), chargeable to corporation tax on the income transferred, and

(c) the company is within the charge to corporation tax.

(2) In such a case, the company which transfers the income is charged to corporation tax, under the charge to corporation tax on income, on an amount equal to the income transferred.

(3) This section does not prejudice the liability of any other person to tax.

(4) For the purposes of this section a company transfers income if it surrenders, waives or forgoes it.

(5) Subsection (6) applies for the purposes of this section if—

(a) credit is given for the purchase price of property, and

(b) the rights attaching to the property are such that the buyer's rights to income from the property are suspended or restricted during the life of the debt.

(6) The buyer must be treated as surrendering income of an amount equal to the income the buyer in effect forgoes by obtaining the credit.

(7) For the purposes of this section an amount of income payable subject to deduction of income tax must be taken as the amount before deduction of tax.

Part 17 U.K. Manufactured payments and repos

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

780 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) This Part is about the corporation tax treatment of some arrangements for the transfer of securities.

(2) Chapters 2 to 4 deal with arrangements for the transfer of securities under which provision is made for the payment of amounts representative of dividends or interest in respect of the securities.

(3) In Chapter 5—

(a) sections 808 to 810 prevent parties to stock lending arrangements and certain other arrangements from being entitled to tax credits in some circumstances, and

(b) section 812 deals with some stock lending arrangements under which the dividends or interest in respect of the transferred securities are paid to a person other than the lender.

(4) Chapter 6 contains definitions that apply for the purposes of this Part.

(5) For the meaning of “stock lending arrangements” see section 805.

781 Key definitions U.K.

(1) In this Part “manufactured dividend” has the meaning given by section 782.

(2) In this Part “manufactured overseas dividend” has the meaning given by section 790.

Chapter 2 U.K. Manufactured dividends

782 Meaning of “manufactured dividend” U.K.

“Manufactured dividend” means an amount which—

(a) is representative of a dividend on UK shares, and

(b) is required to be paid by one person to another under an arrangement between them for the transfer of the shares.

783 Treatment of payer of manufactured dividend U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company (“the payer”) pays a manufactured dividend, and

(b) the dividend of which the manufactured dividend is representative is taxable.

(2) For this purpose a dividend is taxable if—

(a) it is received by the payer and the charge to corporation tax on income applies to it, or

(b) it is received by a person other than the payer and the charge to corporation tax on income would have applied to it if it had been received by the payer.

(3) If the payer carries on a trade to which the manufactured dividend relates, the manufactured dividend is treated as an expense of the trade.

(4) But subsection (3) does not apply so far as the manufactured dividend is treated as mentioned in subsection (5) or (6).

(5) If the payer has investment business to which the manufactured dividend relates the manufactured dividend is treated as expenses of management of the business for the purposes of Part 16 of CTA 2009.

(6) If the payer carries on life assurance business to which the manufactured dividend relates, then so far as the manufactured dividend is referable to basic life assurance and general annuity business it is treated as if it were an expense payable falling to be brought into account at Step 3 in section 76(7) of ICTA (amount of expenses deduction).

(7) For the purposes of subsection (6), the manufactured dividend is treated as referable to basic life assurance and general annuity business so far as the dividend of which it is representative—

(a) is received by the payer and is so referable under section 432A of ICTA (apportionment of income and gains), or

(b) is received by another person and would have been so referable under section 432A of ICTA if it had been received by the payer.

(8) This section is subject to—

(a) section 796 (manufactured dividends: amounts exceeding underlying payments), and

(b) section 803 (power to deal with special cases).

784 Treatment of recipient of manufactured dividend U.K.

(1) If a person pays a manufactured dividend to another person, the Corporation Tax Acts apply in relation to—

(a) the recipient of the manufactured dividend, and

(b) companies claiming title through or under the recipient,

as if the manufactured dividend were a dividend on the shares.

(2) Subsection (1) is subject to—

(a) section 786 (treatment of recipient: Real Estate Investment Trusts),

(b) section 796 (manufactured dividends: amounts exceeding underlying payments), and

(c) section 803 (power to deal with special cases).

785 Treatment of payer: Real Estate Investment Trusts U.K.

(1) If a company (“the payer”) pays a manufactured dividend, subsections (2) to (4) apply so far as the manufactured dividend is representative of a dividend which—

(a) is paid by a company UK REIT in respect of profits or gains (or both) of the company's property rental business, or

(b) is paid by the principal company of a group UK REIT in respect of profits or gains (or both) of members of the group as shown in the financial statement under section 532(2)(b) (statement of group's property rental business in UK).

(2) If the manufactured dividend is paid in the course of a trade carried on in the United Kingdom, the manufactured dividend is treated as an expense of the trade.

(3) If the manufactured dividend is paid in connection with investment business, the manufactured dividend is treated as expenses of management for the purposes of Part 16 of CTA 2009 (companies with investment business).

(4) If the payer carries on life assurance business, so far as the manufactured dividend meets one of the conditions in subsection (5) it is treated as if it were an expense payable falling to be brought into account at Step 3 in section 76(7) of ICTA (amount of expenses deduction).

(5) The conditions are that the manufactured dividend—

(a) is referable to basic life assurance and general annuity business,

(b) is treated under section 432A of ICTA (apportionment of income and gains) as so referable, or

(c) would be so treated if received by the payer.

(6) In this section—

• “company UK REIT” has the same meaning as in Part 12 (Real Estate Investment Trusts) (see section 524(5)),

• “group UK REIT” has the same meaning as in that Part (see section 523(5)),

• “principal company” has the same meaning as in that Part (see section 606), and

• “property rental business” has the same meaning as in that Part (see section 519).

(7) This section is subject to—

(a) section 796 (manufactured dividends: amounts exceeding underlying payments), and

(b) section 803 (power to deal with special cases).

786 Treatment of recipient: Real Estate Investment Trusts U.K.

(1) If a person (“the payer”) pays a manufactured dividend, subsection (2) applies (instead of section 784(1)), so far as the manufactured dividend is representative of a dividend that falls within section 785(1)(a) or (b).

(2) The Corporation Tax Acts apply in relation to the recipient, and companies claiming title through or under the recipient, as if the manufactured dividend were a dividend to which section 548 applied (distributions: liability to tax).

(3) This section is subject to—

(a) section 796 (manufactured dividends: amounts exceeding underlying payments), and

(b) section 803 (power to deal with special cases).

787 Exemption of manufactured dividends U.K.

(1) Part 9A of CTA 2009 (company distributions), in its application in relation to a manufactured dividend as a result of section 784, has effect with the following modification.

(2) The modification is that—

(a) references in that Part to the payer are to be treated as references to the company that pays the dividend of which the manufactured dividend is representative, and

(b) the definition of “the payer” in section 931T is to be treated as omitted.

788 Statements about manufactured dividends U.K.

(1) Subsections (3) to (7) apply to a non-UK resident company within the charge to corporation tax if it pays a manufactured dividend.

(2) But those subsections do not apply so far as the manufactured dividend is representative of a dividend that falls within section 785(1)(a) or (b).

(3) The company must, at the same time as paying the manufactured dividend, give the recipient a statement.

(4) The statement must set out—

(a) the amount of the manufactured dividend paid,

(b) the date of the payment, and

(c) the amount of associated tax credit.

(5) The statement must be in writing.

(6) The amount of associated tax credit is the amount of tax credit to which the recipient, or a person claiming title through or under the recipient—

(a) is entitled in respect of the manufactured dividend as a result of section 784(1) of this Act or section 573(2) of ITA 2007, or

(b) would be so entitled if all the conditions for a tax credit had been met in the case of the deemed dividend and the recipient or that person.

(7) The duty under subsection (3) to give a statement is enforceable by the recipient.

789 Powers about administrative provisions U.K.

The Treasury may by regulations make provision about—

(a) the accounts and other records which are to be kept, and

(b) the vouchers which are to be issued or produced,

by payers of manufactured dividends.

Chapter 3 U.K. Manufactured overseas dividends

790 Meaning of “manufactured overseas dividend” U.K.

“Manufactured overseas dividend” means an amount which—

(a) is representative of an overseas dividend on overseas securities, and

(b) is required to be paid by one person to another under an arrangement between them for the transfer of the overseas securities.

791 Treatment of payer of manufactured overseas dividend U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company (“the payer”) pays a manufactured overseas dividend, and

(b) the overseas dividend of which the manufactured overseas dividend is representative is taxable.

(2) For this purpose an overseas dividend is taxable if—

(a) it is received by the payer and the charge to corporation tax on income applies to it, or

(b) it is received by a person other than the payer and the charge to corporation tax on income would have applied to it if it had been received by the payer.

(3) If—

(a) the payer carries on a trade to which the manufactured overseas dividend relates, and

(b) neither subsection (4) nor subsection (6) applies,

the manufactured overseas dividend is treated as an expense of the trade.

(4) If the payer has investment business to which the manufactured overseas dividend relates, the manufactured overseas dividend is treated as expenses of management of the business for the purposes of Part 16 of CTA 2009.

(5) Subsection (6) applies if the payer carries on life assurance business to which the manufactured overseas dividend relates.

(6) So far as the manufactured overseas dividend is referable to basic life assurance and general annuity business, the manufactured overseas dividend is treated as if it were an expense payable falling to be brought into account at Step 3 in section 76(7) of ICTA (amount of expenses deduction).

(7) For the purposes of subsection (6), the manufactured overseas dividend is treated as referable to basic life assurance and general annuity business so far as the overseas dividend of which it is representative—

(a) is received by the payer and is so referable under section 432A of ICTA (apportionment of income and gains), or

(b) is received by another person and would have been so referable under section 432A of ICTA if it had been received by the payer.

792 Company receiving manufactured overseas dividend from UK resident etc U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a person pays a manufactured overseas dividend,

(b) section 922(1) of ITA 2007 (manufactured overseas dividends: payments by UK residents etc) applies, and

(c) the amount required to be deducted as a result of that section has been deducted.

(2) Subsections (3) and (4) apply in relation to the recipient, and companies claiming title through or under the recipient, for all purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts except Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships).

(3) The manufactured overseas dividend is treated as if it were—

(a) an overseas dividend of an amount equal to the gross amount of the manufactured overseas dividend, but

(b) paid after the withholding from it, on account of overseas tax, of the amount specified in section 793.

(4) The amount mentioned in subsection (3)(b) is accordingly to be treated as an amount withheld on account of overseas tax instead of as an amount on account of income tax.

(5) Subsections (3) and (4) are subject to—

(a) section 797 (manufactured overseas dividends: amounts exceeding underlying payments), and

(b) section 798 (manufactured overseas dividends less than underlying payments).

793 Section 792: amount treated as withheld U.K.

(1) Except where subsection (3) applies, the amount mentioned in section 792(3)(b) is the amount deducted under section 922(2) of ITA 2007.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if the deduction under section 922(2) of ITA 2007 is made in respect of a manufactured overseas dividend that is treated as paid under section 925A of ITA 2007 (creditor repos).

(3) The amount mentioned in section 792(3)(b) is—

(a) if subsection (4) applies, the amount deducted under section 922(2) of ITA 2007,

(b) if subsection (5) applies—

(i) the amount deducted under section 922(2) of ITA 2007, less

(ii) the excess mentioned in subsection (5)(b), and

(c) in any other case, nil.

(4) This subsection applies if—

(a) an amount is actually paid by way of manufactured overseas dividend,

(b) the amount so paid equals the relevant net amount, and

(c) it is reasonable to assume that, in deciding the repurchase price of the securities, no account was taken of the fact that the amount would be so paid.

(5) This subsection applies if—

(a) an amount is actually paid by way of manufactured overseas dividend,

(b) the amount so paid exceeds the relevant net amount, and

(c) it is reasonable to assume that, in deciding the repurchase price of the securities, no account was taken of the fact that the amount would be so paid.

(6) In subsections (4)(b) and (5)(b) “the relevant net amount” means—

(a) the gross amount of the overseas dividend of which the manufactured overseas dividend is representative, less

(b) the amount deducted under section 922(2) of ITA 2007.

(7) In subsections (4)(c) and (5)(c)—

(a) “the securities” refers to the securities in respect of which the overseas dividend of which the manufactured overseas dividend is representative is paid, and

(b) the references to the repurchase price of those securities are to the price at which the payer of the manufactured overseas dividend is entitled or obliged to sell the securities, or similar securities, to the recipient of the manufactured overseas dividend.

794 Company receiving manufactured overseas dividend from foreign payer U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a person pays a manufactured overseas dividend,

(b) section 923(1) of ITA 2007 (foreign payers of manufactured overseas dividends: the reverse charge) applies, and

(c) the amount of income tax required to be accounted for and paid under that section has been accounted for and paid.

(2) Subsections (3) and (4) apply in relation to the recipient, and companies claiming title through or under the recipient, for all purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts except Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships).

(3) The manufactured overseas dividend is treated as if it were—

(a) an overseas dividend of an amount equal to the gross amount of the manufactured overseas dividend, but

(b) paid after the withholding from it, on account of overseas tax, of the amount accounted for and paid as a result of section 923 of ITA 2007.

(4) The amount mentioned in subsection (3)(b) is accordingly to be treated as an amount withheld on account of overseas tax instead of as an amount on account of income tax.

(5) Subsections (3) and (4) are subject to—

(a) section 797 (manufactured overseas dividends: amounts exceeding underlying payments), and

(b) section 798 (manufactured overseas dividends less than underlying payments).

795 Exemption of manufactured overseas dividends U.K.

(1) Part 9A of CTA 2009 (company distributions), in its application in relation to a manufactured overseas dividend as a result of section 792 or 794, has effect—

(a) as if the manufactured overseas dividend were an overseas dividend on the overseas securities in question, and

(b) with the following modification.

(2) The modification is that—

(a) references in that Part to the payer are to be treated as references to the company that pays the dividend of which the manufactured overseas dividend is representative, and

(b) the definition of “the payer” in section 931T is to be treated as omitted.

Chapter 4 U.K. Further provision about manufactured payments

Manufactured payments exceeding, or less than, underlying payments U.K.

796 Manufactured dividends: amounts exceeding underlying payments U.K.

(1) This section applies if an amount paid by way of manufactured dividend would otherwise exceed the amount of the dividend of which it is representative.

(2) The payment, to the extent of an amount equal to the excess, is treated for the purposes of Chapter 2 and this Chapter as not made under the requirement mentioned in section 782(b) (meaning of “manufactured dividend”).

(3) Instead it is treated, to that extent, for all purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as a separate fee for entering into the arrangement under which it was made.

797 Manufactured overseas dividends: amounts exceeding underlying payments U.K.

(1) This section applies if the sum of—

(a) an amount paid by way of manufactured overseas dividend, and

(b) the income tax required to be accounted for and paid in connection with the making of the payment,

would otherwise exceed the gross amount of the overseas dividend of which it is representative.

(2) The payment, to the extent of an amount equal to the excess, is treated for the purposes of Chapter 3 and this Chapter as not made under the requirement mentioned in section 790(b) (meaning of “manufactured overseas dividend”).

(3) Instead it is treated, to that extent, for all purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as a separate fee for entering into the arrangement under which it was made.

(4) But subsection (3) does not apply so far as Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) applies to the amount as if it were interest under a loan relationship as a result of section 540 of that Act.

798 Manufactured overseas dividends less than underlying payments U.K.

(1) This section applies if the sum of—

(a) an amount paid by way of manufactured overseas dividend, and

(b) the income tax required to be accounted for and paid in connection with the making of the payment,

is less than the gross amount of the overseas dividend of which it is representative.

(2) For the purpose of giving relief under the Corporation Tax Acts in a case to which section 792 or 794 applies (manufactured overseas dividends: treatment of recipient), the gross amount of the manufactured overseas dividend is not the amount specified in section 813(2).

(3) Instead it is treated as being an amount equal to the sum of the amounts mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1).

(4) In this section “relief” means relief by way of—

(a) deduction in calculating profits or gains, or

(b) deduction from total profits.

Manufactured payments under arrangements with unallowable purpose U.K.

799 Manufactured payments under arrangements with unallowable purpose U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a manufactured payment falls to be made by a company in an accounting period in pursuance of any arrangements,

(b) the arrangements have an unallowable purpose at any time (see section 800),

(c) any of the manufactured payment is attributable to the unallowable purpose, and

(d) the company is not subject to another relevant tax relief restriction.

(2) The company is not entitled (whether as a result of any provision made in or under this Chapter, or otherwise), to any relevant tax relief, so far as the relief is in respect of, or referable to, so much of the manufactured payment as is attributable to the unallowable purpose.

(3) In this section “relevant tax relief” means—

(a) a deduction in calculating profits or gains for the purposes of corporation tax,

(b) a deduction from total profits,

(c) the bringing into account of any debit for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships), or

(d) the surrender of an amount by way of group relief.

(4) For the purposes of this section a company is subject to another relevant tax relief restriction if it is not entitled to a relevant tax relief in respect of, or referable to, the whole or any part of the manufactured payment as a result of any of the provisions specified in subsection (5).

(5) The provisions are—

(a) section 76(4)(d) of ICTA (expenses of insurance companies: unallowable purposes),

(b) section 441 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships with unallowable purposes), and

(c) section 1219(2)(b) of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of company's investment business: unallowable purpose).

(6) How far the manufactured payment is attributable to the unallowable purpose must be determined by just and reasonable apportionment.

(7) For the meaning of “arrangements” see section 801(1).

800 Arrangements with an unallowable purpose U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 799.

(2) Arrangements have an unallowable purpose at any time if at that time the purposes for which the company is a party to them include a purpose that is not among the business or other commercial purposes of the company.

(3) Arrangements also have an unallowable purpose at any time if at that time such a purpose is the only purpose, or one of the purposes, for which the company is a party to—

(a) any related transaction, or

(b) any transaction in pursuance of the arrangements.

(4) In section 799 “the unallowable purpose” in relation to any arrangements means such a purpose.

(5) The business and other commercial purposes of a company only include the purposes of any part of its activities in respect of which it is within the charge to corporation tax.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if a tax avoidance purpose is one of the purposes for which a company is at any time a party to—

(a) any arrangements,

(b) any related transaction in the case of any arrangements, or

(c) any transaction in pursuance of any arrangements.

(7) The tax avoidance purpose is taken to be a business or other commercial purpose of the company only if it is not the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, for which the company is party to the arrangements or transaction at that time.

(8) In this section “tax avoidance purpose” means any purpose that consists in securing a tax advantage for the company in question or any other person.

(9) Section 1139 (“tax advantage”) applies for the purposes of this section.

(10) For the meaning of other expressions used in this section, see section 801.

801 Sections 799 and 800: supplementary U.K.

(1) For the purposes of sections 799 and 800 and this section—

(a) “arrangements” includes schemes, arrangements and understandings (whether or not they are legally enforceable), and

(b) “manufactured payment” means—

(i) any manufactured dividend,

(ii) any manufactured interest (as defined in section 539(5) of CTA 2009),

(iii) any manufactured overseas dividend, and

(iv) any payment which, as a result of section 796(3) or 797(3), constitutes a fee.

(2) For the purposes of section 800, one or more transactions are treated as related transactions, in the case of any arrangements, if it would be reasonable to assume, from—

(a) the likely effect of the transactions,

(b) the circumstances in which the transactions are entered into or effected, or

(c) both that effect and those circumstances,

that none of the transactions would have been entered into or effected independently of the arrangements.

(3) Transactions may be related transactions, in the case of any arrangements, even if the transactions—

(a) are not between the same parties, or

(b) are not between the parties to the arrangements.

Miscellaneous U.K.

802 Powers about amounts representative of overseas dividends U.K.

(1) The Treasury may by regulations make provision as mentioned in subsections (2) and (3) about prescribed cases where a person—

(a) pays or receives an amount representative of an overseas dividend, or

(b) is treated as doing so for any purposes of this Chapter or Chapter 3, or of regulations made under this Chapter.

(2) The regulations may provide for removing or reducing any right of the person to claim relief under Part 2 of TIOPA 2010 (double taxation relief).

(3) The regulations may provide for adjusting a relevant amount by reference to a provision that has effect under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom.

(4) A “relevant amount” is an amount which is treated for prescribed purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as the amount paid or payable to a person in respect of a relevant transaction.

(5) A “relevant transaction” is a sale, repurchase or other transfer of the overseas securities to which the amount mentioned in subsection (1)(a) relates.

803 Power to deal with special cases U.K.

(1) The Treasury may by regulations make provision about—

(a) such manufactured dividends or manufactured overseas dividends as may be prescribed,

(b) such persons who receive, or become entitled to receive, manufactured dividends or manufactured overseas dividends as may be prescribed, or

(c) such payers of manufactured dividends or manufactured overseas dividends as may be prescribed.

(2) The provision which may be made is for any prescribed manufactured dividend, manufactured overseas dividend or person to be treated, in prescribed circumstances, otherwise than as mentioned in any of sections 783 to 788, 791, 792, 794 and 795 (rules about manufactured dividends and manufactured overseas dividends), for any prescribed purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts.

804 Regulation-making powers: general U.K.

(1) Regulations made under Chapter 2 or this Chapter may make different provision for different cases.

(2) In this Chapter “prescribed” means prescribed in regulations under this Chapter.

Chapter 5 U.K. Stock lending arrangements and repos

Interpretation U.K.

805 “Stock lending arrangement” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter there is a stock lending arrangement in respect of securities if—

(a) a person (“the lender”) has transferred the securities to another person (“the borrower”) otherwise than by way of sale,

(b) the securities are UK shares, UK securities or overseas securities,

(c) the transfer is under an arrangement between the lender and the borrower, and

(d) under the arrangement, the borrower is required to transfer the securities back to the lender otherwise than by way of sale.

(2) The reference in subsection (1)(d) to the transfer of the securities back to the lender includes a reference to—

(a) a transfer within subsection (3), and

(b) a payment within subsection (5).

(3) A transfer is within this subsection if it is a transfer to the lender of securities of the same description as the securities—

(a) in accordance with a requirement to do so, or

(b) in exercise of a power to substitute securities of the same description for the securities that are required to be transferred back.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), securities are taken to be of the same description as other securities if (and only if) they—

(a) are in the same quantities,

(b) give the same rights against the same persons, and

(c) are of the same type and nominal value,

as the other securities.

(5) A payment is within this subsection if it is a payment to the lender, in pursuance of a redemption obligation, of an amount equal to the amount of the entitlement under the redemption obligation.

(6) A redemption obligation is an obligation that arises on a person's becoming entitled to receive an amount in respect of the redemption of the securities.

806 Section 805: supplementary U.K.

(1) In section 805 “UK securities” means securities of—

(a) the government of the United Kingdom,

(b) a local authority in the United Kingdom,

(c) another public authority in the United Kingdom, or

(d) a UK resident company or other UK resident body.

(2) But in that section “UK securities” does not include UK shares.

(3) In subsection (1) “securities” includes loan stock or any similar security.

807 “Creditor repo”, “creditor quasi-repo”, “debtor repo” and “debtor quasi-repo” U.K.

In this Chapter each of the following expressions has the same meaning as in Chapter 10 of Part 6 of CTA 2009—

• “creditor repo” (see section 543 of that Act),

• “creditor quasi-repo” (see section 544 of that Act),

• “debtor repo” (see section 548 of that Act),

• “debtor quasi-repo” (see section 549 of that Act).

Tax credits: stock lending arrangements and repos U.K.

808 No tax credits for borrower under stock lending arrangement U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a stock lending arrangement in respect of UK shares,

(b) a qualifying distribution is made to the person who is the borrower under the arrangement,

(c) the qualifying distribution is, or is a payment representative of, a dividend in respect of the UK shares, and

(d) a manufactured dividend representative of the dividend is paid by the borrower in respect of any UK shares in respect of which the arrangement is made.

(2) The borrower is not entitled to a tax credit under section 1109 (tax credits for certain recipients of exempt qualifying distributions) in respect of the distribution.

809 No tax credits for lender under creditor repo or creditor quasi-repo U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a creditor repo or creditor quasi-repo in respect of UK shares,

(b) a qualifying distribution is made to the lender under the repo or quasi-repo,

(c) the qualifying distribution is, or is a payment representative of, a dividend in respect of the UK shares, and

(d) a manufactured dividend representative of the dividend is paid by the lender under the repo or quasi-repo in respect of any UK shares to which the repo or quasi-repo relates.

(2) The lender under the repo or quasi-repo is not entitled to a tax credit under section 1109 (tax credits for certain recipients of exempt qualifying distributions) in respect of the distribution.

(3) For the purposes of this section a person is taken to have paid a manufactured dividend representative of a dividend in respect of UK shares to which a creditor repo relates if—

(a) the person is treated for the purposes of Chapter 9 of Part 15 of ITA 2007 (deduction of income tax at source: manufactured payments) as making a payment which is representative of the income payable on the shares, and

(b) the person is so treated as a result of section 925A(2) of ITA 2007 (requirements to deduct tax from manufactured payments: creditor repos).

810 No tax credits for borrower under debtor repo or debtor quasi-repo U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a debtor repo or debtor quasi-repo in respect of UK shares,

(b) a qualifying distribution is made,

(c) the qualifying distribution is a manufactured dividend paid to the borrower under the repo or quasi-repo in respect of the UK shares as a result of the repo or quasi-repo, and

(d) the arrangements in relation to the repo or quasi-repo are such that the actual dividend which the manufactured dividend represents is receivable by the borrower under the repo or quasi-repo.

(2) The borrower under the repo is not entitled to a tax credit under section 1109 (tax credits for certain recipients of qualifying distributions) in respect of the distribution.

811 Arrangements between companies to make distributions U.K.

(1) This section applies if two or more companies enter into arrangements to make distributions to each other's members.

(2) For the purposes of sections 808 to 810 all the parties concerned (however many) may be treated as if anything done by any one of those companies had been done by any one of the others.

Deemed manufactured payments U.K.

812 Deemed manufactured payments: stock lending arrangements U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a stock lending arrangement in respect of securities,

(b) a dividend or interest on the securities is paid, as a result of the arrangement, to a person other than the person who is the lender under the arrangement, and

(c) no provision is made for securing that the lender receives payments representative of the dividend or interest.

(2) The rules about manufactured payments apply for corporation tax purposes as if the person who is the borrower under the arrangement—

(a) were required, under the arrangement, to pay the lender an amount representative of the dividend or interest, and

(b) discharged the requirement when the dividend or interest was paid.

(3) But the borrower is not entitled (whether as a result of the rules about manufactured payments or otherwise) to—

(a) a deduction in calculating profits or gains for corporation tax purposes, or

(b) a deduction from total profits,

in respect of the deemed requirement to pay or the deemed payment.

(4) In any case where section 792 (company receiving manufactured overseas dividend from UK resident etc) applies as a result of subsection (2), it has effect with the omission of—

(a) paragraph (b) of subsection (3) (and the “but” immediately before that paragraph), and

(b) subsection (4) (and the references to that subsection in subsections (2) and (5)).

(5) In any case where section 794 (company receiving manufactured overseas dividend from foreign payer) applies as a result of subsection (2), it has effect with the omission of—

(a) paragraph (b) of subsection (3) (and the “but” immediately before that paragraph), and

(b) subsection (4) (and the references to that subsection in subsections (2) and (5)).

(6) “The rules about manufactured payments” means—

(a) Chapters 2 to 4 and regulations made under Chapter 2 or 4,

(b) sections 808 to 810, and

(c) Chapter 9 of Part 6 of CTA 2009 (manufactured interest etc).

Chapter 6 U.K. Interpretation of Part

813 The gross amount of a manufactured overseas dividend etc U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Part.

(2) The gross amount of a manufactured overseas dividend is an amount equal to the gross amount of the overseas dividend of which the manufactured overseas dividend is representative.

(3) The gross amount of an overseas dividend is the sum of—

(a) so much of the overseas dividend as remains after the deduction of any overseas tax chargeable on it,

(b) the amount of any overseas tax so deducted, and

(c) the amount of any overseas tax credit in respect of the overseas dividend.

(4) For the purposes of this section, a credit is an overseas tax credit if it—

(a) is a credit under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom in respect of overseas tax, and

(b) corresponds to a tax credit.

814 Other interpretation U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Part.

(2) “Overseas dividend” means any interest, dividend or other annual payment payable in respect of overseas securities.

(3) “Overseas securities” means shares, stock or other securities issued by—

(a) a government, local authority or other public authority of a territory outside the United Kingdom, or

(b) another non-UK resident body of persons.

(4) “Overseas tax” means tax under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom.

(5) “UK shares” means shares in a UK resident company.

(6) In this section “securities” includes loan stock or any similar security.

Part 18 U.K. Transactions in land

Introduction U.K.

815 Introduction to Part U.K.

(1) This Part has effect for the purpose of preventing the avoidance of corporation tax by companies concerned with land or the development of land.

(2) This Part—

(a) applies the charge to corporation tax on income in some circumstances to gains of a capital nature obtained from disposing of land (see section 818), and

(b) provides for the calculation of the amount charged (see section 822).

816 Meaning of disposing of land U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part land is disposed of if the property in the land or control over the land is effectively disposed of—

(a) by one or more transactions, or

(b) by any arrangement or scheme.

(2) It does not matter for the purposes of subsection (1) if the transactions, arrangement or scheme concern—

(a) the land, or

(b) property deriving its value from the land (see section 833(2)).

(3) See also—

• section 823 (transactions, arrangements, sales and realisations relevant for this Part), and

• section 824 (tracing value).

817 Priority of other tax provisions U.K.

This Part has effect subject to—

(a) Chapter 5 of Part 5 of ITTOIA 2005 (settlements: amounts treated as income of settlor), and

(b) any other provision of the Tax Acts treating income as belonging to a particular person.

Charge to tax on gains from transactions in land U.K.

818 Charge to tax on gains from transactions in land U.K.

(1) The charge to corporation tax on income applies to a gain to which section 819 (gains obtained from land disposals in some circumstances) applies.

(2) The charge applies for the accounting period of the company chargeable in which the gain is realised.

(3) As to which company that is, see section 821.

(4) For exemptions from the charge, see—

• section 827 (gain attributable to period before intention to develop formed), and

• section 828 (disposals of shares in companies holding land as trading stock).

819 Gains obtained from land disposals in some circumstances U.K.

(1) This section applies to a gain if—

(a) any of the conditions specified in subsection (2) is met as respects land,

(b) the gain is a gain of a capital nature obtained from the disposal of all or part of the land,

(c) all or part of the land is situated in the United Kingdom, and

(d) a person within section 820(1)(a), (b) or (c) obtains the gain.

(2) The conditions are that—

(a) the land is acquired with the sole or main object of realising a gain from disposing of all or part of the land,

(b) any property deriving its value from the land is acquired with the sole or main object of realising a gain from disposing of all or part of the land,

(c) the land is held as trading stock, and

(d) the land is developed with the sole or main object of realising a gain from disposing of all or part of the land when developed.

(3) It does not matter for the purposes of this section whether the person within section 820(1)(a), (b) or (c) obtains the gain for that person or another person.

(4) For the purposes of this section, if, for example by a premature sale, a person (“A”) directly or indirectly transmits the opportunity of realising a gain to another person (“B”), A obtains B's gain for B.

(5) For the meaning of “another person”, see section 825.

820 Person obtaining gain U.K.

(1) The persons referred to in section 819(1)(d) are—

(a) the person acquiring, holding or developing the land,

(b) a person connected with a person within paragraph (a), and

(c) a person who is a party to, or concerned in, an arrangement or scheme within subsection (2).

(2) An arrangement or scheme is within this subsection if—

(a) it is effected as respects all or part of the land, and

(b) it enables a gain to be realised—

(i) by any indirect method, or

(ii) by any series of transactions.

(3) For the purposes of this section any number of transactions may be regarded as constituting a single arrangement or scheme if—

(a) a common purpose can be discerned in them, or

(b) there is other sufficient evidence of a common purpose.

821 Company chargeable U.K.

(1) The general rule is that the company chargeable to tax as a result of this Part is the company that realises the gain.

(2) But that rule is subject to subsections (3) and (5).

(3) If all or any part of the gain accruing to a person (“A”) is derived from value provided directly or indirectly by another person (“B”) which is a company, B is chargeable.

(4) Subsection (3) applies whether or not the value is put at the disposal of A.

(5) If all or any part of the gain accruing to a person (“C”) is derived from an opportunity of realising a gain provided directly or indirectly by another person (“D”) which is a company, D is chargeable.

(6) For the meaning of “another person”, see section 825.

822 Method of calculating gain U.K.

(1) Subsections (3) to (5) apply for calculating a gain for the purposes of this Part.

(2) But, except so far as those subsections make provision, such method is to be used for those purposes as is just and reasonable in the circumstances.

(3) The method must—

(a) take into account the value of what is obtained for disposing of the land, and

(b) allow only such expenses as are attributable to the land disposed of.

(4) If a freehold is acquired and on disposal the reversion is retained, account may be taken of the way in which trading profits are calculated in such a case.

(5) Account may be taken of the adjustments to be made in calculating trading profits under section 136 of CTA 2009 (lease premiums etc: reduction of receipts).

(6) In this section “trading profits” means the profits under Part 3 of CTA 2009 (trading income) of a company dealing in land.

(7) In the application of this section in Scotland—

• “freehold” means the interest of the owner, and

• “reversion” means the interest of the landlord in property subject to a lease.

(8) See also section 826 (valuations and apportionments).

Further provisions relevant to the charge U.K.

823 Transactions, arrangements, sales and realisations relevant for Part U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, account is to be taken of any method, however indirect, by which—

(a) any property or right is transferred or transmitted, or

(b) the value of any property or right is enhanced or diminished.

(2) Accordingly—

(a) the occasion of the transfer or transmission of any property or right however indirect, and

(b) the occasion when the value of any property or right is enhanced,

may be an occasion when tax is charged as a result of this Part.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) apply in particular—

(a) to sales, contracts and other transactions made otherwise than for full consideration or for more than full consideration,

(b) to any method by which any property or right, or the control of any property or right, is transferred or transmitted by assigning—

(i) share capital or other rights in a company,

(ii) rights in a partnership, or

(iii) an interest in settled property,

(c) to the creation of an option affecting the disposition of any property or right and the giving of consideration for granting it,

(d) to the creation of a requirement for consent affecting such a disposition and the giving of consideration for granting it,

(e) to the creation of an embargo affecting such a disposition and the giving of consideration for releasing it, and

(f) to the disposal of any property or right on the winding up, dissolution or termination of a company, partnership or trust.

824 Tracing value U.K.

(1) This section applies if it is necessary to determine the extent to which the value of any property or right is derived from any other property or right for the purposes of this Part.

(2) Value may be traced through any number of companies, partnerships and trusts.

(3) The property held by a company, partnership or trust must be attributed to the shareholders, partners or beneficiaries at each stage in such manner as is appropriate in the circumstances.

825 Meaning of “another person” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part references to other persons are to be read in accordance with subsections (2) to (4).

(2) A partnership or partners in a partnership may be regarded as a person or persons distinct from the individuals or other persons who are for the time being partners.

(3) The trustees of settled property may be regarded as persons distinct from the individuals or other persons who are for the time being the trustees.

(4) Personal representatives may be regarded as persons distinct from the individuals or other persons who are for the time being personal representatives.

826 Valuations and apportionments U.K.

(1) All such valuations are to be made as are appropriate to give effect to this Part.

(2) For the purposes of this Part, any expenditure, receipt, consideration or other amount may be apportioned by such method as is just and reasonable in the circumstances.

Exemptions U.K.

827 Gain attributable to period before intention to develop formed U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) income is treated as arising because the condition mentioned in section 819(2)(d) is met (land developed with sole or main object of realising a gain from its disposal when developed), and

(b) part of the income is fairly attributable to a period before the intention to develop was formed.

(2) No liability to corporation tax arises as a result of this Part in respect of that part of the income.

(3) In applying this section account must be taken of the treatment under Part 3 of CTA 2009 (trading income) of a company which appropriates land as trading stock.

828 Disposals of shares in companies holding land as trading stock U.K.

(1) No liability to corporation tax arises as a result of this Part in respect of a gain on property deriving value from land if—

(a) the gain is obtained by the holder of shares,

(b) the gain arises as a result of the holder of shares falling within section 820(1)(a) or (b) (persons acquiring, holding or developing land and connected persons), and

(c) the circumstances are such as are mentioned in subsections (2) and (3).

(2) The gain arises on a disposal of shares in—

(a) a company which holds that land as trading stock, or

(b) a company which directly or indirectly owns at least 90% of the ordinary share capital of another company which itself holds that land as trading stock.

(3) All the land so held is disposed of—

(a) in the normal course of its trade by the company which holds it, and

(b) so as to procure that all opportunity of profit in respect of the land arises to that company.

(4) This section does not affect any liability as a result of any person falling within section 820(1)(c) (parties to arrangements and schemes, etc).

Recovery of tax U.K.

829 Cases where consideration receivable by person not assessed U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company (“A”) is assessed to tax under this Part in respect of consideration receivable by another person (“B”).

(2) Consideration is not regarded as having become receivable by B for this purpose until B can effectively enjoy or dispose of it.

(3) A is entitled to recover from B any part of the tax which A has paid.

(4) If any part of the tax remains unpaid at the end of the period of 6 months beginning with the date when it became due and payable, it is recoverable from B as if B were the company assessed.

(5) Subsection (4) does not affect the right to recover the tax from A.

830 Certificates of tax paid etc U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 829(3), an officer of Revenue and Customs must, if required to do so, produce a certificate specifying—

(a) the amount of income in respect of which tax has been paid, and

(b) the amount of tax paid.

(2) The certificate is conclusive evidence of any facts stated in it.

Clearances and power to obtain information U.K.

831 Clearance procedure U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company considers that the condition mentioned in section 819(2)(a), (b) or (d) may be met as respects a gain of a capital nature which it—

(a) has obtained from the disposal of land, or

(b) would obtain from a proposed disposal of land.

(2) The company may provide the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs with written particulars showing how the gain has arisen or would arise.

(3) The Commissioners must notify the company whether or not they are satisfied that, in the circumstances described in the particulars, it will not, or would not, be liable to tax on the gain as a result of this Part.

(4) The notification must be given before the end of the period of 30 days beginning with the day after that on which the particulars are received.

(5) A company notified by the Commissioners under this section that they are so satisfied is not liable to corporation tax on the gain as a result of this Part.

(6) A notification under this section about the Commissioners' decision concerning a gain is void if the particulars given under this section about the gain do not make a full and accurate disclosure of all facts and considerations relating to it which are material to the decision.

832 Power to obtain information U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may by notice require any person to provide the officer within such period as the officer may direct with such particulars as the officer may reasonably require for the purposes of this Part.

(2) That period must be at least 30 days.

(3) The particulars which a person must provide under this section, if required to do so by such a notice, include particulars about—

(a) transactions or arrangements with respect to which the person is or was acting on behalf of others,

(b) transactions or arrangements which in the opinion of the officer should properly be investigated for the purposes of this Part, although in the person's opinion no liability to corporation tax arises as a result of this Part, and

(c) whether the person has taken or is taking any part and, if so, what part in transactions or arrangements of a description specified in the notice.

(4) Subsection (3) is subject to subsections (5) and (6).

(5) In relation to anything done by a relevant lawyer on behalf of a client who does not consent to the provision of information required to be provided by a notice under subsection (1), the relevant lawyer may not be compelled under this section to do more than—

(a) state that the relevant lawyer was acting on behalf of a client, and

(b) give the name and address of the client.

(6) A relevant lawyer is not treated as having taken part in a transaction or arrangement for the purposes of subsection (3)(c) just because of giving professional advice to a client about it.

(7) In this section “relevant lawyer” means a barrister, advocate, solicitor or other legal representative communications with whom may be the subject of a claim to professional privilege or, in Scotland, protected from disclosure in legal proceedings on the grounds of confidentiality of communication.

Interpretation U.K.

833 Interpretation of Part U.K.

(1) In this Part “capital”, in relation to a gain, means that the gain does not fall to be included in any calculation of income for purposes of the Tax Acts otherwise than as a result of this Part or Chapter 3 of Part 13 of ITA 2007 (transactions in land).

(2) In this Part references to property deriving its value from land include—

(a) any shareholding in a company deriving its value directly or indirectly from land,

(b) any partnership interest deriving its value directly or indirectly from land,

(c) any interest in settled property deriving its value directly or indirectly from land, and

(d) any option, consent or embargo affecting the disposition of land.

(3) In this Part—

• “company” includes any body corporate, and

• “share” includes stock.

Part 19 U.K. Sale and lease-back etc

Chapter 1 U.K. Payments connected with transferred land

Introduction U.K.

834 Overview of Chapter U.K.

This Chapter provides that in certain circumstances where a transfer is made regarding land, and the transferor or an associate becomes liable to make a payment connected with the land, corporation tax relief for the payment is restricted.

Application of the Chapter U.K.

835 Transferor or associate becomes liable for payment of rent U.K.

(1) Section 838 has effect if—

(a) land, or an estate or interest in land, is transferred,

(b) the transferor, or a company associated with the transferor, becomes liable to make a payment of rent under a lease of the land or part of it, and

(c) a deduction by way of relevant corporation tax relief (see section 837) is allowed for the payment.

(2) Section 839 has effect if—

(a) land, or an estate or interest in land, is transferred,

(b) the transferor, or a company associated with the transferor, becomes liable to make a payment of rent under a lease of the land or part of it, and

(c) a deduction under section 76 of ICTA (expenses of insurance companies) is allowed for the payment.

(3) The reference in subsection (1)(a) or (2)(a) to a transfer of an estate or interest in land includes a reference to any of the following—

(a) the granting of a lease or another transaction involving the creation of a new estate or interest in the land,

(b) the transfer of the lessee's interest under a lease by surrender or forfeiture of the lease, and

(c) a transaction or series of transactions affecting land or an estate or interest in land, such that some person is the owner or one of the owners before and after the transaction or transactions but another person becomes or ceases to be one of the owners.

(4) In relation to a transaction or series of transactions mentioned in subsection (3)(c), a person is to be regarded as a transferor for the purposes of this Chapter if the person—

(a) is an owner before the transaction or transactions, and

(b) is not the sole owner afterwards.

(5) The liability mentioned in subsection (1)(b) or (2)(b) is one resulting from—

(a) a lease, of the land or part of it, granted (at the time of the transfer or later) by the transferee to the transferor, or

(b) another transaction or series of transactions affecting the land or an estate or interest in it.

(6) The liability mentioned in subsection (1)(b) or (2)(b) is one arising at the time of the transfer or later.

(7) The reference in subsection (1)(a) or (2)(a) to a transfer does not include a transfer on or before 14 April 1964.

836 Transferor or associate becomes liable for payment other than rent U.K.

(1) Section 838 has effect if—

(a) land, or an estate or interest in land, is transferred,

(b) the transferor, or a company associated with the transferor, becomes liable to make a payment which is not rent under a lease but is otherwise connected with the land or part of it (whether it is a payment under a rentcharge or under some other transaction), and

(c) a deduction by way of relevant corporation tax relief (see section 837) is allowed for the payment.

(2) Section 839 has effect if—

(a) land, or an estate or interest in land, is transferred,

(b) the transferor, or a company associated with the transferor, becomes liable to make a payment which is not rent under a lease but is otherwise connected with the land or part of it (whether it is a payment under a rentcharge or under some other transaction), and

(c) a deduction under section 76 of ICTA (expenses of insurance companies) is allowed for the payment.

(3) The reference in subsection (1)(a) or (2)(a) to a transfer of an estate or interest in land includes a reference to any of the following—

(a) the granting of a lease or another transaction involving the creation of a new estate or interest in the land,

(b) the transfer of the lessee's interest under a lease by surrender or forfeiture of the lease, and

(c) a transaction or series of transactions affecting land or an estate or interest in land, such that some person is the owner or one of the owners before and after the transaction or transactions but another person becomes or ceases to be one of the owners.

(4) In relation to a transaction or series of transactions mentioned in subsection (3)(c), a person is to be regarded as a transferor for the purposes of this Chapter if the person—

(a) is an owner before the transaction or transactions, and

(b) is not the sole owner afterwards.

(5) The liability mentioned in subsection (1)(b) or (2)(b) is one resulting from a transaction or series of transactions affecting the land or an estate or interest in it.

(6) The liability mentioned in subsection (1)(b) or (2)(b) is one arising at the time of the transfer or later.

(7) The reference in subsection (1)(a) or (2)(a) to a transfer does not include a transfer on or before 14 April 1964.

837 Relevant corporation tax relief U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter each of the following is a deduction by way of relevant corporation tax relief—

(a) a deduction in calculating profits or losses of a trade for corporation tax purposes,

(b) a deduction in calculating the profits of a UK property business for corporation tax purposes,

(c) a deduction in calculating any loss for which relief is given under section 91 (losses from miscellaneous transactions), or in calculating profits or gains chargeable to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 (miscellaneous charges) applies, and

(d) a deduction under section 1219 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business).

Relief (other than for certain insurance company expenses): restriction and carrying forward U.K.

838 Relevant corporation tax relief: deduction not to exceed commercial rent U.K.

(1) The rules in subsection (3) apply to the calculation of the deduction by way of relevant corporation tax relief allowed in an accounting period—

(a) for the non-excluded element of the payment within section 835(1) or 836(1), or

(b) if there are two or more such payments, for the non-excluded elements of those payments.

(2) For the purposes of this section the non-excluded element of a payment is the element of the payment not excluded under section 843 (service charges etc).

(3) The rules are—

• Rule 1 —meaning of amount E For any accounting period, amount E (which may be nil) is the expense or total expenses to be brought, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, into account in the period in respect of—

  (a)

  the non-excluded element of the payment, or

  (b)

  the non-excluded elements of the payments.

• Rule 2 — calculations For every accounting period—

  (a)

  calculate the total of amount E for the period and amount E for every previous accounting period ending on or after the date of the transfer mentioned in section 835(1)(a) or 836(1)(a),

  (b)

  calculate the total of the deductions by way of relevant corporation tax relief for every previous accounting period ending on or after the date of that transfer, and

  (c)

  subtract the total at (b) from the total at (a) to give the cumulative unrelieved expenses for the period.

• Rule 3 — meaning of post-spread period An accounting period is a post-spread period if for that accounting period, and every later accounting period, there are no payments within section 835(1) or 836(1).

• Rule 4 — the deduction allowed in an accounting period If an accounting period is not a post-spread period, the deduction allowed for the period is equal to the cumulative unrelieved expenses for the period, but is equal to the commercial rent for the period if that is less (see section 844 or 845).

• Rule 5 — accounting periods in which no deduction allowed If an accounting period is a post-spread period, no deduction is allowed for the period.

Insurance company expenses: restriction and carrying forward of relief U.K.

839 Deduction under section 76 of ICTA not to exceed commercial rent U.K.

(1) Subsection (3) applies to the calculation of the deduction under section 76 of ICTA allowed for the non-excluded element of the payment within section 835(2) or 836(2).

(2) For the purposes of this section the non-excluded element of a payment is the element of the payment not excluded under section 843 (service charges etc).

(3) The deduction must not exceed the commercial rent for the period for which the payment is made (see section 844 or 845).

840 Carrying forward parts of payments U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) section 839 has effect, and

(b) conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that under section 839 part of a payment which would otherwise be allowed as a deduction under section 76 of ICTA is not allowed.

(3) Condition B is that one or more later payments are made, by the transferor or a person associated with the transferor, under—

(a) the lease (if section 839 has effect because of section 835(2)), or

(b) the rentcharge or other transaction mentioned in section 836(2)(b) (if section 839 has effect because of section 836(2)).

(4) The part of the payment mentioned in subsection (2) may be carried forward and treated for the purposes of a deduction under section 76 of ICTA as if it were made—

(a) when the next of the later payments is made, and

(b) for the period for which that later payment is made.

(5) So far as a part of a payment carried forward under this section is not allowed as a deduction under section 76 of ICTA, it may be carried forward again under this section.

841 Aggregation and apportionment of payments U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 839.

(2) If more than one payment is made for the same period the payments must be taken together.

(3) If payments are made for periods which overlap—

(a) the payments must be apportioned, and

(b) the apportioned payments which belong to the common part of the overlapping periods must be taken together.

(4) References in subsections (2) and (3) to payments include references to parts of payments which under section 840 are treated as if made later than they were made.

842 Payments made for later periods U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 839 to 841.

(2) For the purposes of this section the relevant year, in relation to a payment, is the year which begins with the date it is made.

(3) If a payment is made for a period all of which is after the relevant year, it must be treated as made for the relevant year.

(4) If a payment is made for a period part of which is after the relevant year, it must be treated as if a corresponding part of it was made for the relevant year (and no part for a later period).

Interpretation etc U.K.

843 Exclusion of service charges etc U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 838 and 839.

(2) A payment must be excluded so far as it is in respect of any of the following—

(a) services,

(b) the use of relevant assets, and

(c) rates usually borne by the tenant.

(3) The amount excluded must be just and reasonable.

(4) If a lease or agreement contains provisions fixing the payments or parts of payments which are in respect of services or the use of assets, those provisions are not conclusive.

(5) A relevant asset is any description of property or rights other than land or an interest in land.

844 Commercial rent: comparison with rent under a lease U.K.

(1) Subsection (3) applies—

(a) for the purpose of making a comparison under rule 4 of section 838(3) if section 838 has effect because of section 835(1), and

(b) for the purpose of making a comparison under section 839(3) if section 839 has effect because of section 835(2).

(2) In this section “the actual lease” means the lease mentioned in section 835(1)(b) or (2)(b).

(3) The commercial rent is the rent which might be expected to be paid under a lease, of the land in respect of which the payment mentioned in section 835(1)(b) or (2)(b) is made, which—

(a) was negotiated in the open market when the actual lease was created,

(b) is of the same duration as the actual lease,

(c) is subject to the terms and conditions of the actual lease as respects liability for maintenance and repairs, and

(d) provides for rent payable at uniform intervals and at an appropriate rate.

(4) Rent is payable at an appropriate rate if—

(a) it is payable at a uniform rate, or

(b) in a case where the rent payable under the actual lease is rent at a progressive rate (and such that the amount of rent payable for a year is never less than the amount payable for a previous year), it progresses by gradations proportionate to those provided by the actual lease.

845 Commercial rent: comparison with payments other than rent U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies—

(a) for the purpose of making a comparison under rule 4 of section 838(3) if section 838 has effect because of section 836(1), and

(b) for the purpose of making a comparison under section 839(3) if section 839 has effect because of section 836(2).

(2) The commercial rent is the rent which might be expected to be paid under a lease, of the land in respect of which the payment mentioned in section 836(1)(b) or (2)(b) is made, which—

(a) was negotiated in the open market when the rentcharge or other transaction mentioned in section 836(1)(b) or (2)(b) was effected,

(b) is a tenant's repairing lease, and

(c) is of an appropriate duration.

(3) A tenant's repairing lease is a lease where the lessee is under an obligation to maintain and repair the whole (or substantially the whole) of the premises comprised in the lease.

(4) To see whether a lease is of an appropriate duration, take the period over which payments are to be made under the rentcharge or other transaction, and—

(a) if that period is 200 years or more (or the obligation to make the payments is perpetual) an appropriate duration is 200 years, or

(b) if that period is less than 200 years, an appropriate duration is the same duration as that period.

846 Lease and rent U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A reference to a lease includes a reference to any of the following—

(a) an underlease, sublease, tenancy or licence, and

(b) an agreement for a lease, underlease, sublease, tenancy or licence, and

(c) in the case of land outside the United Kingdom, an interest corresponding to a lease (as defined here).

(3) A reference to rent includes a reference to any payment under a lease.

(4) A reference to rent under a lease includes a reference to expenses which the tenant under the lease is treated as incurring in respect of the land subject to the lease under any of—

(a) sections 63 to 67 of CTA 2009 (land occupied for trade purposes), and

(b) sections 232 to 234 of that Act (taxed leases).

(5) Expenses within subsection (4) must be treated as having been paid as soon as they were incurred.

847 Associated persons U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) The following persons are associated with one another—

(a) the transferor in an affected transaction and the transferor in another affected transaction, if the two persons are acting in concert or if the two transactions are in any way reciprocal, and

(b) any person who is an associate of either of those associated transferors.

(3) Two or more bodies corporate are associated with one another if they participate in, or are incorporated for the purposes of, a scheme—

(a) for the reconstruction of any body or bodies corporate, or

(b) for the amalgamation of any two or more bodies corporate.

(4) Persons are associated with one another if they are associates as defined in section 882 (relatives, settlements, persons controlling bodies, joint owners etc).

(5) In subsection (2) “affected transaction” means a transaction within—

(a) section 835(1) or (2) or 836(1) or (2), or

(b) section 681AA(1) or (2) or 681AB(1) or (2) of ITA 2007.

848 Land outside the UK U.K.

In the case of land outside the United Kingdom, expressions in this Chapter relating to interests in land and their disposition must be taken to relate to corresponding interests and dispositions.

Chapter 2 U.K. New lease of land after assignment or surrender

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C18 Pt. 19 Ch. 2 applied by 2007 c. 3, s. 681BD(4) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 381(1) of the amending Act) by Taxation (International and Other Provisions) Act 2010 (c. 8), s. 381(1), Sch. 4 para. 3 (with Sch. 9 paras. 1-9, 22))

Introduction U.K.

849 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter provides that in certain circumstances where a lease of land is assigned or surrendered and another lease is granted or assigned—

(a) consideration received for the assignment or surrender of the first lease is taxed as a trade receipt or charged to corporation tax on income, and

(b) tax relief is allowed for rent under the other lease.

(2) The Chapter provides that in certain circumstances where a lease is varied it is treated as surrendered and another lease is treated as granted.

Application of the Chapter U.K.

850 New lease after assignment or surrender U.K.

(1) This Chapter has effect if each of conditions A to E is met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) a company (“L”) is a lessee of land under a lease which has 50 years or less to run (“the original lease”), and

(b) L is entitled in respect of the rent under the original lease to a deduction by way of relevant corporation tax relief.

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) L assigns the original lease to another person or surrenders it to L's landlord, and

(b) the consideration for the assignment or surrender would not (apart from this Chapter) be taxable except as capital in L's hands.

(4) Condition C is that—

(a) another lease (“the new lease”) is granted, or assigned, to L or a person linked to L, and

(b) the new lease is for a term of 15 years or less.

(5) Condition D is that the new lease—

(a) is of all or part of the land which was the subject of the original lease, or

(b) includes all or part of the land which was the subject of the original lease.

(6) Condition E is that neither L nor a person linked to L had, before 22 June 1971, a right enforceable at law or in equity to the grant of the new lease.

(7) If each of conditions A to D is met but condition E is not met, see the relevant provisions in Schedule 2 to this Act and Schedule 9 to TIOPA 2010.

Taxation of consideration U.K.

851 Taxation of consideration U.K.

(1) An appropriate amount must be found under subsection (3) or (4) of—

(a) the consideration received by L for the assignment or surrender, or

(b) each instalment of the consideration (if it is paid in instalments).

(2) For the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts the appropriate amount must be treated in accordance with subsections (6) to (8) and not as a capital receipt.

(3) If the term of the new lease is one year or less, the appropriate amount of the consideration or instalment is the whole of it.

(4) If the term of the new lease is more than one year, the appropriate amount of the consideration or instalment is the proportion of it found by the formula—

(5) In subsection (4) N is the term of the new lease expressed in years (taking part of a year as an appropriate proportion of a year).

(6) The way the appropriate amount must be treated depends on whether the following conditions are met—

(a) the consideration is received by L in the course of a trade, and

(b) the rent payable by L, or a person linked to L, under the new lease is allowable as a deduction in calculating profits or losses of a trade, profession or vocation for tax purposes.

(7) If the conditions are met the appropriate amount must be treated as a receipt of the trade mentioned in subsection (6)(a).

(8) If the conditions are not met the appropriate amount must be treated as an amount chargeable to corporation tax under the charge to corporation tax on income.

852 Position where new lease does not include all original property U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 851 if the property which is the subject of the new lease does not include all the property which was the subject of the original lease.

(2) The consideration received by L must be treated as reduced to the portion of it found under subsection (3).

(3) The portion is that which is reasonably attributable to such part of the original property as—

(a) consists of the property which is the subject of the new lease, or

(b) is included in the property which is the subject of the new lease.

(4) The original property is the property which was the subject of the original lease.

Relief for rent under new lease U.K.

853 Relief for rent under new lease U.K.

(1) This section applies if the rent under the new lease is payable by a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(2) This section also applies if—

(a) Chapter 2 of Part 12A of ITA 2007 (provision for income tax corresponding to this Chapter) has effect, and

(b) the rent under the new lease is payable by a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(3) Any provision of CTA 2009 or ICTA providing for deductions or allowances by way of corporation tax relief in respect of payments of rent applies in relation to the rent under the new lease.

(4) In subsection (2), and in subsection (3) as applied by subsection (2), references to the new lease and rent are to be read as in Chapter 2 of Part 12A of ITA 2007.

New lease treated as ending U.K.

854 New lease treated as ending U.K.

(1) Sections 855 to 857 treat the new lease as ending in certain circumstances for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) If any of those provisions apply in a given case, and the new lease is treated as ending on different dates, it must be treated as ending on the earlier or earliest of them.

855 Position where rent reduces U.K.

(1) If the rent for a relevant period exceeds the rent for the following comparable period, the term of the new lease must be treated as ending on the date when the relevant period ends.

(2) For the purposes of this section—

(a) a relevant period is a rental period of the new lease ending before its fifteenth anniversary,

(b) the following comparable period (in relation to a relevant period) is the rental period which is of the same duration as the relevant period and which begins on the day following the end of the relevant period,

(c) the rent for a period is the total rent payable under the new lease in respect of the period,

(d) a rental period is a period in respect of which a payment of rent is to be made, and

(e) the fifteenth anniversary of the new lease is the fifteenth anniversary of the date on which its term begins.

(3) For the purposes of this section—

(a) all rental periods of a quarter must be treated as being of the same duration, and

(b) all rental periods of a month must be treated as being of the same duration.

856 Position where lease may be ended U.K.

(1) This section applies if under the new lease the lessor, or L or a person linked to L, has power to end the lease before the end of the term for which it was granted.

(2) The term of the lease must be treated as ending on the earliest date with effect from which the lessor, or L or a person linked to L, could end the lease by exercising the power.

857 Position where lease may be varied U.K.

(1) This section applies if under the new lease L, or a person linked to L, has power to vary, in a manner beneficial to L or a person linked to L, obligations under the lease that are obligations of L or a person linked to L.

(2) The term of the lease must be treated as ending on the earliest date with effect from which L, or a person linked to L, could vary the obligations by exercising the power.

858 Lease treated as ending: rentcharge U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if a rentcharge payable by L, or a person linked to L, is secured on all or part of the property subject to the new lease.

(2) For the purposes of sections 855 to 857 the rent payable under the new lease must be treated as equal to the sum of the rentcharge and the rent payable under the lease.

Lease varied to provide for increased rent U.K.

859 Lease varied to provide for increased rent U.K.

(1) This section applies if each of conditions A to D is met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) a company (“the lessee”) is a lessee of land under a lease which has 50 years or less to run (“the original lease”), and

(b) the lessee is entitled in respect of the rent under the original lease to a deduction by way of relevant corporation tax relief.

(3) Condition B is that (by agreement with the landlord) the lessee varies the original lease.

(4) Condition C is that under the variation—

(a) the lessee agrees to pay a rent greater than that payable under the original lease, and

(b) the lessee agrees to pay the greater rent in return for a consideration which would not (apart from this Chapter) be taxable except as capital in the lessee's hands.

(5) Condition D is that under the variation the period during which the greater rent is to be paid ends 15 years or less after the date on which—

(a) the consideration is paid to the lessee, or

(b) the last instalment of the consideration is paid to the lessee (if it is paid in instalments).

(6) If this section applies the lessee must be treated for the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) as having surrendered the original lease for the consideration mentioned in subsection (4)(b), and

(b) as having been granted a new lease for a term of 15 years or less but otherwise on the terms of the original lease varied as mentioned in subsection (3).

Interpretation U.K.

860 Relevant corporation tax relief U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter each of the following is a deduction by way of relevant corporation tax relief—

(a) a deduction in calculating profits or losses of a trade for corporation tax purposes,

(b) a deduction in calculating the profits of a UK property business for corporation tax purposes,

(c) a deduction in calculating any loss for which relief is given under section 91 (losses from miscellaneous transactions), or in calculating profits or gains chargeable to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 (miscellaneous charges) applies,

(d) a deduction under section 76 of ICTA (insurance companies), and

(e) a deduction under section 1219 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business).

861 Linked persons U.K.

(1) In this Chapter references to a person linked to L are to a person who is—

(a) a partner of L,

(b) an associate of L, or

(c) an associate of a partner of L.

(2) “Associate” must be read in accordance with section 882 (relatives, settlements, persons controlling bodies, joint owners etc).

862 Lease, lessee, lessor and rent U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) “Lease” includes—

(a) an agreement for a lease, and

(b) any tenancy.

(3) “Lease” does not include a mortgage.

(4) A reference to a lessee or lessor—

(a) is to be read in accordance with subsections (2) and (3), and

(b) includes a reference to the successors in title of a lessee or lessor.

(5) “Rent” includes a payment by a tenant for work to maintain or repair leased premises which the lease does not require the tenant to carry out; and “premises” here includes land.

Chapter 3 U.K. Leased trading assets

Introduction U.K.

863 Overview of Chapter U.K.

This Chapter provides that, in certain circumstances where a payment is made under a lease of a trading asset, corporation tax relief for the payment is restricted.

Application of the Chapter U.K.

864 Leased trading assets U.K.

(1) Section 865 has effect if—

(a) condition A is met, and

(b) condition B or C is met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) a payment is made by a company under a lease of a relevant asset, and

(b) a deduction is allowed for the payment in calculating the profits of a trade for corporation tax purposes.

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) at a time before the lease's creation the asset was used for the purposes of the trade, and

(b) when it was so used it was owned by the person then carrying on the trade.

(4) Condition C is that—

(a) at a time before the lease's creation the asset was used for the purposes of another trade, or for the purposes of a profession or vocation,

(b) when it was so used it was owned by the person then carrying on the other trade, or the profession or vocation, and

(c) when it was so used, or later, that person was carrying on the trade mentioned in subsection (2).

(5) The reference in subsection (2)(a) to a lease does not include a lease created on or before 14 April 1964.

(6) In this section references to a person carrying on a trade, profession or vocation are to the person carrying on the trade, profession or vocation for the time being.

Relief: restriction and carrying forward U.K.

865 Tax deduction not to exceed commercial rent U.K.

(1) The rules in subsection (3) apply to the calculation of the deduction by way of relevant corporation tax relief allowed in an accounting period—

(a) for the non-excluded element of the payment within section 864(2), or

(b) if there are two or more such payments, for the non-excluded elements of those payments.

(2) For the purposes of this section the non-excluded element of a payment is the element not excluded under section 866 (long funding finance leases).

(3) The rules are—

• Rule 1 — meaning of amount E For any accounting period, amount E (which may be nil) is the expense or total expenses to be brought, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, into account in the period in respect of—

  (a)

  the non-excluded element of the payment, or

  (b)

  the non-excluded elements of the payments.

• Rule 2 — calculation of amount E For every accounting period—

  (a)

  calculate the total of amount E for the period and amount E for every preceding accounting period ending on or after the date of the creation of the lease mentioned in section 864(2)(a),

  (b)

  calculate the total of the deductions by way of relevant corporation tax relief for every previous accounting period ending on or after that date, and

  (c)

  subtract the total at (b) from the total at (a) to give the cumulative unrelieved expenses for the period.

• Rule 3 — meaning of post-spread period An accounting period is a post-spread period if for that accounting period, and every later accounting period, there are no payments within section 864(2).

• Rule 4 — the deduction allowed in an accounting period If an accounting period is not a post-spread period, the deduction allowed for the period is equal to the cumulative unrelieved expenses for the period, but is the commercial rent for the period if that is less (see section 867).

• Rule 5 — accounting periods in which no deduction allowed If an accounting period is a post-spread period, no deduction is allowed for the period.

866 Long funding finance leases U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 865.

(2) A payment must be excluded so far as, in the case of the lessee, it is to be regarded in accordance with Chapter 6A of Part 2 of CAA 2001 as a payment under a lease which is a long funding finance lease for the purposes of that Part.

867 Commercial rent U.K.

(1) Subsection (3) applies for the purpose of making a comparison under rule 4 of section 865(3).

(2) In this section “the actual lease” means the lease mentioned in section 864(2)(a).

(3) The commercial rent is the rent which might at the relevant time be expected to be paid under a lease of the asset if—

(a) the lease were for the rest of the asset's expected normal working life,

(b) the rent were payable at uniform intervals and at a uniform rate, and

(c) the rent gave a reasonable return for the asset's market value at the relevant time, taking account of the actual lease's terms and conditions.

(4) The relevant time is the time when the actual lease was created.

(5) An asset's expected normal working life is the period which might be expected, when it is first put into use, to pass before it is finally put out of use as being unfit for further use.

(6) In applying subsection (5) it must be assumed that the asset will be used in the normal way, and to the normal extent, throughout the period.

(7) If the asset is used at the same time partly for the purposes of the trade mentioned in section 864(2)(b) and partly for other purposes, the commercial rent as defined in subsection (3) is to be determined by reference to what would be paid for such partial use.

Interpretation U.K.

868 Lease U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A lease is (in relation to an asset) an agreement or arrangement under which payments are made for the use of or otherwise in respect of the asset.

(3) In particular it includes an agreement or arrangement under which the payments (or any of them) represent instalments of a purchase price or payments towards it.

869 Relevant asset U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter a relevant asset is any description of property or rights other than land or an interest in land.

Chapter 4 U.K. Leased assets: capital sums

Introduction U.K.

870 Overview of Chapter U.K.

This Chapter provides that in certain circumstances where a payment is made under a lease of an asset, and a capital sum is obtained in respect of an interest in the asset, corporation tax is charged on an amount not greater than the capital sum.

Application of the Chapter U.K.

871 Application of the Chapter U.K.

This Chapter applies if—

(a) condition A is met (see section 872), and

(b) condition B, C, D or E is met (see section 873).

872 Payment under lease U.K.

(1) Condition A is that—

(a) a payment is made under a lease of a relevant asset, and

(b) the payment is one for which a deduction by way of relevant tax relief is allowed.

(2) Condition A is not met if section 865 (leased trading assets: tax deductions)—

(a) applies to the payment, or

(b) would apply to it but for its being excluded under section 866 (long funding finance leases).

(3) Condition A is not met if section 681CC of ITA 2007 (provision for income tax corresponding to section 865)—

(a) applies to the payment, or

(b) would apply to it but for its being excluded under section 681CD of that Act (long funding finance leases).

(4) The reference in subsection (1)(a) to a lease does not include a lease created on or before 14 April 1964.

873 Sum obtained U.K.

(1) Condition B is that the person making the payment—

(a) obtains a capital sum in respect of the lessee's interest in the lease, and

(b) is a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(2) Condition C is that an associate of the person making the payment—

(a) obtains a capital sum by way of consideration in respect of the lessee's interest in the lease, and

(b) is a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(3) Condition D is that—

(a) the lessor's interest in the lease, or any other interest in the asset, belongs to an associate of the person making the payment,

(b) the associate obtains a capital sum in respect of the interest, and

(c) the associate is a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(4) Condition E is that—

(a) the lessor's interest in the lease, or any other interest in the asset, belongs to an associate of the person making the payment,

(b) an associate of that associate obtains a capital sum by way of consideration in respect of the interest, and

(c) the associate obtaining the sum is a company within the charge to corporation tax.

(5) Condition B, C, D or E may be met before, at or after the time when the payment is made.

(6) Condition B or C is not met if—

(a) the lease is a hire-purchase agreement for plant or machinery, and

(b) the capital sum is required to be brought into account as the whole or part of the disposal value of the plant or machinery under section 68 of CAA 2001.

(7) Condition D or E is not met if—

(a) the capital sum is obtained in respect of the lessee's interest in the lease,

(b) the lease is a hire-purchase agreement for plant or machinery, and

(c) the capital sum is required to be brought into account as the whole or part of the disposal value of the plant or machinery under section 68 of CAA 2001.

Charge to corporation tax U.K.

874 Charge to corporation tax U.K.

(1) The company obtaining the capital sum is to be treated as receiving, at the time the sum is obtained, an amount—

(a) which is equal to the chargeable amount, and

(b) to which the charge to corporation tax on income applies.

(2) The chargeable amount is—

(a) the amount of the payment for which a deduction by way of relevant tax relief is allowed, or

(b) the total amount of such payments (if more than one).

(3) But subsections (1) and (2) have effect subject to—

(a) subsections (4) to (7), and

(b) section 875(3) (hire-purchase agreements).

(4) The chargeable amount is not to exceed the capital sum (but see section 875(4)).

(5) Subsection (6) applies if—

(a) the charge to corporation tax on income is applied by this section in respect of a capital sum, and

(b) a payment or part of a payment is taken into account in deciding the chargeable amount in respect of the sum.

(6) The payment or part must be left out of account in deciding—

(a) whether the charge to corporation tax on income is to be applied by this section in respect of another capital sum, and

(b) the chargeable amount in respect of the other sum (if the charge is to be applied in respect of the other sum).

(7) The order in which subsections (5) and (6) are applied is the order in which capital sums are obtained.

875 Hire-purchase agreements U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the lease is a hire-purchase agreement (as defined in section 1129), and

(b) the capital sum is obtained in respect of the lessee's interest in the lease (whether it is obtained by the person making the payment or by an associate).

(2) Find the total of the following amounts—

(a) so much of any payment made under the lease by the company obtaining the capital sum as is not a payment for which a deduction by way of relevant tax relief is allowed, and

(b) if the lessee's interest was assigned to the company obtaining the capital sum, any capital payment made by that company as consideration for the assignment.

(3) If the total of the amounts found under subsection (2) is equal to or greater than the capital sum, the charge to corporation tax on income is not applied by section 874 in respect of the capital sum.

(4) If the total of those amounts is less than the capital sum, in applying section 874(4) that total must be deducted from the capital sum.

(5) If the capital sum is the consideration for part only of the lessee's interest in the lease—

(a) any amount found under subsection (2) (and still unallowed) must be reduced to a just and reasonable proportion of it, and

(b) in calculating that proportion account must be taken of the degree to which the payments mentioned in subsection (2) have contributed to the value of what is disposed of in return for the capital sum.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if—

(a) more than one capital sum is (or is treated as) obtained by the same company in respect of the lessee's interest in the lease, and

(b) in arriving at a total under subsection (2) a payment is taken into account in respect of one of the capital sums.

(7) So far as the payment is so taken into account it must not be taken into account in applying subsection (2) to another of the capital sums.

(8) The order in which subsections (6) and (7) are applied is the order in which capital sums are obtained.

876 Adjustments where sum obtained before payment made U.K.

(1) This section applies if a capital sum is obtained as mentioned in section 873 and later a payment is made as mentioned in section 872.

(2) Adjustments must be made if they are needed to give effect to the application by section 874 of the charge to corporation tax on income in respect of the capital sum.

(3) An adjustment may be made within the period of 6 years which starts at the end of the accounting period in which the payment is made.

(4) Subsection (3) applies despite any time limit specified in the Corporation Tax Acts.

Obtaining of sum U.K.

877 Sum obtained in respect of interest U.K.

A reference in this Chapter to a sum obtained in respect of an interest in an asset (whether the lessee's interest in a lease of the asset or the lessor's interest or any other interest) includes a reference to—

(a) insurance money obtained in respect of the interest, and

(b) sums representing money or money's worth obtained in respect of the interest by a transaction or series of transactions disposing of it.

878 Sum obtained in respect of lessee's interest U.K.

(1) This section applies to a reference in this Chapter to a sum obtained in respect of the lessee's interest in a lease of an asset.

(2) The reference includes a reference to sums representing the consideration in money or money's worth obtained on any of the following occasions—

(a) a surrender of the interest to the lessor,

(b) an assignment of the lease, and

(c) the creation of a sublease or another interest out of the lease.

(3) The reference also includes a reference to sums representing money or money's worth obtained in respect of the interest by a transaction or series of transactions under which the lessee's rights are merged in any way with the lessor's rights or with any other rights as respects the asset.

(4) Subsection (3) applies so far as the money or money's worth is attributable to the lessee's rights under the lease.

879 Disposal of interest to associate U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter if a company disposes of an interest in an asset to a person who is the company's associate (and the interest may be the lessee's interest in a lease of the asset or the lessor's interest or any other interest).

(2) The company disposing of the interest must be treated as obtaining in respect of it the greatest of—

(a) the sum in fact obtained by the company,

(b) the value of the interest in the open market, and

(c) the value of the interest to the person to whom it is in effect transferred.

(3) The disposal—

(a) may be direct or indirect, and

(b) may be effected by a transaction or series of transactions described in section 877(b) or 878(3).

Apportionment U.K.

880 Apportionment of payments made and of sums obtained U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) a payment is made,

(b) it is one for which a deduction by way of relevant tax relief is allowed, and

(c) it is made by persons carrying on a trade, profession or vocation in partnership.

(3) The payment must be apportioned in a manner which is just and reasonable.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if—

(a) a sum is obtained in respect of an interest in an asset,

(b) the sum is obtained by persons carrying on a trade in partnership, and

(c) the asset is and continues to be used for the purposes of the trade.

(5) The sum must be apportioned between the partners in the shares in which they are entitled to the profits of the trade at the time the sum is obtained.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if—

(a) a sum is obtained in respect of an interest in an asset, and

(b) the sum is obtained by persons jointly entitled to the interest.

(7) The sum must be apportioned according to their respective rights in the interest.

(8) Subsections (6) and (7) are subject to subsections (4) and (5).

881 Manner of apportionment U.K.

(1) Subsections (2) and (3) apply if—

(a) a payment or sum is to be apportioned under section 880 or under section 681DJ of ITA 2007,

(b) at the time of the apportionment it appears that it is material to the liability to tax (whether corporation tax or income tax, and for whatever period) of two or more persons (in this section referred to collectively as “the set”),

(c) a question arises as to the manner in which the payment or sum is to be apportioned, and

(d) at the time of the apportionment, it appears that the apportionment is material to the corporation tax liability (for whatever period) of—

(i) a person, or some two or more persons, in the set, or

(ii) all the persons in the set.

(2) For the purposes of corporation tax of the person or persons mentioned in subsection (1)(d), the question is to be determined in the same way as an appeal.

(3) All the persons in the set are entitled to be a party to the proceedings.

Interpretation U.K.

882 Associates U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) Persons are associates if they are associated with each other.

(3) The following are associated with each other—

(a) an individual and the individual's spouse or civil partner or relative,

(b) an individual and a spouse or civil partner of a relative of the individual,

(c) an individual and a relative of the individual's spouse or civil partner,

(d) an individual and a spouse or civil partner of a relative of the individual's spouse or civil partner.

(4) The following are associated with each other—

(a) a person as trustee of a settlement and an individual who (in relation to the settlement) is a settlor,

(b) a person as trustee of a settlement and a person associated with an individual who (in relation to the settlement) is a settlor.

(5) The following are associated with each other—

(a) a person and a body of persons of which the person has control,

(b) a person and a body of persons of which persons associated with the person have control,

(c) a person and a body of persons of which the person and persons associated with the person have control,

(d) two or more bodies of persons associated with the same person under paragraphs (a) to (c).

(6) In relation to a disposal by joint owners, the joint owners and any person associated with any of them are associated with each other.

(7) For the purposes of this section—

(a) a relative is a brother, sister, ancestor or lineal descendant,

(b) a body of persons includes a partnership, and

(c) “settlement” and “settlor” have the meanings given by section 620 of ITTOIA 2005.

883 Capital sum U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter a capital sum is any sum of money, or any money's worth, except so far as it or any part of it—

(a) is to be treated for corporation tax purposes as a receipt to be taken into account in calculating the profits or losses of a trade, or

(b) is (apart from this Chapter) chargeable to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 applies (miscellaneous charges).

884 Lease U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A lease is (in relation to an asset) an agreement or arrangement under which payments are made for the use of or otherwise in respect of the asset.

(3) In particular it includes an agreement or arrangement under which the payments (or any of them) represent instalments of a purchase price or payments towards it.

885 Relevant asset U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter a relevant asset is any description of property or rights other than land or an interest in land.

886 Relevant tax relief U.K.

For the purposes of this Chapter each of the following is a deduction by way of relevant tax relief—

(a) a deduction in calculating profits or losses of a trade for corporation tax purposes,

(b) a deduction in calculating any loss for which relief is given under section 91 (losses from miscellaneous transactions), or in calculating profits or gains chargeable to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 applies (miscellaneous charges),

(c) a deduction under section 76 of ICTA (insurance companies),

(d) a deduction under section 1219 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business),

(e) a deduction in calculating profits or losses of a trade, profession or vocation for income tax purposes,

(f) a deduction in calculating any loss for which relief is allowed under section 152 of ITA 2007 (losses from miscellaneous transactions), or in calculating profits or other income or gains chargeable to income tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1016 of that Act applies, and

(g) a deduction from earnings allowed under section 336 of ITEPA 2003 (expenses) or allowed in calculating losses in an employment for income tax purposes.

Part 20 U.K. Tax avoidance involving leasing plant or machinery

Chapter 1 U.K. Restrictions on use of losses in leasing partnerships

887 When restrictions on leasing partnership losses under this Chapter apply U.K.

(1) The restrictions in section 888 (restrictions on leasing partnership losses) apply if—

(a) a company carries on a business in respect of which the company is within the charge to corporation tax,

(b) the company carries on the business in partnership with other persons in an accounting period of the partnership,

(c) the business (“the leasing business”) is, on any day in that period, a business of leasing plant or machinery,

(d) the company incurs a loss in its notional business in any accounting period of the company comprised (wholly or partly) in the accounting period of the partnership, and

(e) the interest of the company in the leasing business during the accounting period of the partnership is not determined on an allowable basis (see subsections (2) to (4)).

(2) The interest of the company in the leasing business during the accounting period of the partnership is determined on an allowable basis if (and only if) the condition in subsection (3) is met.

(3) The condition is that for the purposes of sections 1262 to 1264 of CTA 2009 (allocation of firm's profits between partners)—

(a) the company's share in the profits or loss of the leasing business for that period is determined wholly by reference to a single percentage, and

(b) the company's share in any relevant capital allowances for that period is determined wholly by reference to the same percentage.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) “profits” does not include chargeable gains.

(5) In this section “business of leasing plant or machinery” has the same meaning as in Chapter 4 of Part 9 (sales of lessors: leasing business carried on by a company in partnership) (see sections 410 to 414).

(6) For the meaning of other expressions used in this section or section 888, see section 889.

888 Restrictions on leasing partnership losses U.K.

(1) The restrictions in subsections (2) to (4) apply in respect of so much of the loss incurred by the company in its notional business as derives from any relevant capital allowances (“the restricted part of the loss”).

(2) Relief is not to be given to the company under any relevant loss relief provision in respect of the restricted part of the loss, except by way of set off against any relevant leasing income.

(3) If the leasing business is a trade, relief is not to be given to the company under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits) in respect of the restricted part of the loss.

(4) The restricted part of the loss is not available for set off by way of group relief in accordance with Chapter 2 of Part 5 (surrender of company's losses etc for an accounting period).

(5) For the purpose of determining how much of a loss derives from any relevant capital allowances, the loss is to be calculated on the basis that any relevant capital allowances are the final amounts to be deducted.

(6) In this section—

• “the leasing business” has the same meaning as in section 887,

• “relevant leasing income” means any income of the company's notional business deriving from any lease which—

  (a)

  is a lease of plant or machinery, and

  (b)

  was entered into before the end of the accounting period of the company in which the loss in the notional business was incurred, and

• “relevant loss relief provision” means—

  (a)

  section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits),

  (b)

  section 62 (relief for losses made in UK property business),

  (c)

  section 63 (company with investment business ceasing to carry on UK property business),

  (d)

  section 66 (relief for losses made in overseas property business), and

  (e)

  section 91 (relief for losses from miscellaneous transactions).

889 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) In this Chapter—

• “lease” includes an underlease, sublease, tenancy or licence and an agreement for any of those things,

• “notional business”, in relation to a company, means the business the profits or losses of which are determined, in relation to the company, under section 1259 of CTA 2009 (calculation of firm's profits and losses),

• “plant or machinery” has the same meaning as in Part 2 of CAA 2001, and

• “relevant capital allowance” means an allowance under that Part in respect of expenditure incurred on the provision of plant or machinery wholly or partly for the purposes of the leasing business.

(2) In this section “the leasing business” has the same meaning as in section 887.

Chapter 2 U.K. Capital payments in respect of leases treated as income

890 Capital payments in respect of leases treated as income U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is an unconditional obligation, under a lease of plant or machinery or a relevant arrangement, to make a relevant capital payment at any time, or

(b) a relevant capital payment is made under such a lease or arrangement otherwise than in pursuance of such an obligation.

(2) The lessor is treated for corporation tax purposes as receiving income attributable to the lease of an amount equal to the amount of the capital payment.

(3) If subsection (1)(a) applies, the income is treated as income for the period of account in which there is first an obligation of the kind mentioned there.

(4) If subsection (1)(b) applies, the income is treated as income for the period of account in which the capital payment is made.

(5) For the meaning of “capital payment” and “relevant capital payment”, see section 893.

(6) For the meaning of other expressions used in this Chapter, see section 894.

891 Apportionments for leases of plant or machinery and other property U.K.

(1) This section applies if section 890 applies in relation to a lease of plant or machinery and other property (see section 894(3)).

(2) The relevant capital payment is to be apportioned, on a just and reasonable basis, between—

(a) the plant or machinery, and

(b) the other property.

(3) If any income attributable to any of the plant or machinery and received by the lessor would be chargeable to tax under Chapter 3 of Part 4 of CTA 2009 as profits of a UK property business, that plant or machinery is treated as falling within subsection (2)(b) (and not subsection (2)(a)).

(4) Section 890(2) has effect as if the reference to the amount of the capital payment were to such amount as is apportioned under subsection (2) in respect of the plant or machinery within subsection (2)(a).

892 Deduction where failure to make relevant capital payment expected U.K.

(1) This section applies for corporation tax purposes if—

(a) section 890 applies as a result of subsection (1)(a) of that section, and

(b) at any time the lessor reasonably expects that the relevant capital payment will not be paid or will not be paid in full.

(2) For the purposes of calculating the profits of the lessor, a deduction is allowed for the period of account which includes that time.

(3) The amount of the deduction is equal to the amount reasonably expected not to be paid.

(4) No other deduction is allowed in respect of the matters mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

893 Meaning of “capital payment”, “relevant capital payment” etc U.K.

(1) This section gives the meaning of “capital payment”, “relevant capital payment” and references to payment for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) “Capital payment” means any payment except one which, if made to the lessor—

(a) would fall to be included in a calculation of the lessor's income for corporation tax purposes, or

(b) would so fall but for section 360 (lessor under long funding finance lease: rental earnings).

(3) A capital payment, in relation to a lease or relevant arrangement, is “relevant” if condition A or B is met (but this is subject to subsections (6) and (7)).

(4) Condition A is that the capital payment is payable (or paid), directly or indirectly, by or on behalf of the lessee to the lessor or another person on the lessor's behalf in connection with—

(a) the grant, assignment, novation or termination of the lease, or

(b) any provision of the lease or relevant arrangement (including the variation or waiver of any such provision).

(5) Condition B is that rentals payable under the lease are less than, or payable later than, they might reasonably be expected to be if there were no obligation to make the capital payment and it were not made.

(6) A capital payment is not “relevant” so far as it—

(a) reduces the amount of expenditure incurred by the lessor for the purposes of CAA 2001 in respect of the plant or machinery in question or would reduce it but for section 536 of CAA 2001 (contributions not made by public bodies and not eligible for tax relief), or

(b) is compensation for loss resulting from damage to, or damage caused by, the plant or machinery in question.

(7) If—

(a) a capital payment is an initial payment under a long funding lease for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 70YI of that Act), and

(b) under section 61 of that Act (disposal events and disposal values) the commencement of the term of the lease (as defined in section 70YI of that Act) is an event that requires the lessor to bring a disposal value into account,

the capital payment is only “relevant” so far as it exceeds the amount that is the disposal value for the purposes of Part 2 of that Act.

(8) References to payment include the provision of value by any means other than the making of a payment.

(9) Accordingly—

(a) references to the making of a payment include the passing of value by any other means, and

(b) references to the amount of the payment include the value passed.

894 Other interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) “Lease” includes—

(a) a licence, and

(b) the letting of a ship or aircraft on charter or the letting of any other asset on hire,

and “lessor” and “lessee” must be read accordingly.

(3) “Lease of plant or machinery” includes a lease of plant or machinery and other property, but does not include a lease to which subsection (4) or (5) applies.

(4) This subsection applies to a lease if any income attributable to it and received by the lessor would be chargeable to tax under Chapter 3 of Part 4 of CTA 2009 as profits of a UK property business.

(5) This subsection applies to a lease of plant or machinery if the lessor has incurred on the plant or machinery what would be qualifying expenditure within the meaning of Part 2 of CAA 2001 but for section 34A of that Act (expenditure on plant or machinery for long funding leasing not qualifying expenditure).

(6) “Relevant arrangement” means any agreement or arrangement relating to a lease of plant or machinery, including one made before the lease is entered into or after it has ended.

(7) Accordingly, “lessor” and “lessee” include prospective and former lessors and lessees.

Part 21 U.K. Leasing arrangements: finance leases and loans

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

Introduction U.K.

895 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) This Part makes provision for corporation tax purposes about the taxation of leasing arrangements.

(2) Chapter 2 makes provision in relation to certain arrangements involving the lease of assets where the conditions in section 902 are or have been met, so far as the lease is not regarded as a long funding lease for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 in accordance with Chapter 6A of that Part (see sections 901 to 904).

(3) Chapter 3 makes provision in relation to arrangements involving the lease of assets that are not within Chapter 2, so far as the lease is not so regarded (see sections 925 and 927).

(4) The remaining provisions of this Chapter explain some expressions about rent for the purposes of this Part.

(5) Chapter 4 contains further provisions supplementing this Part, including more about its interpretation.

Meaning of expressions about rent U.K.

896 Normal rent U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, the “normal rent” in respect of a lease for a period of account of the lessor (“L”) is the amount specified in subsection (2).

(2) That amount is the amount that L would, apart from this Part, bring into account as rent from the lease that arises to L in that period of account for the purpose of determining L's liability to corporation tax for the related accounting period or periods.

(3) For the meaning of “related accounting period”, see section 932(4).

897 Accountancy rental earnings U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, the “accountancy rental earnings” in respect of a lease for a period of account of the lessor (“L”) is the greatest of the amounts specified in subsection (2).

(2) Those amounts are—

(a) the rental earnings for that period in respect of the lease in L's case,

(b) the rental earnings for that period in respect of the lease in the case of a person connected with L, and

(c) the rental earnings for that period in respect of the lease for the purposes of consolidated group accounts of a group of companies of which L is a member.

(3) For the meaning of “the rental earnings”, see section 898.

898 Rental earnings U.K.

(1) In this Part “the rental earnings” for any period in respect of a lease of an asset in the case of any person or any consolidated group accounts is the amount specified in subsection (2).

(2) That amount is the amount that falls for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as the gross return for that period on investment in respect of a finance lease or loan in respect of the leasing arrangements.

(3) For the meaning of “for accounting purposes”, see section 937.

Chapter 2 U.K. Finance leases with return in capital form

Introduction U.K.

899 Arrangements to which this Chapter applies U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies to arrangements involving the lease of an asset that meet conditions A and B.

(2) Condition A is that in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice the arrangements fall to be treated as a finance lease or loan.

(3) Condition B is that the effect of the arrangements is that some or all of the return on investment in respect of the finance lease or loan—

(a) is or may be in the form of a sum that is not rent, and

(b) would not, apart from this Part and Part 11A of ITA 2007, be wholly brought into account for tax purposes as rent from the lease of the asset.

(4) It does not matter—

(a) when the arrangements are or have been entered into, or

(b) whether they are or have been entered into by companies or other persons.

900 Purposes of this Chapter U.K.

(1) This section sets out the main purposes of this Chapter where there are any arrangements to which this Chapter applies.

(2) The first main purpose is, in relation to a company entitled to the lessor's interest under the lease of the asset, to apply the charge to corporation tax on income to amounts determined as mentioned in subsections (3) and (4).

(3) The amounts referred to in subsection (2) are determined by reference to the amounts that fall for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as the income return on and after 26 November 1996 on investment in respect of the finance lease or loan.

(4) The amounts referred to in subsection (2) are also determined taking into account the substance of the matter as a whole, including, in particular, the state of affairs—

(a) as between connected persons, or

(b) within a group of companies,

as reflected or falling to be reflected in accounts of any of those persons or in consolidated group accounts.

(5) The second main purpose of this Chapter is, if the sum mentioned in section 899(3)(a) that is not rent falls due, to recover by reference to that sum the whole or any part of the capital expenditure reliefs.

(6) In subsection (5) “the capital expenditure reliefs” means any reliefs, allowances or deductions that are or have been allowed or made in respect of capital expenditure incurred in respect of the leased asset.

Leases to which this Chapter applies U.K.

901 Application of this Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if—

(a) a lease of an asset is or has been granted, and

(b) the conditions in section 902 are or have been met in relation to the lease at some time in a period of account of the current lessor.

(2) But this Chapter does not apply so far as, in relation to the current lessor, the lease falls to be regarded as a long funding lease for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (plant and machinery allowances) in accordance with Chapter 6A of that Part (interpretation of provisions about long funding leases) (see section 70G of that Act).

(3) If the conditions in section 902 have been met at some time in a period of account of the person who was at that time the lessor, they are taken to continue to be met for the purposes of this Chapter unless and until one of the conditions in subsection (4) is met.

(4) The conditions are that—

(a) the asset ceases to be leased under the lease, or

(b) the lessor's interest under the lease is assigned to a person who is not connected with any of the persons specified in subsection (5).

(5) Those persons are—

(a) the assignor,

(b) any person who was the lessor at some time before the assignment, and

(c) any person who at some time after the assignment becomes the lessor pursuant to arrangements made by a person who was the lessor, or was connected with the lessor, at some time before the assignment.

(6) If at any time the person who was the lessor at that time was a person within the charge to income tax, the reference in subsection (3) to the conditions in section 902 having been met at that time includes a reference to the conditions in section 614BC of ITA 2007 having been so met.

(7) Nothing in subsection (3) prevents this Chapter from applying again in relation to the lease where the lessor's interest is assigned if the conditions for its application are met after the assignment.

902 The conditions referred to in section 901(1) U.K.

(1) This section sets out the conditions required by section 901(1) to be met for this Chapter to apply (conditions A to E).

(2) Condition A is that at the relevant time—

(a) the leasing arrangements fall for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as a finance lease or a loan, and

(b) subsection (3) or (4) applies.

(3) This subsection applies if the lessor (“L”), or a person connected with L, falls for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as the finance lessor in relation to the finance lease or loan.

(4) This subsection applies if the finance lease or loan falls for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as subsisting for the purposes of consolidated group accounts of a group of companies of which L is a member.

(5) Condition B is that, under the leasing arrangements, there is or may be payable to L, or to a person connected with L, a sum (a “major lump sum”) that is not rent but falls for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice—

(a) as to part, as repayment of some or all of the investment in respect of a finance lease or loan, and

(b) as to part, as a return on investment in respect of a finance lease or loan.

(6) Condition C is that not all of that part of the sum that falls within subsection (5)(b) would, apart from this Chapter, fall to be brought into account for corporation tax purposes in accounting periods of L ending with the relevant accounting period as the normal rent from the lease for periods of account of L.

(7) Condition D is that, in relation to L at the relevant time—

(a) the period of account of L in which the relevant time falls, or

(b) an earlier period of account of L during which L was the lessor,

is a period of account for which the accountancy rental earnings in respect of the lease exceed the normal rent for the period.

(8) Condition E is that at the relevant time—

(a) arrangements within section 904(1) exist, or

(b) paragraph (a) does not apply and circumstances within section 904(3) exist.

(9) Section 903 supplements this section.

903 Provisions supplementing section 902 U.K.

(1) In section 902—

• “the relevant accounting period”, in relation to a major lump sum, means—

  (a)

  the accounting period of the lessor (“L”) which is related to L's period of account in which the major lump sum is or may be payable in accordance with the leasing arrangements, or

  (b)

  if there are two or more such accounting periods, the latest of them, and

• “the relevant time” means the time as at which it must be determined for the purposes of section 901(1) or (3) whether the conditions in section 902 are or, as the case may be, were met.

(2) For the meaning of an accounting period being related to a period of account, see section 932(4).

(3) Subsection (4) applies for determining the normal rent for a period of account for the purpose of determining whether condition D in section 902 is met as respects L unless subsection (5) applies.

(4) Rent that falls to be brought into account for corporation tax purposes as it falls due is treated—

(a) as accruing evenly throughout the period to which, in accordance with the terms of the lease, each payment falling due relates, and

(b) as falling due as it so accrues.

(5) This subsection applies if any such payment as is mentioned in subsection (4)(a) falls due more than 12 months after the time at which any of the rent to which that payment relates is treated as accruing under subsection (4)(a).

904 The arrangements and circumstances referred to in section 902(8) U.K.

(1) The arrangements referred to in section 902(8)(a) are arrangements under which—

(a) the lessee or a person connected with the lessee may acquire, whether directly or indirectly, the leased asset or an asset representing the leased asset from the lessor or a person connected with the lessor, and

(b) in connection with that acquisition, the lessor or a person connected with the lessor may receive, whether directly or indirectly, a qualifying lump sum from the lessee or a person connected with the lessee.

(2) In this section “qualifying lump sum” means any sum that is not rent but at least part of which would fall for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as a return on investment in respect of a finance lease or loan.

(3) The circumstances referred to in section 902(8)(b) are circumstances which make it more likely—

(a) that the events described in subsection (4) will occur, than

(b) that the event described in subsection (5) will occur.

(4) The events mentioned in subsection (3)(a) are—

(a) that the lessee or a person connected with the lessee will acquire, whether directly or indirectly, the leased asset or an asset representing the leased asset from the lessor or a person connected with the lessor, and

(b) that, in connection with that acquisition, the lessor or a person connected with the lessor will receive, whether directly or indirectly, a qualifying lump sum from the lessee or a person connected with the lessee.

(5) The event mentioned in subsection (3)(b) is that, before any such acquisition as is mentioned in subsection (4) takes place, the leased asset or, as the case may be, the asset representing the leased asset, will have been acquired, in a sale on the open market, by an independent third party.

(6) In subsection (5) “independent third party” means a person who—

(a) is not the lessor or the lessee, and

(b) is not connected with either of them.

(7) For the meaning of an asset representing the leased asset, see section 934.

Current lessor taxed by reference to accountancy rental earnings U.K.

905 Current lessor taxed by reference to accountancy rental earnings U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in the case of any period of account of the current lessor (“L”)—

(a) this Chapter applies in relation to the lease, and

(b) the accountancy rental earnings in respect of the lease for that period of account exceed the normal rent for that period.

(2) For corporation tax purposes, L is treated as if in that period of account L had been entitled to, and there had arisen to L, rent from the lease of an amount equal to those accountancy rental earnings (instead of the normal rent referred to in subsection (1)(b)).

(3) Such rent from the lease of an asset is treated for corporation tax purposes—

(a) as if it had accrued at an even rate throughout so much of the period of account as falls within the period for which the asset is leased, and

(b) as if L had become entitled to it as it accrued.

Reduction of taxable rent by cumulative rental excesses U.K.

906 Reduction of taxable rent by cumulative rental excesses: introduction U.K.

(1) This section and sections 907 to 910 provide for reductions of the taxable rent of a current lessor (“L”) under a lease to which this Chapter applies.

(2) In this section and sections 907 to 910 “taxable rent”, in relation to a period of account of L, means the amount that would, apart from those sections, be treated for corporation tax purposes as rent from the lease that arises to L in that period of account for the purpose of determining L's liability to tax for the related accounting period or periods.

(3) The reductions of taxable rent under sections 907 to 910 depend on there being—

(a) a cumulative accountancy rental excess for the period of account of L in question, or

(b) a cumulative normal rental excess for the period of account of L in question.

(4) For the meaning of “cumulative accountancy rental excess” and “cumulative normal rental excess”, see sections 907 and 909 respectively.

907 Meaning of “accountancy rental excess” and “cumulative accountancy rental excess” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, there is an “accountancy rental excess” in relation to the lease for a period of account of the current lessor (“L”) if the taxable rent in relation to the lease for the period is as a result of section 905 (current lessor taxed by reference to accountancy rental earnings) an amount equal to the accountancy rental earnings.

(2) The amount of the accountancy rental excess for the period is equal to the difference between the accountancy rental earnings for the period and the normal rent for the period.

(3) But if the taxable rent for the period is reduced under section 910 (reduction of taxable rent by the cumulative normal rental excess), there is only an accountancy rental excess for the period if—

(a) the accountancy rental earnings, reduced by an amount equal to the reduction under that section, exceed

(b) the normal rent.

(4) And in that case the amount of the accountancy rental excess for the period is equal to that excess.

(5) In this Chapter the “cumulative accountancy rental excess”, in relation to the lease and a period of account of L, means so much of the total of the accountancy rental excesses for previous periods of account of L (as increased under section 912: recovery of bad debts following reduction under section 911) as has not been—

(a) set off under section 908 (reduction of taxable rent by the cumulative accountancy rental excess) against the taxable rent for any such previous period,

(b) reduced under section 911 (relief for bad debts: reduction of cumulative accountancy rental excess), or

(c) set off under section 37A of TCGA 1992 (consideration on disposal of certain leases) against the consideration for a disposal.

908 Reduction of taxable rent by the cumulative accountancy rental excess U.K.

(1) This section applies if a period of account of the current lessor (“L”) is one for which—

(a) the normal rent in relation to the lease exceeds the accountancy rental earnings, and

(b) there is a cumulative accountancy rental excess.

(2) The taxable rent for the period of account is reduced by setting against it the cumulative accountancy rental excess (but not so as to reduce that rent below the amount of the accountancy rental earnings).

(3) But see section 911(3) and (4) (under which the amount of the cumulative accountancy rental excess which may be set against the taxable rent is limited in some circumstances).

909 Meaning of “normal rental excess” and “cumulative normal rental excess” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, there is a “normal rental excess” in relation to a lease for any period of account of the current lessor (“L”) throughout which the leasing arrangements fall for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as a finance lease or loan if—

(a) the normal rent for the period, exceeds

(b) the accountancy rental earnings for the period.

(2) The amount of the normal rental excess for that period is equal to that excess.

(3) But if the taxable rent for the period is reduced under section 908 (reduction of taxable rent by the cumulative accountancy rental excess), there is only a normal rental excess for the period if—

(a) the normal rent, reduced by an amount equal to the reduction under that section, exceeds

(b) the accountancy rental earnings.

(4) And in that case the amount of the normal rental excess for the period is equal to that excess.

(5) In this Chapter “cumulative normal rental excess”, in relation to the lease and a period of account of L, means so much of the total of the normal rental excesses for previous periods of account of L (as increased under section 914: recovery of bad debts following reduction under section 913) as has not been—

(a) set off under section 910 (reduction of taxable rent by the cumulative normal rental excess) against the taxable rent for any such previous period, or

(b) reduced under section 913 (relief for bad debts: reduction of cumulative normal rental excess).

910 Reduction of taxable rent by the cumulative normal rental excess U.K.

(1) This section applies if a period of account of the current lessor (“L”) is one for which—

(a) the taxable rent in relation to the lease is as a result of section 905 (current lessor taxed by reference to accountancy rental earnings) an amount equal to the accountancy rental earnings, and

(b) there is a cumulative normal rental excess.

(2) The taxable rent for the period of account is reduced by setting against it the cumulative normal rental excess (but not so as to reduce that rent below the amount of the normal rent).

(3) But see section 913(3) and (4) (under which the amount of the cumulative normal rental excess which may be set against the taxable rent is limited in some circumstances).

Relief for bad debts by reduction of cumulative rental excesses U.K.

911 Relief for bad debts: reduction of cumulative accountancy rental excess U.K.

(1) This section applies if in relation to the lease for any period of account of the current lessor—

(a) there is a cumulative accountancy rental excess, and

(b) a bad debt deduction falls to be made in respect of rent from the lease.

(2) If for that period—

(a) the accountancy rental earnings in relation to the lease exceed the normal rent, and

(b) the amount of the bad debt deduction exceeds the amount of the accountancy rental earnings,

the cumulative accountancy rental excess for that period is reduced by the amount of the excess of that deduction over those earnings (but not so as to reduce the amount of that rental excess below nil).

(3) Subsections (4) and (5) apply if for that period the accountancy rental earnings in relation to the lease do not exceed the normal rent.

(4) The amount of the cumulative accountancy rental excess that may be set against the taxable rent for that period under section 908(2) (reduction of taxable rent by the cumulative accountancy rental excess) is limited to the amount (if any) by which the normal rent exceeds the bad debt deduction.

(5) If for that period the bad debt deduction exceeds the normal rent, the cumulative accountancy rental excess for that period is reduced by the amount of that excess (but not so as to reduce the amount of that rental excess below nil).

(6) In this section—

• “bad debt deduction”, in relation to a period of account of the lessor, means the total of the deductions falling to be made for accounting purposes for that period by way of impairment loss in respect of rents from the lease of the asset, and

• “taxable rent” has the meaning given in section 906(2).

912 Recovery of bad debts following reduction under section 911 U.K.

(1) This section applies if in relation to the lease—

(a) the cumulative accountancy rental excess for any period of account of the current lessor (“L”) has been reduced under section 911(2) or (5) because of a bad debt deduction,

(b) in a subsequent period of account of L, an amount (“the relevant credit”) is recovered or credited in respect of the amount which constituted the bad debt deduction, and

(c) there is a cumulative accountancy rental excess for that subsequent period.

(2) The cumulative accountancy rental excess for the subsequent period is increased.

(3) If the relevant credit does not exceed the total of the reductions under section 911(2) or (5), the increase is by the relevant credit.

(4) Otherwise, the increase is limited to that total.

(5) In this section “bad debt deduction” has the meaning given in section 911(6).

913 Relief for bad debts: reduction of cumulative normal rental excess U.K.

(1) This section applies if in relation to the lease for any period of account of the current lessor—

(a) there is a cumulative normal rental excess, and

(b) a bad debt deduction falls to be made in respect of rent from the lease.

(2) If for that period—

(a) the accountancy rental earnings in the case of the lease do not exceed the normal rent, and

(b) the amount of the bad debt deduction exceeds the amount of that rent,

the cumulative normal rental excess for that period is reduced by the amount of the excess of that deduction over that rent (but not so as to reduce the amount of that rental excess below nil).

(3) Subsections (4) and (5) apply if for that period the accountancy rental earnings in relation to the lease exceed the normal rent.

(4) The amount of the cumulative normal rental excess that may be set against the taxable rent for that period under section 910 (reduction of taxable rent by the cumulative normal rental excess) is limited to the amount (if any) by which the accountancy rental earnings exceed the bad debt deduction.

(5) If for that period the bad debt deduction exceeds the accountancy rental earnings, the cumulative normal rental excess for that period is reduced by the amount of the excess (but not so as to reduce the amount of that rental excess below nil).

(6) In this section, in relation to a period of account of the lessor—

• “bad debt deduction” has the meaning given in section 911(6), and

• “taxable rent” has the meaning given in section 906(2).

914 Recovery of bad debts following reduction under section 913 U.K.

(1) This section applies if in relation to the lease—

(a) the cumulative normal rental excess for any period of account of the current lessor (“L”) has been reduced under section 913(2) or (5) as a result of a bad debt deduction,

(b) in a subsequent period of account of L, an amount (“the relevant credit”) is recovered or credited in respect of the amount which constituted the bad debt deduction, and

(c) there is a cumulative normal rental excess for that subsequent period.

(2) The cumulative normal rental excess for the subsequent period is increased.

(3) If the relevant credit does not exceed the total of the reductions under section 913(2) or (5), the increase is by the relevant credit.

(4) Otherwise, the increase is limited to that total.

(5) In this section “bad debt deduction” has the meaning given in section 911(6).

Effect of disposals U.K.

915 Effect of disposals of leases: general U.K.

(1) This section applies if the current lessor (“L”) or a person connected with L disposes of—

(a) the lessor's interest under the lease,

(b) the leased asset, or

(c) an asset representing the leased asset (see section 934).

(2) This Part has effect as if immediately before the disposal a period of account of L ended and another began.

(3) If—

(a) two or more disposals within subsection (1) are made at the same time, and

(b) there is any cumulative accountancy rental excess for any period of account of L in which the disposal occurs,

subsection (2) has effect in relation to those disposals as if they together constituted a single disposal.

(4) In this section “dispose” and “disposal” are to be read in accordance with TCGA 1992.

(5) In cases where there is any cumulative accountancy rental excess for L's period of account in which the disposal occurs, section 37A of that Act (consideration on disposal of certain leases) makes provision for the purposes of that Act about the reduction of the consideration for the disposal by that excess in determining if a gain has accrued.

916 Assignments on which neither a gain nor a loss accrues U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the current lessor (“L”) assigns the lessor's interest under the lease, and

(b) the assignment is a disposal on which, as a result of any of the no gain/no loss provisions, neither a gain nor a loss accrues.

(2) This Part has effect as if—

(a) a period of account of L (“L's period”) ended with the assignment, and

(b) a period of account of the assignee (“A's period”) began with the assignment.

(3) Any cumulative accountancy rental excess for L's period becomes the cumulative accountancy rental excess for A's period.

(4) Any cumulative normal rental excess for L's period becomes the cumulative normal rental excess for A's period.

(5) If the assignee is a person subject to income tax, so far as this section relates to the assignee, it applies for the purposes of Part 11A of ITA 2007 as it would otherwise apply for the purposes of this Part.

(6) In this section “the no gain/no loss provisions” has the same meaning as in TCGA 1992 (see section 288(3A) of that Act).

Capital allowances: clawback of major lump sum U.K.

917 Effect of capital allowances: introduction U.K.

(1) This section and sections 918 to 922 apply if an occasion occurs on which a major lump sum falls to be paid in relation to the lease of the asset.

(2) In those sections the occasion is called “the relevant occasion”.

918 Cases where expenditure taken into account under Part 2, 5 or 8 of CAA 2001 U.K.

(1) This section applies if capital expenditure incurred by the current lessor (“L”) in respect of the leased asset is or has been taken into account for the purposes of any allowance or charge under—

(a) Part 2 of CAA 2001 (plant and machinery allowances),

(b) Part 5 of that Act (mineral extraction allowances), or

(c) Part 8 of that Act (patent allowances).

(2) The Part of that Act in question (“the relevant Part”) has effect as if the relevant occasion were an event (“the relevant event”) as a result of which a disposal value is to be brought into account of an amount equal to the amount or value of the major lump sum (but subject to any applicable limiting provision).

(3) In this section “limiting provision” means a provision to the effect that the disposal value of the asset in question is not to exceed an amount (“the limit”) described by reference to capital expenditure incurred in respect of the asset.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if—

(a) as a result of subsection (2), a disposal value (“the relevant disposal value”) falls or has fallen to be brought into account by a person in respect of the leased asset for the purposes of the relevant Part, and

(b) a limiting provision has effect in the case of that Part.

(5) The limiting provision has effect (so far as it would not otherwise do so), in relation to the relevant disposal value and any simultaneous or later disposal value, as if—

(a) it did not limit any particular disposal value, but

(b) it limited the total amount of all the disposal values brought into account for the purposes of the relevant Part by L in respect of the leased asset.

(6) In subsection (5) “simultaneous or later disposal value” means any disposal value which falls to be brought into account by L in respect of the leased asset as a result of any event occurring at the same time as, or later than, the relevant event.

919 Cases where expenditure taken into account under other provisions of CAA 2001 U.K.

(1) This section applies if any allowance is or has been given in respect of capital expenditure incurred by the current lessor (“L”) in respect of the leased asset under any provision of CAA 2001 other than—

(a) Part 2 of CAA 2001 (plant and machinery allowances),

(b) Part 5 of that Act (mineral extraction allowances), or

(c) Part 8 of that Act (patent allowances).

(2) The amount specified in subsection (3) is treated, in relation to L, as if it were a balancing charge to be made on L for the chargeable period in which the relevant occasion falls.

(3) That amount is an amount equal to—

(a) the total of the allowances given as mentioned in subsection (1) (so far as not previously recovered or withdrawn), or

(b) if it is less, the amount or value of the major lump sum.

(4) In this section “chargeable period” has the meaning given by section 6 of CAA 2001.

920 Capital allowances deductions: waste disposal and cemeteries U.K.

(1) This section applies if any deduction is or has been allowed to the current lessor (“L”) in respect of capital expenditure incurred in connection with the leased asset as a result of—

(a) section 142 or 145 of CTA 2009 (preparation and restoration expenditure in relation to waste disposal site), or

(b) section 147 of that Act (cemeteries and memorial gardens: deduction for capital expenditure).

(2) L is treated as if trading receipts arose to L from the trade in question on the relevant occasion.

(3) The amount of those receipts is equal to the lesser of—

(a) the amount or value of the major lump sum, and

(b) the deductions previously allowed.

921 Capital allowances deductions: films U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) any relevant film deduction has been allowed to the current lessor (“L”) in respect of expenditure incurred in connection with the leased asset, and

(b) the amount or value of the major lump sum exceeds so much of that sum as was treated as receipts of a revenue nature under section 40A(2) of F(No.2)A 1992 (disposal proceeds of original master version of film treated as receipt of a revenue nature).

(2) In subsection (1) “relevant film deduction” means any deduction as a result of—

(a) section 40B(1) of F(No.2)A 1992 (allocation of expenditure on master versions of films to periods), or

(b) section 42 of that Act (relief for production or acquisition expenditure in respect of films).

(3) L is treated as if receipts of a revenue nature arose to L from the trade or business in question on the relevant occasion.

(4) The amount of those receipts is equal to the excess mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

922 Contributors to capital expenditure U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) section 918 or 919 applies in relation to a leased asset,

(b) allowances are or have been made to a person (“the contributor”) as a result of sections 537 to 542 of CAA 2001 (allowances in respect of contributions to capital expenditure), and

(c) those allowances are or were in respect of the contributor's contribution of a capital sum to expenditure on the provision of the leased asset.

(2) Section 918 or, as the case may be, section 919 has effect in relation to the contributor and those allowances as it has effect in relation to the current lessor and allowances in respect of capital expenditure incurred by the current lessor in respect of the leased asset.

Schemes to which this Chapter does not at first apply U.K.

923 Pre-26 November 1996 schemes where this Chapter does not at first apply U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the lease of an asset forms part of a pre-26 November 1996 scheme, but

(b) the conditions in section 902 become met after 26 November 1996.

(2) For the meaning of “forms part of a pre-26 November 1996 scheme”, see section 930.

(3) This Part has effect as if—

(a) a period of account (“period 1”) of the current lessor (“L”) ended immediately before the time at which those conditions become met,

(b) another period of account of L (“period 2”) began immediately before that time and ended immediately after that time, and

(c) another period of account of L began immediately after that time.

(4) If, on the continuous application assumption (see subsection (9)), there would be an amount of cumulative accountancy rental excess for period 2, that amount is the cumulative accountancy rental excess for period 2.

(5) If subsection (4) applies, L is treated for corporation tax purposes as if in period 1 L had been entitled to, and there had arisen to L, rent from the lease of an amount equal to that cumulative accountancy rental excess.

(6) The amount of rent mentioned in subsection (5)—

(a) is in addition to any other rent from the lease for period 1, and

(b) is left out of account for the purposes of section 905 (current lessor taxed by reference to accountancy rental earnings).

(7) Rent within subsection (5) is treated for corporation tax purposes as if it had accrued and L had become entitled to it immediately before the end of period 1.

(8) If, on the continuous application assumption, there would be an amount of cumulative normal rental excess for period 2, that amount is the cumulative normal rental excess for period 2.

(9) In this section “the continuous application assumption” means the assumption that this Chapter (other than this section) had applied in the case of the lease at all times on or after 26 November 1996.

(10) If at any time the person who was the lessor at that time was a person within the charge to income tax, the reference in subsection (9) to this Chapter (other than this section) includes a reference to Chapter 2 of Part 11A of ITA 2007 (other than section 614BX of that Act).

924 Post-25 November 1996 schemes to which Chapter 3 applied first U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) the conditions in section 902 become met in the case of the lease of the asset, and

(b) immediately before those conditions become met, Chapter 3 applied.

(2) Subsection (3) applies for the purpose of determining—

(a) the cumulative accountancy rental excess for any period of account ending after those conditions become met, or

(b) the cumulative normal rental excess for any such period.

(3) This Part has effect as if this Chapter had applied in relation to the lease at any time when Chapter 3 applied in relation to it.

(4) If at any time the person who was the lessor at that time was a person within the charge to income tax—

(a) the reference in subsection (1)(a) to the conditions in section 902 becoming met at that time includes a reference to the conditions in section 614BC of ITA 2007 becoming so met,

(b) the reference in subsection (1)(b) to Chapter 3 applying immediately before that time includes a reference to Chapter 3 of Part 11A of that Act so applying, and

(c) the reference in subsection (3) to Chapter 3 applying at that time includes a reference to Chapter 3 of that Part so applying.

Chapter 3 U.K. Other finance leases

Introduction U.K.

925 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies to arrangements involving the lease of an asset that—

(a) fall to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as a finance lease or loan, but

(b) are not arrangements to which Chapter 2 applies.

(2) It does not matter whether the arrangements are or have been entered into by companies or other persons.

926 Purpose of this Chapter U.K.

(1) The main purpose of this Chapter where there are arrangements to which this Chapter applies is, in relation to a company entitled to the lessor's interest under the lease of the asset, to apply the charge to corporation tax on income to amounts determined as mentioned in subsection (2).

(2) The amounts referred to in subsection (1) are determined by reference to the amounts that fall for accounting purposes to be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as the income return on and after 26 November 1996 on investment in respect of the finance lease or loan.

(3) The amounts referred to in subsection (1) are also determined taking into account the substance of the matter as a whole, including, in particular, the state of affairs—

(a) as between connected persons, or

(b) within a group of companies,

as reflected or falling to be reflected in accounts of any of those persons or in consolidated group accounts.

Current lessor taxed by reference to accountancy rental earnings U.K.

927 Leases to which this Chapter applies U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if—

(a) a lease of an asset is or has been granted on or after 26 November 1996,

(b) the lease forms part of a post-25 November 1996 scheme,

(c) condition A in section 902 is or has been met at some time on or after 26 November 1996 in relation to the lease in a period of account of the current lessor (“L”), and

(d) Chapter 2 does not apply in relation to the lease because of the other conditions in that section not all being, or having been, met as mentioned in section 901.

(2) For the meaning of “forms part of a post-25 November 1996 scheme”, see section 930.

(3) This Chapter does not apply so far as, in relation to L, the lease falls to be regarded as a long funding lease for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (plant and machinery allowances) in accordance with Chapter 6A of that Part (interpretation of provisions about long funding leases) (see section 70G of that Act).

(4) If condition A in section 902 has been met at any time on or after 26 November 1996 in a period of account of the person who was at that time the lessor, it is taken to continue to be met unless and until one of the conditions in subsection (5) is met.

(5) The conditions are that—

(a) the asset ceases to be leased under the lease, or

(b) the lessor's interest under the lease is assigned to a person who is not connected with any of the persons specified in subsection (6).

(6) Those persons are—

(a) the assignor,

(b) any person who was the lessor at some time before the assignment, and

(c) any person who at some time after the assignment becomes the lessor pursuant to arrangements made by a person who was the lessor, or was connected with the lessor, at some time before the assignment.

(7) If at any time the person who was the lessor at that time was a person within the charge to income tax—

(a) the reference in subsection (4) to condition A in section 902 having been met at that time includes a reference to condition A in section 614BC of ITA 2007 having been so met, and

(b) the reference in subsection (1)(d) to the other conditions in section 902 not having been met as mentioned in section 901 includes a reference to the other conditions in section 614BC of that Act not having been met as mentioned in section 614BB of that Act.

(8) Nothing in subsection (4) prevents this Chapter from applying again in relation to the lease where the lessor's interest is assigned if the conditions for its application are met after the assignment.

928 Current lessor taxed by reference to accountancy rental earnings U.K.

(1) This section applies if, in the case of any period of account of the current lessor (“L”)—

(a) this Chapter applies in relation to the lease, and

(b) the accountancy rental earnings in respect of the lease for that period of account exceed the normal rent for that period.

(2) For corporation tax purposes, L is treated as if in that period of account L had been entitled to, and there had arisen to L, rent from the lease of an amount equal to those accountancy rental earnings (instead of the normal rent referred to in subsection (1)(b)).

(3) Such rent from the lease of an asset is treated for corporation tax purposes—

(a) as if it had accrued at an even rate throughout so much of the period of account as falls within the period for which the asset is leased, and

(b) as if L had become entitled to it as it accrued.

Application of provisions of Chapter 2 for purposes of this Chapter U.K.

929 Application of provisions of Chapter 2 for purposes of this Chapter U.K.

Sections 906 to 916 apply for the purposes of this Chapter as they apply for the purposes of Chapter 2, but taking the references in sections 907(1) and 910(1)(a) to section 905 as references to section 928.

Chapter 4 U.K. Supplementary provisions

930 Pre-26 November 1996 schemes and post-25 November 1996 schemes U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, a lease of an asset—

(a) forms part of a pre-26 November 1996 scheme if (and only if) the conditions in subsection (2) or (3) are met, and

(b) in any other case, forms part of a post-25 November 1996 scheme.

(2) The conditions in this subsection are that—

(a) a contract in writing for the lease of the asset was made before 26 November 1996,

(b) either—

(i) the contract was unconditional, or

(ii) if the contract was conditional, the conditions were met before that date, and

(c) no terms remain to be agreed on or after that date.

(3) The conditions in this subsection are that—

(a) a contract in writing for the lease of the asset was made before 26 November 1996,

(b) the condition in subsection (2)(b) or (c) was not met in the case of the contract,

(c) either—

(i) the contract was unconditional, or

(ii) if the contract was conditional, the conditions were met before the end of the finalisation period or within such further period as the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may allow in the particular case,

(d) no terms remain to be agreed after the end of the finalisation period or such further period as those Commissioners may so allow, and

(e) the contract in its final form was not materially different from the contract as it stood when it was made before 26 November 1996.

(4) In subsection (3), “the finalisation period” means the period which ended with the later of—

(a) 31 January 1997, and

(b) the end of the period of six months beginning with the day after that on which the contract was made as mentioned in subsection (3)(a).

931 Time apportionment where periods of account do not coincide U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if a period of account of the lessor (“L”) does not coincide with a period of account of a person connected with L.

(2) Any amount which falls for the purposes of this Part to be found for L's period of account but by reference to the connected person is found by making such apportionments as may be necessary between two or more periods of account of the connected person.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if a period of account of L does not coincide with a period for which consolidated group accounts of a group of companies of which L is a member fall to be prepared.

(4) Any amount which falls for the purposes of this Part to be found for L's period of account but by reference to the consolidated group accounts is found by making such apportionments as may be necessary between two or more periods for which consolidated group accounts of the group fall to be prepared.

(5) Any apportionment under subsection (2) or (4) must be made in proportion to the number of days in the respective periods that fall within L's period of account.

932 Periods of account and related periods of account and accounting periods U.K.

(1) In this Part “period of account” means a period for which accounts are made up.

(2) Except for the purposes of sections 901 to 904 and subsection (3), in this Part “period of account” does not include a period that begins before 26 November 1996.

(3) But this Part applies in relation to a period of account that begins before 26 November 1996 and ends on or after that date as if—

(a) so much of the period as falls before that date, and

(b) so much of the period as falls on or after that date,

were separate periods of account.

(4) For the purposes of this Part, an accounting period is related to a period of account if the accounting period consists of or includes the whole or any part of the period of account.

(5) For the purposes of this Part a period of account is related to an accounting period if the accounting period is related to the period of account.

933 Connected persons U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part in its application as a result of any leasing arrangements, if a person (“A”) is connected with another (“B”) at some time during the relevant period A is treated as being connected with B throughout that period.

(2) The relevant period is the period that—

(a) begins at the earliest time at which any of the arrangements were made, and

(b) ends when the current lessor finally ceases to have an interest in the asset or any arrangements relating to it.

934 Assets which represent the leased asset U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part, the assets described in subsection (2) are treated as representing the leased asset.

(2) Those assets are—

(a) any asset derived from the leased asset or created out of it,

(b) any asset from which the leased asset was derived or out of which the leased asset was created,

(c) any asset derived from or created out of an asset within paragraph (b), and

(d) any asset that derives the whole or a substantial part of its value from the leased asset or an asset that itself represents the leased asset.

935 Parent undertakings and consolidated group accounts U.K.

(1) This Part has effect in relation to a body corporate that—

(a) is a parent undertaking, but

(b) for accounting purposes is not required to prepare consolidated group accounts in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice,

as if it were so required.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) it does not matter where the body corporate is incorporated.

(3) In subsection (1) “parent undertaking” is to be read in accordance with section 1162 of the Companies Act 2006.

936 Assessments and adjustments U.K.

All such assessments and adjustments must be made as are necessary to give effect to this Part.

937 Interpretation of Part U.K.

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires—

• “accountancy rental earnings” has the meaning given by section 897(1),

• “accountancy rental excess” is to be read—

  (a)

  for the purposes of Chapter 2, in accordance with section 907(1) to (4), and

  (b)

  for the purposes of Chapter 3, in accordance with section 907(1) to (4), as it has effect as a result of section 929,

• “asset” means any form of property or rights,

• “asset representing the leased asset” is to be read in accordance with section 934,

• “cumulative accountancy rental excess” is to be read—

  (a)

  for the purposes of Chapter 2, in accordance with section 907(5), and

  (b)

  for the purposes of Chapter 3, in accordance with section 907(5) as it has effect as a result of section 929,

• “cumulative normal rental excess” is to be read—

  (a)

  for the purposes of Chapter 2, in accordance with section 909(5), and

  (b)

  for the purposes of Chapter 3, in accordance with section 909(5) as it has effect as a result of section 929,

• “the current lessor”, in relation to a lease of an asset, means the person who is for the time being entitled to the lessor's interest under the lease,

• “finance lessor” means a person who for accounting purposes is treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, as the person with—

  (a)

  the grantor's interest in relation to a finance lease, or

  (b)

  the lender's interest in relation to a loan,

• “for accounting purposes” means for the purposes of—

  (a)

  accounts of companies incorporated in any part of the United Kingdom, or

  (b)

  consolidated group accounts for groups all the members of which are companies so incorporated,

• “lease”—

  (a)

  in relation to land, includes an underlease, sublease, tenancy or licence, and any agreement for a lease, underlease, sublease, tenancy or licence and, in the case of land outside the United Kingdom, any interest corresponding to a lease as so defined, and

  (b)

  in relation to any form of property or right other than land, means any kind of agreement or arrangement under which payments are made for the use of, or otherwise in respect of, an asset,

  and “rent” is to be read accordingly,

• “the leasing arrangements”, in relation to a lease of an asset, means—

  (a)

  the lease,

  (b)

  any arrangements relating to or connected with the lease, and

  (c)

  any other arrangements of which the lease forms part,

  and includes a reference to any of the leasing arrangements,

• “the lessee”, in relation to a lease of an asset, means (except in the expression “the lessee's interest under the lease”) the person entitled to the lessee's interest under the lease,

• “the lessor”, in relation to a lease of an asset, means (except in the expression “the lessor's interest under the lease”) the person entitled to the lessor's interest under the lease,

• “major lump sum” is to be read in accordance with section 902(5),

• “normal rent” is to be read in accordance with section 896,

• “normal rental excess” is to be read—

  (a)

  for the purposes of Chapter 2, in accordance with section 909(1) to (4), and

  (b)

  for the purposes of Chapter 3, in accordance with section 909(1) to (4) as it has effect as a result of section 929,

• “period of account” is to be read in accordance with section 932(1) to (3),

• “post-25 November 1996 scheme” is to be read in accordance with section 930(1)(b),

• “pre-26 November 1996 scheme” is to be read in accordance with section 930(1)(a),

• “related accounting period” is to be read in accordance with section 932(4),

• “related period of account” is to be read in accordance with section 932(5),

• “the rental earnings”, in relation to the lease of the asset and any period, has the meaning given by section 898, and

• “sum” includes any money or money's worth (and “pay” and related expressions are to be read accordingly).

Part 22 U.K. Miscellaneous provisions

Chapter 1 U.K. Transfers of trade without a change of ownership

Introduction U.K.

938 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter contains rules for cases where a trade is transferred between companies within the charge to tax and certain conditions as to common ownership of the trade are met.

(2) Section 939 explains when there is a transfer of a trade for the purposes of this Chapter.

(3) Sections 940 to 943 contain provision about when this Chapter applies to a transfer of a trade.

(4) Sections 944 to 950 set out the effects of this Chapter in relation to a transfer to which it applies.

(5) Sections 951 to 953 contain supplementary provision.

939 Meaning of “transfer of a trade” and related expressions U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) If, on a company ceasing to carry on a trade, another company begins to carry it on, there is a transfer of a trade.

(3) The trade that is transferred is referred to in this Chapter as “the transferred trade”.

(4) In relation to a transfer of a trade—

• “the predecessor” means the company which ceases to carry on the trade, and

• “the successor” means the company which begins to carry on the trade.

(5) In this Chapter, except in so far as the context otherwise requires—

(a) references to a trade include an office, and

(b) references to carrying on a trade include holding an office.

Transfers to which Chapter applies U.K.

940 Transfers to which Chapter applies U.K.

This Chapter applies to a transfer of a trade if—

(a) the ownership condition is met (see sections 941 and 942), and

(b) the tax condition is met (see section 943).

941 The ownership condition U.K.

(1) The ownership condition is that—

(a) on the transfer of the transferred trade or at some time during the period of two years beginning immediately after the transfer, a 75% interest in the transferred trade belongs to certain persons, and

(b) at some time during the period of one year ending immediately before the transfer, a 75% interest in the transferred trade belonged to the same persons.

(2) In subsection (1) references to a 75% interest are to an interest amounting to a share of at least 75%.

(3) If at any time the activities of the transferred trade are actually included in the activities of another trade, for the purposes of subsection (1) interests in the transferred trade at that time are determined by reference to interests in the other trade.

(4) Accordingly, a person who has an interest in the other trade at that time is taken to have a corresponding interest in the transferred trade.

(5) For the purposes of this section—

(a) if two or more companies carry on a trade, the interests in the trade belonging to them are taken to correspond to the shares of the trade's profits to which they are entitled, and

(b) an interest in a trade belonging to trustees (otherwise than for charitable or public purposes) is treated as belonging to the persons for the time being entitled to the income under the trust.

(6) If a company is carrying on a trade, the interest in the trade belonging to the company may be treated in accordance with any of the options set out in section 942(1) if that results in the ownership condition being met.

(7) In determining for the purposes of this section the extent to which an interest in a trade belongs at different times to the same persons—

(a) the persons from time to time entitled to the income under a trust are treated as a single person, and

(b) persons who are relatives of one another are treated as a single person.

(8) In subsection (7) “relative” means spouse, civil partner, ancestor, lineal descendant, brother or sister.

942 Options that may be applied for the purposes of the ownership condition U.K.

(1) The options referred to in section 941(6) are as follows (with references in the options to “the trading company” being to the company to which the interest in the trade belongs as mentioned in that subsection).

• Option 1

  The interest in the trade is taken to belong to the persons owning the ordinary share capital of the trading company in proportion to the amount of their holdings of that capital.

• Option 2

  This option can be applied if the trading company is the subsidiary of another company (see subsection (2)). The interest in the trade is taken to belong to—

  (a)

  a company that is a parent company of the trading company (see subsection (3)), or

  (b)

  the persons owning the ordinary share capital of such a parent company in proportion to the amount of their holdings of that capital.

• Option 3

  This option can be applied if—

  (a)

  a person (“P”) has management control over a company (see subsections (4) and (5)), and

  (b)

  by applying Option 1 or 2 an interest in the trade can be taken to belong to that company.

  That interest in the trade is instead taken to belong to P.

(2) For the purposes of this section a company (“company A”) is a subsidiary of another company (“company B”) if at least 75% of company A's ordinary share capital is owned by company B.

(3) If company A is a subsidiary of company B, company B is a parent company of company A unless both are subsidiaries of a third company.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1) a person has management control over a company if the person has the power to secure that the affairs of the company are conducted in accordance with the wishes of the person.

(5) “Power” in subsection (4) means power resulting from—

(a) the holding of shares or the possession of voting rights in or in relation to any company, or

(b) a document regulating any company.

(6) In this section references to a person owning ordinary share capital are to be read, if the person is a company, as references to the company owning the capital—

(a) directly,

(b) through another company or companies, or

(c) partly directly and partly through another company or companies.

(7) If a company owns ordinary share capital as mentioned in subsection (6)(b) or (c), the amount of the capital owned by the company is determined in accordance with sections 1155 to 1157.

(8) In this section references to ownership are references to beneficial ownership.

943 The tax condition U.K.

(1) The tax condition is that, in the period mentioned in subsection (2), the transferred trade is carried on only by companies within the charge to corporation tax or income tax in respect of the trade.

(2) That period is the period—

(a) beginning with the latest time at which the requirement of section 941(1)(b) is met for the purposes of the ownership condition, and

(b) ending with the earliest time at which the requirement of section 941(1)(a) is met for the purposes of that condition.

(3) If at any time the activities of the transferred trade are actually included in the activities of another trade, subsection (1) applies in relation to that time as if references to the transferred trade were references to the other trade.

Effect of Chapter in relation to transfers to which it applies U.K.

944 Modified application of Chapter 2 of Part 4 U.K.

(1) If this Chapter applies to a transfer of a trade, Chapter 2 of Part 4 (relief for trade losses) has effect subject to subsections (2) and (3).

(2) Section 39 (terminal losses: extension of periods for which relief may be given) does not apply in relation to a loss made by the predecessor in the transferred trade.

(3) Relief under section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits) is given to the successor in relation to a loss—

(a) which is made by the predecessor in the transferred trade, and

(b) for which relief would have been given under that section to the predecessor had it continued to carry on that trade.

(4) Subsection (3) is subject to—

(a) any claim made by the predecessor under section 37 (including a case where section 42 applies), and

(b) section 945.

945 Cases in which predecessor retains more liabilities than assets U.K.

(1) This section applies if L exceeds A.

(2) “L” is the amount of the predecessor's liabilities so far as they—

(a) are outstanding immediately before the transfer of the transferred trade, and

(b) are not transferred to the successor on the transfer of the trade.

(3) “A” is the sum of the values of—

(a) the predecessor's assets immediately before the transfer of the transferred trade so far as they are not transferred to the successor on that transfer, and

(b) the consideration given to the predecessor by the successor in relation to the transfer of the transferred trade.

(4) The relief to be given to the successor as a result of section 944(3) is limited to—

where—

R is the total amount of loss for which relief could be given to the successor as a result of section 944(3), ignoring this section, and

E is the amount by which L exceeds A.

(5) If R does not exceed E, no relief is to be given to the successor.

946 Rules for determining “L” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 945(2) (determination of “L”).

(2) A liability is to be ignored if—

(a) the predecessor was the predecessor in relation to a transfer of a trade on a previous application of this Chapter, and

(b) on that previous application of this Chapter the liability was apportioned under section 952 to a trade carried on by the company that was the successor on that application.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if—

(a) the predecessor transfers a liability to the successor, and

(b) the creditor in question has agreed to accept settlement of part of the liability as settlement for the whole of it.

(4) The transfer of the liability is taken to cover only the part of the liability mentioned in subsection (3)(b).

(5) The predecessor's capital is to be treated as a liability of the predecessor so far as it is recently converted capital (but not otherwise).

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5) a part of the predecessor's capital is recently converted capital if—

(a) it was issued or otherwise originated on the conversion of a liability that was not part of the predecessor's capital or on the conversion of a part of that capital that was itself recently converted capital, and

(b) the conversion occurred during the period of 12 months ending with the day on which the transfer of the transferred trade occurs.

(7) In this section “the predecessor's capital” means the predecessor's share capital, share premium account, reserves and relevant loan stock.

(8) In subsection (7) “relevant loan stock” means any loan stock or similar security (whether secured or unsecured) other than any to which subsection (9) applies.

(9) This subsection applies to any stock or security if, when the liability giving rise to the stock or security was incurred, the person who was the creditor was carrying on a trade of lending money.

947 Rules for determining “A” U.K.

(1) Subsections (2) to (4) apply for the purposes of section 945(3)(a) (determination of assets within “A”).

(2) An asset is to be ignored if—

(a) the predecessor was the predecessor on a previous application of this Chapter, and

(b) on that previous application of this Chapter the asset was apportioned under section 952 to a trade carried on by the company that was the successor on that application.

(3) The value of an asset is to be taken to be the price which it might reasonably be expected to have fetched on a sale in the open market immediately before the transfer of the transferred trade.

(4) If immediately before the transfer of a trade—

(a) the predecessor has relevant loan stock (as defined by section 946(8)) that is not included in L, and

(b) the stock is secured on an asset of the predecessor that is not transferred to the successor on the transfer of the trade,

the value of the asset is reduced by the amount of the liability.

(5) Subsection (6) applies for the purposes of section 945(3)(b) (determination of consideration within “A”).

(6) If the successor assumes a liability of the predecessor, that does not count as giving consideration.

948 Modified application of CAA 2001 U.K.

(1) If this Chapter applies to a transfer of a trade, CAA 2001 has effect subject to subsections (2) to (4).

(2) Any allowances or charges are to be made to or on the successor if such allowances or charges would have been made to or on the predecessor had the predecessor continued to carry on the transferred trade.

(3) A transfer of assets from the predecessor to the successor does not of itself give rise to any allowances or charges if—

(a) the transfer of the assets is made on the transfer of the transferred trade, and

(b) the assets are in use for the purposes of that trade.

(4) For the purpose of determining the amount of the allowances or charges mentioned in subsection (2) to be made to the successor—

(a) the successor is to be treated as if it has been carrying on the transferred trade since the predecessor began to do so, and

(b) anything done to or by the predecessor is to be treated as having been done to or by the successor.

(5) This section is subject to sections 949 and 950.

(6) For other cases in which this section does not apply in relation to a transfer, see—

(a) section 561 of CAA 2001 (transfer to company in another member State), and

(b) section 561A of that Act (transfer during formation of SE by merger).

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C19 S. 948 excluded by Capital Allowances 2001 (c. 2), s. 561A(2)(c) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 361 (with Sch. 2))

949 Dual resident investing companies U.K.

(1) Section 948(1) to (4) does not apply if the successor is a dual resident investing company in the transfer accounting period.

(2) A company is a “dual resident investing company” in the transfer accounting period if the company—

(a) is a dual resident company in that period (see subsection (3)), and

(b) meets condition A, B or C (see subsections (4) to (6)).

(3) A “dual resident company” is a company that is both UK resident and also within a charge to non-UK tax under the law of a territory because—

(a) it derives its status as a company from that law,

(b) its place of management is in that territory, or

(c) it is for some other reason treated under that law as resident in that territory for the purposes of that tax.

(4) Condition A is that the successor is not a trading company throughout the transfer accounting period.

(5) Condition B is that in the transfer accounting period the successor carries on a trade of such a description that the company's main function, or one of its main functions, consists of one or more of the following activities.

• Activity 1

  Acquiring and holding shares, securities or investments of any other kind (whether directly or indirectly).

• Activity 2

  Making, under loan relationships, payments in relation to which debits fall to be brought into account for the purposes of Part 5 of CTA 2009.

• Activity 3

  Making payments which are qualifying charitable donations.

• Activity 4

  Making payments similar to those within Activity 3 but which are deductible in calculating the profits of the successor for corporation tax purposes.

• Activity 5

  Obtaining funds for the purposes of, or otherwise in connection with, any of Activities 1 to 4.

(6) Condition C is that in the transfer accounting period the successor carries on one or more of Activities 1 to 5—

(a) to an extent that does not appear to be justified by any trade which it carries on, or

(b) for a purpose that does not appear to be appropriate to any such trade.

(7) In this section—

• “non-UK tax” has the same meaning as in Part 5 (see section 187),

• “trading company” means a company the business of which consists wholly or mainly in the carrying on of a trade or trades, and

• “the transfer accounting period” means the accounting period of the successor in which the transfer of the transferred trade takes place.

950 Transfers of trades involving business of leasing plant or machinery U.K.

(1) This section applies if the transferred trade is or forms part of a business of leasing plant or machinery which the predecessor or the successor carries on on the day of the transfer of that trade (“the transfer day”).

(2) If, on the transfer day, both the predecessor and the successor carry on the transferred trade otherwise than in partnership, section 948(1) to (4) does not apply unless—

(a) the principal company or companies of the predecessor immediately before the transfer are the same as the principal company or companies of the successor immediately afterwards, and

(b) if any such principal company is a consortium principal company, the following condition is met.

(3) The condition is that the ownership proportion in relation to the predecessor immediately before the transfer is the same as the ownership proportion in relation to the successor immediately afterwards (regardless of whether the members of each consortium are the same).

(4) If, on the transfer day, the predecessor or the successor carries on the transferred trade in partnership, section 948(1) to (4) does not apply unless—

(a) the predecessor ceases to carry on the whole of its trade, and

(b) that trade is a business of leasing plant or machinery which the predecessor carries on in partnership on the transfer day.

(5) If section 948(1) to (4) does not apply as a result of this section, the plant or machinery of the transferred trade is treated for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as sold by the predecessor to the successor on the transfer day for its market value immediately before the transfer of the trade.

(6) In this section—

• “business of leasing plant or machinery”—

  (a)

  if the business is carried on otherwise than in partnership, has the same meaning as in section 387, and

  (b)

  if the business is carried on in partnership, has the same meaning as in section 410,

• “consortium principal company” means a company which is a principal company as a result of section 394,

• “market value”, in relation to plant or machinery, is to be read in accordance with section 437(9),

• “ownership proportion” has the same meaning as in section 394,

• “plant or machinery” has the same meaning as in Part 2 of CAA 2001, and

• “principal company” is to be read in accordance with section 393 or 394 (as the case may be).

Supplementary U.K.

951 Part of trade treated as separate trade U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies (subject to subsection (5)) if—

(a) a company (“the transferor”) ceases to carry on a trade (“trade X”) and another company (“the transferee”) begins to carry on the activities of trade X as part of its trade (“part X”), and

(b) there would have been a transfer of trade X from the transferor to the transferee had the transferee begun to carry on part X as a separate trade.

(2) This Chapter has effect as if the transferee carries on part X as a separate trade.

(3) Subsection (4) applies (subject to subsection (5)) if—

(a) a company (“the transferor”) ceases to carry on a part of a trade (“part Y”) and another company (“the transferee”) begins to carry on the activities of part Y as its trade or as part of its trade, and

(b) there would have been a transfer of a trade (including as a result of subsection (2)) from the transferor to the transferee had the transferor been carrying on part Y as a separate trade.

(4) This Chapter has effect as if the transferor had carried on part Y as a separate trade.

(5) Subsections (2) and (4) are to be ignored for the purposes of sections 941(3) and (4) and 943(3).

(6) If part of a trade is treated as a separate trade in accordance with subsection (4)—

(a) references in section 945(2) to liabilities are to be read as references to liabilities apportioned under section 952, and

(b) references in section 945(3) to assets are to be read as references to assets so apportioned.

952 Apportionment if part of trade treated as separate trade U.K.

(1) If part of a trade is treated as a separate trade in accordance with section 951(2) or (4), just and reasonable apportionments are to be made of receipts, expenses, assets and liabilities.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) at the time of an apportionment under subsection (1) it appears that the apportionment is material to the liability to tax (for whatever period) of two or more companies, and

(b) a question arises as to how the apportionment is to be made for the purposes of the liability of those companies.

(3) The question is to be determined in the same way as an appeal, and all the companies concerned are entitled to be a party to the proceedings.

953 Application of Chapter to further transfers of a trade U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) there is a transfer of a trade (“the original transfer”) that meets the ownership condition and the tax condition (see sections 941 and 943),

(b) after the original transfer there was a further transfer of the trade from the successor in relation to the original transfer to a third company (“the further transfer”),

(c) the further transfer took place at any time before the end of the period specified in subsection (7),

(d) the ownership condition was met in relation to the original transfer only on or after the further transfer, and

(e) apart from this section, this Chapter would not apply to the further transfer.

(2) This Chapter applies to the further transfer as well as to the original transfer.

(3) In the application of this Chapter to the further transfer—

(a) the successor in relation to the original transfer is taken to be the predecessor in relation to the further transfer, and

(b) the third company is taken to be the successor in relation to the further transfer.

(4) In the application of sections 944 to 950 in relation to the original transfer, references to the successor include references to the successor in relation to the further transfer.

(5) In the application of those sections in relation to the further transfer, references to the predecessor include references to the predecessor in relation to the original transfer.

(6) If, at a time before the end of the period specified in subsection (7), the transferred trade was transferred from the successor in relation to the further transfer to another company, subsections (2) to (5) and this subsection apply again in a like manner (and so on).

(7) The period referred to above is the period—

(a) beginning at the time when the original transfer takes place, and

(b) ending immediately after the earliest time when the ownership condition was met in respect of the original transfer (see section 941(1)).

Chapter 2 U.K. Transfers of trade to obtain balancing allowances

954 Transfer of activities on complete cessation of trade U.K.

(1) This section applies (subject to section 957(1)) if—

(a) a company (“the predecessor”) ceases to carry on a trade,

(b) another company (“the successor”) begins to carry on the activities of that trade as its trade or as part of its trade,

(c) the successor is not a dual resident investing company,

(d) in the accounting period in which the predecessor ceases to carry on the trade the predecessor would (apart from this section) be entitled under Part 2 of CAA 2001 (plant and machinery allowances) to a balancing allowance in respect of the trade, and

(e) the predecessor's ceasing to carry on the trade is part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of which is to entitle the predecessor to that balancing allowance.

(2) CAA 2001 has effect subject to subsections (3) to (5).

(3) Any allowances or charges are to be made to or on the successor if such allowances or charges would have been made to or on the predecessor had the predecessor continued to carry on the trade.

(4) A transfer of assets from the predecessor to the successor does not of itself give rise to any allowances or charges if—

(a) the transfer of the assets is made on the transfer of the trade, and

(b) the assets are in use for the purposes of that trade.

(5) For the purpose of determining the amount of the allowances or charges mentioned in subsection (3) to be made to the successor—

(a) the successor is to be treated as if it has been carrying on the trade since the predecessor began to do so, and

(b) anything done to or by the predecessor is to be treated as having been done to or by the successor.

(6) If the successor carries on the activities of the trade as part of its trade, that part is to be treated for the purposes of subsections (3) to (5) as a separate trade carried on by the successor.

(7) In subsection (1)(c) “dual resident investing company” has the same meaning as in section 949 (with references in that section to the “transfer accounting period” construed as references to the accounting period of the successor in which it begins to carry on the activities of the trade as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) above).

955 Transfer of activities on part cessation of trade U.K.

(1) This section applies (subject to section 957(1)) if—

(a) a company (“the predecessor”) ceases to carry on part of a trade,

(b) another company (“the successor”) begins to carry on the activities of that part of the trade as its trade or as part of its trade,

(c) the successor is not a dual resident investing company, and

(d) the predecessor's ceasing to carry on the part of the trade mentioned in paragraph (a) is part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of which is to entitle the predecessor, on cessation of that part of the trade, to a balancing allowance in respect of the trade under Part 2 of CAA 2001.

(2) CAA 2001 has effect subject to subsections (3) to (6).

(3) The part of the trade which the predecessor ceased to carry on is to be treated as a separate trade (“the deemed separate trade”).

(4) Any allowances or charges are to be made to or on the successor if such allowances or charges would have been made to or on the predecessor had the predecessor continued to carry on the deemed separate trade.

(5) A transfer of assets from the predecessor to the successor does not of itself give rise to any allowances or charges if—

(a) the transfer of the assets is made on the transfer of the deemed separate trade, and

(b) the assets are in use for the purposes of that trade.

(6) For the purpose of determining the amount of the allowances or charges mentioned in subsection (4) to be made to the successor—

(a) the successor is to be treated as if it has been carrying on the deemed separate trade since the predecessor began to do so, and

(b) anything done to or by the predecessor is to be treated as having been done to or by the successor.

(7) If the successor carries on the activities of the part of the trade mentioned in subsection (1)(a) as part of its trade, that part of the successor's trade is to be treated for the purposes of subsections (4) to (6) as a separate trade carried on by the successor.

(8) In subsection (1)(c) “dual resident investing company” has the same meaning as in section 949 (with references in that section to the “transfer accounting period” construed as references to the accounting period of the successor in which it begins to carry on the activities of the part of the trade as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) above).

956 Apportionment if part of trade treated as separate trade U.K.

(1) If part of a trade is to be treated as a separate trade in accordance with section 954(6) or 955(7), just and reasonable apportionments are to be made of receipts, expenses, assets and liabilities.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) at the time of an apportionment under subsection (1) it appears that the apportionment is material to the liability to tax (for whatever period) of two or more companies, and

(b) a question arises as to how the apportionment is to be made for the purposes of the liability of those companies.

(3) The question is to be determined in the same way as an appeal, and all the companies concerned are entitled to be a party to the proceedings.

957 Chapter 2: supplementary U.K.

(1) This Chapter does not apply in cases where Chapter 1 applies.

(2) In this Chapter, except in so far as the context otherwise requires—

(a) references to a trade include an office, and

(b) references to carrying on a trade include holding an office.

Chapter 3 U.K. Transfer of relief within partnerships

958 Application U.K.

Section 960 (which provides for restrictions on the use of corporation tax relief) applies if—

(a) a firm carries on a trade,

(b) a company (referred to in this Chapter as “the partner company”) is a partner in the firm, and

(c) arrangements within section 959 are in place.

959 Arrangements for transfer of relief U.K.

(1) Arrangements are within this section if they have any of these effects.

• Effect 1

  The partner company receives a payment in respect of the cost of its share in the firm's losses of any accounting period of the firm.

• Effect 2

  A person connected with the partner company receives a payment in respect of the cost of the partner company's share in the firm's losses of any accounting period of the firm.

• Effect 3

  Another partner in the firm receives a payment in respect of the value of the partner company's share in the firm's profits or losses of any accounting period of the firm.

• Effect 4

  A person connected with another partner in the firm receives a payment in respect of the value of the partner company's share in the firm's profits or losses of any accounting period of the firm.

(2) It does not matter for the purposes of subsection (1) whether the payment is received in respect of the whole of the partner company's share or in respect of only a part of it.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1) receiving a payment includes receiving or enjoying (whether directly or indirectly) any other benefit in money or money's worth.

(4) For the purposes of Effect 1 arrangements, payments made in respect of group relief to the partner company by a group-related company are to be ignored.

(5) In subsection (4) a “group-related” company is a company that is a member of the same group of companies as the partner company for the purposes of Part 5 (group relief) (see section 152).

960 Restrictions on use of reliefs U.K.

(1) The partner company's share in the firm's loss of a relevant accounting period may be deducted for the purposes of corporation tax relief only from its share in the profits of the trade carried on by the firm.

(2) For this purpose, qualifying charitable donations made by the firm in a relevant accounting period are to be treated as a loss of that period.

(3) Unless allowed under subsection (1)—

(a) a loss made in a trade may not be deducted for the purposes of corporation tax relief from the partner company's share in the firm's profits of a relevant accounting period, and

(b) if (ignoring this paragraph) any other amount could be used for the purposes of corporation tax relief, that amount may not be deducted for those purposes from the partner company's share in the firm's profits of a relevant accounting period.

(4) In this section a “relevant accounting period” is any accounting period of the firm in which arrangements within section 959 are in existence or to which any such arrangements apply.

961 Non-trading profits and losses U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company is a partner in a firm, and

(b) any profits of the firm are charged to corporation tax under or by virtue of any provision to which section 1173 (miscellaneous charges) applies.

(2) The profits or losses of the firm to which the company's share is attributable are to be treated for the purposes of sections 958 to 960 as if they were profits or losses made by the firm in carrying on a trade.

(3) Any allowance to be given effect under Part 2 of CAA 2001 in respect of a special leasing of plant or machinery is to be treated for those purposes as if it were an allowance to be given effect in calculating the profits of that trade.

962 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “arrangements” means arrangements of any kind (whether or not in writing).

(2) References in this Chapter to a firm, and to an accounting period of a firm, are to be read in the same way as references to a firm, and to an accounting period of a firm, in Part 17 of CTA 2009.

Chapter 4 U.K. Surrender of tax refund within group

963 Power to surrender tax refund U.K.

(1) This section enables a company—

(a) which is a member of a group, and

(b) to which a tax refund is due for an accounting period,

to surrender the refund (or any part of it) to another company which is a member of the same group.

(2) The surrender may be made only if—

(a) the company making the surrender (“the surrendering company”) and the company to which the surrender is made (“the recipient company”) give notice to an officer of Revenue and Customs,

(b) the surrendering company and the recipient company are members of the same group throughout the period beginning with the start of the accounting period for which the tax refund is due and ending on the date on which the notice is given, and

(c) the recipient company also has that accounting period as an accounting period.

(3) A notice under subsection (2) must—

(a) be given before the refund is made to the surrendering company,

(b) be given jointly by the surrendering company and the recipient company,

(c) specify the amount to be surrendered, and

(d) be in such form as the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may require.

(4) For the purposes of this section “tax refund”, in relation to an accounting period of a company, means—

(a) a repayment of corporation tax paid by the company for the period, or

(b) a repayment of income tax in respect of a payment received by the company in the period.

(5) For the purposes of this section two companies are members of the same group if (and only if) they would be for the purposes of Part 5 (group relief).

964 Effects of surrender of tax refund U.K.

(1) This section makes provision about the effect of the surrender under section 963 of a tax refund due for an accounting period.

(2) So far as the company to which the surrender is made (“the recipient company”) is concerned, the effect of the surrender is that—

(a) the company is treated for all corporation tax purposes, except the one mentioned in subsection (3), as if it had paid an amount of corporation tax for the accounting period equal to the amount specified in the notice under section 963(2) (“the surrendered amount”), and

(b) the payment is treated for those purposes as if it had been made on the relevant date.

(3) For the purpose of working out the amount of any penalty to which the recipient company is liable under paragraph 18 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 (failure to deliver return: tax-related penalty), the recipient company is treated as having paid the amount of corporation tax on the day on which the notice under section 963(2) is given (and not on the relevant date).

(4) So far as the company by which the surrender is made (“the surrendering company”) is concerned, the effect of the surrender is that—

(a) the company is treated for corporation tax purposes as if it had received a repayment of tax equal to the surrendered amount, and

(b) the repayment is treated for those purposes as if it had been received on the relevant date.

(5) If the tax refund surrendered is a repayment of corporation tax, any interest relating to it which has been paid by the surrendering company is treated as if it had been paid by the recipient company.

(6) For the purposes of this section “the relevant date”, in relation to a tax refund, means—

(a) so far as it consists of a repayment of corporation tax paid by the surrendering company after the date on which it became due and payable under section 59D or 59E of TMA 1970, the day on which it was paid by the surrendering company, and

(b) otherwise, the date on which corporation tax for the accounting period of the surrendering company became due and payable.

965 Interest on tax overpaid or underpaid U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company has surrendered an amount under section 963, and

(b) there is, as a result of any of subsections (7A) to (7C) of section 826 of ICTA, a period for which the whole or any part of the surrendered amount would not have carried interest under that section if the refund had been made to the surrendering company (“the interest-free period”).

(2) The interest-free period is excluded from any period for which any refund made because of section 964(2) to the recipient company in respect of some or all of the surrendered amount or, as the case may be, that part of it is to carry interest under section 826 of ICTA.

(3) The interest-free period is excluded from any period for which a sum representing some or all of the surrendered amount or, as the case may be, that part of it would otherwise be treated (as a result of section 964) as not carrying interest under section 87A of TMA 1970.

(4) The following assumption is to be made in determining for the purposes of this section—

(a) which part of any amount is applied in discharging a liability of the recipient company to pay corporation tax, and

(b) which part is represented by a refund to the recipient company.

(5) The assumption is that the part in relation to which there is a period which would not have carried interest under section 826 of ICTA is applied in preference to any other part of that amount in or towards discharging the liability.

966 Payments for surrendered tax refunds U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) companies give a notice under section 963(2) in pursuance of an agreement, and

(b) the company to which the surrender is made makes a payment under the agreement to the company by which the surrender is made that does not exceed the amount specified in the notice.

(2) The payment—

(a) is not to be taken into account in determining profits or losses of either company for corporation tax purposes, and

(b) is not to be regarded for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as a distribution.

Chapter 5 U.K. Set off of income tax deductions against corporation tax

967 Deductions from payments received by UK resident companies U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if a UK resident company receives a payment on which it bears income tax by deduction.

(2) The income tax on the payment is to be set off against any corporation tax assessable on the company for the accounting period in which the payment falls to be taken into account for corporation tax, or would fall to be so taken into account but for any exemption from corporation tax.

(3) Subsection (2) is subject to the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts.

(4) The reference in subsection (1) to a payment received by a company—

(a) includes a reference to a payment received by another person on behalf of or in trust for the company, but

(b) does not include a reference to a payment received by the company on behalf of or in trust for another person.

968 Deductions from payments received by non-UK resident companies U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) a non-UK resident company receives a payment on which it bears income tax by deduction, and

(b) the payment forms part of, or is to be taken into account in calculating, the company's income chargeable to corporation tax.

(2) The income tax on the payment is to be set off against any corporation tax assessable on that income for the accounting period in which the payment falls to be taken into account for corporation tax.

Chapter 6 U.K. Collection etc of tax from UK representatives of non-UK resident companies

969 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies to the enactments relating to corporation tax so far as they make provision for or in connection with the assessment, collection and recovery of tax, or of interest on tax.

(2) Those enactments have effect in accordance with section 970 in relation to a non-UK resident company and its UK representative.

(3) For the purposes of this Chapter, the following rules apply to a permanent establishment in the United Kingdom through which a non-UK resident company carries on a trade.

• Rule 1

  The permanent establishment is the UK representative of the non-UK resident company in relation to chargeable profits of the company attributable to that establishment.

• Rule 2

  The permanent establishment continues to be the company's UK representative in relation to those profits even after ceasing to be a permanent establishment through which the non-UK resident company carries on a trade.

• Rule 3

  The permanent establishment is to be treated as a distinct and separate person from the non-UK resident company (if it would not otherwise be so treated).

(4) For the determination of the chargeable profits attributable to a permanent establishment, see Chapter 4 of Part 2 of CTA 2009.

970 Obligations and liabilities in relation to corporation tax U.K.

(1) The obligations and liabilities of a non-UK resident company are to be treated, for the purposes of the enactments to which this Chapter applies, as if they were also the obligations and liabilities of its UK representative.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) the UK representative of a non-UK resident company discharges an obligation or liability that corresponds to one to which the non-UK resident company is subject, or

(b) a non-UK resident company discharges an obligation or liability that corresponds to one to which its UK representative is subject.

(3) The corresponding obligation or liability—

(a) of the non-UK resident company (in a case within subsection (2)(a)), or

(b) of the UK representative (in a case within subsection (2)(b)),

is discharged.

(4) A non-UK resident company is bound, as if they were its own, by acts or omissions of its UK representative in the discharge of the obligations and liabilities imposed on the UK representative by this section.

(5) This section is subject to section 971.

971 Exceptions U.K.

(1) An obligation or liability attaching to a non-UK resident company by reason of its having been given or served with a notice or other document does not also attach to its UK representative by virtue of section 970 unless the notice or other document (or a copy of it) has been given to or served on the representative.

(2) An obligation or liability attaching to a non-UK resident company by reason of its having received a request or demand does not also attach to its UK representative by virtue of section 970 unless the representative has been notified of the request or demand.

(3) A non-UK resident company is not bound by mistakes in information provided by its UK representative in pursuance of an obligation imposed on the representative by section 970 unless—

(a) the mistake is the result of an act or omission of the company, or

(b) the mistake is one to which the company consented or in which it connived.

(4) The UK representative of a non-UK resident company is not by virtue of section 970 liable to be proceeded against for a criminal offence unless the representative—

(a) committed the offence, or

(b) consented to or connived in its commission.

972 Interpretation of Chapter U.K.

(1) In this Chapter—

• “enactment” includes an enactment contained in subordinate legislation within the meaning of the Interpretation Act 1978, and

• “information” includes anything contained in a return, self-assessment, account, statement or report required to be provided to the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs or to any officer of Revenue and Customs.

(2) In this Chapter references to carrying on a trade include holding an office.

Chapter 7 U.K. Recovery of unpaid corporation tax due from non-UK resident company

973 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter enables unpaid corporation tax due from a non-UK resident company to be recovered from a related company.

(2) See also Chapter 6 of Part 14 (recovery of unpaid corporation tax from a linked person in some cases where there is a change in the ownership of a company).

(3) In subsection (1) and the following provisions of this Chapter, “company” means any body corporate.

(4) For the meaning of “related company”, see section 976.

974 Case in which this Chapter applies U.K.

(1) This Chapter applies if—

(a) an amount of corporation tax has been assessed on a company for an accounting period,

(b) the whole or any part of that amount is unpaid at the end of the period of 6 months after the time when it became payable, and

(c) the company is non-UK resident.

(2) In this Chapter “the taxpayer company” means the company mentioned in subsection (1).

975 Meaning of “the relevant period” U.K.

In this Chapter “the relevant period”, in relation to an amount of unpaid corporation tax for an accounting period of the taxpayer company, means the period—

(a) beginning 12 months before the start of the accounting period, and

(b) ending when the unpaid tax became payable.

976 Meaning of “related company” U.K.

(1) A company is a “related company”, for the purposes of this Chapter, if, at any time in the relevant period, it was a member—

(a) of the same group as the taxpayer company,

(b) of a consortium which at that time owned the taxpayer company, or

(c) of the same group as a company which at that time was a member of a consortium owning the taxpayer company.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(a), two companies are members of the same group if—

(a) one is the 51% subsidiary of the other, or

(b) both are 51% subsidiaries of a third company.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c), two companies are members of the same group if they are members of the same group of companies within the meaning of Part 5 (group relief).

(4) For the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) a company is a member of a consortium if it is a member of a consortium within the meaning of Part 5, and

(b) a company is owned by a consortium if it is owned by a consortium within the meaning of that Part.

977 Notice requiring payment of unpaid tax U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may serve a notice on a related company requiring it, within 30 days of the service of the notice, to pay—

(a) in a case which is not a consortium case, the amount of the unpaid tax, or

(b) in a consortium case, the proportion of that amount found under section 979.

(2) The notice must state—

(a) the amount of corporation tax assessed on the taxpayer company for the accounting period in question that remains unpaid,

(b) the date when it first became payable, and

(c) the amount which is to be paid by the company on which the notice is served.

(3) The notice has effect—

(a) for the purposes of the recovery from that company of the amount required to be paid and of interest on that amount, and

(b) for the purposes of appeals,

as if it were a notice of assessment and that amount were an amount of tax due from that company.

(4) In this Chapter “consortium case” means a case where the related company is not within section 976(1)(a).

978 Time limit for giving notice U.K.

(1) A notice under this Chapter must be served before the end of the period of 3 years beginning with the date when the liability of the taxpayer company to corporation tax for the accounting period in question is finally determined.

(2) If the unpaid tax is charged as a result of a determination under paragraph 36 or 37 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998 (determination where no return delivered or return incomplete), the date mentioned in subsection (1) is taken to be the date when the determination is made.

(3) If the unpaid tax is charged in a self-assessment, the date mentioned in subsection (1) is taken to be the latest of—

(a) the last date when notice of enquiry may be given into the return containing the self-assessment,

(b) if notice of enquiry is given, 30 days after the enquiry is completed,

(c) if more than one notice of enquiry is given, 30 days after the last notice of completion,

(d) if after such an enquiry an officer of Revenue and Customs amends the return, 30 days after notice of the amendment is issued, and

(e) if an appeal is brought against such an amendment, 30 days after the appeal is finally determined.

(4) If the unpaid tax is charged in a discovery assessment, the date mentioned in subsection (1) is taken to be—

(a) if there is no appeal against the assessment, the date when the tax becomes due and payable, or

(b) if there is such an appeal, the date when the appeal is finally determined.

(5) The reference in subsection (3) to a self-assessment includes a self-assessment that supersedes a determination (see paragraph 40 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998).

979 Amount payable in consortium case U.K.

(1) In a consortium case, the amount that the related company may be required to pay by notice under this Chapter is the proportion of the unpaid tax corresponding—

(a) if the company is only within section 976(1)(b), to the share which the company has had in the consortium for the relevant period,

(b) if the company is only within section 976(1)(c), to the share which companies that have been members of the same group of companies as the company have had in the consortium for the relevant period, or

(c) if the company is within section 976(1)(b) and (c), to whichever is the greater of the amounts given by paragraphs (a) and (b).

(2) For the purposes of this section, a member's share in a consortium, in relation to the relevant period, is whichever is the lowest in that period of the percentages specified in subsection (3).

(3) Those percentages are—

(a) the percentage of the ordinary share capital of the taxpayer company which is beneficially owned by the member,

(b) the percentage to which the member is beneficially entitled of any profits available for distribution to equity holders of the taxpayer company, and

(c) the percentage to which the member would be beneficially entitled of any assets of the taxpayer company available for distribution to its equity holders on a winding up.

(4) If any of the percentages mentioned in subsection (3) has fluctuated in the relevant period, the average percentage over the period is to be taken.

(5) Chapter 6 of Part 5 (equity holders and profits or assets available for distribution) applies for the purposes of subsection (3) as it applies for the purposes of sections 143(3)(b) and (c) and 144(3)(b) and (c).

980 Chapter 7: supplementary U.K.

(1) A company that has paid an amount in pursuance of a notice under this Chapter may recover that amount from the taxpayer company.

(2) A payment in pursuance of a notice under this Chapter is not allowed as a deduction in calculating income, profits or losses for any tax purposes.

Chapter 8 U.K. Exemptions

Trade unions and employers' associations U.K.

981 Exemption for trade unions and eligible employers' associations U.K.

(1) No liability to corporation tax arises in respect of qualifying income or gains of a trade union or eligible employers' association if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that the trade union or employers' association is prevented by its rules or by Act of Parliament from assuring to any person a sum exceeding—

(a) £4,000 by way of gross sum, or

(b) £825 by way of annuity.

(3) Condition B is that the trade union or employers' association makes a claim for exemption under this section.

(4) The following are to be ignored in determining whether condition A is met—

(a) an annuity contract which constitutes a registered pension scheme, and

(b) an annuity contract which is issued or held in connection with a registered pension scheme other than an occupational pension scheme (within the meaning of section 150(5) of FA 2004).

(5) The Treasury may by order—

(a) amend the sum for the time being specified in subsection (2)(a) or (b) so as to increase it, and

(b) make provision about the income or gains in relation to which an amendment under paragraph (a) has effect.

982 Qualifying income or gains U.K.

(1) In section 981(1)—

(a) the reference to qualifying income of a trade union or eligible employers' association is to income which is not trading income and which is applicable and applied for the purposes of provident benefits, and

(b) the reference to qualifying gains of a trade union or eligible employers' association is to chargeable gains which are applicable and applied for the purpose of provident benefits.

(2) In subsection (1) references to provident benefits include—

(a) a payment expressly authorised by the rules of the trade union or employers' association which is made—

(i) to a member during sickness or incapacity from personal injury or while out of work,

(ii) to a member by way of superannuation by reason of age, sickness or incapacity from personal injury,

(iii) to a member who has met with an accident, or

(iv) to a member who has lost tools by fire or theft,

(b) a payment in discharge or aid of funeral expenses on the death of a member or the spouse or civil partner of a member, and

(c) a payment as provision for the children of a deceased member.

983 Meaning of “trade union” and “eligible employers' association” U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 981 and 982.

(2) “Trade union” means—

(a) an organisation the name of which is entered in the list maintained by the Certification Officer under section 2 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (list of trade unions),

(b) an organisation the name of which is entered in the list maintained by the Certification Officer for Northern Ireland under Article 5 of the Industrial Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/807 (N.I. 5)) (corresponding provision for Northern Ireland), and

(c) the Police Federation for England and Wales, the Police Federation for Scotland, the Police Federation for Northern Ireland and any other organisation of persons in police service which has similar functions.

(3) “Employers' association” means—

(a) an organisation the name of which is entered in the list maintained by the Certification Officer under section 123 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (list of employers' associations), and

(b) an organisation the name of which is entered in the list maintained by the Certification Officer for Northern Ireland under Article 5 of the Industrial Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/807 (N.I. 5)) (corresponding provision for Northern Ireland).

(4) An employers' association is eligible if—

(a) in the case of an organisation falling with subsection (3)(a), it was a registered trade union for the purpose of section 338 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970 on 30 September 1971, and

(b) in the case of an organisation falling within subsection (3)(b), it was a trade union for the purposes of section 467 of ICTA immediately before the coming into operation of Article 5 of the Industrial Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/807 (N.I. 5)).

Local authorities etc U.K.

984 Local authorities and local authority associations U.K.

(1) A local authority in the United Kingdom is not liable to corporation tax.

(2) A local authority association in the United Kingdom is not liable to corporation tax.

Health service bodies U.K.

985 Health service bodies U.K.

(1) A health service body is not liable to corporation tax.

(2) Subsection (1) is subject to any order made under section 987.

(3) See section 986 for the meaning of “health service body”.

986 Meaning of “health service body” U.K.

In section 985 “health service body” means a body mentioned in the following table—

Body	Provision under which body established
the Common Services Agency for the Scottish Health Service	section 10 of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978
a Health and Social Services Board	Article 16 of the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972 (S.I. 1972/1265 (N.I. 14))
a Health and Social Care trust	Article 10 of the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 (S.I. 1991/194 (N.I. 1))
a Health Board	section 2(1)(a) of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978
a Local Health Board	section 11 of the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006
a National Health Service trust	section 25 of the National Health Service Act 2006 or section 18 of the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006
an NHS foundation trust	section 30 of the National Health Service Act 2006
the Northern Ireland Central Services Agency for the Health and Social Services	Article 26 of the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972 (S.I. 1972/1265 (N.I. 14))
a Primary Care Trust	section 18 of the National Health Service Act 2006
the Scottish Dental Practice Board	section 4 of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978
a special health and social services agency	Article 3 of the Health and Personal Social Services (Special Agencies) (Northern Ireland) Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/247 (N.I. 3))
a Special Health Authority	section 28 of the National Health Service Act 2006 or section 22 of the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006
a Special Health Board	section 2(1)(b) of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978
a Strategic Health Authority	section 13 of the National Health Service Act 2006

987 NHS foundation trusts U.K.

(1) The Treasury may by order provide that an NHS foundation trust (see the table in section 986) is liable to corporation tax in relation to a specified activity or class of activity.

(2) The Treasury may make an order under subsection (1) only—

(a) in relation to an activity or class of activity that appears to the Treasury to be of a commercial nature, and

(b) if the condition in subsection (3) is met.

(3) The condition is that the making of an order appears to the Treasury to be expedient for the purpose of avoiding, removing or reducing differences between—

(a) the tax treatment of the body undertaking the activity, and

(b) the tax treatment of another body or class of body which is of a commercial nature and which undertakes or might undertake the same or a similar activity.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(a) an activity authorised under section 43(1) of the National Health Service Act 2006 is not to be treated as an activity of a commercial nature.

(5) An order under subsection (1) must make provision for determining the amount of the profits relating to an activity that are to be charged to corporation tax as a result of the order.

(6) An order under subsection (1) may in particular—

(a) make provision for disregarding profits of less than a specified amount in respect of a relevant period,

(b) make provision for disregarding a specified part of profits in respect of a relevant period, or

(c) make provision for disregarding all or part of profits relating to activity for which receipts or turnover (as defined by the order) are less than a specified amount in respect of a relevant period.

(7) “Relevant period” means—

(a) a financial year or accounting period, or

(b) a specified part of a financial year or accounting period.

(8) An order under subsection (1)—

(a) may apply, with or without modification, a provision of the Tax Acts,

(b) may disapply a provision of the Tax Acts,

(c) may make provision similar to a provision of the Tax Acts, and

(d) may make provision generally or in relation to a specified body or class of bodies.

(9) No order may be made under subsection (1) unless a draft of the statutory instrument containing it has been laid before and approved by a resolution of the House of Commons.

Reserve Bank of India and State Bank of Pakistan U.K.

988 Issue departments of the Reserve Bank of India and the State Bank of Pakistan U.K.

No liability to corporation tax arises in respect of income of the issue department of—

(a) the Reserve Bank of India constituted under an Act of the Indian legislature called the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934, or

(b) the State Bank of Pakistan constituted under certain orders made under section 9 of the Indian Independence Act 1947.

Agricultural societies U.K.

989 Agricultural societies U.K.

(1) No liability to corporation tax arises in respect of profits of an agricultural society which—

(a) arise from an exhibition or show held for the purposes of the society, and

(b) are applied solely for the purposes of the society.

(2) In this section “agricultural society” means any society or institution established for the purpose of promoting the interests of—

(a) agriculture,

(b) horticulture,

(c) forestry, or

(d) the breeding of any kind of animal.

Chapter 9 U.K. Other miscellaneous provisions

European Economic Interest Groupings U.K.

990 European Economic Interest Groupings U.K.

(1) The following rules about European Economic Interest Groupings apply for the purposes of charging corporation tax in respect of income—

• Rule 1

  A grouping is treated as acting as the agent of its members.

• Rule 2

  The activities of a grouping are treated as those of its members acting jointly.

• Rule 3

  Each member of a grouping is treated as having a share of the grouping's property, rights and liabilities.

• Rule 4

  Any trade carried on by the grouping is treated as carried on in partnership by the members of the grouping.

(2) For the purposes of Rule 3, a member's share of any property, rights or liabilities of a grouping is determined in accordance with the contract under which the grouping is established.

(3) If the contract does not provide for this, the member's share is determined by reference to the share of the profits of the grouping to which the member is entitled under the contract.

(4) If the contract does not provide for this either, the members are treated as having equal shares of the property, rights and liabilities of the grouping.

(5) Part 5 of CTA 2009 (loan relationships) applies in relation to a grouping as it applies in relation to a firm.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5) see in particular the following provisions of Part 5 of CTA 2009—

• Chapter 9 (partnerships involving companies),

• section 467 (connections where partnerships involved),

• section 472 (meaning of “control”), and

• sections 473 and 474 (meaning of “major interest” etc).

(7) “European Economic Interest Grouping” means a European Economic Interest Grouping formed under Council Regulation (EEC) No 2137/85 of 25 July 1985, whether registered in Great Britain, Northern Ireland or elsewhere.

Harbour reorganisation schemes U.K.

991 Harbour reorganisation schemes: corporation tax U.K.

(1) This section and sections 992 and 993 apply if—

(a) the trade of any body corporate other than a limited liability company is transferred to a harbour authority,

(b) the transfer is made by or under a certified harbour reorganisation scheme, and

(c) the scheme provides for the dissolution of the transferor.

(2) For the purposes of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts that apply—

(a) only if a person starts to carry on a trade, or

(b) only if a person ceases to carry on a trade,

the transferor is not treated as ceasing to carry on the trade, and the transferee is not treated as starting to carry it on.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if an amount (“the loss amount”) would have been available to the transferor for relief under section 45 (carry forward of trade loss against subsequent trade profits) had the transferor continued to carry on the transferred trade.

(4) The transferee is entitled to relief under section 45 in respect of the loss amount as if the transferee had made a loss in carrying on—

(a) the transferred trade, or

(b) any trade of which the transferred trade comes to form part.

(5) The loss amount is subject to any claim made by the transferor under section 37 (relief for trade losses against total profits).

992 Harbour reorganisation schemes: capital allowances etc U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this section—

(a) “relevant allowance” means any allowance that would have fallen to be made to the transferor under CAA 2001 if the transferor had continued to carry on the trade, and

(b) “relevant charge” means any charge that would have fallen to be made on the transferor under CAA 2001 if the transferor had continued to carry on the trade.

(2) All relevant allowances and charges are to be made in accordance with CAA 2001 to or on the transferee (and not the transferor).

(3) The amount of a relevant allowance or charge is to be calculated as if—

(a) the transferee had been carrying on the trade since the transferor had begun to do so, and

(b) everything done to or by the transferor had been done to or by the transferee.

(4) A sale or transfer which, on the transfer of the trade, is made by the transferor to the transferee of any assets in use for the purposes of the trade is not treated as giving rise to a relevant allowance or charge.

993 Harbour reorganisation schemes: chargeable gains U.K.

(1) The transferee is entitled to corporation tax relief in respect of chargeable gains for an amount to which subsection (2) applies.

(2) This subsection applies to an amount for which, if the transferor had continued to carry on the trade, it would have been entitled to claim relief in respect of allowable losses.

994 Transfer of part of trade U.K.

(1) This section applies if part of a trade of any body corporate other than a limited liability company is transferred to a harbour authority by or under a certified harbour reorganisation scheme.

(2) If the transferor continues to carry on the remainder of the trade, sections 991, 992 and 993 apply as if the transferred part had at all times been a separate trade.

(3) If—

(a) the trade is transferred in parts to two or more harbour authorities, and

(b) the scheme provides for the dissolution of the transferor,

sections 991, 992 and 993 apply as if each of the transferred parts had at all times been a separate trade.

(4) If a part of a trade is treated by virtue of subsection (2) or (3) as having been a separate trade over any period—

(a) any necessary adjustments of accounting periods are to be made, and

(b) just and reasonable apportionments of receipts, expenses, allowances or charges are to be made.

(5) Section 952(2) and (3) (apportionment if part of trade treated as separate trade) apply to any apportionment under subsection (4).

995 Interpretation of sections 991 to 994 U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 991 to 994.

(2) “Harbour authority” has the same meaning as in the Harbours Act 1964.

(3) “Harbour reorganisation scheme” means any statutory provision providing for the management by a harbour authority of any harbour or group of harbours in the United Kingdom.

For this purpose “statutory provision” means any enactment, or any scheme, order or other instrument having effect under an enactment, and includes an enactment confirming a provisional order.

(4) “Certified”, in relation to a harbour reorganisation scheme, means certified by—

• a Minister of the Crown,

• a government department, or

• the Scottish Ministers,

as providing for management as mentioned in subsection (3) with a view to securing, in the public interest, the efficient and economical development of the harbour or harbours in question.

(5) “Limited liability company” means a company having a limit on the liability of its members.

(6) “Transferor”, in relation to a trade, means the body from which the trade is transferred, whether or not the transfer is effected by that body.

(7) “Transferee”, in relation to a trade, means the harbour authority to which the trade is transferred.

Groups: use of different accounting practices U.K.

996 Use of different accounting practices within a group of companies U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) a company (“company A”) prepares accounts in accordance with international accounting standards,

(b) another company (“company B”) in the same group of companies prepares accounts in accordance with UK generally accepted accounting practice,

(c) there is a transaction between, or a series of transactions involving, company A and company B, and

(d) a tax advantage would (apart from this section) be obtained by either or both of those companies in relation to the transaction or series of transactions as a result of the use of different accounting practices.

(2) The Tax Acts apply in relation to the transaction or series of transactions as if both company A and company B prepared accounts in accordance with UK generally accepted accounting practice.

(3) Section 170(3) to (6) of TCGA 1992 apply to determine for the purposes of this section whether companies are in the same group of companies.

(4) None of the following circumstances (individually or in combination) prevents a series of transactions from being a series of transactions involving company A and company B—

(a) there is no transaction in the series to which both those companies are parties,

(b) the parties to any arrangements in pursuance of which the transactions in the series are entered into do not include one or both of those companies,

(c) there are one or more transactions in the series to which neither of those companies is a party.

(5) In this section “tax advantage” has the meaning given by section 1139.

Part 23 U.K. Company distributions

Chapter 1 U.K. Introduction

997 Overview of Part U.K.

(1) Chapters 2 to 5 contain provision about what is, and what is not, a distribution.

(2) Chapter 5 (demergers) includes provision that charges income tax, or applies the charge to corporation tax on income, in relation to certain payments.

(3) Chapters 2 to 5 also include—

(a) provision about the persons to whom certain distributions are treated as made (see sections 1020(2) and 1064(2)),

(b) provision about how the amount of certain distributions is determined (see sections 1003, 1004, 1020(2) and 1064(2)),

(c) other special rules about distributions made by certain companies (see Chapter 4), and

(d) provision about returns and information (see sections 1046, 1052, 1053 and 1095 to 1097).

(4) Chapter 6 contains provision of more general application about returns and information relating to distributions.

(5) Chapter 7 contains provision about tax credits.

(6) Chapter 8 contains definitions and other provision about the interpretation of this Part.

(7) Section 152(3)(b) of FA 1995 enables regulations under that section to include provision which modifies the following in relation to open-ended investment companies, or payments falling to be treated as the distributions of such companies—

(a) Chapter 2 (except section 1000(2)),

(b) sections 1030 to 1048 and section 1049(1) and (3),

(c) sections 1059 to 1063,

(d) Chapter 5.

Chapter 2 U.K. Matters which are distributions

Introduction U.K.

998 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) Sections 1000 to 1023 are about the meaning of “distribution” in the Corporation Tax Acts.

(2) In particular, section 1000(1) lists the matters which are distributions.

(3) Sections 1002 to 1023 contain provisions supplementing the paragraphs of that list.

(4) The table in section 1001 mentions some of the main provisions which explain, supplement or limit particular paragraphs of the list in section 1000(1).

(5) Sections 1024 to 1028 are about the meaning of “repayment of share capital”.

999 Priority of negative rules U.K.

(1) The provisions of this Chapter are subject to any express exceptions.

(2) See, in particular—

(a) Chapter 3 (matters which are not distributions),

(b) section 1075 (exempt distributions), and

(c) paragraph 6 of Schedule 12 to FA 1988 (transfer of building society's business to a company: qualifying benefits),

and see also the table in section 1001.

Meaning of “distribution” U.K.

1000 Meaning of “distribution” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “distribution”, in relation to any company, means anything falling within any of the following paragraphs.

• Any dividend paid by the company, including a capital dividend.

• Any other distribution out of assets of the company in respect of shares in the company, except however much (if any) of the distribution—

  (a)

  represents repayment of capital on the shares, or

  (b)

  is (when it is made) equal in amount or value to any new consideration received by the company for the distribution.

  For the purposes of this paragraph it does not matter whether the distribution is in cash or not.

• Any redeemable share capital issued by the company—

  (a)

  in respect of shares in, or securities of, the company, and

  (b)

  otherwise than for new consideration (see sections 1003 and 1115).

• Any security issued by the company—

  (a)

  in respect of shares in, or securities of, the company, and

  (b)

  otherwise than for new consideration (see sections 1004 and 1115).

• Any interest or other distribution out of assets of the company in respect of securities of the company which are non-commercial securities (as defined in section 1005), except—

  (a)

  however much (if any) of the distribution represents the principal secured by the securities, and

  (b)

  however much (if any) of the distribution represents a reasonable commercial return for the use of the principal.

• Any interest or other distribution out of assets of the company in respect of securities of the company which are special securities (as defined in section 1015), except—

  (a)

  however much (if any) of the distribution represents the principal secured by the securities, and

  (b)

  however much (if any) of the distribution falls within paragraph E.

• Any amount treated as a distribution by section 1020 (transfers of assets or liabilities).

• Any amount treated as a distribution by section 1022 (bonus issues following repayment of share capital).

(2) In the Corporation Tax Acts “distribution”, in relation to a close company, also includes anything treated as a distribution by section 1064 (certain expenses of close companies treated as distributions).

(3) See also section 1072 (which extends the meaning of “distribution” in relation to members of a 90% group).

1001 Provisions related to paragraphs A to H in section 1000(1) U.K.

The following table mentions, for each paragraph in section 1000(1)—

(a) some of the main provisions that explain or supplement it, and

(b) some of the main provisions that limit it.

Paragraph in section 1000(1)	Explained or supplemented by	Limited by
A (dividends).		Section 1054 (building society payments).
		Sections 1055(2) and 1057(2) (dividend paid by industrial and provident society or UK agricultural or fishing co-operative).
B (other distributions in respect of shares).	Sections 1024 to 1028 (meaning of “repayment of share capital”).	Section 1002 (exception for certain transfers of assets and liabilities).
	Section 1113(1) (extends meaning of “in respect of shares in the company”).
C (redeemable share capital).	Section 1003 (redeemable share capital).	Section 1049(3)(a) (stock dividends).
	Section 1113(1).
	Section 1114(1) (extends meaning of “in respect of securities of the company”).
D (securities issued otherwise than for new consideration).	Section 1004 (securities issued otherwise than for new consideration).
	Section 1113(1).
	Section 1114(1).
E (distributions in respect of non-commercial securities).	Sections 1005 to 1014 (meaning of “non-commercial securities” etc).
	Section 1114(1).
F (distributions in respect of special securities).	Sections 1015 to 1018 (meaning of “special securities” etc).	Section 1019 (relevant alternative finance return).
	Section 1114(1).	Section 1032 (interest etc paid in respect of certain securities).
G (transfers of assets or liabilities).	Section 1020 (transfers of assets or liabilities treated as distributions).
H (bonus issues following repayment of share capital).	Sections 1022 and 1023 (bonus issues following repayment of share capital treated as distributions).	Section 1049(3)(b)(i) (stock dividends).

Distributions, other than dividends, in respect of shares U.K.

1002 Exceptions for certain transfers of assets or liabilities between a company and its members U.K.

(1) No transfer of assets (other than cash) or of liabilities between one company and another constitutes, or is treated as giving rise to, a distribution by virtue of paragraph B in section 1000(1) if—

(a) both the companies are UK resident,

(b) neither of them is a 51% subsidiary of a non-UK resident company, and

(c) the two companies are not under common control, either at the time of the transfer or as a result of it.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) on a transfer of assets or liabilities by a company to its members, or to a company by its members, a member receives a benefit,

(b) the conditions in section 1021(1)(a) and (b) are met, and

(c) if those conditions were not met, an amount would be a distribution under section 1020(2) (transfers of assets or liabilities treated as distributions).

(3) The amount mentioned in subsection (2)(c) is not a distribution by virtue of paragraph B in section 1000(1).

(4) In this section—

• “under common control” means under the control of the same person or persons, and

• “control” has the same meaning as in Part 10 (see sections 450 and 451).

Redeemable share capital U.K.

1003 Redeemable share capital U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) a company issues redeemable share capital, and

(b) the issue is partly (but not wholly) for new consideration.

(2) The part (if any) of the share capital that is properly referable to the new consideration does not fall within paragraph C in section 1000(1).

(3) In determining, for the purposes of paragraph C in section 1000(1), the amount of the distribution constituted by the issue of any redeemable share capital, the value of the share capital is taken to be the sum of—

(a) the amount of the share capital, and

(b) the amount of any premium payable on redemption, in a winding up, or in any other circumstances.

Securities issued otherwise than for new consideration U.K.

1004 Securities issued otherwise than for new consideration U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) a company issues a security, and

(b) the issue is partly (but not wholly) for new consideration.

(2) The part (if any) of the security that is properly referable to the new consideration does not fall within paragraph D in section 1000(1).

(3) In determining, for the purposes of paragraph D in section 1000(1), the amount of the distribution constituted by the issue of any security, the value of the security is taken to be the amount of the principal secured, including any premium payable—

(a) at maturity,

(b) in a winding up, or

(c) in any other circumstances.

Distributions in respect of non-commercial securities U.K.

1005 Meaning of “non-commercial securities” U.K.

For the purposes of paragraph E in section 1000(1) securities of a company are non-commercial securities if the consideration given by the company under the securities for the use of the principal secured by them represents more than a reasonable commercial return for the use of that principal.

1006 Distributions exceeding consideration received for issue of security U.K.

No amount is to be regarded for the purposes of paragraph E in section 1000(1) as representing the principal secured by a security so far as it exceeds any new consideration which has been received by the company for the issue of the security.

1007 Securities issued at premium representing new consideration U.K.

(1) This section applies if any security of a company is issued at a premium representing new consideration (but see also section 1008).

(2) In relation to a distribution in respect of the security, the reference in paragraph E in section 1000(1) to however much of the distribution represents the principal secured by the security is to be read as a reference to the sum of—

(a) however much of the distribution represents the principal, and

(b) however much of it represents the premium.

(3) In relation to a distribution in respect of the security, the reference in paragraph E in section 1000(1) to however much of the distribution represents a reasonable commercial return for the use of the principal secured by the security is to be read as a reference to the sum of—

(a) however much of the distribution represents a reasonable commercial return for the use of the principal, and

(b) however much of it represents (when regard is had to the extent to which distributions represent the premium) a reasonable commercial return for the use of the premium.

1008 Consideration for issue of security exceeding amount of principal U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company issues a security, and

(b) the amount of new consideration received by the company for the issue of the security exceeds the amount of the principal secured by the security.

(2) The amount of the principal is treated for the purposes of paragraph E in section 1000(1) as increased to the amount of that new consideration.

(3) Section 1007 does not have effect in relation to the security.

(4) This section is subject to sections 1009 and 1012.

Exceptions to section 1008 U.K.

1009 Securities reflecting dividends on certain shares etc: exclusion of section 1008 U.K.

(1) Section 1008 does not apply in relation to a security issued by a company (“the issuing company”) if—

(a) the security reflects to a significant extent dividends or other distributions in respect of, or fluctuations in the value of, shares, and

(b) those shares are in one or more companies each of which is the issuing company or an associated company of the issuing company.

(2) Subsection (1) does not prevent section 1008 from applying in relation to a security if—

(a) the issuing company is a bank or securities house,

(b) the issuing company issues the security in the ordinary course of its business, and

(c) the security reflects dividends or other distributions in respect of the shares mentioned in subsection (1), or fluctuations in the value of those shares, only because it reflects fluctuations in a qualifying index.

(3) In this section—

• “bank” has the meaning given by section 1120, and

• “securities house” means a person—

  (a)

  who is authorised for the purposes of FISMA 2000, and

  (b)

  whose business consists wholly or mainly of dealing as principal in financial instruments within the meaning of section 984 of ITA 2007.

1010 Meaning of “qualifying index” in section 1009 U.K.

(1) In section 1009 “qualifying index” means an index which meets the conditions in subsections (2) and (3).

(2) The underlying subject matter of the index must include both—

(a) shares that meet the description in section 1009(1)(b), and

(b) shares that do not meet that description.

(3) Shares that do not meet the description in section 1009(1)(b) must represent a significant proportion of the market value of the underlying subject matter of the index.

1011 Meaning of “associated company” in section 1009 U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 1009 a company is an “associated company” of another at any time when—

(a) one has control of the other, or

(b) both are under the control of the same person or persons.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) a person controls a company if the person has power to secure that the affairs of the company are conducted in accordance with the person's wishes, and has that power—

(a) by holding shares in the company or any other company,

(b) by possessing voting power in relation to the company or any other company, or

(c) by virtue of any powers conferred by—

(i) the articles of association of the company or any other company, or

(ii) any other document regulating the company or any other company.

(3) Shares held by a company, and any voting power or other powers arising from the shares, must be ignored for the purposes of subsection (2) if—

(a) a profit on a sale of the shares would be treated as a trading receipt of a trade carried on by the company, and

(b) the shares are not assets of an insurance company's long-term insurance fund.

1012 Hedging arrangements U.K.

(1) Section 1008 does not at a given time apply in relation to a security issued by a company (“the issuing company”) if—

(a) at that time, or

(b) at any earlier time after 16 April 2002,

there are or have been any hedging arrangements that relate to some or all of the company's liabilities under the security.

This is subject to section 1013.

(2) If, as a result of this section, section 1008 stops applying at any time in relation to a security, paragraph E in paragraph 1000(1) has effect in relation to the security from that time as it would have had effect if section 1008 had never applied in relation to the security.

1013 Exception to section 1012 U.K.

(1) Section 1012 does not prevent section 1008 from applying in relation to a security at a given time if—

(a) each of conditions A to D is met in relation to any hedging arrangements existing at that time that relate to some or all of the company's liabilities under the security, and

(b) at all earlier times after 16 April 2002 when there have been hedging arrangements that relate to some or all of the company's liabilities under the security, each of conditions A to D was met in relation to those arrangements.

(2) Condition A is that the hedging arrangements do not constitute, include or form part of any scheme or arrangement the purpose or one of the main purposes of which is the avoidance of tax.

(3) In subsection (2) “tax” includes stamp duty and stamp duty land tax.

(4) Condition B is that the hedging arrangements are such that any amounts intended under the arrangements to offset some or all of a corporation tax deduction in respect of the security—

(a) arise at the time when the deduction falls to be made, or within a reasonable time before or after that time, and

(b) arise—

(i) to the issuing company, or

(ii) to a company which is a member of the same group of companies as the issuing company.

(5) In subsection (4) “corporation tax deduction” means a deduction that falls to be made for corporation tax purposes by the issuing company at any time.

(6) Condition C is that the whole of every amount arising as mentioned in subsection (4) is brought into charge to corporation tax—

(a) by a company falling within subsection (4)(b)(i) or (ii), or

(b) by two or more companies (taken together) each of which falls within subsection (4)(b)(i) or (ii).

(7) Condition D is that for corporation tax purposes any deductions in respect of expenses of establishing or administering the hedging arrangements are reasonable in proportion to the amounts required to be brought into charge to corporation tax by subsection (6).

(8) For the purposes of this section two companies are members of the same group of companies if they are members of the same group of companies for the purposes of Part 5 (see section 152).

1014 Meaning of “hedging arrangements” U.K.

(1) This section explains what “hedging arrangements” means, in relation to a security, in sections 1012 and 1013.

(2) “Hedging arrangements” means any scheme or arrangement for the purpose of securing that an offsetting amount of income or gain—

(a) accrues, or

(b) is received or receivable.

(3) In subsection (2) “offsetting amount” means an amount which is intended to offset some or all of the amounts that fall to be brought into account in respect of amounts accruing or falling to be paid in accordance with the terms of the security.

(4) It does not matter whether the purpose mentioned in subsection (2) is the only purpose, or just one of the purposes, of the scheme or arrangement.

(5) It does not matter whether the purpose mentioned in subsection (2) is to secure that the offsetting amount accrues, or is received or receivable, directly or indirectly.

(6) In this section “brought into account” means brought into account in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.

Distributions in respect of special securities U.K.

1015 Meaning of “special securities” U.K.

(1) Securities of a company are special securities for the purposes of paragraph F in section 1000(1) if they meet any of conditions A to E.

(2) Condition A is that the securities are issued as described in paragraph D in section 1000(1) (securities issued otherwise than for new consideration).

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) the securities—

(i) are convertible (directly or indirectly) into shares in the company, or

(ii) carry a right to receive shares in or securities of the company, and

(b) the securities are neither listed on a recognised stock exchange nor issued on terms which are reasonably comparable with the terms of issue of securities listed on a recognised stock exchange.

(4) Condition C is that under the securities the consideration given by the company for the use of the principal secured depends (to any extent) on the results of—

(a) the company's business, or

(b) any part of the company's business.

(5) Condition D is that the securities are connected with shares in the company (see section 1017(2)).

(6) Condition E is that the securities are equity notes—

(a) issued by the company (“the issuing company”), and

(b) held by a company which—

(i) is associated with the issuing company, or

(ii) is a funded company (see section 1017(3)).

1016 Meaning of “equity note” in section 1015 U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 1015(6) a security is an equity note if any of the tests in subsection (2) is satisfied either—

(a) as regards the whole of the principal, or

(b) as regards any part of it.

(2) These are the tests.

• Test 1 The security's terms contain no particular date by which it is to be redeemed.

• Test 2 Under the security's terms the date for redemption, or the latest date for redemption, falls after the end of the permitted period.

• Test 3 Under the security's terms redemption is to occur after the end of the permitted period if a particular event occurs, and the event is one which (judged at the time of the security's issue) is certain or likely to occur.

• Test 4 The issuing company can secure—

  (a)

  that there is no particular date by which the security is to be redeemed, or

  (b)

  that the date for redemption falls after the end of the permitted period.

(3) In subsection (2) “the permitted period” means the period of 50 years beginning with the date of the security's issue.

1017 Section 1015: other interpretation U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 1015(4) the consideration given by the company for the use of the principal secured is not treated as depending on the results of the company's business (or any part of it) merely because the terms of the security provide—

(a) for the consideration to be reduced if the results improve, or

(b) for the consideration to be increased if the results deteriorate.

(2) For the purposes of section 1015(5) securities are connected with shares in the company if—

(a) it is necessary or advantageous for a person who has, or disposes of or acquires, any of the securities also to have, or to dispose of or acquire, a proportionate holding of the shares, and

(b) that is a consequence of the nature of the rights attaching to the securities or shares and, in particular, any terms or conditions attaching to the right to transfer the securities or shares.

(3) For the purposes of section 1015(6) a company is a funded company if there are arrangements involving the company being put in funds (directly or indirectly) by—

(a) the issuing company, or

(b) a company associated with the issuing company.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) above and section 1015(6), a company is associated with the issuing company if—

(a) the issuing company is a 75% subsidiary of the other company,

(b) the other company is a 75% subsidiary of the issuing company, or

(c) both are 75% subsidiaries of a third company.

1018 The principal secured: special securities U.K.

(1) No amount is to be regarded for the purposes of paragraph F in section 1000(1) as representing the principal secured by a security so far as it exceeds any new consideration which has been received by the company for the issue of the security.

This is without prejudice to section 1117(6).

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) a security of a company is issued at a premium representing new consideration, and

(b) there is a distribution in respect of the security.

(3) The reference in paragraph F in section 1000(1) to however much of the distribution represents the principal secured by the security is to be read as a reference to the sum of—

(a) however much of the distribution represents the principal, and

(b) however much of it represents the premium.

1019 Relevant alternative finance return U.K.

(1) Relevant alternative finance return is not treated by virtue of section 1015(4) as being a distribution for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts.

(2) For corporation tax purposes “relevant alternative finance return” in subsection (1) means—

(a) anything that is alternative finance return for the purposes of Part 6 of CTA 2009 as a result of section 513 of that Act, or

(b) any part of the redemption payment under arrangements to which section 507 of CTA 2009 (investment bond arrangements) applies.

(3) For income tax purposes “relevant alternative finance return” in subsection (1) means—

(a) anything that is alternative finance return for the purposes of Part 10A of ITA 2007 as a result of section 564L of that Act, or

(b) any part of the redemption payment under arrangements to which section 564G of ITA 2007 (investment bond arrangements) applies.

Transfers of assets or liabilities treated as distributions U.K.

1020 Transfers of assets or liabilities treated as distributions U.K.

(1) This section applies if on a transfer of assets or liabilities—

(a) by a company to its members, or

(b) to a company by its members,

the amount or value of the benefit received by a member exceeds the amount or value of any new consideration given by the member.

(2) The company is treated for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as making a distribution to the member of an amount equal to the excess.

But this is subject to section 1021.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1) the amount or value of a benefit, or of any consideration, is determined in accordance with the market value.

1021 Section 1020: exceptions U.K.

(1) Section 1020 does not apply if—

(a) the company and the member receiving the benefit are both UK resident, and

(b) either—

(i) the company is a 51% subsidiary of the member, or

(ii) both are 51% subsidiaries of a third company which is also UK resident.

(2) In determining whether one body corporate is a 51% subsidiary of another body corporate (“A”) for the purposes of subsection (1), A is treated as not being the owner of—

(a) any share capital which it owns directly in a body corporate as trading stock,

(b) any share capital which it owns indirectly, and which is owned directly by a body corporate as trading stock, or

(c) any share capital which it owns directly or indirectly in a body corporate which is not UK resident.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) share capital owned by a body corporate is owned as trading stock if (and only if) a profit on the sale of the shares would be treated as a trading receipt of the body's trade.

(4) No transfer of assets (other than cash) or of liabilities between one company and another constitutes, or is treated as giving rise to, a distribution by virtue of section 1020 if—

(a) both the companies are UK resident,

(b) neither of them is a 51% subsidiary of a non-UK resident company, and

(c) they are not under common control, either at the time of the transfer or as a result of it.

(5) In this section—

• “under common control” means under the control of the same person or persons, and

• “control” has the same meaning as in Part 10 (see sections 450 and 451).

Bonus issue following repayment of share capital U.K.

1022 Bonus issue following repayment of share capital treated as distribution U.K.

(1) Subsection (3) applies if a company—

(a) repays or has repaid any share capital, and

(b) at or after the time of the repayment issues any share capital as paid up otherwise than by the receipt of new consideration.

(2) But subsection (3) does not apply so far as any provision of the Corporation Tax Acts makes contrary provision.

(3) The amount paid up as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) is treated for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as a distribution made in respect of the shares on which it is paid up, except so far as that amount exceeds the adjusted amount of the repaid share capital.

(4) The reference in subsection (3) to the adjusted amount of the repaid share capital is to—

(a) the amount, or total amount, of share capital repaid as mentioned in subsection (1)(a), minus

(b) any amounts previously paid up as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) and treated as distributions by virtue of subsection (3).

1023 Exceptions to section 1022(3) U.K.

(1) Section 1022(3) does not apply if the issue of share capital mentioned in section 1022(1)(b)—

(a) takes place more than 10 years after the repayment of share capital mentioned in subsection 1022(1)(a), and

(b) is not of redeemable share capital.

(2) But subsection (1) does not prevent section 1022(3) from applying in the case of a company which is a relevant company for the purposes mentioned in section 739 (certain companies not included in the official UK list etc).

(3) Section 1022(3) does not apply if the repaid share capital consists of fully paid preference shares and—

(a) those shares were issued as fully paid preference shares,

(b) they were issued wholly for new consideration not derived from ordinary shares, and

(c) throughout the period from their issue until the repayment those shares continued to be fully paid preference shares.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) consideration is derived from ordinary shares if (and only if)—

(a) it consists of the surrender, transfer or cancellation of ordinary shares,

(b) it consists of the variation of rights in ordinary shares, or

(c) it is derived from a repayment of share capital paid in respect of ordinary shares,

and for the purposes of this subsection it does not matter whether the ordinary shares are of the company or another company.

(5) In this section—

• “ordinary shares” means shares other than preference shares, and

• “preference shares” means shares which—

  (a)

  do not carry any right to dividends other than dividends at a fixed rate per cent of the nominal value of the shares, and

  (b)

  carry rights in respect of dividends and capital which are comparable with those general for fixed-dividend shares included in the official UK list.

Interpretation of references to repayment of share capital U.K.

1024 Premiums paid on redemption of share capital U.K.

Premiums paid on redemption of share capital are not treated as repayments of share capital for the purposes of this Chapter.

1025 Share capital issued at a premium representing new consideration U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) share capital is issued at a premium representing new consideration, and

(b) a distribution is made in respect of shares representing the share capital.

(2) The amount of the premium is treated as forming part of the share capital for the purpose of determining under this Chapter whether the distribution is a repayment of share capital.

(3) Subsection (2) does not have effect in relation to any part of the premium after that part has been applied to paying up share capital.

1026 Distributions following a bonus issue U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a company issues, or has issued, any share capital (“the bonus share capital”) as paid up otherwise than by the receipt of new consideration, and

(b) an amount paid up as mentioned in paragraph (a) does not fall to be treated as a qualifying distribution.

(2) Distributions made afterwards by the company in respect of shares representing the bonus share capital are not treated as repayments of share capital for the purposes of this Chapter.

But this is subject to section 1027 and any other contrary provision in the Corporation Tax Acts.

(3) Except where the company is a relevant company for the purposes mentioned in section 739 (certain companies not included in the official UK list etc), subsection (2) does not prevent a distribution being treated as a repayment of share capital if it is made—

(a) more than 10 years after the issue of the share capital mentioned in subsection (1)(a), and

(b) in respect of share capital other than redeemable share capital.

(4) For the purposes of this section and section 1027—

(a) all shares of the same class are treated as representing the same share capital, and

(b) if shares are issued in respect of other shares, or are (directly or indirectly) converted into or exchanged for other shares, all such shares are treated as representing the same share capital.

(5) This section is to be read with section 1049(3)(b) (stock dividends).

1027 Cap on amount of distributions affected by section 1026 U.K.

(1) Section 1026(2) does not apply to the distributions in question so far as they, together with any affected distributions made previously but after the issue of the bonus share capital, exceed the cap.

(2) In subsection (1) “the cap” means the total of the amounts—

(a) paid up, otherwise than by the receipt of new consideration, on shares representing the bonus share capital, and

(b) not falling to be treated as qualifying distributions.

(3) In subsection (1) “affected distribution” means however much of a distribution made in respect of shares representing the bonus share capital—

(a) would, but for section 1026, be treated as a repayment of share capital, but

(b) cannot be so treated because of that section.

(4) In subsection (2)(a) the reference to amounts paid up is to amounts paid up at the time of the distributions in question or previously.

1028 Certain payments connected with exempt distributions U.K.

(1) A chargeable payment made within 5 years after an exempt distribution is not to be (if it otherwise would be) treated as a repayment of share capital for the purposes of sections 1022 and 1023 (bonus issue following repayment of share capital).

(2) The purpose of the provisions about demergers (which include this section) is set out in section 1074.

(3) In this section—

(a) “chargeable payment” has the meaning given by section 1088, and

(b) “exempt distribution” has the meaning given by section 1075(2).

Chapter 3 U.K. Matters which are not distributions

Introduction U.K.

1029 Overview of Chapter U.K.

(1) In this Chapter the following sections provide that a particular matter is not a distribution—

(a) section 1030 (distributions in respect of share capital on a winding up),

(b) section 1031 (distribution as part of a cross-border merger),

(c) section 1032 (interest etc paid in respect of certain securities),

(d) section 1033 (purchase by unquoted trading company of own shares),

(e) section 1049 (stock dividends),

(f) section 1054 (building society payments),

(g) section 1055 (industrial and provident societies: interest and share dividends),

(h) section 1056 (dividend or bonus relating to transactions with industrial and provident society), and

(i) section 1057 (UK agricultural or fishing co-operatives: interest and share dividends).

(2) The following make similar provision outside this Chapter—

(a) section 1075 (exempt distributions), and

(b) paragraph 6 of Schedule 12 to FA 1988 (transfer of building society's business to a company: qualifying benefits).

Distributions in a winding up U.K.

1030 Distribution in respect of share capital in a winding up U.K.

A distribution made in respect of share capital in a winding up is not a distribution of a company for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts.

Distribution as part of a cross-border merger U.K.

1031 Distribution as part of a cross-border merger U.K.

If—

(a) a company making a distribution as part of a merger ceases to exist (without being wound up), and

(b) section 140E or 140F of TCGA 1992 (cross-border mergers) applies in relation to the merger,

the distribution is not a distribution of a company for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts.

Payments of interest U.K.

1032 Interest etc paid in respect of certain securities U.K.

(1) Any interest or other distribution which—

(a) is paid out of the assets of a company (“the borrower”) to another company which is within the charge to corporation tax,

(b) is paid in respect of securities of the borrower which are special securities (as defined in section 1015), and

(c) does not fall within paragraph E in section 1000(1) (distributions in respect of non-commercial securities),

is not a distribution for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts.

(2) But subsection (1) does not apply if the company to which the interest or other distribution is paid is entitled under any enactment to an exemption from tax in respect of that interest or distribution.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C20 S. 1032(2) modified (with effect in accordance with art. 1 of the amending S.I.) by Corporation Tax Act 2010 (Transitional Provision) Order 2010 (S.I. 2010/665), arts. 1, 2

Purchase of own shares U.K.

1033 Purchase by unquoted trading company of own shares U.K.

(1) A payment made by a company on the redemption, repayment or purchase of its own shares is not a distribution for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts if—

(a) the company is an unquoted trading company, or the unquoted holding company of a trading group, and

(b) either Condition A or Condition B is met.

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) the redemption, repayment or purchase is made wholly or mainly for the purpose of benefiting a trade carried on by the company or any of its 75% subsidiaries,

(b) the redemption, repayment or purchase does not form part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is—

(i) to enable the owner of the shares to participate in the profits of the company without receiving a dividend, or

(ii) the avoidance of tax, and

(c) the requirements set out in sections 1034 to 1043 (so far as applicable) are met.

(3) Condition B is that the whole or substantially the whole of the payment (apart from any sum applied in paying capital gains tax charged on the redemption, repayment or purchase)—

(a) is applied by the person to whom it is made in discharging a liability of that person for inheritance tax charged on a death, and

(b) is applied in that way within two years after the death.

(4) But if condition B is met, subsection (1) does not apply so far as the liability in question could without undue hardship have been discharged otherwise than through the redemption, repayment or purchase of—

(a) shares in the company, or

(b) shares in another unquoted company which is a trading company or the holding company of a trading group.

(5) In sections 1034 to 1043—

• “the purchase” means the redemption, repayment or purchase referred to in subsection (1), and

• “the seller” means the owner of the shares at the time the redemption, repayment or purchase is made.

(6) In this section and sections 1034 to 1047 references to a payment made by a company include anything else that—

(a) is a distribution, or

(b) would be a distribution but for this section.

1034 Requirements as to residence U.K.

(1) The seller must be resident and ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom in the tax year in which the purchase is made.

(2) If the shares are held through a nominee, the nominee must also be resident and ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom in the tax year in which the purchase is made.

(3) The residence and ordinary residence of personal representatives are taken for the purposes of this section to be the same as the deceased person's residence and ordinary residence immediately before that person's death.

(4) The references in this section to a person's ordinary residence are to be ignored in the case of a company.

1035 Requirement as to period of ownership U.K.

(1) The shares must have been owned by the seller throughout the 5 years ending with the date of the purchase.

(2) In determining whether the requirement in subsection (1) is met in a case where the seller acquired shares of the same class at different times—

(a) shares acquired earlier are taken into account before shares acquired later, and

(b) any previous disposal by the seller of shares of that class is assumed to be a disposal of shares acquired later rather than of shares acquired earlier.

(3) If the time when any shares were acquired would be determined for the purposes of capital gains tax under any provision of Chapter 2 of Part 4 of TCGA 1992 (reorganisation of share capital, conversion of securities etc) then, unless the shares—

(a) were allotted for payment, or

(b) were comprised in share capital to which section 1049 (stock dividends) applies,

the time when the shares were acquired is determined in the same way for the purposes of this section.

1036 Determining the period of ownership U.K.

(1) If at any time during the period mentioned in section 1035(1) the shares were transferred to the seller by a person (“the transferor”) who—

(a) was then the seller's spouse or civil partner, and

(b) was then living with the seller (see section 1116),

any period during which the shares were owned by the transferor is treated for the purposes of section 1035(1) as a period of ownership by the seller.

(2) But subsection (1) does not apply if at the date of the purchase the transferor is alive but is no longer the seller's spouse or civil partner living with the seller.

(3) If the seller became entitled to the shares under the will or on the intestacy of a previous owner, or is the personal representative of a previous owner—

(a) any period during which the shares were owned by the previous owner, or the personal representatives of the previous owner, is treated for the purposes of section 1035(1) as a period of ownership by the seller, and

(b) section 1035(1) has effect as if it referred to three years instead of five.

1037 Requirement as to reduction of seller's interest as shareholder U.K.

(1) If, immediately after the purchase, the seller owns shares in the company, the seller's interest as a shareholder must be substantially reduced.

This is subject to section 1043.

(2) If, immediately after the purchase, any associate of the seller owns shares in the company, the combined interests as shareholders of the seller and the seller's associates must be substantially reduced.

This is subject to section 1043.

(3) The seller's interest as a shareholder is substantially reduced if (and only if) the seller's subsequent interest is not more than 75% of the seller's prior interest.

This is subject to section 1038.

(4) “The seller's prior interest” means the total nominal value of the shares owned by the seller immediately before the purchase, expressed as a fraction of the issued share capital of the company at that time.

(5) “The seller's subsequent interest” means the total nominal value of the shares owned by the seller immediately after the purchase, expressed as a fraction of the issued share capital of the company at that time.

(6) The question whether the combined interests as shareholders of the seller and the seller's associates are substantially reduced is determined in the same way as the question whether a seller's interest as shareholder is substantially reduced, except that the seller is assumed to have the interests of the seller's associates as well as the seller's own.

1038 Section 1037: effect of entitlement to profits U.K.

(1) The seller's interest as a shareholder is not taken to be substantially reduced for the purposes of section 1037(1) if—

(a) the seller would, if the company distributed all its profits available for distribution immediately after the purchase, be entitled to a share of those profits, and

(b) that share expressed as a fraction of the total of those profits is more than 75% of the corresponding fraction immediately before the purchase.

(2) In determining for the purposes of subsection (1) the division of profits among the persons entitled to them, a person entitled to periodic distributions calculated by reference to fixed rates or amounts is regarded as entitled to a distribution of the amount, or maximum amount, to which the person would be entitled for a year.

(3) In subsection (1) “profits available for distribution” has the meaning given by section 830(2) of the Companies Act 2006, but with the differences mentioned in subsections (4) and (5).

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1) the amount of the profits available for distribution (whether immediately before or immediately after the purchase) is treated as increased—

(a) in the case of every company, by £100, and

(b) in the case of a company from which any person is entitled to periodic distributions calculated by reference to fixed rates or amounts, by a further amount equal to that required to make the distribution to which the person is entitled in accordance with subsection (2).

(5) If the total of the sums payable by the company—

(a) on the purchase, and

(b) on any redemption, repayment or purchase of other shares of the company taking place at the same time,

exceeds the amount of the profits available for distribution immediately before the purchase, that amount is treated as further increased by an amount equal to the excess.

(6) References in this section to entitlement are, except in the case of trustees and personal representatives, references to beneficial entitlement.

1039 Requirements where purchasing company is a member of a group U.K.

(1) This section applies if the company making the purchase is immediately before the purchase a member of a group.

(2) In this section and sections 1040 to 1041 that group is referred to as “the purchaser's group”.

(3) If—

(a) immediately after the purchase the seller owns shares in one or more other members of the purchaser's group (whether or not the seller then owns shares in the company making the purchase), or

(b) immediately after the purchase the seller owns shares in the company making the purchase, and immediately before the purchase the seller owns shares in one or more other members of the group,

the seller's interest as a shareholder in the group must be substantially reduced (see section 1040(1)).

(4) If immediately before the purchase an associate of the seller owns shares in any member of the purchaser's group, the combined interests as shareholders in the group of the seller and the seller's associates must be substantially reduced (see section 1040(4)).

(5) This section is subject to section 1043 (relaxation of requirements in certain cases).

1040 Determining whether interests as shareholders in a group are substantially reduced U.K.

(1) The seller's interest as a shareholder in the purchaser's group is taken to be substantially reduced if (and only if) it is not more than 75% of the corresponding interest immediately before the purchase.

This is subject to section 1041(1).

(2) The seller's interest as a shareholder in the group is calculated by—

(a) expressing the total nominal value of the shares owned by the seller in each relevant company as a fraction of the issued share capital of the company,

(b) adding together the fractions obtained under paragraph (a), and

(c) dividing the result by the number of relevant companies (including any in which the seller owns no shares).

(3) In this section and section 1041 “relevant company” means—

(a) the company making the purchase, and

(b) any other member of the purchaser's group in which the seller owns shares immediately before or immediately after the purchase.

This is subject to subsection (4).

(4) The question whether the combined interests as shareholders in the purchaser's group of the seller and the seller's associates are substantially reduced is determined in the same way as the question whether a seller's interest as a shareholder in a group is substantially reduced, except that—

(a) the seller is assumed to have the interests of the seller's associates as well as the seller's own, and

(b) references in subsection (2) and section 1041(2) to a relevant company are read accordingly.

1041 Section 1040: effect of entitlement to profits U.K.

(1) The seller's interest as a shareholder in the purchaser's group is not taken to be substantially reduced if—

(a) the seller would, if every member of the group distributed all its profits available for distribution immediately after the purchase (including any profits received by it on a distribution by another member), be entitled to a share of the profits of one or more of them, and

(b) the new entitlement exceeds 75% of the old entitlement.

(2) In subsection (1)—

• “the new entitlement” means the share, or the aggregate of the shares, mentioned in subsection (1)(a), expressed as a fraction of the aggregate of the profits available for distribution of every member of the group which is—

  (a)

  a relevant company, or

  (b)

  a 51% subsidiary of a relevant company, and

• “the old entitlement” means the corresponding fraction immediately before the purchase.

(3) Subsections (2) to (5) of section 1038 apply for the purposes of this section as they apply for the purposes of section 1038(1).

1042 Other requirements U.K.

(1) The seller must not, immediately after the purchase, be connected with—

(a) the company making the purchase, or

(b) any other company which is a member of the same group as that company.

(2) The purchase must not be part of a scheme or arrangement which is designed, or likely, to result in—

(a) the seller, or

(b) an associate of the seller,

having disqualifying interests in the company.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), interests in the company are disqualifying interests if any of the requirements in subsection (1) and sections 1037 and 1039 could not be met if the person in question had those interests immediately after the purchase.

(4) A transaction occurring within one year after the purchase is treated for the purposes of subsection (2) as part of a scheme or arrangement of which the purchase is also part.

(5) Subsections (1) and (2) are subject to section 1043.

1043 Relaxation of requirements in certain cases U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) any requirement under any of sections 1037 to 1042 which is applicable is not met in relation to the seller, but

(b) the seller proposed or agreed to the purchase in order that the requirement in section 1037(2) or 1039(4) could be met in respect of the redemption, repayment or purchase of shares owned by a person of whom the seller is an associate.

(2) So far as that result is achieved through the purchase, section 1033(2) has effect as if the requirements in sections 1037 to 1042 were met in relation to the seller.

Purchase of own shares: supplementary U.K.

1044 Advance clearance of payments by Commissioners U.K.

(1) A company may make an application under this section to the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (“the Commissioners”) before making a payment on the redemption, repayment or purchase of its own shares.

(2) If, before the payment is made, the Commissioners notify the company that they are satisfied that section 1033 will apply to it, the payment is treated as one to which section 1033 applies.

(3) If, before the payment is made, the Commissioners notify the company that they are satisfied that section 1033 will not apply to it, the payment is treated as one to which section 1033 does not apply.

1045 Advance clearance: supplementary U.K.

(1) An application under section 1044—

(a) must be in writing, and

(b) must contain particulars of the relevant transactions.

(2) The Commissioners may by notice require the applicant to provide further particulars for the purpose of enabling them to make their decision.

(3) The power under subsection (2) must be exercised within 30 days of the receipt of—

(a) the application, or

(b) any further particulars previously required under subsection (2).

(4) If a notice under subsection (2) is not complied with within 30 days, or any longer period that the Commissioners may allow, the Commissioners need not proceed further on the application.

(5) The Commissioners must notify their decision to the applicant—

(a) within 30 days of receiving the application, or

(b) if they give notice under subsection (2), within 30 days of the notice being complied with.

(6) If particulars provided under this section do not fully and accurately disclose all facts and circumstances material for the decision of the Commissioners, any resulting notification by the Commissioners is void.

1046 Information and returns U.K.

(1) A company which treats a payment made by it as one to which section 1033 applies must make a return to an officer of Revenue and Customs giving details of—

(a) the payment, and

(b) the circumstances by reason of which section 1033 is regarded as applying to it.

(2) The return must be made within 60 days after the payment.

(3) A person connected with a company must give notice to an officer of Revenue and Customs if—

(a) the company treats a payment made by it as one to which section 1033 applies and in relation to which Condition A in that section is met, and

(b) the person knows of any scheme or arrangement of the kind mentioned in section 1042(2) that affects the payment.

(4) The notice—

(a) must contain particulars of the scheme or arrangement, and

(b) must be given within 60 days after the person first knows of both the payment and the scheme or arrangement.

(5) If a company treats a payment made by it as one to which section 1033 applies, an officer of Revenue and Customs may require the recipient of the payment to state—

(a) whether it is received by the recipient on behalf of another person, and

(b) if so, that person's name and address.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if—

(a) a company treats a payment made by it as one to which section 1033 applies, and

(b) the payment is received by a person on behalf of another person (“A”).

(7) An officer of Revenue and Customs may require A to state—

(a) whether there is another person (in addition to A) on whose behalf the payment is received, and

(b) if so, that person's name and address.

1047 Meaning of “group” and “51% subsidiary” in sections 1033 to 1047 U.K.

(1) In this section and sections 1033 to 1046 “group” (except in the expression “trading group”) means a company which has one or more 51% subsidiaries but is not itself a 51% subsidiary of any other company, together with those subsidiaries.

This is subject to subsection (2).

(2) If the whole or a significant part of the business carried on by an unquoted company (“the successor company”) was previously carried on by—

(a) the company making the purchase, or

(b) a company which is, apart from this subsection, a member of a group to which the company making the purchase belongs,

the successor company and any company of which it is a 51% subsidiary are treated as being members of the same group as the company making the purchase (whether or not, apart from this subsection, the company making the purchase is a member of a group).

(3) But subsection (2) does not apply if the successor company first carried on the business in question more than 3 years before the time of the purchase.

(4) For the purposes of this section and sections 1033 to 1046, a company which has ceased to be a 51% subsidiary of another company before the time of the purchase is treated as continuing to be a 51% subsidiary of that company if at the time of the purchase there exist arrangements under which it could again become such a subsidiary.

1048 Sections 1033 to 1047: other interpretation U.K.

(1) In sections 1033 to 1047—

• “holding company” means a company whose business (ignoring any trade carried on by it) consists wholly or mainly of holding shares or securities of one or more companies which are its 75% subsidiaries,

• “quoted company” means a company whose shares (or any class of whose shares) are listed in the official list of a stock exchange,

• “shares” includes stock,

• “trade” does not include dealing in shares, securities, land or futures,

• “trading company” means a company whose business consists wholly or mainly of carrying on a trade or trades,

• “trading group” means a group the business of whose members (taken together) consists wholly or mainly of carrying on a trade or trades, and

• “unquoted company” means a company which is neither a quoted company nor a 51% subsidiary of a quoted company.

(2) In the definition of “trading group” in subsection (1) “group” means a company which has one or more 75% subsidiaries, together with those subsidiaries.

(3) References in sections 1033 to 1047 to the owner of shares are to the beneficial owner except where the shares—

(a) are settled property, or

(b) are comprised in the estate of a person who has died.

In such cases the references are to the trustees of the settlement or, as the case may be, the deceased's personal representatives.

(4) References in sections 1033 to 1047 to a payment made by a company are to be read in accordance with section 1033(6).

Stock dividends U.K.

1049 Stock dividends U.K.

(1) This section applies to—

(a) share capital issued by a UK resident company in lieu of a cash dividend, and

(b) bonus share capital issued by a UK resident company in respect of shares in the company of a qualifying class.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) shares are of a qualifying class if—

(a) shares of that class carry the right to receive bonus share capital in the company (of the same or a different class), and

(b) that right is conferred by the terms on which shares of that class were originally issued or by those terms as subsequently extended or otherwise varied.

(3) If the share capital is issued in a case where section 410(2), (3) or (4) of ITTOIA 2005 (stock dividend income) applies—

(a) the share capital does not, despite paragraph C in section 1000(1) (redeemable share capital), constitute a distribution within the meaning of section 1000(1), and

(b) the share capital is not, for the purposes of—

(i) section 1022 (bonus issues following repayment of share capital), or

(ii) section 1026 (distributions following a bonus issue),

treated as issued “as paid up otherwise than by the receipt of new consideration”.

(4) This section is subject to—

(a) section 1050, and

(b) paragraph 108 of Schedule 2 (special rules for share capital issued in respect of shares issued before 6 April 1975).

1050 Application of section 1049 where bonus share capital is converted etc U.K.

(1) This section applies if bonus share capital falling within section 1049(1)(b) is converted into, or exchanged for, shares in the company of a different class.

(2) In this section “replacement shares” means shares in the company issued—

(a) in connection with the conversion or exchange, and

(b) in consideration of the cancellation, extinguishment or acquisition by the company of the bonus share capital.

(3) Section 1049 does not apply to any replacement shares.

(4) But if section 410 of ITTOIA 2005 (stock dividend income) applied to any of the bonus share capital, subsection (5) applies to replacement shares issued in consideration of the cancellation, extinguishment or acquisition by the company of the bonus share capital to which section 410 of ITTOIA 2005 applied.

(5) The replacement shares referred to in subsection (4)—

(a) do not, despite paragraph C in section 1000(1), constitute a distribution within the meaning of section 1000(1), and

(b) are not, for the purposes of—

(i) section 1022 (bonus issues following repayment of share capital), or

(ii) section 1026 (distributions following a bonus issue),

treated as issued “as paid up otherwise than by the receipt of new consideration”.

1051 “Bonus share capital” and “in lieu of a cash dividend” U.K.

(1) In sections 1049 and 1050 “bonus share capital” means—

(a) share capital issued otherwise than wholly for new consideration, or

(b) the part (if there is such a part) of any share capital so issued that is not properly referable to new consideration.

(2) For the purposes of section 1049(1)(a) share capital is issued by a company in lieu of a cash dividend if—

(a) it is issued in consequence of the exercise by a person of an option conferred on the person, and

(b) that option is an option to receive, in respect of shares in the company, either a dividend in cash or additional share capital.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), an option to receive either a dividend in cash or additional share capital is conferred on a person not only—

(a) if the person is required to choose one or the other, but also

(b) if the person is offered the one subject to a right, however expressed, to choose the other instead.

(4) The reference in subsection (2) to a person's exercise of an option includes a person's abandonment of, or failure to exercise, a right such as is mentioned in subsection (3)(b).

1052 Share capital to which section 1049 applies: returns U.K.

(1) If a company issues, in an accounting period, share capital to which section 1049 applies (“relevant share capital”), the company must make a return of the capital for each return period in which it was issued (see section 1053).

(2) The return must be made—

(a) to an officer of Revenue and Customs, and

(b) within 30 days from the end of the return period.

(3) A return made under this section for a return period must give the following information for any relevant share capital issued by the company in the period—

(a) the date on which it was issued,

(b) the date on which the company was first required to issue it (if different from the date on which it was issued),

(c) details of the terms on which it was issued, and

(d) what its cash equivalent is under section 412 of ITTOIA 2005.

(4) If it appears to an officer of Revenue and Customs that a company should have, but has not, made a return under this section for a particular return period, the officer may by notice require the company to do so.

(5) If no relevant share capital was issued by the company in the return period, a return required to be made under subsection (4) must state that that is the case.

(6) The notice under subsection (4) must specify the period within which the return must be made.

(7) That period must be at least 30 days.

1053 Return periods U.K.

(1) For the purposes of section 1052 a company's return periods in any accounting period are the periods that begin and end as follows.

• Rule 1 A return period begins at the beginning of the accounting period.

• Rule 2 If one or more quarterly days fall within the accounting period (excluding the last day of the accounting period), the end of each such day is the end of a return period, and a new return period begins immediately afterwards.

• Rule 3 A return period ends at the end of the accounting period.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) the quarterly days are 31 March, 30 June, 30 September and 31 December.

Building society payments U.K.

1054 Building society payments U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) any interest, or

(b) any dividend or other distribution,

is payable in respect of shares in, or a deposit with or loan to, a building society.

(2) No part of the interest, or of the dividend or other distribution, is a distribution of the society for corporation tax purposes.

(3) See also section 372 of ITTOIA 2005 (which makes provision about the income tax treatment of building society dividends).

Industrial and provident society payments U.K.

1055 Industrial and provident societies: interest and share dividends U.K.

(1) Interest paid by a registered industrial and provident society in respect of a mortgage, loan, loan stock or deposit is not a distribution for corporation tax purposes.

(2) If any dividend, bonus, interest or other sum—

(a) is paid to a shareholder in a registered industrial and provident society, and

(b) is payable by reference to the amount of the shareholder's holding in the society's share capital,

it is not a distribution for corporation tax purposes.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) apply even if the amount in question would otherwise be a distribution by virtue of any enactment relating to corporation tax.

(4) For the purposes of this section crediting an amount counts as paying it.

(5) See also section 379(1) of ITTOIA 2005 (income tax treatment of sums payable as mentioned in subsection (2)).

1056 Dividend or bonus relating to transactions U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a dividend or bonus is granted by a registered industrial and provident society, and

(b) section 132 of CTA 2009 (dividends etc relating to transactions with an industrial and provident society) allows the sum representing the dividend or bonus to be deducted in calculating the profits of a trade.

(2) The dividend, or the bonus, is not a distribution for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts.

Payments made by UK agricultural or fishing co-operatives U.K.

1057 UK agricultural or fishing co-operatives: interest and share dividends U.K.

(1) Interest paid by a UK agricultural or fishing co-operative in respect of a mortgage, loan, loan stock or deposit is not a distribution for corporation tax purposes.

(2) If any dividend, bonus, interest or other sum—

(a) is paid to a shareholder in a UK agricultural or fishing co-operative, and

(b) is payable by reference to the amount of the shareholder's holding in the co-operative's share capital,

it is not a distribution for corporation tax purposes.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) apply even if the amount in question would otherwise be a distribution by virtue of any enactment relating to corporation tax.

(4) For the purposes of this section crediting an amount counts as paying it.

(5) See also section 379(1) of ITTOIA 2005 (income tax treatment of sums payable as mentioned in subsection (2)).

1058 Meaning of “UK agricultural or fishing co-operative” U.K.

(1) In section 1057 “UK agricultural or fishing co-operative” means a co-operative association—

(a) which is established in the United Kingdom and UK resident, and

(b) whose primary object is assisting its members in—

(i) carrying on agricultural or horticultural businesses on land occupied by them in the United Kingdom, or

(ii) carrying on businesses consisting of the catching or taking of fish or shellfish.

(2) In subsection (1) “co-operative association” means a body with a written constitution from which the Secretary of State is satisfied that it is in substance a co-operative association.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) the Secretary of State must have regard to the way in which the body's constitution provides for its income to be applied for its members' benefit, and all other relevant provisions.

(4) In Northern Ireland subsections (2) and (3) apply with the substitution for “the Secretary of State” of “the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development”.

Supplementary provisions U.K.

1059 Associated persons U.K.

(1) This section and sections 1060 and 1061 contain the rules for determining whether a person is an associate of another (in relation to a company) for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) Two persons living together (see section 1116) who are—

(a) a husband and wife, or

(b) civil partners of each other,

are associates of one another.

(3) If a person (“the young person”) is under the age of 18—

(a) the young person is an associate of the young person's parents, and

(b) the young person's parents are associates of the young person.

(4) If a person is connected with a company—

(a) the person is an associate of the company and any company controlled by it, and

(b) the company and any company controlled by it are associates of the person.

(5) If a person—

(a) is connected with one company (“company A”), and

(b) has control of another company (“company B”),

company B is an associate of company A.

(6) If one person is accustomed to act on the directions of another in relation to the affairs of a company, the two persons are associates of one another in relation to that company.

1060 Associated persons: trustees U.K.

(1) If shares in a company are held by the trustees of a settlement then, in relation to the company—

(a) the trustees are associates of—

(i) any person who (directly or indirectly) provided property to the trustees or has made a reciprocal arrangement for another to do so,

(ii) any person who is, by virtue of section 1059(2) or (3), an associate of a person within sub-paragraph (i), and

(iii) any person who is, or may become, beneficially entitled to a significant interest in the shares, and

(b) any such person is an associate of the trustees.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to shares held on trusts which relate exclusively to a registered pension scheme.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to shares held on trusts which—

(a) are exclusively for the benefit of—

(i) the employees, or the employees and directors, of the company referred to in subsection (1) (or of companies in a group to which that company belongs), or

(ii) their dependants, and

(b) are not wholly or mainly for the benefit of directors or their relatives.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1) a person's interest is significant if its value is greater than 5% of the value of all the settled property, excluding any property in which the person is not and cannot become beneficially entitled to an interest.

(5) In subsection (3) “group” means a company which has one or more 51% subsidiaries, together with those subsidiaries.

1061 Associated persons: personal representatives U.K.

(1) If shares in a company are comprised in the estate of a person who has died then, in relation to the company—

(a) the deceased's personal representatives are associates of any person who is or may become beneficially entitled to a significant interest in the shares, and

(b) any such person is an associate of the personal representatives.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) a person's interest is significant if its value is greater than 5% of the value of all the property comprised in the estate concerned, excluding any property in which the person is not and cannot become beneficially entitled to an interest.

1062 Connected persons U.K.

(1) This section contains the rules for determining whether a person is connected with a company for the purposes of this Chapter.

(2) A person is connected with a company if the person directly or indirectly possesses, or is entitled to acquire, more than 30% of—

(a) the issued ordinary share capital of the company,

(b) the loan capital and the issued share capital of the company, or

(c) the voting power in the company.

(3) If a person—

(a) acquired, or became entitled to acquire, loan capital of a company in the ordinary course of a business which includes the lending of money, and

(b) takes no part in the management or conduct of the company,

the person's interest in that loan capital is ignored for the purposes of subsection (2).

(4) A person is connected with a company if the person (directly or indirectly)—

(a) possesses, or

(b) is entitled to acquire,

rights that would, in the event of a winding up or in any other circumstances, entitle the person to receive more than 30% of the assets of the company which would then be available for distribution to equity holders of the company.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (4)—

(a) “equity holder” is to be read in accordance with sections 158 to 164, and

(b) the percentage of the assets of a company to which a person would be entitled is to be determined in accordance with sections 166 and 167.

(6) In section 166 as it applies for the purposes of subsection (4)—

(a) references to company A are to be read as including a person who is not a company, and

(b) references to a winding up are to be read as including references to any other circumstances in which assets of a company are available for distribution to equity holders.

(7) A person who has control of a company is connected with it.

1063 Section 1062: supplementary U.K.

(1) References in section 1062 to the loan capital of a company are to any debt incurred by the company—

(a) for any money borrowed or capital assets acquired by the company,

(b) for any right to receive income created in favour of the company, or

(c) for consideration the value of which to the company was (at the time when the debt was incurred) substantially less than the amount of the debt.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) the amount of the debt includes any premium on the debt.

(3) For the purposes of section 1062 a person is treated as entitled to acquire anything which the person—

(a) is entitled to acquire at a future date, or

(b) will at a future date be entitled to acquire.

(4) For the purposes of this section and section 1062 a person is assumed to have the rights and powers of the person's associates (as well as the person's own rights and powers).

Chapter 4 U.K. Special rules for distributions made by certain companies

Close companies U.K.

1064 Certain expenses of close companies treated as distributions U.K.

(1) This section applies if a close company incurs an expense in, or in connection with, the provision for any participator of—

(a) living or other accommodation,

(b) entertainment,

(c) domestic or other services, or

(d) other benefits or facilities of any kind.

(2) The company is treated for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as making a distribution to the participator of an amount equal to—

(a) the expense, less

(b) any part of the expense that the participator makes good to the company (so far as not already deducted in calculating the amount of the expense in accordance with subsection (3)).

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(a), the amount of the expense is equal to what would, under Chapter 6, 7 or 10 of Part 3 of ITEPA 2003, be the cash equivalent of the resultant benefit to the participator.

(4) Subsection (2) is subject to sections 1065 and 1066, and to any other express exceptions.

1065 Exception for benefits treated as employment income etc U.K.

Section 1064 does not apply to expenses incurred—

(a) in the provision for a person or persons mentioned in the first column of the table in this subsection of anything mentioned in the corresponding entry in the second column of the table, or

(b) in connection with such provision.

Person benefiting	Benefit
A person employed in employment to which Part 3 of ITEPA 2003 (benefits etc treated as employment income) applies without the exclusion in section 216 of that Act (provisions not applicable to lower-paid employment).	Such benefits as are mentioned in— (a) Chapter 6, 7 or 10 of Part 3 of ITEPA 2003 (cars and vans, loans and other benefits), or (b) section 223 of that Act (payments on account of director's tax).
Any person.	Living accommodation which is (within the meaning of Chapter 5 of Part 3 of ITEPA 2003) provided by reason of the person's employment.
The spouse or civil partner, children or dependants of a person (“the employee”) employed by the company.	A pension, annuity, lump sum, gratuity or other like benefit to be given on the employee's death or retirement.

1066 Exception for certain transfers between UK resident companies U.K.

(1) Section 1064 does not apply if the company and the participator are both UK resident and—

(a) one is a 51% subsidiary of the other or both are 51% subsidiaries of a third company which is also UK resident, and

(b) the benefit to the participator arises on a transfer of assets or liabilities—

(i) by the company to the participator, or

(ii) to the company by the participator,

or in connection with such a transfer.

(2) In determining whether one body corporate (“A”) is a 51% subsidiary of another (“B”) for the purposes of subsection (1), B is treated as not being the owner of—

(a) any share capital which it owns directly in a body corporate as trading stock,

(b) any share capital which it owns indirectly, and which is owned directly by a body corporate as trading stock, or

(c) any share capital which it owns directly or indirectly in a body corporate that is not UK resident.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) share capital owned by a body is owned as trading stock if (and only if) a profit on the sale of the shares would be treated as a trading receipt of the body's trade.

1067 Companies acting in concert or under arrangements U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) each of two or more close companies makes a payment,

(b) each of those payments is made to a person who—

(i) is not a participator in the company making the payment, but

(ii) is a participator in another of those companies, and

(c) the companies are acting in concert or under arrangements made by any person.

(2) For the purposes of sections 1064 to 1066, each payment made to a person as mentioned in subsection (1) is treated as if it had been made to that person by the company in which that person is a participator.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) apply, with any necessary adaptations, in relation to the giving of any consideration, and to the provision of any facilities, as they apply in relation to the making of a payment.

1068 Meaning of “participator” in sections 1064 to 1067 U.K.

(1) In sections 1064 to 1067 “participator” has the same meaning as in Part 10 (see section 454).

(2) Section 1069 extends the meaning given by subsection (1).

1069 Additional persons treated as participators U.K.

(1) In sections 1064 to 1067 any reference to a participator includes an associate of a participator.

(2) If a company (“A”) controls another company (“B”), a person who—

(a) is a participator in A, or

(b) is an associate of a participator in A,

is treated for the purposes of sections 1064 to 1067 as being a participator in B as well.

(3) In this section the following expressions have the same meaning as in Part 10 (close companies)—

(a) “associate” (see section 448),

(b) “control” (see sections 450 and 451), and

(c) “participator” (see section 454).

Companies carrying on a mutual business U.K.

1070 Companies carrying on a mutual business U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if a company carries on a business (“the mutual business”) of—

(a) mutual trading,

(b) mutual insurance, or

(c) other mutual business.

(2) The provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts relating to distributions apply to relevant distributions made by the company only so far as they are made out of—

(a) profits of the company which are brought into charge to corporation tax, or

(b) franked investment income.

This is subject to subsection (4).

(3) In subsection (2) “relevant distributions” means distributions which—

(a) are made to persons participating in the mutual activities of the mutual business, and

(b) derive from those activities.

(4) If a company carries on a mutual life assurance business, the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts relating to distributions do not apply to distributions made by the company which—

(a) are made to persons participating in the mutual activities of the business, and

(b) derive from those activities.

(5) Subject to subsections (1) to (4), the fact that—

(a) a distribution made by a company carrying on a mutual business is derived from the mutual activities of that business, and

(b) the recipient is a company participating in those activities,

does not affect the character that the payment or other receipt has for the purposes of corporation tax or income tax in the hands of the recipient.

(6) In subsection (2) “profits” means income and chargeable gains.

Companies not carrying on a business U.K.

1071 Companies not carrying on a business U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company meets conditions A, B and C.

(2) Condition A is that the company does not carry on, and has never carried on—

(a) a trade, or

(b) a business of holding investments.

(3) Condition B is that the company does not hold, and has never held, an office.

(4) Condition C is that the company is not established for purposes which include—

(a) carrying on a trade,

(b) carrying on a business of holding investments, or

(c) holding an office.

(5) The provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts relating to distributions apply to distributions made by the company only so far as the distributions are made out of—

(a) profits of the company which are brought into charge to corporation tax, or

(b) franked investment income.

(6) In subsection (5) “profits” means income and chargeable gains.

Members of a 90% group U.K.

1072 Members of a 90% group U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “distribution”, in relation to a company which is a member of a 90% group, includes anything distributed out of assets of the company (whether in cash or otherwise) in respect of shares in or securities of another company in the group.

(2) Subsection (1) is without prejudice to paragraph B in section 1000(1) (distributions, other than dividends, in respect of shares) as extended by section 1113(1).

(3) Nothing in subsection (1) requires a company to be treated as making a distribution to any other company which is in the same group and is UK resident.

(4) In this section “90% group” means a company and all its 90% subsidiaries.

Chapter 5 U.K. Demergers

Introduction U.K.

1073 Key terms etc U.K.

(1) The following are key terms in this Chapter—

(a) “chargeable payment” (see sections 1088 and 1089),

(b) “company concerned in an exempt distribution” (see section 1090),

(c) “the distributing company” (see section 1079),

(d) “exempt distribution” (defined in section 1075), and

(e) “relevant company” (defined in section 1080).

(2) For a further rule about chargeable payments made within 5 years after an exempt distribution see section 1028 (rule that they are not treated as repayments of capital for certain purposes).

1074 Purpose of provisions about demergers U.K.

(1) The purpose of the provisions about demergers is to facilitate certain transactions by which trading activities carried on by a single company or group are divided so as to be carried on—

(a) by two or more companies not belonging to the same group, or

(b) by two or more independent groups.

(2) In subsection (1) “the provisions about demergers” means—

(a) this Chapter, except section 1078 (and section 1075, so far as relating to section 1078), and

(b) section 1028 (chargeable payments not treated as repayments of share capital).

Exempt distributions U.K.

1075 Exempt distributions U.K.

(1) An exempt distribution is not a distribution of a company for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts.

(2) In this Chapter “exempt distribution” means a distribution which is an exempt distribution by virtue of section 1076, 1077 or 1078.

1076 Transfer of shares in subsidiaries to members U.K.

A distribution is an exempt distribution if—

(a) it consists of the transfer by a company to all or any of its members of shares in one or more companies which are its 75% subsidiaries,

(b) each of conditions A to F in sections 1081 and 1082 is met in respect of the distribution, and

(c) if the company making the transfer is a 75% subsidiary of another company, conditions L and M in section 1085 are met in respect of the distribution.

1077 Transfer by distributing company and issue of shares by transferee company U.K.

(1) This section applies to a distribution which consists of both of the following—

(a) the transfer by a company to one or more other companies (“the transferee company or companies”) of—

(i) a trade or trades, or

(ii) shares in one or more companies which are 75% subsidiaries of the company making the transfer, and

(b) the issue of shares by the transferee company or companies to all or any of the members of the company making the transfer.

(2) A distribution to which this section applies is an exempt distribution if—

(a) each of conditions A to D in section 1081 and each of conditions G to K in section 1083 is met in respect of the distribution, and

(b) if the company making the transfer is a 75% subsidiary of another company, conditions L and M in section 1085 are met in respect of the distribution.

1078 Division of business in a cross-border transfer U.K.

(1) This section applies to a distribution which consists of—

(a) the transfer of part of a business by a company to one or more other companies (“the transferee company or companies”), and

(b) the issue of shares by the transferee company or companies to the members of the company making the transfer.

(2) A distribution to which this section applies is an exempt distribution if either—

(a) each of the tests in paragraphs (a) to (f) of section 140A(1A) of TCGA 1992 (cross-border transfers: division of UK business) is met in relation to it, or

(b) each of the tests in paragraphs (a) to (e) of section 140C(1A) of TCGA 1992 (cross-border transfers: division of non-UK business) is met in relation to it.

1079 “The distributing company” U.K.

References in this Chapter to the distributing company are—

(a) in the case of a distribution falling within paragraph (a) of section 1076, to the company that makes the transfer of shares mentioned in that paragraph,

(b) in the case of a distribution falling within section 1077(1), to the company that makes the transfer mentioned in section 1077(1)(a), and

(c) in the case of a distribution falling within section 1078(1), to the company that makes the transfer of part of a business mentioned in section 1078(1)(a).

1080 Meaning of “relevant company” U.K.

(1) This section gives the meaning of “relevant company” in this Chapter.

(2) In the case of a distribution falling within section 1076(a) the relevant companies are—

(a) the distributing company, and

(b) each subsidiary whose shares are transferred as mentioned in section 1076(a).

(3) In the case of a distribution falling within section 1077(1), the relevant companies are—

(a) the distributing company,

(b) each transferee company mentioned in section 1077(1)(a), and

(c) each subsidiary whose shares are transferred as mentioned in section 1077(1)(a)(ii).

(4) In the case of a distribution falling within section 1078(1), the relevant companies are—

(a) the distributing company, and

(b) each transferee company mentioned in section 1078(1)(a).

Exemption by virtue of section 1076 or 1077: conditions U.K.

1081 General conditions U.K.

(1) Condition A is that each relevant company must be resident in a member State at the time of the distribution.

(2) Condition B is that at the time of the distribution—

(a) the distributing company must be either a trading company or a member of a trading group, and

(b) each subsidiary whose shares are transferred as mentioned in section 1076(a) or 1077(1)(a)(ii) must be either a trading company or the holding company of a trading group.

(3) Condition C is that the distribution must be made wholly or mainly for the purpose of benefiting some or all of the trading activities which—

(a) before the distribution are carried on by a single company or group, and

(b) after the distribution will be carried on by two or more companies or groups.

(4) Condition D is that the distribution must not form part of a scheme or arrangement to which subsection (5) applies.

(5) This subsection applies to any scheme or arrangement the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is—

(a) the avoidance of tax,

(b) the making of a chargeable payment (see section 1088),

(c) the making, in pursuance of a scheme or arrangements with a company (“A”) or with any of its main participators, of what would be a chargeable payment if A were an unquoted company,

(d) the acquisition by any person or persons, other than the members of the distributing company, of control of—

(i) the distributing company,

(ii) any other relevant company, or

(iii) any company which belongs to the same group as the distributing company or any other relevant company,

(e) the cessation of a trade after the distribution, or

(f) the sale of a trade after the distribution.

(6) Subsections (5)(b) and (c) are without prejudice to the width of subsection (5)(a).

(7) In subsection (5)—

• “group” means a company which has one or more 51% subsidiaries together with those subsidiaries,

• “main participators” has the meaning given by section 1089(1)(b), and

• “tax” includes stamp duty and stamp duty land tax.

1082 Conditions for distributions within section 1076(a) U.K.

(1) Condition E is that the shares mentioned in section 1076(a)—

(a) must not be redeemable,

(b) must constitute the whole or substantially the whole of the distributing company's holding of the ordinary share capital of the subsidiary, and

(c) must confer the whole or substantially the whole of the distributing company's voting rights in the subsidiary.

(2) Condition F is that the distributing company must after the distribution be either—

(a) a trading company, or

(b) the holding company of a trading group.

But see subsections (3) and (4).

(3) Condition F need not be met if the distributing company is a 75% subsidiary of another company.

(4) Condition F need not be met if—

(a) the transfer mentioned in section 1076(a) relates to two or more 75% subsidiaries of the distributing company, and

(b) the distributing company is dissolved without there having been after the distribution any net assets of the company available for distribution on a winding up or otherwise.

1083 Conditions for distributions within section 1077(1) U.K.

(1) Condition G is that if a trade is transferred, the distributing company must either—

(a) not retain any interest in that trade, or

(b) retain only a minor interest in it.

(2) Condition H is that if shares in a subsidiary are transferred those shares—

(a) must constitute the whole or substantially the whole of the distributing company's holding of the ordinary share capital of the subsidiary, and

(b) must confer the whole or substantially the whole of the distributing company's voting rights in the subsidiary.

(3) Condition I is that the only or main activity of the transferee company, or each transferee company, after the distribution must be—

(a) the carrying on of the trade, or

(b) the holding of the shares transferred to it.

(4) Condition J is that the shares issued by the transferee company or each transferee company—

(a) must not be redeemable,

(b) must constitute the whole or substantially the whole of its issued ordinary share capital, and

(c) must confer the whole or substantially the whole of the voting rights in that company.

(5) Condition K is that the distributing company must after the distribution be either a trading company or the holding company of a trading group.

1084 Cases where condition K does not apply U.K.

(1) Condition K need not be met if the distributing company is a 75% subsidiary of another company.

(2) Condition K need not be met if—

(a) there are two or more transferee companies each of which has transferred to it—

(i) a trade, or

(ii) shares in a separate 75% subsidiary of the distributing company, and

(b) the distributing company is dissolved without there having been after the distribution any net assets of the company available for distribution on a winding up or otherwise.

1085 Conditions to be met if the distributing company is a 75% subsidiary U.K.

(1) Condition L is that the group (or, if more than one, the largest group) to which the distributing company belongs at the time of the distribution must be a trading group.

(2) Condition M is that the distribution (“the original distribution”) must be followed by one or more other distributions (“further distributions”) falling within section 1076(a) or 1077(1)(a)(ii) which—

(a) are exempt distributions, and

(b) comply with subsection (3).

(3) To comply with this subsection a further distribution must result in members of the holding company of the group (or, if more than one, the largest group) to which the distributing company belonged at the time of the original distribution becoming members of—

(a) the transferee company or each transferee company to which a trade was transferred by the distributing company,

(b) the subsidiary or each subsidiary whose shares were transferred by the distributing company, or

(c) a company (other than the holding company) of which the company or companies mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) are 75% subsidiaries.

Chargeable payments U.K.

1086 Chargeable payments connected with exempt distributions U.K.

(1) This section applies if a chargeable payment is made within 5 years after an exempt distribution.

(2) The amount or value of the payment is chargeable—

(a) to income tax, or

(b) to corporation tax under the charge to corporation tax on income.

(3) An amount charged to income tax under subsection (2) is treated for income tax purposes as an amount of income.

(4) Income tax under subsection (2) is charged on the full amount or value of the payment made in the tax year.

(5) The person liable for any income tax charged under subsection (2) is the person receiving or entitled to the payment.

(6) References in this section and sections 1087 to 1094 to a payment include—

(a) the assumption of a liability, and

(b) any other transfer of money's worth.

1087 Chargeable payments not deductible in calculating profits U.K.

If a chargeable payment is made within 5 years after an exempt distribution, the chargeable payment is treated as a distribution for the purposes of section 1305 of CTA 2009 (no deduction for distributions in calculation of a company's profits).

1088 Meaning of “chargeable payment” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “a chargeable payment” means any payment which—

(a) meets each of conditions A to D in this section, or

(b) is a chargeable payment by virtue of section 1089.

(2) Condition A is that the payment is made by a company concerned in an exempt distribution and is made (directly or indirectly)—

(a) to a member of that company, or

(b) to a member of any other company concerned in the exempt distribution.

(3) Condition B is that the payment is made—

(a) in connection with the shares in the company making the payment,

(b) in connection with the shares in any other company concerned in the exempt distribution, or

(c) in connection with any transaction affecting the shares mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b).

(4) Condition C is that the payment—

(a) is not made for genuine commercial reasons, or

(b) forms part of a tax avoidance scheme.

(5) Condition D is that the payment—

(a) is not a distribution or an exempt distribution, and

(b) is not made to a company that belongs to the same group as the company making the payment.

(6) In this section and section 1089—

• “tax avoidance scheme” means a scheme or arrangement the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is the avoidance of tax, and

• “tax” includes stamp duty and stamp duty land tax.

(7) This section is to be read with section 1089.

1089 Meaning of “chargeable payment”: unquoted companies U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company concerned in an exempt distribution is an unquoted company and a person makes a payment (to any person) in pursuance of a scheme or arrangement made—

(a) with the unquoted company, or

(b) if the unquoted company—

(i) is under the control of 5 or fewer persons (its “main participators”), and

(ii) is not excepted by subsection (6),

with any of the unquoted company's main participators.

(2) The payment is a chargeable payment if it meets each of conditions B1 to D1.

(3) Condition B1 is that the payment is made—

(a) in connection with the shares in the company (if it is a company) making the payment,

(b) in connection with the shares in any company concerned in the exempt distribution, or

(c) in connection with any transaction affecting the shares mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b).

(4) Condition C1 is that the payment—

(a) is not made for genuine commercial reasons, or

(b) forms part of a tax avoidance scheme.

(5) Condition D1 is that the payment (if made by a company)—

(a) is not a distribution or an exempt distribution, and

(b) is not made to a company that belongs to the same group as that company.

(6) The unquoted company is excepted for the purposes of subsection (1)(b)(ii) if—

(a) it is under the control of (and only of) a company, and

(b) that company is not under the control of 5 or fewer persons.

1090 Meaning of “company concerned in an exempt distribution” U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter the companies concerned in an exempt distribution are—

(a) any relevant company (as defined in section 1080), and

(b) any other company which was connected with any relevant company for the whole or any part of the affected period.

(2) In this section “the affected period” means the period—

(a) beginning with the exempt distribution, and

(b) ending with the making of the payment in question.

(3) For the purposes of this section, if a company (“A”) is connected with another company (“B”) in the affected period, A is also connected in that period with any company with which B is connected (with or without the help of this subsection) in that period.

Advance clearance U.K.

1091 Advance clearance of distributions U.K.

(1) Before a distribution is made, the distributing company may apply under this section to the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (“the Commissioners”).

(2) If, before the distribution is made, the Commissioners notify that company that they are satisfied that it will be an exempt distribution, the distribution is treated as an exempt distribution.

1092 Advance clearance of payments U.K.

(1) If—

(a) a person intending to make a payment applies under this section to the Commissioners, and

(b) before the payment is made the Commissioners notify the person that they are satisfied that the payment meets the conditions set out in subsection (2),

the payment is not treated as a chargeable payment.

(2) The conditions are that the payment—

(a) will be made for genuine commercial reasons, and

(b) will not form part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is the avoidance of tax.

(3) In subsection (2) “tax” includes stamp duty and stamp duty land tax.

(4) A company which—

(a) becomes connected with another company, or

(b) ceases to be connected with another company,

may make an application under subsection (1) with respect to any payments that may be made by it at any time after becoming or ceasing to be connected with the company in question (whether or not there is any present intention to make any payments).

(5) If the Commissioners give a notification on an application made by virtue of subsection (4), no payment to which the notification relates is to be treated as a chargeable payment merely because the company is or has been connected with the other company.

1093 Requirements relating to applications for clearance U.K.

(1) Any application under section 1091 or 1092—

(a) must be in writing, and

(b) must contain particulars of the relevant transactions.

(2) The Commissioners may by notice require a person making an application under section 1091 or 1092 to provide further particulars for the purpose of enabling them to make their decision.

(3) The power under subsection (2) must be exercised within 30 days of the receipt of—

(a) the application, or

(b) any further particulars previously required under subsection (2).

(4) If a notice under subsection (2) is not complied with within 30 days, or any longer period that the Commissioners may allow, the Commissioners need not proceed further on the application.

1094 Decision of the Commissioners or tribunal U.K.

(1) The Commissioners must notify their decision to the person making the application under section 1091 or 1092—

(a) within 30 days of receiving the application, or

(b) if they give a notice under section 1093(2), within 30 days of when the notice is complied with.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if the Commissioners—

(a) (in the case of an application under section 1091) notify the applicant that they are not satisfied that the distribution will be an exempt distribution,

(b) (in the case of an application under section 1092) notify the applicant that they are not satisfied that a payment meets the conditions set out in section 1092(2), or

(c) (in either case) do not notify their decision to the applicant within the time required by subsection (1).

(3) The applicant may require the Commissioners to transmit the application, together with any notice given and further particulars provided under section 1093(2), to the tribunal.

(4) In that event, any notification by the tribunal has effect for the purposes of this section as if it were a decision of the Commissioners.

(5) The right under subsection (3) must be exercised within 30 days of—

(a) the notification of the Commissioners' decision, or

(b) the time by which the Commissioners are required to notify their decision to the applicant.

(6) If any particulars provided under section 1093 in relation to an application under section 1091 do not fully and accurately disclose all facts and circumstances material for the decision of the Commissioners or tribunal, any resulting notification that the Commissioners are satisfied, or that the tribunal is satisfied, that the distribution will be an exempt distribution is void.

(7) If any particulars provided under section 1093 in relation to an application under section 1092 do not fully and accurately disclose all facts and circumstances material for the decision of the Commissioners or tribunal, any resulting notification that the Commissioners are satisfied, or that the tribunal is satisfied, that the payment in question meets the conditions set out in section 1092(2) is void.

Information and returns U.K.

1095 Exempt distributions: returns U.K.

(1) A company which makes an exempt distribution must make a return to an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(2) The return must give details of—

(a) the distribution, and

(b) the circumstances by reason of which it is exempt.

(3) The return must be made within 30 days after the distribution.

1096 Chargeable payments etc: returns U.K.

(1) A person must make a return to an officer of Revenue and Customs if—

(a) the person makes a chargeable payment within 5 years after the making of an exempt distribution, and

(b) the chargeable payment consists of a transfer of money's worth.

(2) The return under subsection (1) must give details of—

(a) the transaction effecting the transfer,

(b) the name and address of each recipient,

(c) the value of what is transferred to each recipient, and

(d) any payment of money which accompanies the transfer and is itself a chargeable payment.

(3) A person must make a return to an officer of Revenue and Customs if, within 5 years after the making of an exempt distribution, the person makes a payment or transfer of money's worth which—

(a) is made for genuine commercial reasons and does not form part of a scheme or arrangement the main purpose or one of the main purposes of which is the avoidance of tax, but

(b) would be a chargeable payment if that were not so.

(4) In subsection (3)(a) “tax” includes stamp duty and stamp duty land tax.

(5) Subsection (3) does not apply if a notification under section 1092(5) (payment not to be treated as a chargeable payment merely because of a connection between two companies) has effect in relation to the payment or transfer.

(6) In the case of a transfer, the return under subsection (3) must give the following information—

(a) details of the transaction which effects the transfer,

(b) the name and address of each recipient,

(c) the value of what is transferred to each recipient, and

(d) a statement of the circumstances by reason of which the transfer is not a chargeable payment.

(7) In the case of a payment, the return under subsection (3) must give the following information—

(a) the name and address of each recipient,

(b) the amount of the payment made to each recipient, and

(c) a statement of the circumstances by reason of which the payment is not a chargeable payment.

(8) The return under subsection (1) or (3) must be made within 30 days after the transfer or payment.

1097 Information about person for whom a payment is received U.K.

(1) An officer of Revenue and Customs may require any recipient of a chargeable payment to state—

(a) whether it is received by the recipient on behalf of another person, and

(b) if so, that person's name and address.

(2) An officer of Revenue and Customs may require a person (“A”) on whose behalf a chargeable payment is received to state—

(a) whether there is another person (in addition to A) on whose behalf the payment is received, and

(b) if so, that person's name and address.

Supplementary U.K.

1098 Meaning of “unquoted company” U.K.

(1) A company is an unquoted company for the purposes of this Chapter if none of its shares is—

(a) listed in the Official List of the Stock Exchange, and

(b) dealt in on the Stock Exchange regularly or from time to time.

(2) But a company is not an unquoted company for the purposes of this Chapter if it is under the control of (and only of) one or more companies which are not unquoted companies for those purposes.

(3) The reference in subsection (1) to shares does not include debenture stock, loan stock, preferred shares or preferred stock.

1099 Other definitions etc U.K.

(1) In this Chapter—

• “control” has the same meaning as in Part 10 (see sections 450 and 451),

• “group” means a company which has one or more 75% subsidiaries together with those subsidiaries (but there is a separate definition of “group” for the purposes of section 1081(5)(d)),

• “holding company” means a company whose business (ignoring any trade carried on by it) consists wholly or mainly of holding shares or securities of one or more companies which are its 75% subsidiaries,

• “member” where the reference is to a member of a company—

  (a)

  in section 1088(2) includes a person who is a member otherwise than by virtue of holding shares forming part of the ordinary share capital of the company, but

  (b)

  elsewhere only includes persons who are members by virtue of holding shares forming part of the ordinary share capital of the company,

• “shares” includes stock,

• “trade”, except in subsection (4), does not include dealing in shares, securities, land, trades or commodity futures,

• “trading activities” is to be read in accordance with the above definition of “trade”,

• “trading company” means a company whose business consists wholly or mainly of carrying on a trade or trades, and

• “trading group” means a group the business of whose members (taken together) consists wholly or mainly of carrying on a trade or trades.

(2) In determining for the purposes of sections 1076(a), 1077(1), 1082(4) or 1084(2) whether a company (“A”) whose shares are transferred by the distributing company is a 75% subsidiary of the distributing company, ignore any share capital of A which is owned indirectly by the distributing company.

(3) In determining for the purposes of this Chapter whether one company is a 75% subsidiary of another, the other company is treated as not being the owner of—

(a) any share capital which it owns directly in a body corporate as trading stock, or

(b) any share capital which it owns indirectly and which is owned directly by a body corporate as trading stock.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) share capital owned by a person is owned as trading stock if (and only if) a profit on a sale of the shares would be treated as a trading receipt of that person's trade.

Chapter 6 U.K. Information and returns: further provisions

General duties to provide information U.K.

1100 Qualifying distributions: right to request a statement U.K.

(1) If a company makes a qualifying distribution, the recipient is entitled to ask the company to provide a statement in writing showing—

(a) the amount or value of the distribution, and

(b) the amount of the tax credit (under section 1109(2) below or section 397(1) of ITTOIA 2005) to which an eligible person would be entitled in respect of the distribution.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) it does not matter whether or not the recipient is in fact an eligible person.

(3) The request must be in writing.

(4) The company which makes the distribution has a duty to comply with a request under subsection (1), and that duty is enforceable by the recipient.

(5) In this section “eligible person” means a person who is entitled to a tax credit in respect of the dividend.

(6) This section does not affect the operation of section 1104 (duty to provide tax certificates).

1101 Non-qualifying distributions etc: returns and information U.K.

(1) If a company makes a distribution which is not a qualifying distribution, it must make a return to an officer of Revenue and Customs.

(2) The return must—

(a) contain particulars of the transaction giving rise to the distribution,

(b) state the name and address of the recipient, or each recipient, of the distribution, and

(c) state the amount or value of the distribution received by the recipient, or each recipient.

(3) The return must be made—

(a) within 14 days from the end of the accounting period in which the distribution is made, or

(b) if the date on which the distribution is made does not fall in an accounting period, within 14 days from that date.

(4) If it is not apparent whether or not a transaction gives rise to a distribution which is not a qualifying distribution, the company—

(a) must make a return to an officer of Revenue and Customs containing particulars of the transaction, and

(b) must do so within the time limit that would be given by subsection (3) if the transaction did give rise to such a distribution.

(5) If subsection (4) applies, an officer of Revenue and Customs may serve a notice on the company requiring it to provide any further information in relation to the transaction that the officer reasonably requires.

(6) If it appears to an officer of Revenue and Customs that particulars of any transaction should have been, but have not been, included in a return under subsection (1) or (4), the officer may serve a notice on the company requiring it to provide any information relating to the transaction that the officer reasonably requires.

(7) The company must provide the information required under subsection (5) or (6) within the time specified in the notice.

1102 Non-qualifying distributions etc: additional information U.K.

(1) This section—

(a) gives officers of Revenue and Customs power to require persons to provide information for the purposes of section 1101, and

(b) applies only if section 1101(1), (4) or (6) applies.

(2) An officer of Revenue and Customs may, for the purposes of section 1101, by notice require any person in whose name any shares or loan capital are registered—

(a) to state whether or not that person is the beneficial owner of the shares or loan capital, and

(b) if that person is not the beneficial owner of the shares or loan capital, to provide the name and address of the person on whose behalf the shares or loan capital are registered in that person's name.

(3) Subsections (4) and (5) apply if a company (“the issuing company”) appears to an officer of Revenue and Customs to be a close company.

(4) The officer may, for the purposes of section 1101, by notice require the issuing company to provide the officer with—

(a) particulars of any bearer securities issued by the company,

(b) the names and addresses of the persons to whom the securities were issued, and

(c) details of the amounts issued to each person.

(5) The officer may, for the purposes of section 1101, by notice require—

(a) any person to whom bearer securities were issued by the company, or

(b) any person to or through whom bearer securities issued by the company were subsequently sold or transferred,

to provide any further information that the officer reasonably requires with a view to enabling the officer to find out the names and addresses of the persons beneficially interested in the securities.

(6) In this section—

• “securities” includes—

  (a)

  shares, stocks, bonds, debentures and debenture stock, and

  (b)

  any promissory note or other instrument evidencing indebtedness to a loan creditor of the company, and

• “loan creditor” has the meaning given by section 453.

1103 Power to modify or replace sections 1101 and 1102 U.K.

(1) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may by regulations modify, supplement or replace any of the provisions of sections 1101 and 1102 for the purpose stated in subsection (2).

(2) That is the purpose of requiring UK resident companies to—

(a) make returns, and

(b) give information,

to an officer of Revenue and Customs in respect of distributions made by the companies which are not qualifying distributions.

(3) References in this Act and in any other enactment to sections 1101 and 1102 are to be read as including a reference to any regulations made under this section.

(4) Regulations under this section may authorise the Commissioners to make special arrangements as regards the matters specified in subsection (5) if in their opinion there are circumstances justifying it.

(5) Those matters are—

(a) the repayment of income tax borne by a company, and

(b) the payment to a company of amounts in respect of any tax credit to which it is entitled.

(6) Regulations under this section may—

(a) make different provision for different descriptions of companies and for different circumstances, and

(b) contain incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision and savings.

(7) No regulations may be made under this section unless a draft of the statutory instrument containing them has been laid before and approved by a resolution of the House of Commons.

Companies and nominees required to provide tax certificates U.K.

1104 Company distributing dividend or interest: duty to provide tax certificates U.K.

(1) This section applies if a distribution consisting of any dividend or interest is made by a company which is—

(a) a company as defined in section 1(1) of the Companies Act 2006, or

(b) a company created by letters patent or by or in pursuance of an Act.

(2) If the company makes a payment of dividend or interest into a bank or building society account held by any person the company must, within a reasonable period, send a tax certificate (see section 1106) to either—

(a) the bank or building society, or

(b) the person holding the account.

(3) If the company makes a payment of dividend or interest to a person without paying it into a bank or building society account, the company must, within a reasonable period, send a tax certificate to that person.

1105 Duties of nominees U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a tax certificate is received by a person under section 1104(2)(b) or (3), and

(b) the sum concerned (or part of it)—

(i) is paid to that person as nominee for another person, or

(ii) is paid into the account of that person as nominee for another person.

(2) If the nominee pays the sum (or the part concerned) into a bank or building society account held by the other person the nominee must, within a reasonable period, send a tax certificate to either—

(a) the bank or building society, or

(b) the other person.

(3) If the nominee pays the sum (or the part concerned) to the other person without paying it into a bank or building society account held by that person, the nominee must, within a reasonable period, send a tax certificate to that person.

1106 Meaning of “tax certificate” etc U.K.

(1) This section gives the meaning of “bank”, “send” and “tax certificate” in sections 1104 and 1105.

(2) “Bank” has the meaning given by section 1120.

(3) “Send” means send by post.

(4) “Tax certificate”, in relation to a payment of dividend or interest, means a written statement showing—

(a) the amount of the dividend or interest paid,

(b) the date of the payment, and

(c) the amount of the tax credit (under section 1109(2) below or section 397(1) of ITTOIA 2005) to which an eligible person would be entitled in respect of the dividend or interest.

(5) In subsection (4)(c) “eligible person” means a person who is entitled to a tax credit in respect of the dividend or interest.

(6) But for the purposes of subsection (4)(c) it does not matter whether or not any person is in fact entitled to a tax credit in respect of the dividend or interest.

1107 Penalties U.K.

(1) A person who fails to comply with section 1104(2) or (3) or section 1105(2) or (3) is liable to a penalty of £60 for each offence.

(2) But, in respect of offences connected with any one distribution of dividends or interest, the total amount of any penalties imposed on a person under subsection (1) must not exceed £600.

1108 Alternative means of compliance with sections 1104 and 1105 U.K.

(1) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs may by regulations provide that a person may comply with section 1104(2) or (3) or section 1105(2) or (3) either—

(a) by acting in accordance with the subsection concerned, or

(b) by acting in accordance with rules contained in the regulations.

(2) Regulations under subsection (1) may make different provision for different circumstances.

Chapter 7 U.K. Tax credits

1109 Tax credits for certain recipients of exempt qualifying distributions U.K.

(1) This section applies if a company makes a qualifying distribution which is exempt for the purposes of Part 9A of CTA 2009 (company distributions).

(2) If the person receiving the distribution is a UK resident company, that company is entitled to a tax credit equal to one-ninth of the amount or value of the distribution (but see subsection (5)).

(3) If the distribution is, or is treated under any provision of the Tax Acts as, the income of a person (“P”) other than the recipient (“R”), P (not R) is treated as receiving it for the purposes of subsection (2) (and so P (not R) is entitled to a tax credit if P falls within subsection (2)).

(4) Section 1102(2) to (6) (power to obtain certain information from close companies and others) applies for the purposes of this section as it applies for the purposes of section 1101.

(5) This section is subject to the following provisions—

(a) section 808 (no tax credits for borrower under stock lending arrangement),

(b) section 809 (no tax credits for lender under creditor repo or creditor quasi-repo),

(c) section 810 (no tax credits for borrower under debtor repo or debtor quasi-repo), and

(d) section 219(4B) of FA 1994 (no tax credit for distributions in respect of assets in Lloyd's member's premium trust fund).

1110 Recovery of overpaid tax credit etc U.K.

(1) If an officer of Revenue and Customs discovers that a payment or set-off of tax credit should not have been made or is excessive, the officer may act in accordance with subsection (3) or (4).

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) it does not matter whether the payment or set-off was excessive when made or became so later.

(3) The officer may make any assessment that in the officer's judgement is needed to recover—

(a) any corporation tax that should have been paid, or

(b) any payment of tax credit that should not have been made.

(4) More generally, the officer may make any assessment that in the officer's judgement is needed to secure that the liabilities to corporation tax (and any liabilities to interest on corporation tax) of the persons concerned are what they would have been if only the correct set-offs and payments had been made.

(5) Subsection (6) applies if—

(a) interest on a payment of tax credit comprised in any franked investment income has been paid under section 826 of ICTA, and

(b) interest should not have been paid on the payment, or should only have been paid on part of it.

(6) An officer of Revenue and Customs may make an assessment for recovering the interest, so far as it should not have been paid.

1111 Section 1110: supplementary U.K.

(1) If—

(a) an assessment is made under section 1110 to recover tax credit paid to a company in respect of franked investment income received in an accounting period, and

(b) more than one payment of tax credit was made in respect of that period,

then as far as possible a sum recovered is treated as relating to a payment of tax credit made later rather than to one made earlier.

(2) TMA 1970 applies to an assessment under section 1110 for recovering a payment of tax credit, or of interest on a tax credit—

(a) as if it were an assessment to corporation tax for the accounting period in respect of which the payment was claimed, and

(b) as if the payment represented a loss of tax to the Crown.

(3) Any sum charged by an assessment such as is mentioned in subsection (2) is due within 14 days after the notice of assessment is issued.

(4) The duty to comply with subsection (3) is subject to any appeal against the assessment.

Chapter 8 U.K. Interpretation of Part

1112 Arrangements between companies U.K.

(1) This section applies if two or more companies enter into arrangements to make distributions to each other's members.

(2) For the purposes mentioned in subsection (3) all parties concerned (however many) may be treated as if anything done by any one of those companies had been done by any one of the others.

(3) The purposes are those of this Part except sections 1054 to 1058 and 1064 to 1071.

1113 “In respect of shares” U.K.

(1) In this Part “in respect of shares in the company”, in relation to a company which is a member of a 90% group, means in respect of shares in—

(a) that company, or

(b) any other company in the group.

(2) Nothing in subsection (1) requires a company to be treated as making a distribution to any company which is in the same group and is UK resident.

(3) For the purposes of this Part a thing is regarded as done in respect of a share if it is done to a person—

(a) as the holder of the share, or

(b) as the person who held the share at a particular time.

(4) For the purposes of this Part a thing is also regarded as done in respect of a share if it is done in pursuance of a right granted, or an offer made, in respect of a share.

(5) Subsections (3) and (4) do not affect the meaning of “in respect of shares” in section 1054 (building society payments).

(6) In this section “90% group” means a company and all its 90% subsidiaries.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C21 S. 1113 applied by Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 (c. 5), Sch. 2 para. 78A(5) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 471(3) (with Sch. 2))

C22 S. 1113 applied by Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 (c. 5), s. 414A(7)(a) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 461 (with Sch. 2))

1114 “In respect of securities” U.K.

(1) In this Part “in respect of securities of the company”, in relation to a company which is a member of a 90% group, means in respect of securities of—

(a) that company, or

(b) any other company in the group.

(2) Nothing in subsection (1) requires a company to be treated as making a distribution to any company which is in the same group and is UK resident.

(3) For the purposes of this Part, except where the context otherwise requires—

(a) interest paid by a company on money advanced without the issue of a security for the advance, or

(b) other consideration given by a company for the use of money so advanced,

is treated as if paid, or given, in respect of a security issued for the advance by the company.

(4) For the purposes of this Part a thing is regarded as done in respect of a security if it is done to a person—

(a) as the holder of the security, or

(b) as the person who held the security at a particular time.

(5) For the purposes of this Part a thing is also regarded as done in respect of a security if it is done in pursuance of a right granted, or an offer made, in respect of a security.

(6) In this section “90% group” means a company and all its 90% subsidiaries.

1115 “New consideration” U.K.

(1) In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires—

(a) “new consideration” means consideration not provided (directly or indirectly) out of assets of the company, and

(b) in particular, “new consideration” does not include amounts retained by the company by way of capitalising a distribution.

But paragraph (a) is subject to the other subsections of this section.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if—

(a) share capital has been issued at a premium representing new consideration, and

(b) any part (“the applied part”) of that premium is afterwards applied in paying up share capital.

(3) The applied part of the premium is also treated as new consideration for that share capital.

But the premium is not so treated so far as it has been taken into account under section 1025(2) so as to enable a distribution to be treated as a repayment of share capital.

(4) The general rule is that no consideration derived from the value of any share capital or security of a company, or from voting or other rights in a company, is to be treated for the purposes of this Part as new consideration.

(5) The general rule in subsection (4) applies unless the consideration consists of—

(a) money or value received from the company as a qualifying distribution,

(b) money received from the company as a payment which for the purposes of this Part constitutes a repayment of the share capital in question, or of the principal secured by the security in question, or

(c) the giving up of the right to the share capital or security on its cancellation, extinguishment or acquisition by the company.

This is subject to subsection (6).

(6) No amount is regarded as new consideration by virtue of subsection (5)(b) or (c) so far as it exceeds—

(a) any new consideration received by the company for the issue of the share capital or security in question, or

(b) in the case of share capital which constituted a qualifying distribution on issue, the nominal value of that share capital.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C23 S. 1115 applied by Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 (c. 5), s. 414A(7)(b) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 461 (with Sch. 2))

1116 References to married persons, or civil partners, living together U.K.

Individuals who are married to, or are civil partners of, each other are treated for the purposes of this Part as living together unless—

(a) they are separated under an order of a court of competent jurisdiction,

(b) they are separated by a deed of separation, or

(c) they are in fact separated in circumstances in which the separation is likely to be permanent.

1117 Other interpretation U.K.

(1) In this Part, except where the context otherwise requires—

• “security” includes securities not creating or evidencing a charge on assets, and

• “share” includes stock, and any other interest of a member in a company.

(2) Subsection (1) does not affect the meaning of “share” in section 1054 (building society payments).

(3) For the purposes of this Part a distribution is treated as made out of assets of a company if the cost falls on the company.

(4) For the purposes of this Part consideration is treated as provided out of assets of a company if the cost falls on the company.

(5) References in this Part to issuing share capital as paid up also apply to the paying up of any issued share capital.

(6) If securities—

(a) are issued at a price less than the amount repayable on them, and

(b) are not listed on a recognised stock exchange,

then, for the purposes of this Part the principal secured is not taken to exceed the issue price, unless the securities are issued on terms reasonably comparable with the terms of issue of securities listed on a recognised stock exchange.

(7) For the purposes of this Part, if something done in respect of shares is done by reference to share holdings at a particular time, it is regarded as done—

(a) to the then holders of the shares, or

(b) to the personal representatives of any holder then dead.

(8) For the purposes of this Part, if something done in respect of securities is done by reference to holdings of securities at a particular time, it is regarded as done—

(a) to the then holders of the securities, or

(b) to the personal representatives of any holder then dead.

Part 24 U.K. Corporation Tax Acts definitions etc

Chapter 1 U.K. Definitions

1118 Introduction to Chapter U.K.

(1) This Chapter contains definitions for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts.

(2) Section 1119 lists the definitions and either sets them out in full or indicates where they are set out in full.

(3) The definitions set out in sections 1120, 1129, 1138 and 1139 apply only for the purposes of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts that apply them.

(4) The definitions set out in sections 1122 and 1124 apply only for the purposes of provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts—

(a) which apply them, or

(b) to which they are applied (see section 1316 of CTA 2009 and section 1176 of this Act).

(5) The other definitions apply for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts unless otherwise indicated (whether expressly or by implication).

1119 The definitions U.K.

The definitions referred to in section 1118(2) are—

• “accounting date” means the date to which a company makes up its accounts,

• “accounting period” is to be read in accordance with Chapter 2 of Part 2 of CTA 2009,

• “Act” includes Northern Ireland legislation,

• “allowable loss”, in relation to corporation tax in respect of chargeable gains, has the same meaning as in TCGA 1992 (see section 288(1) of that Act),

• “authorised unit trust” has the same meaning as in Chapter 2 of Part 13 (see sections 616 and 619),

• “bank” is to be read in accordance with section 1120,

• “basic rate” means the rate of income tax determined in pursuance of section 6(2) of ITA 2007,

• “body of persons” means any body politic, corporate or collegiate and any company, fraternity, fellowship and society of persons whether corporate or not corporate,

• “branch or agency” means any factorship, agency, receivership, branch or management,

• “building society” means a building society within the meaning of the Building Societies Act 1986,

• “capital allowance” means any allowance under CAA 2001,

• “the Capital Allowances Act” means CAA 2001,

• “the charge to corporation tax on income” has the same meaning as in CTA 2009 (see section 2(3) of that Act),

• “chargeable gain” has the same meaning as in TCGA 1992,

• “chargeable period” means an accounting period of a company or a tax year,

• “chargeable profits”, in relation to a non-UK resident company carrying on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment, has the meaning given by section 19 of CTA 2009,

• “charity” means a body of persons or trust established for charitable purposes only,

• “close company” is to be read in accordance with Chapter 2 of Part 10 (see in particular section 439),

• “company” has the meaning given by section 1121,

• “connected”, in relation to two persons being connected with one another, is to be read in accordance with sections 1122 and 1123,

• “control”, in relation to the control of a body corporate or a partnership, is to be read in accordance with section 1124,

• “derivative contract” has the same meaning as in Part 7 of CTA 2009,

• “distribution” has the meaning given by Chapters 2 to 5 of Part 23,

• “farming” has the meaning given by section 1125,

• “the financial year 2010” means the financial year beginning with April 2010 (and any corresponding expression in which a year is similarly mentioned is to be read in the same way),

• “for accounting purposes” has the meaning given by section 1127(4),

• “forestry” is to be read in accordance with section 1125,

• “franked investment income” has the meaning given by section 1126,

• “generally accepted accounting practice” has the meaning given by section 1127(1) and (3),

• “grossing up” is to be read in accordance with section 1128,

• “group relief” has the meaning given by section 97(2),

• “hire-purchase agreement” is to be read in accordance with section 1129,

• “income” includes anything to which the charge to corporation tax on income applies,

• “international accounting standards” has the meaning given by section 1127(5),

• “investment trust” has the meaning given by section 1158,

• “loan relationship” has the same meaning as in Part 5 of CTA 2009,

• “local authority” has the meaning given by section 1130,

• “local authority association” has the meaning given by section 1131,

• “market gardening” has the meaning given by section 1125(5),

• “non-UK resident” means not resident in the United Kingdom (and references to a non-UK resident are to a person not resident there),

• “notice” means notice in writing,

• “offshore installation” has the meaning given by sections 1132 and 1133,

• “oil and gas exploration and appraisal” has the meaning given by section 1134,

• “ordinary share capital”, in relation to a company, means all the company's issued share capital (however described), other than capital the holders of which have a right to a dividend at a fixed rate but have no other right to share in the company's profits,

• “overseas property business” has the meaning given by Chapter 2 of Part 4 of CTA 2009,

• “period of account”—

  (a)

  in relation to a person, means any period for which the person draws up accounts, and

  (b)

  in relation to a trade or other business, means any period for which the accounts of the business are drawn up,

• “permanent establishment”, in relation to a company, is to be read in accordance with Chapter 2 of this Part,

• “personal representatives”, in relation to a person who has died, means—

  (a)

  in the United Kingdom, persons responsible for administering the estate of the deceased, and

  (b)

  in a territory outside the United Kingdom, those persons having functions under its law equivalent to those of administering the estate of the deceased,

• “property investment LLP” has the meaning given by section 1135,

• “qualifying charitable donation” has the same meaning as in Part 6 (see section 190),

• “qualifying distribution” has the meaning given by section 1136,

• “recognised stock exchange” has the meaning given by section 1137,

• “registered industrial and provident society” means—

  (a)

  a society registered or treated as registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 or the Industrial and Provident Societies Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c. 24 (N.I.)), or

  (b)

  an SCE formed in accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society,

• “registered pension scheme” has the meaning given by section 150(2) of FA 2004,

• “research and development” is to be read in accordance with section 1138,

• “retail prices index” means—

  (a)

  the general index of retail prices (for all items) published by the Statistics Board, or

  (b)

  if that index is not published for a relevant month, any substituted index or index figures published by that Board,

• “scheme administrator”, in relation to a pension scheme, has the meaning given by section 270 of FA 2004 (but see also sections 271 to 274 of that Act),

• “settled property” (together with references to property comprised in a settlement) is to be read in accordance with section 466 of ITA 2007 (as a result of the application of that section for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts by section 1169 below),

• “settlor” is to be read in accordance with sections 467 to 473 of ITA 2007 (as a result of the application of those sections for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts by section 1169 below),

• “51% subsidiary”, “75% subsidiary” and “90% subsidiary”, in relation to bodies corporate, is to be read in accordance with Chapter 3 of this Part,

• “tax”, if neither income tax nor corporation tax is specified, means either of those taxes,

• “tax advantage” has the meaning given by section 1139,

• “tax credit” means a tax credit under section 1109,

• “tax year” means a year for which income tax is charged (see section 4(2) of ITA 2007),

• “the tax year 2010-11” means the tax year beginning on 6 April 2010 (and any corresponding expression in which two years are similarly mentioned is to be read in the same way),

• “total profits”, in relation to an accounting period of a company, is to be read in accordance with section 4(3) and (4),

• “trade” includes any venture in the nature of trade,

• “tribunal” means the First-tier Tribunal or, where determined by or under Tribunal Procedure Rules, the Upper Tribunal,

• “UK generally accepted accounting practice” has the meaning given by section 1127(2),

• “UK property business” has the meaning given by Chapter 2 of Part 4 of CTA 2009,

• “UK resident” means resident in the United Kingdom (and references to a UK resident are to a person resident there),

• “unauthorised unit trust” has the meaning given by section 1140,

• “unit holder” has the same meaning as in Chapter 2 of Part 13 (see sections 616 and 619),

• “unit trust scheme” has the meaning given by section 237 of FISMA 2000,

• “venture capital trust” and “VCT” have the same meaning as in Part 6 of ITA 2007,

• “woodlands” has the meaning given by section 1125(4),

• “year of assessment” means a tax year, and

• “the year 2010-11” means the tax year 2010-11 (and any corresponding expression in which two years are similarly mentioned is to be read in the same way).

1120 “Bank” U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts which apply this section.

(2) “Bank” means—

(a) the Bank of England,

(b) a person who has permission under Part 4 of FISMA 2000 to accept deposits (but see subsection (3) for exclusions),

(c) an EEA firm of the kind mentioned in paragraph 5(b) of Schedule 3 to FISMA 2000 which has permission under paragraph 15 of that Schedule to accept deposits (as a result of qualifying for authorisation under paragraph 12(1) of that Schedule),

(d) the European Investment Bank, and

(e) an international organisation designated as a bank for the purposes of this section by an order made by the Treasury.

(3) The reference to a person who has permission under Part 4 of FISMA 2000 to accept deposits does not include—

(a) a building society,

(b) a society registered within the meaning of the Friendly Societies Act 1974 or incorporated under the Friendly Societies Act 1992,

(c) a society registered as a credit union under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 or the Credit Unions (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (S.I. 1985/1205 (N.I. 12)), or

(d) an insurance company within the meaning of section 275 of FA 2004.

(4) The Treasury may designate an international organisation for the purposes of this section only if the United Kingdom is a member of the organisation.

(5) An order under subsection (2)(e) may include provision for a designation to have effect only in relation to the application of this section by a provision specified in the order.

1121 “Company” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “company” means any body corporate or unincorporated association, but does not include a partnership, a local authority or a local authority association.

(2) Subsection (1) needs to be read with section 617 (under which the trustees of an authorised unit trust are treated for certain purposes as a UK resident company).

1122 “Connected” persons U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts which apply this section (or to which this section is applied).

(2) A company is connected with another company if—

(a) the same person has control of both companies,

(b) a person (“A”) has control of one company and persons connected with A have control of the other company,

(c) A has control of one company and A together with persons connected with A have control of the other company, or

(d) a group of two or more persons has control of both companies and the groups either consist of the same persons or could be so regarded if (in one or more cases) a member of either group were replaced by a person with whom the member is connected.

(3) A company is connected with another person (“A”) if—

(a) A has control of the company, or

(b) A together with persons connected with A have control of the company.

(4) In relation to a company, any two or more persons acting together to secure or exercise control of the company are connected with—

(a) one another, and

(b) any person acting on the directions of any of them to secure or exercise control of the company.

(5) An individual (“A”) is connected with another individual (“B”) if—

(a) A is B's spouse or civil partner,

(b) A is a relative of B,

(c) A is the spouse or civil partner of a relative of B,

(d) A is a relative of B's spouse or civil partner, or

(e) A is the spouse or civil partner of a relative of B's spouse or civil partner.

(6) A person, in the capacity as trustee of a settlement, is connected with—

(a) any individual who is a settlor in relation to the settlement,

(b) any person connected with such an individual,

(c) any close company whose participators include the trustees of the settlement,

(d) any non-UK resident company which, if it were UK resident, would be a close company whose participators include the trustees of the settlement,

(e) any body corporate controlled (within the meaning of section 1124) by a company within paragraph (c) or (d),

(f) if the settlement is the principal settlement in relation to one or more sub-fund settlements, a person in the capacity as trustee of such a sub-fund settlement, and

(g) if the settlement is a sub-fund settlement in relation to a principal settlement, a person in the capacity as trustee of any other sub-fund settlements in relation to the principal settlement.

(7) A person who is a partner in a partnership is connected with—

(a) any partner in the partnership,

(b) the spouse or civil partner of any individual who is a partner in the partnership, and

(c) a relative of any individual who is a partner in the partnership.

(8) But subsection (7) does not apply in relation to acquisitions or disposals of assets of the partnership pursuant to genuine commercial arrangements.

1123 “Connected” persons: supplementary U.K.

(1) In section 1122 and this section—

• “company” includes any body corporate or unincorporated association, but does not include a partnership (and see also subsection (2)),

• “control” is to be read in accordance with sections 450 and 451 (except where otherwise indicated),

• “principal settlement” has the meaning given by paragraph 1 of Schedule 4ZA to TCGA 1992,

• “relative” means brother, sister, ancestor or lineal descendant,

• “settlement” has the same meaning as in Chapter 5 of Part 5 of ITTOIA 2005 (see section 620 of that Act), and

• “sub-fund settlement” has the meaning given by paragraph 1 of Schedule 4ZA to TCGA 1992.

(2) For the purposes of section 1122—

(a) a unit trust scheme is treated as if it were a company, and

(b) the rights of the unit holders are treated as if they were shares in the company.

(3) For the purposes of section 1122 “trustee”, in the case of a settlement in relation to which there would be no trustees apart from this subsection, means any person—

(a) in whom the property comprised in the settlement is for the time being vested, or

(b) in whom the management of that property is for the time being vested.

Section 466(4) of ITA 2007 (which applies for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as a result of section 1169 below) does not apply for the purposes of this subsection.

(4) If any provision of section 1122 provides that a person (“A”) is connected with another person (“B”), it also follows that B is connected with A.

1124 “Control” U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts which apply this section (or to which this section is applied).

(2) In relation to a body corporate (“company A”), “control” means the power of a person (“P”) to secure—

(a) by means of the holding of shares or the possession of voting power in relation to that or any other body corporate, or

(b) as a result of any powers conferred by the articles of association or other document regulating that or any other body corporate,

that the affairs of company A are conducted in accordance with P's wishes.

(3) In relation to a partnership, “control” means the right to a share of more than half the assets, or of more than half the income, of the partnership.

1125 “Farming” and related expressions U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “farming” means the occupation of land wholly or mainly for the purposes of husbandry, but does not include market gardening (see subsection (5)).

(2) In subsection (1) “husbandry” includes—

(a) hop growing, and

(b) the breeding and rearing of horses and the grazing of horses in connection with those activities.

(3) For the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts the cultivation of short rotation coppice is regarded as husbandry and not as forestry.

(4) In the Corporation Tax Acts “woodlands” does not include land on which short rotation coppice is cultivated.

(5) In the Corporation Tax Acts “market gardening” means the occupation of land as a garden or nursery for the purpose of growing produce for sale.

(6) For the purposes of this section “short rotation coppice” means a perennial crop of tree species planted at high density, the stems of which are harvested above ground level at intervals of less than 10 years.

(7) In the application of this section for the purposes of paragraph 26 of Schedule 15 to FA 2000—

(a) both references to the occupation of land, and the reference to land on which short rotation coppice is cultivated, refer to land in the United Kingdom, and

(b) the reference to the cultivation of such coppice refers to its cultivation in the United Kingdom.

1126 “Franked investment income” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “franked investment income” means income of a UK resident company which consists of a distribution in respect of which the company is entitled to a tax credit.

(2) Accordingly, a reference in the Corporation Tax Acts to the amount of any franked investment income is to the total of the amount or value of the distribution and the amount of the tax credit.

(3) In the Corporation Tax Acts a reference to franked investment income received by a company includes a reference to franked investment income received by another person on behalf of, or in trust for, the company.

(4) But a reference in the Corporation Tax Acts to franked investment income received by a company does not include a reference to franked investment income received by the company on behalf of, or in trust for, another person.

1127 “Generally accepted accounting practice” and related expressions U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “generally accepted accounting practice” means UK generally accepted accounting practice.

This is subject to subsection (3).

(2) In the Corporation Tax Acts “UK generally accepted accounting practice”—

(a) means generally accepted accounting practice in relation to accounts of UK companies (other than IAS accounts) that are intended to give a true and fair view, and

(b) has the same meaning in relation to—

(i) individuals,

(ii) entities other than companies, and

(iii) companies that are not UK companies,

as it has in relation to UK companies.

(3) In relation to the affairs of a company or other entity that prepares IAS accounts, in the Corporation Tax Acts “generally accepted accounting practice” means generally accepted accounting practice in relation to IAS accounts.

(4) In the Corporation Tax Acts “for accounting purposes” means for the purposes of accounts drawn up in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.

(5) In the Corporation Tax Acts “international accounting standards” has the same meaning as in Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and the Council of 19 July 2002 on the application of international accounting standards.

(6) If the European Commission has in accordance with that Regulation adopted an international accounting standard with modifications, then as regards matters covered by that standard—

(a) generally accepted accounting practice with respect to IAS accounts is to be regarded as permitting the use of the standard either with or without modifications, and

(b) accounts prepared on either basis are to be regarded for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as prepared in accordance with international accounting standards.

(7) In this section—

• “IAS accounts” means accounts prepared in accordance with international accounting standards, and

• “UK companies” means companies incorporated or formed under the law of a part of the United Kingdom.

1128 “Grossing up” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts references to grossing up by reference to a rate of tax are to calculating the amount (“the grossed up amount”) which after deduction of income tax at that rate would equal the amount to be grossed up (“the net amount”).

(2) The grossed up amount is the sum of the net amount and the tax deducted.

(3) The grossed up amount may also be expressed as—

where—

GA is the grossed up amount,

NA is the net amount, and

R is the percentage rate of tax by reference to which the net amount is to be grossed up.

1129 “Hire-purchase agreement” U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts which apply this section.

(2) A hire-purchase agreement is an agreement in whose case conditions A, B and C are met.

(3) Condition A is that under the agreement goods are bailed (or in Scotland hired) in return for periodical payments by the person to whom they are bailed (or hired).

(4) Condition B is that under the agreement the property in the goods will pass to the person to whom they are bailed (or hired) if the terms of the agreement are complied with and one or more of the following events occurs—

(a) the exercise of an option to purchase by that person,

(b) the doing of another specified act by any party to the agreement,

(c) the happening of another specified event.

(5) Condition C is that the agreement is not a conditional sale agreement.

(6) In subsection (5) “conditional sale agreement” means an agreement for the sale of goods under which—

(a) the purchase price or part of it is payable by instalments, and

(b) the property in the goods is to remain in the seller (even though they are to be in the possession of the buyer) until conditions specified in the agreement are met (whether as to the payment of instalments or otherwise).

1130 “Local authority” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “local authority”, in relation to England and Wales, means—

(a) a billing authority as defined in section 1(2) of the Local Government Finance Act 1992,

(b) a precepting authority as defined in section 69(1) of that Act,

(c) a body with power to issue a levy (by virtue of regulations under section 74 of the Local Government Finance Act 1988),

(d) a body with power to issue a special levy (by virtue of regulations under section 75 of that Act),

(e) a fire and rescue authority in Wales constituted by a scheme under section 2 of the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 or a scheme to which section 4 of that Act applies,

(f) an authority with power to make or determine a rate, or

(g) a residuary body established by order under section 22(1) of the Local Government Act 1992.

(2) In the Corporation Tax Acts “local authority”, in relation to Scotland, means—

(a) a council constituted under section 2 of the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994,

(b) a joint board or committee within the meaning of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, or

(c) an authority with power to requisition any sum from a council such as is mentioned in paragraph (a).

(3) In the Corporation Tax Acts “local authority”, in relation to Northern Ireland, means a district council constituted under section 1 of the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972 (c. 9 (N.I.)).

(4) In this section “rate” means a rate—

(a) whose proceeds are applicable for public local purposes, and

(b) which is leviable by reference to the value of land or property.

1131 “Local authority association” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “local authority association” means any incorporated or unincorporated association which meets conditions A and B.

(2) Condition A is that all of its members are local authorities, groups of local authorities or local authority associations.

(3) Condition B is that its purpose, or primary purpose, is to protect and further the general interests of local authorities or any description of local authorities.

(4) For the purposes of condition A, if a member (“M”) of a local authority association is a representative of, or is appointed by, a local authority, group of local authorities or a local authority association, the authority, group or association concerned (rather than M) is to be treated as a constituent member of the local authority association.

1132 “Offshore installation” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “offshore installation” means a structure which is, is to be, or has been, put to a relevant use while in water (see subsections (3) and (4)).

(2) But a structure is not an offshore installation if—

(a) it has permanently ceased to be put to a relevant use,

(b) it is not, and is not to be, put to any other relevant use, and

(c) since permanently ceasing to be put to a relevant use, it has been put to a use which is not relevant.

(3) A use is a relevant use if it is—

(a) for the purposes of exploiting mineral resources by means of a well,

(b) for the purposes of exploration with a view to exploiting mineral resources by means of a well,

(c) for the storage of gas in or under the shore or the bed of any waters,

(d) for the recovery of gas so stored,

(e) for the conveyance of things by means of a pipe, or

(f) mainly for the provision of accommodation for individuals who work on or from a structure which is, is to be, or has been, put to any of the above uses while in water.

(4) For the purposes of this section references to a structure being put to a use while in water are to the structure being put to a use while—

(a) standing in any waters,

(b) stationed (by whatever means) in any waters, or

(c) standing on the foreshore or other land intermittently covered with water.

(5) In this section “structure” includes a ship or other vessel.

1133 Regulations about the meaning of “offshore installation” U.K.

(1) The Treasury may by regulations make provision as to the meaning of “offshore installation” in the Corporation Tax Acts.

(2) The regulations may—

(a) add to, amend or repeal any provision of section 1132,

(b) make different provision for different purposes, and

(c) contain incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision and savings.

1134 “Oil and gas exploration and appraisal” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “oil and gas exploration and appraisal” means activities carried out for the purpose of—

(a) searching for petroleum anywhere in an area,

(b) ascertaining a petroleum-bearing area's extent or characteristics, or

(c) ascertaining its reserves of petroleum,

so that it may be determined whether the petroleum is suitable for commercial exploitation.

(2) In this section “petroleum” has the meaning given by section 1 of the Petroleum Act 1998.

1135 “Property investment LLP” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “property investment LLP” means a limited liability partnership—

(a) whose business consists wholly or mainly in the making of investments in land, and

(b) the principal part of whose income is derived from investments in land.

(2) Whether a limited liability partnership is a property investment LLP is determined for each period of account of the partnership.

1136 “Qualifying distribution” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “qualifying distribution” means any distribution, except—

(a) one which is a distribution for corporation tax purposes only because it falls within paragraph C or D in section 1000(1) (redeemable share capital or security issued in respect of shares in, or securities of, the company), or

(b) a distribution which is derived from a distribution that falls within paragraph (a).

(2) A distribution made by a company (“A”) is derived from a distribution that falls within subsection (1)(a) if it consists of share capital or a security which A has received (directly or indirectly) from another company (“B”) which issued the share capital or security by way of a distribution that falls within subsection (1)(a).

1137 “Recognised stock exchange” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “recognised stock exchange” means—

(a) any market of a recognised investment exchange which is for the time being designated as a recognised stock exchange for the purposes of section 1005 of ITA 2007 by an order made by the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, and

(b) any market outside the United Kingdom which is for the time being so designated.

(2) References in the Corporation Tax Acts to securities which are listed on a recognised stock exchange are to securities—

(a) which are admitted to trading on that exchange, and

(b) which are included in the official UK list or are officially listed in a qualifying country outside the United Kingdom in accordance with provisions corresponding to those generally applicable in EEA states.

(3) For this purpose “qualifying country outside the United Kingdom” means any country outside the United Kingdom in which there is a recognised stock exchange.

(4) References in the Corporation Tax Acts to securities which are included in the official UK list are to securities which are included in the official list (within the meaning of Part 6 of FISMA 2000) in accordance with the provisions of that Part.

(5) In this section—

• “recognised investment exchange” has the same meaning as in FISMA 2000 (see section 285 of that Act), and

• “securities” includes shares and stock.

1138 “Research and development” U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts which apply this section.

(2) “Research and development” means activities that fall to be treated as research and development in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.

This is subject to subsections (3) and (4).

(3) Activities that are “research and development” for the purposes of section 1006 of ITA 2007 as a result of regulations under that section are “research and development” for the purposes of this section.

(4) Activities that are not “research and development” for the purposes of section 1006 of ITA 2007 as a result of regulations under that section are not “research and development” for the purposes of this section.

(5) Unless otherwise expressly provided, “research and development” does not include oil and gas exploration and appraisal.

1139 “Tax advantage” U.K.

(1) This section has effect for the purposes of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts which apply this section.

(2) “Tax advantage” means—

(a) a relief from tax or increased relief from tax,

(b) a repayment of tax or increased repayment of tax,

(c) the avoidance or reduction of a charge to tax or an assessment to tax, or

(d) the avoidance of a possible assessment to tax.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c) and (d) it does not matter whether the avoidance or reduction is effected—

(a) by receipts accruing in such a way that the recipient does not pay or bear tax on them, or

(b) by a deduction in calculating profits or gains.

(4) In this section “relief from tax” includes—

(a) a tax credit under section 1109 for the purposes of corporation tax, and

(b) a tax credit under section 397(1) or 397A(1) of ITTOIA 2005 for the purposes of income tax.

1140 “Unauthorised unit trust” U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts “unauthorised unit trust” means a unit trust scheme which is neither an authorised unit trust nor an umbrella scheme.

(2) But if a unit trust scheme is not, under regulations made under section 1007(2) of ITA 2007, to be a unit trust scheme for the purposes of the definition of “unauthorised unit trust” in section 989 of that Act, it is not to be a unit trust scheme for the purposes of subsection (1).

(3) In subsection (1) “umbrella scheme” has the same meaning as in section 619.

Chapter 2 U.K. Permanent establishments

General U.K.

1141 Permanent establishments of companies U.K.

(1) For the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts a company has a permanent establishment in a territory if (and only if)—

(a) it has a fixed place of business there through which the business of the company is wholly or partly carried on, or

(b) an agent acting on behalf of the company has and habitually exercises there authority to do business on behalf of the company.

(2) For this purpose a “fixed place of business” includes (without prejudice to the generality of that expression)—

(a) a place of management,

(b) a branch,

(c) an office,

(d) a factory,

(e) a workshop,

(f) an installation or structure for the exploration of natural resources,

(g) a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or any other place of extraction of natural resources, and

(h) a building site or construction or installation project.

(3) Subsection (1) is subject to sections 1142 to 1144.

Circumstances where there is no permanent establishment U.K.

1142 Agent of independent status U.K.

(1) A company is not regarded as having a permanent establishment in a territory by reason of the fact that it carries on business there through an agent of independent status acting in the ordinary course of the agent's business.

(2) Sections 1145 to 1151 apply for the purpose of supplementing subsection (1) in relation to transactions carried out on behalf of a non-UK resident company by a person in the United Kingdom acting as—

(a) a broker (section 1145),

(b) an investment manager (sections 1146 to 1150), or

(c) a members' or managing agent at Lloyd's (section 1151).

1143 Preparatory or auxiliary activities U.K.

(1) If the condition in subsection (2) is met, a company is not regarded as having a permanent establishment in a territory by reason of the fact that—

(a) a fixed place of business is maintained there for the purpose of carrying on activities for the company, or

(b) an agent carries on activities there for and on behalf of the company.

(2) The condition is that, in relation to the business of the company as a whole, the activities carried on are only of a preparatory or auxiliary character.

(3) For this purpose “activities of a preparatory or auxiliary character” include (without prejudice to the generality of that expression)—

(a) the use of facilities for the purpose of storage, display or delivery of goods or merchandise belonging to the company,

(b) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the company for the purpose of storage, display or delivery,

(c) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the company for the purpose of processing by another person, and

(d) purchasing goods or merchandise, or collecting information, for the company.

1144 Alternative finance arrangements U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if alternative finance return is paid to a non-UK resident company.

(2) The company is not regarded as having a permanent establishment in the United Kingdom merely by virtue of anything done for the purposes of the alternative finance arrangements—

(a) by the other party to the arrangements, or

(b) by any other person acting for the company in relation to the arrangements.

(3) In subsection (1) “alternative finance return” means alternative finance return within the application of—

(a) section 564I, 564K or 564L(2) or (3) of ITA 2007, or

(b) section 511, 512 or 513(2) or (3) of CTA 2009.

(4) In subsection (2) the reference to “the alternative finance arrangements” is a reference to the alternative finance arrangements under which the alternative finance return mentioned in subsection (1) is paid.

Brokers U.K.

1145 The independent broker conditions U.K.

(1) This section applies if a transaction is carried out on behalf of a non-UK resident company in the course of the company's trade by a person in the United Kingdom acting as a broker.

(2) In relation to the transaction, the broker is regarded for the purposes of section 1142(1) as an agent of independent status acting in the ordinary course of the broker's business if (and only if) each of conditions A to D is met.

(3) Condition A is that at the time of the transaction the broker is carrying on the business of a broker.

(4) Condition B is that the transaction is carried out in the ordinary course of that business.

(5) Condition C is that the remuneration which the broker receives in respect of the transaction for the provision of the services of a broker to the non-UK resident company is not less than is customary for that class of business.

(6) Condition D is that the broker does not fall (apart from this subsection) to be treated as a permanent establishment of the non-UK resident company in relation to any other transaction of any kind carried out in the same accounting period of the non-UK resident company as the transaction in question.

Investment managers U.K.

1146 The independent investment manager conditions U.K.

(1) This section applies if an investment transaction is carried out on behalf of a non-UK resident company in the course of the company's trade by a person in the United Kingdom acting as an investment manager.

(2) In relation to the investment transaction, the investment manager is regarded for the purposes of section 1142(1) as an agent of independent status acting in the ordinary course of the investment manager's business if (and only if) each of conditions A to E is met (“the independent investment manager conditions”).

(3) Condition A is that at the time of the transaction the investment manager is carrying on a business of providing investment management services.

(4) Condition B is that the transaction is carried out in the ordinary course of that business.

(5) Condition C is that, when the investment manager acts on behalf of the non-UK resident company in relation to the transaction, the relationship between them, having regard to its legal, financial and commercial characteristics, is a relationship between persons carrying on independent businesses dealing with each other at arm's length.

(6) Condition D is that the requirements of the 20% rule are met (see section 1147).

(7) Condition E is that the remuneration which the investment manager receives in respect of the transaction for the provision of investment management services to the non-UK resident company is not less than is customary for that class of business.

1147 Investment managers: the 20% rule U.K.

(1) The requirements of the 20% rule are met if conditions A and B are met.

(2) Condition A is that, in relation to a qualifying period, it has been or is the intention of the investment manager and the persons connected with the investment manager that at least 80% of the non-UK resident company's relevant disregarded income should consist of amounts to which none of them has a beneficial entitlement.

(3) Condition B is that, so far as there is a failure to fulfil that intention, that failure—

(a) is attributable (directly or indirectly) to matters outside the control of the investment manager and persons connected with the investment manager, and

(b) does not result from a failure of any of them to take such steps as may be reasonable for mitigating the effect of those matters in relation to the fulfilment of that intention.

1148 Section 1147: interpretation U.K.

(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 1147.

(2) A “qualifying period” means—

(a) the accounting period of the non-UK resident company in which the transaction in question is carried out, or

(b) a period of not more than 5 years comprising two or more complete accounting periods including that one.

(3) The “relevant disregarded income” of the non-UK resident company for a qualifying period is the total of the non-UK resident company's income for the accounting periods comprised in the qualifying period which derives from transactions—

(a) carried out by the investment manager on the non-UK resident company's behalf, and

(b) in relation to which the investment manager does not (apart from the requirements of the 20% rule) fall to be treated as a permanent establishment of the company.

(4) A person has a “beneficial entitlement” to relevant disregarded income if the person has or may acquire a beneficial entitlement that is, or would be, attributable to the relevant disregarded income as a result of having an interest or other rights mentioned in subsection (5).

(5) The interests and rights referred to in subsection (4) are—

(a) an interest (whether or not an interest giving a right to an immediate payment of a share in the profits or gains) in property in which the whole or any part of the relevant disregarded income is represented, or

(b) an interest in, or other rights in relation to, the non-UK resident company.

1149 Application of 20% rule to collective investment schemes U.K.

(1) This section applies if amounts arise or accrue to the non-UK resident company as a participant in a collective investment scheme.

(2) It applies for the purposes of determining whether the requirements of the 20% rule are met in relation to a transaction carried out for the purposes of the scheme (so far as the transaction is one in respect of which amounts so arise or accrue).

(3) In applying this section make the following assumptions—

(a) that all the transactions carried out for the purposes of the scheme are carried out on behalf of a company (“the assumed company”) which is—

(i) constituted for the purposes of the scheme, and

(ii) non-UK resident, and

(b) that the participants do not have any rights in respect of the amounts arising or accruing in respect of those transactions, other than the rights which, if they held shares in the assumed company, would be their rights as shareholders.

(4) If the scheme is such that the assumed company would not be regarded for tax purposes as carrying on a trade in the United Kingdom in relation to the accounting period in which the transaction was carried out, the requirements of the 20% rule are to be treated as met in relation to a transaction carried out for the purposes of the scheme.

(5) If the scheme is such that the assumed company would be so regarded for tax purposes, sections 1147 and 1148 have effect in relation to a transaction carried out for the purposes of the scheme with the modifications in subsection (6).

(6) The modifications are—

(a) for references to the non-UK resident company substitute references to the assumed company, and

(b) for references to the non-UK resident company's relevant disregarded income for a qualifying period substitute references to the sum of the amounts that would, for accounting periods comprised in the qualifying period, be chargeable to tax on the assumed company as profits deriving from the transactions—

(i) carried out by the investment manager, and

(ii) assumed to be carried out on behalf of the company.

(7) In this section—

• “collective investment scheme” has the meaning given by section 235 of FISMA 2000, and

• “participant”, in relation to a collective investment scheme, is to be read in accordance with that section.

1150 Meaning of “investment manager” and “investment transaction” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter—

• “investment manager” means a person who provides investment management services, and

• “investment transaction” means any transaction of a description specified for the purposes of this subsection in regulations made by the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs.

(2) Provision made in regulations under subsection (1) may, in particular, have effect in relation to accounting periods current on the day on which the regulations are made.

Lloyd's agents U.K.

1151 Lloyd's agents U.K.

(1) This section applies if a transaction is carried out on behalf of a non-UK resident company in the course of the company's trade by a person in the United Kingdom acting as a members' agent or managing agent at Lloyd's.

(2) In relation to the transaction, the person is regarded for the purposes of section 1142(1) as an agent of independent status acting in the ordinary course of the person's business if conditions A, B and C are met.

(3) Condition A is that the non-UK resident company is a member of Lloyd's.

(4) Condition B is that the transaction is carried out in the course of the company's underwriting business.

(5) Condition C is that the person acting on behalf of the company in relation to the transaction acts as members' agent or as managing agent of the syndicate in question.

(6) For the purposes of this section—

(a) a non-UK resident company is a member of Lloyd's if it is a corporate member within the meaning of Chapter 5 of Part 4 of FA 1994, and

(b) “members' agent” and “managing agent” are to be read in accordance with section 230 of that Act.

Supplementary U.K.

1152 Investment managers: disregard of certain chargeable profits U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) an investment manager carries out one or more investment transactions on behalf of a non-UK resident company (whether or not the investment manager also carries out other transactions of any kind on behalf of the company), and

(b) the investment manager falls to be treated as a permanent establishment of the non-UK resident company (whether because the independent investment manager conditions are not met in relation to such investment transactions, or otherwise).

(2) In determining under Chapter 4 of Part 2 of CTA 2009 the amount of profits attributable to the permanent establishment represented by the investment manager acting as an agent on behalf of the non-UK resident company, chargeable profits deriving from an investment transaction carried out by the investment manager on behalf of the non-UK resident company are to be disregarded in either of the following two cases—

• Case 1

  The independent investment manager conditions are met in relation to the investment transaction.

• Case 2

  The independent investment manager conditions, other than Condition D in section 1146(6) (the 20% rule), are met in relation to the investment transaction.

(3) But if Case 2 applies in relation to the investment transaction, chargeable profits deriving from the transaction are to be disregarded only to the extent that they do not represent relevant disregarded income of the non-UK resident company to which the investment manager or a person connected with the investment manager has or has had any beneficial entitlement.

(4) In subsection (3) “relevant disregarded income” and “beneficial entitlement” have the meanings given in section 1148.

1153 Miscellaneous U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter a person is regarded as carrying out a transaction on behalf of another if the person—

(a) undertakes the transaction, whether on behalf of or to the account of the other, or

(b) gives instructions for it to be so carried out by another.

(2) In the case of a person who acts as a broker or investment manager as part only of a business, this Chapter has effect as if that part were a separate business.

Chapter 3 U.K. Subsidiaries

1154 Meaning of “51% subsidiary”, “75% subsidiary” and “90% subsidiary” U.K.

(1) Subsections (2) to (4) define, for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts, the circumstances in which a body corporate (“B”) is a 51% subsidiary, a 75% subsidiary or a 90% subsidiary of another body corporate (“A”).

(2) B is a 51% subsidiary of A if more than 50% of B's ordinary share capital is owned directly or indirectly by A.

(3) B is a 75% subsidiary of A if at least 75% of B's ordinary share capital is owned directly or indirectly by A.

(4) B is a 90% subsidiary of A if at least 90% of B's ordinary share capital is owned directly by A.

(5) For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3) ordinary share capital is owned “directly or indirectly” by a body corporate if it is owned by it—

(a) directly,

(b) indirectly, or

(c) partly directly and partly indirectly.

(6) In this Chapter references to ownership are to be read as references to beneficial ownership.

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C24 S. 1154 modified by Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (c. 1), Sch. 25 para. 12(3) (as amended) (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 147(3) (with Sch. 2)

1155 Indirect ownership of ordinary share capital U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter ordinary share capital is owned indirectly by a body corporate if it is owned through another body corporate or other bodies corporate.

(2) References in this Chapter to ownership through a body corporate are to be read in accordance with subsections (3) and (4).

(3) Suppose that 3 or more bodies corporate are ordered in a series such that each body in the series (other than the last) owns ordinary share capital of the body immediately below it in the series.

(4) If B is a body that is below, but not immediately below, A in the series, A is said to own ordinary share capital of B through each body corporate that is between A and B in the series.

(5) Sections 1156 and 1157 contain rules for calculating, for the purposes of this Chapter, the amount of a body corporate's ordinary share capital that another body corporate owns—

(a) indirectly, or

(b) partly directly and partly indirectly.

1156 Calculation of amounts owned indirectly: main rules U.K.

(1) If a body corporate (“A”) directly owns the whole of the ordinary share capital of another body corporate (“B”), A is treated as indirectly owning the whole of any ordinary share capital that is owned directly or indirectly by B.

(2) If a body corporate (“A”) directly owns a fraction of the ordinary share capital of another body corporate (“B”) and B directly or indirectly owns ordinary share capital of a third body corporate (“C”), A is treated as indirectly owning the amount of C's ordinary share capital given by the formula—

where—

F is the fraction of B's ordinary share capital that is owned by A, and

M is the amount of the ordinary share capital of C that is owned directly or indirectly by B.

(3) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2), the amount of any ordinary share capital that is owned indirectly by B is calculated using subsection (1) or (2), or both, as appropriate.

1157 Adding fractions together U.K.

(1) If A and C are bodies corporate and—

(a) A owns, through one or more bodies corporate (“the intermediaries in the first series”), a fraction of C's ordinary share capital, and

(b) A also owns a further fraction of C's ordinary share capital (or further fractions of C's ordinary share capital),

all those fractions are added together to find the amount of C's ordinary share capital that is owned by A.

(2) The reference in subsection (1)(b) to a further fraction of C's share capital is to a fraction of C's share capital that A owns—

(a) directly, or

(b) indirectly but through one or more bodies corporate which do not (together) constitute all of the intermediaries in the first series, or which include a body corporate that is not an intermediary in the first series.

Chapter 4 U.K. Investment trusts

1158 Meaning of “investment trust” U.K.

In the Corporation Tax Acts “investment trust”, with respect to an accounting period, means a company which—

(a) is approved for the purposes of this Chapter for that period by the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, and

(b) is not a close company at any time in that period.

1159 Conditions for approval U.K.

(1) The Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs must not approve a company under section 1158 for an accounting period unless it is shown to their satisfaction that each of conditions A to F is met.

• Condition A

  The company must be UK resident throughout the accounting period.

• Condition B

  The shares making up the company's ordinary share capital (or if they are of more than one class, those of each class) must be included in the official UK list throughout the accounting period.

• Condition C

  The company's income of the accounting period must be derived wholly or mainly from shares or securities.

• Condition D

  The company must not retain in respect of the accounting period an amount which is greater than 15% of the income it derives from shares or securities (but see section 1161).

• Condition E

  The company must not at any time in the accounting period have a holding in a company that represents more than 15% by value of the investing company's investments (but see section 1162).

• Condition F

  The company's memorandum or articles of association must prohibit the distribution as dividend of surpluses arising from the realisation of investments.

(2) The conditions lettered A to F in subsection (1) are referred to by those letters in this Chapter.

1160 Calculation of income U.K.

(1) Subsections (2) to (4) apply in determining, for the purposes of condition C or D (and accordingly of section 1161(2)(a)), with respect to any accounting period of a company—

(a) the amount of a company's income, or

(b) the amount of income which a company derives from shares or securities.

(2) The amounts to be brought into account under Part 5 of CTA 2009 in respect of the company's loan relationships are to be determined without reference to any debtor relationships of the company.

(3) The excess of—

(a) any credits brought into account in respect of the accounting period by virtue of section 574 of CTA 2009 (non-trading credits in respect of derivative contracts), over

(b) any debits brought into account in respect of the accounting period by virtue of that section (non-trading debits in respect of derivative contracts),

is to be treated as income of the period which is derived from shares or securities.

(4) Income treated as arising under regulation 18(1) of the Offshore Funds (Tax) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/3001) is to be ignored.

(5) In determining the amount of a company's income for the purposes of condition C, no account is to be taken of any amount treated under section 1229(3)(b) of CTA 2009 (claw back of relief for expenses of management) as a receipt chargeable under the charge to corporation tax on income.

1161 The income retention condition: exceptions U.K.

(1) Condition D does not apply in relation to an accounting period if the amount that the company would be required to distribute in order to meet the condition is less than—

(a) £10,000, or

(b) if the period is shorter than 12 months, a proportionately reduced amount.

(2) Condition D does not apply in relation to an accounting period if—

(a) by virtue of a restriction imposed by law, the company is required to retain in respect of the period an amount of income that exceeds 15% of the income the company derives from shares and securities, and

(b) either—

(i) the amount of income that the company retains in respect of the accounting period does not exceed the amount of income that it is required to retain in respect of the period by virtue of a restriction imposed by law, or

(ii) if there is such an excess, the amount of the excess plus the amount of any income that the company distributes in respect of the period is less than £10,000.

(3) If the accounting period mentioned in subsection (2) is shorter than 12 months, the amount of £10,000 mentioned in subsection (2)(b)(ii) is proportionately reduced.

1162 The 15% holding limit: exceptions U.K.

(1) In condition E the reference to a holding in a company does not include a holding in—

(a) an investment trust, or

(b) a company that would qualify as an investment trust but for condition B (listing in the official UK list).

(2) Subsection (3) applies if a company has a holding in a company and immediately after—

(a) the time when the holding was acquired (if it has not been enlarged), or

(b) the most recent time when the holding was enlarged,

the holding represented 15% or less by value of the investing company's investments.

(3) For the purposes of condition E the holding is treated as continuing to represent 15% or less by value of the investing company's investments until the holding is next enlarged.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if—

(a) a company disposes of shares or securities from a holding it has in a company,

(b) immediately before the disposal the holding represents more than 15% by value of the investing company's investments, and

(c) immediately after the disposal the holding represents 15% or less by value of the investing company's investments.

(5) For the purpose of determining whether the investing company meets condition E in accounting periods later than that in which the disposal was made, the holding is treated (if it does not already fall to be so treated under subsection (3)) as continuing to represent 15% or less by value of the investing company's investments until the holding is next enlarged.

(6) If a holding which a company has in another company—

(a) was acquired before 6 April 1965, and

(b) on 6 April 1965 represented 25% or less by value of the investing company's investments,

condition E does not apply to the holding so long as it is not enlarged.

1163 Basic meaning of “holding in a company” U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “holding in a company” means the shares or securities (whether of one class or more than one class) held in any one company.

(2) For the purposes of section 1162 a holding in a company is enlarged whenever the company whose holding it is—

(a) acquires further shares or securities of the company, but

(b) does not do so by being allotted shares or securities without becoming liable to give any consideration.

1164 More about the meaning of “holding in a company” U.K.

(1) Subsection (2) applies if, in connection with a scheme of reconstruction—

(a) a company issues shares or securities,

(b) the shares or securities are issued to persons holding shares or securities in a second company in respect of and in proportion to (or as nearly as may be in proportion to) their holdings in the second company, and

(c) those persons do not become liable to give any consideration for the shares or securities.

(2) For the purposes of this Chapter-

(a) a holding of the shares or securities of the second company, and

(b) a corresponding holding of the shares or securities issued by the first company,

are to be regarded as the same holding.

(3) For the purposes of this Chapter, holdings in two or more companies which are members of the same group are treated as holdings in a single company.

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply to a holding in—

(a) an investment trust, or

(b) a company that would qualify as an investment trust but for condition B (listing in the official UK list).

(5) For the purposes of subsection (3) it does not matter whether or not the group is one that includes the company which has the holdings.

(6) If a company (“company A”) is a member of a group, money owed to it by another member of the group is treated, for the purpose of determining whether condition E is met—

(a) as a security of the latter held by company A, and

(b) accordingly as, or as part of, the holding of company A in the company owing the money.

(7) In this section “group” means a company and all its 51% subsidiaries.

1165 Other interpretation U.K.

(1) In this Chapter “company” has the meaning given by section 1121 and is to be read in accordance with [F23 sections 99 and 103A of TCGA 1992 (application of that Act to unit trust schemes and to certain offshore funds)].

(2) In this Chapter “scheme of reconstruction” has the same meaning as in section 136 of TCGA 1992.

(3) In this Chapter “shares” includes stock and is to be read in accordance with [F24 sections 99 and 103A of TCGA 1992].

Textual Amendments

F23 Words in s. 1165(1) substituted by Finance Act 2009 (c. 10), Sch. 22 para. 11(2) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by 2010 c. 4, s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 716(2) (with Sch. 2))

F24 Words in s. 1165(3) substituted by Finance Act 2009 (c. 10), Sch. 22 para. 11(2) (as substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 1184(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2010 (c. 4), s. 1184(1), Sch. 1 para. 716(2) (with Sch. 2))

Chapter 5 U.K. Other Corporation Tax Acts provisions

1166 Scotland U.K.

(1) In the application of the Corporation Tax Acts to Scotland—

• “assignment” means assignation,

• “estate in land” includes the land,

• “mortgage” means—

  (a)

  a standard security, or

  (b)

  a heritable security, as defined in the Conveyancing (Scotland) Act 1924, but including a security constituted by ex facie absolute disposition or assignation, and

• “surrender” includes renunciation.

(2) In the application of the Corporation Tax Acts to Scotland, any reference to property or rights being held on trust or on trusts is a reference to the property or rights being held in trust.

1167 Sources of income within the charge to corporation tax or income tax U.K.

In the Corporation Tax Acts, a source of income is within the charge to corporation tax or income tax if that tax—

(a) is chargeable on the income arising from it, or

(b) would be so chargeable if there were any income arising from it,

and references to a person, or income, being within the charge to corporation tax or income tax are to be read in the same way.

1168 Payment of dividends U.K.

(1) For the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts dividends are to be treated as paid on the date when they become due and payable.

(2) Subsection (1) is subject to any provision to the contrary.

1169 Settlements and trustees U.K.

(1) Chapter 2 of Part 9 of ITA 2007 (which relates to settlements and trustees) applies for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as it applies for the purposes of the Income Tax Acts.

(2) See (in particular)—

(a) section 466 of that Act, which explains what is meant by references to settled property, and

(b) sections 467 to 473 of that Act, which explain what is meant by references to a settlor in relation to a settlement.

1170 Territorial sea of the United Kingdom U.K.

The territorial sea of the United Kingdom is treated for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts as part of the United Kingdom.

1171 Orders and regulations U.K.

(1) This section applies to all powers under the Corporation Tax Acts of the Treasury or the Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs to make orders or regulations, other than excluded powers.

(2) All powers under the following are excluded—

(a) ICTA (see instead section 828 of that Act),

(b) TCGA 1992 (see instead section 287 of that Act),

(c) CAA 2001 (see instead section 570B of that Act),

(d) Part 4 of FA 2004 (see instead section 282 of that Act),

(e) CTA 2009 (see instead section 1310 of that Act),

(f) TIOPA 2010 (see instead section 372 of that Act), and

(g) the following provisions of this Act—

(i) section 204(3) (markets in the United Kingdom on which shares or securities are dealt in), and

(ii) section 1150(1) (meaning of “investment transaction”).

(3) Any power to which this section applies is exercisable by statutory instrument.

(4) Any statutory instrument containing any order or regulations made under a power to which this section applies is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of the House of Commons.

(5) Subsection (4) does not apply in relation to any order or regulations made under—

(a) section 73A of FA 2004 (exemption for designated international organisations), or

(b) either of the following provisions of this Act—

(i) section 1120(2)(e) (designation of international organisations as banks), or

(ii) section 1180(2) (power to make transitional or saving provision in connection with the coming into force of this Act).

(6) Further, subsection (4) does not apply—

(a) if any other Parliamentary procedure is expressly provided to apply in relation to the order or regulations, or

(b) if the order in question appoints a day for the purposes of any provision of the Corporation Tax Acts from which the provision will have effect (with or without amendments) or will cease to have effect.

(7) Subsection (4) is also subject to any other provision to the contrary.

1172 Apportionment to different periods U.K.

(1) Any apportionment to different periods which falls to be made under the Corporation Tax Acts is to be made on a time basis according to the respective lengths of the periods.

(2) Subsection (1) is subject to any provision to the contrary.

1173 Miscellaneous charges U.K.

(1) In the Corporation Tax Acts references to any provision to which this section applies are references to any provision listed in the following table, so far as the provision relates to corporation tax (but subject to any applicable limitation in subsection (3)).

(2) This is the table—

PART 1

Provisions of CTA 2009	Description
Chapter 15 of Part 3	Post-cessation receipts: trades
Chapter 7 of Part 4	Rent receivable in connection with a UK section 39(4) concern
Chapter 8 of Part 4	Rent receivable for UK electric-line wayleaves
Chapter 9 of Part 4	Post-cessation receipts: UK property businesses
Section 752	Non-trading gains on intangible fixed assets
Section 908	Profits from disposals of know-how
Section 912	Profits from sales of patent rights
Section 965(4)	Adjustments after the administration period
Chapter 8 of Part 10	Income not otherwise charged
Section 986(4), so far as it relates to an amount treated as received under section 998(3)	Withdrawal of deductions if approval for share incentive plan withdrawn: non-trading cases
Section 1083(5)	Refunds of expenditure on research and development
Section 1229	Management expenses: claw back of relief
Section 1252	Industrial development grants: companies with investment business
Section 1253	Contributions to local enterprise organisations or urban regeneration companies: disqualifying benefits
Section 1254	Repayments under FISMA 2000
Section 1277(4)	Withdrawal of relief for unremittable foreign income after source ceases

PART 2

Provisions of this Act	Description
Section 538(3)	Real estate investment trusts: entry charge
Section 636(1)	Banks etc in compulsory liquidation
Section 779(2)	Loan or credit transactions
Section 818(1)	Gains from transactions in land
Section 851(8)	Sale and lease-back: taxation of consideration
Section 874(1)	Leased assets: capital sums
Section 1086(2)	Chargeable payments connected with exempt distributions

PART 3

Other provisions	Description
Section 56(2) of ICTA	Transactions in deposits
Section 436A(1) of ICTA	Gross roll-up business: separate charge on profits
Section 442A(1) of ICTA	Taxation of investment return where risk reinsured
Section 571(1) of ICTA	Cancellation of tax certificates
Section 774(1) of ICTA	Transactions between dealing company and associated company
Section 85(1) of FA 1989	Certain receipts of basic life assurance and general annuity business
Section 85A(1) of FA 1989	Excess adjusted life assurance trade profits
Section 256(2) of CAA 2001	Life assurance business: capital allowances
Section 254(2) of TIOPA 2010	Tax arbitrage: calculation or recalculation of income etc following receipt notice
Regulation 18(4) of the Offshore Funds (Tax) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/3001)	Offshore income gains

(3) The reference in Part 1 of the above table to Chapter 8 of Part 10 of CTA 2009 does not include that Chapter so far as relating to income which arises from a source outside the United Kingdom.

Part 25 U.K. Definitions for purposes of Act and final provisions

Definitions for the purposes of Act U.K.

1174 Abbreviated references to Acts U.K.

In this Act—

• “CAA 2001” means the Capital Allowances Act 2001,

• “CTA 2009” means the Corporation Tax Act 2009,

• “FA”, followed by a year, means the Finance Act of that year,

• “F(No.2)A”, followed by a year, means the Finance (No.2) Act of that year,

• “FISMA 2000” means the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000,

• “ICTA” means the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988,

• “ITA 2007” means the Income Tax Act 2007,

• “ITEPA 2003” means the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003,

• “ITTOIA 2005” means the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005,

• “TCGA 1992” means the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992,

• “TIOPA 2010” means the Taxation (International and Other Provisions) Act 2010, and

• “TMA 1970” means the Taxes Management Act 1970.

1175 Claims and elections U.K.

In this Act any reference to a claim or election is to a claim or election in writing.

1176 Meaning of “connected” persons and “control” U.K.

(1) Section 1122 (how to tell whether persons are connected) applies for the purposes of this Act unless otherwise indicated (whether expressly or by implication).

(2) Section 1124 (meaning of control in relation to a body corporate or partnership) applies for the purposes of this Act unless otherwise indicated (whether expressly or by implication).

Final provisions U.K.

1177 Minor and consequential amendments U.K.

Schedule 1 (minor and consequential amendments) has effect.

1178 Power to make consequential provision U.K.

(1) The Treasury may by order make provision in consequence of this Act.

(2) The power conferred by subsection (1) may not be exercised after 31 March 2013.

(3) An order under this section may amend, repeal or revoke any provision made by or under an Act.

(4) An order under this section may contain provision having retrospective effect.

(5) An order under this section may contain incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision and savings.

(6) In subsection (3) “Act” includes an Act of the Scottish Parliament and Northern Ireland legislation.

1179 Power to undo changes U.K.

(1) The Treasury may by order make provision, in relation to a case in which the Treasury consider that a provision of this Act changes the effect of the law, for the purpose of returning the effect of the law to what it would have been if this Act had not been passed.

(2) The power conferred by subsection (1) may not be exercised after 31 March 2013.

(3) An order under this section may amend, repeal or revoke any provision made by or under—

(a) this Act, or

(b) any other Act.

(4) An order under this section may contain provision having retrospective effect.

(5) An order under this section may contain incidental, supplemental, consequential and transitional provision and savings.

(6) In subsection (3)(b) “Act” includes an Act of the Scottish Parliament and Northern Ireland legislation.

1180 Transitional provisions and savings U.K.

(1) Schedule 2 (transitional provisions and savings) has effect.

(2) The Treasury may by order make transitional or saving provision in connection with the coming into force of this Act.

(3) An order under subsection (2) may contain provision having retrospective effect.

(4) The following (which provide for negative resolution procedure in relation to Treasury orders under certain enactments) do not apply in relation to an order under subsection (2)—

(a) section 828(3) of ICTA (orders under the Corporation Tax Acts before 1 April 2010),

(b) section 287(3) of TCGA 1992 (orders under enactments relating to the taxation of chargeable gains), and

(c) section 1014(4) of ITA 2007 (orders under the Income Tax Acts).

Commencement Information

I1 S. 1180 wholly in force at 1.4.2010; s. 1180(2)-(4) in force at Royal Assent and s. 1180(1) in force at 1.4.2010 see s. 1184(1)(2)(c)

1181 Repeals and revocations U.K.

(1) Schedule 3 (repeals and revocations, including of spent enactments) has effect.

(2) The repeals and revocations specified in Part 2 of Schedule 3 have effect for corporation tax purposes only.

1182 Index of defined expressions U.K.

(1) Schedule 4 (index of defined expressions that apply for the purposes of this Act) has effect.

(2) That Schedule lists the places where some of the expressions used in this Act are defined or otherwise explained.

1183 Extent U.K.

(1) This Act extends to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (but see subsection (2)).

(2) An amendment, repeal or revocation contained in Schedule 1 or 3 has the same extent as the provision amended, repealed or revoked.

1184 Commencement U.K.

(1) This Act comes into force on 1 April 2010 and has effect—

(a) for corporation tax purposes, for accounting periods ending on or after that day, and

(b) for income tax and capital gains tax purposes, for the tax year 2010-11 and subsequent tax years.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the following provisions (which therefore come into force on the day on which this Act is passed)—

(a) section 1178,

(b) section 1179,

(c) section 1180(2) to (4),

(d) section 1183,

(e) this section, and

(f) section 1185.

(3) Subsection (1) is subject to Schedule 2.

(4) The reference in subsection (1)(a) to corporation tax includes amounts due or chargeable as if they were corporation tax.

1185 Short title U.K.

This Act may be cited as the Corporation Tax Act 2010.