The Bread and Flour Regulations 1998

Title and commencement E+W+S

1.  These Regulations may be cited as the Bread and Flour Regulations 1998 and shall come into force on 19th February 1998.

Interpretation E+W+S

2.—(1) In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires—

• “the Act" means the Food Safety Act 1990;

• “bread" means a food of any size, shape or form which—

  (a)

  is usually known as bread, and

  (b)

  consists of a dough made from flour and water, with or without other ingredients, which has been fermented by yeast or otherwise leavened and subsequently baked or partly baked,

  but does not include buns, bunloaves, chapatis, chollas, pitta bread, potato bread or bread specially prepared for coeliac sufferers;

• F1 ...

• F1 ...

• “enzyme preparation" means any food additive which consists of one or more enzymes with or without the addition of supplementary material to facilitate the storage, sale, standardisation, dilution or dissolution of the enzyme or enzymes;

• “flour" means the product which is derived from, or separated during, the milling or grinding of cleaned cereal whether or not the cereal has been malted or subjected to any other process, and includes meal, but does not include other cereal products, such as separated cereal bran, separated cereal germ, semolina or grits;

• “flour bleaching agent" means any food additive primarily used to remove colour from flour;

• [F2 “flour treatment agent" means any food additive, other than an enzyme preparation, which is added to flour or dough to improve its baking quality;]

• “food additive" has the meaning assigned to it by [F3 Article 3(2)(a) of Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on food additives] [F4 Article 3(2)(a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on food additives as last amended by Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/1497];

• “food authority" does not include—

  (a)

  the council of a district in a non-metropolitan county in England except where the county functions have been transferred to that council pursuant to a structural change;

  (b)

  the appropriate Treasurer referred to in section 5(1)(c) of the Act (which deals with the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple);

• “ingredient" has the meaning assigned to it by [F5 Article 2(2)(f) of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011];

• “labelling" has the meaning assigned to it by [F6 Article 2(2)(j) of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011];

• F7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• F8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• [F9 “Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011” means Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the provision of food information to consumers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608/2004 [F10 , as last amended by Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council on novel foods];]

• “sell" includes offer or expose for sale and includes have in possession for sale, and “sale" shall be construed accordingly.

• [F11 “third country” means any country, other than the United Kingdom, and includes—

  (a)

  the Bailiwick of Guernsey;

  (b)

  the Bailiwick of Jersey;

  (c)

  the Isle of Man.]

(2) Any reference in these Regulations to a numbered regulation or Schedule shall, unless the reference is to a regulation of, or Schedule to, specified regulations, be construed as a reference to the regulation or Schedule so numbered in these Regulations.

Textual Amendments

F1 Words in reg. 2(1) omitted (E.) (17.6.2021) by virtue of The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(2)(a); words omitted (S.) (22.2.2022) by virtue of The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(2)(a); and words omitted (W.) (3.3.2022) by virtue of The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) (EU Exit) Regulations 2022 (S.I. 2022/112), regs. 1(2), 2(2)(a)

F2 Words in reg. 2(1) omitted (W.) (26.7.2018) by virtue of The Food and Feed (Miscellaneous Amendments and Revocations) (Wales) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/806), regs. 1(3), 4(2)(a); and words omitted (S.) (28.3.2019) by virtue of The Food Standards and Hygiene (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2019 (S.S.I. 2019/33), regs. 1(1), 2(2)(a)

F3 Words in reg. 2(1) substituted (E.) (1.6.2018) by The Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Miscellaneous Amendments) (England) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/575), regs. 1(2), 15; and words substituted (W.) (26.7.2018) by The Food and Feed (Miscellaneous Amendments and Revocations) (Wales) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/806), regs. 1(3), 4(2)(b)

F4 Words in reg. 2(1) substituted (S.) (28.3.2019) by The Food Standards and Hygiene (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2019 (S.S.I. 2019/33), regs. 1(1), 2(2)(b)

F5 Words in reg. 2(1) substituted (W.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Wales) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2303), reg. 1(3), Sch. 7 para. 20(a); words in reg. 2(1) substituted (S.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Scotland) Regulations 2014 (S.S.I. 2014/312), reg. 1(2), Sch. 5 para. 5(a)(i) (as read with S.S.I. 2015/410, regs. 1(2), 3(10)(c)); words in reg. 2(1) substituted (E.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/1855), Sch. 7 para. 20(a)

F6 Words in reg. 2(1) substituted (W.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Wales) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2303), reg. 1(3), Sch. 7 para. 20(b); words in reg. 2(1) substituted (S.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Scotland) Regulations 2014 (S.S.I. 2014/312), reg. 1(2), Sch. 5 para. 5(a)(ii) (as read with S.S.I. 2015/410, regs. 1(2), 3(10)(c)); words in reg. 2(1) substituted (E.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/1855), Sch. 7 para. 20(b)

F7 Words in reg. 2(1) omitted (W.) (13.12.2014) by virtue of The Food Information (Wales) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2303), reg. 1(3), Sch. 7 para. 20(c); words in reg. 2(1) omitted (S.) (13.12.2014) by virtue of The Food Information (Scotland) Regulations 2014 (S.S.I. 2014/312), reg. 1(2), Sch. 5 para. 5(a)(iii) (as read with S.S.I. 2015/410, regs. 1(2), 3(10)(c)); words in reg. 2(1) omitted (E.) (13.12.2014) by virtue of The Food Information Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/1855), Sch. 7 para. 20(c)

F8 Words in reg. 2(1) omitted (W.) (13.12.2014) by virtue of The Food Information (Wales) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2303), reg. 1(3), Sch. 7 para. 20(c); and words omitted (E.) (13.12.2014) by virtue of The Food Information Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/1855), Sch. 7 para. 20(c); and words omitted (S.) (22.2.2022) by virtue of The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(2)(c)

F9 Words in reg. 2(1) inserted (W.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Wales) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2303), reg. 1(3), Sch. 7 para. 20(d); words in reg. 2(1) inserted (S.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Scotland) Regulations 2014 (S.S.I. 2014/312), reg. 1(2), Sch. 5 para. 5(a)(iv) (as read with S.S.I. 2015/410, regs. 1(2), 3(10)(c)); words in reg. 2(1) inserted (E.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/1855), Sch. 7 para. 20(d)

F10 Words in reg. 2(1) inserted (S.) (28.3.2019) by The Food Standards and Hygiene (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2019 (S.S.I. 2019/33), regs. 1(1), 2(2)(c)

F11 Words in reg. 2(1) inserted (E.) (17.6.2021) by The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(2)(b); words inserted (S.) (22.2.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(2)(d); and words inserted (W.) (3.3.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) (EU Exit) Regulations 2022 (S.I. 2022/112), regs. 1(2), 2(2)(b)

Exemptions E+W+S

3.—(1) These Regulations, except in so far as they relate to advertising, shall not apply to any food which is not intended for sale for human consumption.

F12 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[F13 (2) These Regulations do not apply in respect of—

(a) any bread produced in England which is to be exported to a third country;

(b) any flour produced in England which is—

(i) to be exported to a third country, or

(ii) for use in the production of food that is to be exported to a third country;

(c) any flour imported into England from a third country (directly or indirectly) which—

(i) was lawfully produced and sold in that third country, and

(ii) is for use in England for the production of food that is to be exported to a third country,

which is suitably labelled to give the nature of the bread or flour.]

[F14 (2) These Regulations do not apply in respect of—

(a) any bread produced in Scotland which is to be exported to a third country,

(b) any flour produced in Scotland which is—

(i) to be exported to a third country or

(ii) for use in the production of food that is to be exported to a third country,

(c) any flour imported into Scotland from a third country (directly or indirectly) which—

(i) was lawfully produced and sold in that third country, and

(ii) is for use in Scotland, for the production of food that is to be exported to a third country,

and is suitably labelled to describe the nature of the bread or flour.]

F15 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[F16 (4) These Regulations do not apply to the following bread or flour if the nature of that bread or flour is clearly indicated on the labelling—

(a) any bread produced in Wales that is to be exported to a third country;

(b) any flour produced in Wales that is—

(i) to be exported to a third country, or

(ii) for use in the production of food that is to be exported to a third country;

(c) any flour imported or moved into Wales that is for use in Wales for the production of food that is to be exported to a third country.]

Textual Amendments

F12 Reg. 3(2) omitted (W.) (3.3.2022) by virtue of The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) (EU Exit) Regulations 2022 (S.I. 2022/112), regs. 1(2), 2(3)(a) (with reg. 3)

F13 Reg. 3(2) substituted (E.) (17.6.2021) by The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(3)(a) (with reg. 6(1))

F14 Reg. 3(2) substituted (S.) (22.2.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(3)(a)

F15 Reg. 3(3) omitted (E.) (17.6.2021) by virtue of The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(3)(b) (with reg. 6(1)); omitted (S.) (22.2.2022) by virtue of The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(3)(b); and omitted (W.) (3.3.2022) by virtue of The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) (EU Exit) Regulations 2022 (S.I. 2022/112), regs. 1(2), 2(3)(a) (with reg. 3)

F16 Reg. 3(4) inserted (W.) (3.3.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) (EU Exit) Regulations 2022 (S.I. 2022/112), regs. 1(2), 2(3)(b)

Composition of flour E+W+S

4.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2) below, flour derived from wheat and from no other cereal, whether or not mixed with other flour, shall contain the substances specified in column 1 of Schedule 1 in accordance with the proportions and conditions prescribed in column 2 of that Schedule and with Schedule 2.

(2) The requirements specified for item 1 in column 2 of Schedule 1 shall not apply in the case of—

(a) wholemeal flour,

(b) self-raising flour which has a calcium content of not less than 0.2 per cent, and

(c) wheat malt flour.

(3) The substances specified in items 2-4 of Schedule 1 shall, in the case of—

(a) wholemeal flour, be naturally present in the quantities specified in column 2 of that Schedule, and not added;

(b) flour other than wholemeal, be added where such addition is necessary in accordance with the conditions prescribed in column 2 of that Schedule.

(4) Subject to paragraph (5) below—

(a) no manufacturer of flour shall sell any flour which does not comply with this regulation; and

[F17 (b) [F18 person] shall—

(i) [F19 import or move into England] [F20 import or move into Scotland] any flour, or

(ii) sell any flour imported [F21 or moved] by him,

which does not comply with this regulation.]

[F17 (b) no person shall import or move into Wales any flour, or sell any flour imported or moved into Wales by them, which does not comply with this regulation.]

(5) Paragraph (4) above shall not apply as respects any sale [F22 importation or movement into England] [F23 importation or movement into Scotland] [F24 , importation or movement into Wales] of flour for use in the manufacture of communion wafers, matzos, gluten, starch or any concentrated preparation for use for the purpose of facilitating the addition to flour of the substances referred to in Schedule 1.

Textual Amendments

F17 Reg. 4(4)(b) substituted (W.) (3.3.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) (EU Exit) Regulations 2022 (S.I. 2022/112), regs. 1(2), 2(4)(a)

F18 Word in reg. 4(4)(b) substituted (E.) (17.6.2021) by The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(4)(a); and word substituted (S.) (22.2.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(4)(a)

F19 Words in reg. 4(4)(b)(i) substituted (E.) (17.6.2021) by The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(4)(b)

F20 Words in reg. 4(4)(b)(i) substituted (S.) (22.2.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(4)(b)

F21 Words in reg. 4(4)(b)(ii) inserted (17.6.2021) by The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(4)(c); and words inserted (S.) (22.2.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(4)(c)

F22 Words in reg. 4(5) substituted (17.6.2021) by The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(4)(d)

F23 Words in reg. 4(5) substituted (S.) (22.2.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(4)(d)

F24 Words in reg. 4(5) substituted (W.) (3.3.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) (EU Exit) Regulations 2022 (S.I. 2022/112), regs. 1(2), 2(4)(b)

Additional ingredients E+W+S

5.— [F25 (1) No person shall use as an ingredient in the preparation of flour or bread any flour bleaching agent.]

F26 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F25 Reg. 5(1) substituted for reg. 5(1)(2) (28.5.1999) by The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999/1136), regs. 1(1), 14(4)(a)

F26 Reg. 5(3) revoked (W.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Wales) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2303), reg. 1(3), Sch. 6 Pt. 1; reg. 5(3) revoked (S.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Scotland) Regulations 2014 (S.S.I. 2014/312), reg. 1(2), Sch. 4 Pt. 1; reg. 5(3) revoked (E.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/1855), Sch. 6 Pt. 1 Entry 2

Restrictions on the use of the words 'wholemeal’ and 'wheat germ’ E+W+S

6.—(1) There shall not be used in the labelling or advertising of bread, as part of the name of the bread, whether or not qualified by other words—

(a) the word 'wholemeal’ unless all the flour used as an ingredient in the preparation of the bread is wholemeal;

(b) the word 'wheat germ’ unless the bread has an added processed wheat germ content of not less than 10 per cent calculated on the dry matter of the bread.

(2) No person shall sell or advertise for sale any bread in contravention of this regulation.

Offences and penalties E+W+S

7.—(1) If any person contravenes or fails to comply with regulation 4(4), 5 or 6(2) he shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.

[F27 (2) Where an offence under these Regulations is committed in Scotland by a Scottish partnership and is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to any neglect on the part of, a partner, he as well as the partnership shall be guilty of the offence and be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly. ]

[F28 (3) Bread or flour which was, or would have been, exempted from these Regulations by virtue of regulation 3(2), as it had effect immediately before 22 February 2022, is not subject to these Regulations until 1 October 2022.]

Textual Amendments

F27 Reg. 7(2) omitted (E.) (17.6.2021) by virtue of The Food (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/616), regs. 1(1), 2(5)

F28 Reg. 7(3) inserted (S.) (22.2.2022) by The Food (Withdrawal of Recognition) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 2021 (S.S.I. 2021/477), regs. 1(1), 2(5)

Enforcement E+W+S

8.  Each food authority shall enforce and execute these Regulations in its area.

Defence in relation to exports E+W+S

F29 9.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F29 Reg. 9 revoked (E.) (1.1.2006) by The Official Feed and Food Controls (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005/2626), reg. 1(b), Sch. 6 Pt. 1; reg. 9 revoked (W.) (1.1.2006) by The Official Feed and Food Controls (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005/3254), reg. 1, Sch. 6 Pt. 1; reg. 9 revoked (S.) (1.1.2006) by The Official Feed and Food Controls (Scotland) Regulations 2005 (S.S.I. 2005/616), reg. 1(b), Sch. 6,

Application of various sections of the Act E+W+S

10.  The following provisions of the Act shall apply for the purposes of these Regulations and unless the context otherwise requires any reference in them to the Act or Part thereof shall be construed as a reference to these Regulations—

(a) section 2 (extended meaning of 'sale’ etc.);

(b) section 3 (presumption that food is intended for human consumption);

(c) section 20 (offences due to fault of another person);

(d) section 21 (defence of due diligence) as it applies for the purposes of section 8, 14 or 15;

(e) section 22 (defence of publication in the course of business);

(f) section 30(8) (which relates to documentary evidence);

(g) section 33 (obstruction etc. of officers);

(h) section 35(1) to (3) (punishment of offences) in so far as it relates to offences under section 33(1) and (2) as applied by paragraph (g) above;

(i) section 36 (offences by bodies corporate); and

(j) section 44 (protection of officers acting in good faith).

Amendments E+W+S

F30 11.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F30 Reg. 11 revoked (W.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Wales) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/2303), reg. 1(3), Sch. 6 Pt. 1; reg. 11 revoked (S.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information (Scotland) Regulations 2014 (S.S.I. 2014/312), reg. 1(2), Sch. 4 Pt. 1; reg. 11 revoked (E.) (13.12.2014) by The Food Information Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/1855), Sch. 6 Pt. 1 Entry 2

Revocations E+W+S

12.  The Regulations specified in column 1 of Schedule 4 are hereby revoked to the extent specified in column 3 of that Schedule.

Jeff Rooker

Minister of State, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

Signed by authority of the Secretary of State for Health

Tessa Jowell

Minister of State for Public Health,

Department of Health

Signed by authority of the Secretary of State for Wales

Win Griffiths

Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Welsh Office

Sewel

Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Scottish Office