The Environmental Targets (Biodiversity) (England) Regulations 2023

Statutory Instruments

2023 No. 91

Environmental Protection, England

The Environmental Targets (Biodiversity) (England) Regulations 2023

Made

29th January 2023

Coming into force

30th January 2023

The Secretary of State makes these Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 1, 3, 6(1) and 143(1) of the Environment Act 2021(1) (“the 2021 Act”).

In accordance with section 3(4) of the 2021 Act, the Secretary of State is satisfied that meeting the species abundance target referred to in regulation 11 will halt a decline in the abundance of species.

In accordance with section 4(1) and (2) of the 2021 Act, the Secretary of State has sought advice from persons the Secretary of State considers to be independent and to have relevant expertise, and is satisfied that the targets in these Regulations can be met.

In accordance with sections 4(8) and 143(5)(b) of the 2021 Act, a draft of these Regulations has been laid before, and approved by resolution of, each House of Parliament.

PART 1 Introduction

Citation, commencement, extent and application

1.—(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Environmental Targets (Biodiversity) (England) Regulations 2023.

(2) These Regulations come into force on the day after the day on which they are made.

(3) These Regulations extend to England and Wales but apply in relation to England only, including the territorial sea adjacent to England.

Interpretation

2.  In these Regulations—

“the 2021 Act” means the Environment Act 2021;

“the 2022 Red List Index for England” means the document entitled “Outcome Indicator Framework for England’s 25 Year Environment Plan: D5 Conservation status of our native species, Data Sheet 2022 (NERR124)” published by Natural England in October 2022(2);

“native species” means species which naturally occur or have in the past naturally occurred in England, and include—

(a)

regularly occurring migratory species (both breeding and non-breeding) and natural colonists; and

(b)

species that have been reintroduced in England following past extinction;

“natural colonists” means species that arrived in England of their own accord and have become established, including those that become migratory species;

“species” includes ranks below and above species level, where these are listed—

(a)

for the purposes of Part 2 of these Regulations, in the 2022 Red List Index for England; or

(b)

for the purposes of Part 4 of these Regulations, in Schedule 2.

Biodiversity targets

3.—(1) Regulations 4, 7 and 14 specify targets for the purposes of the Secretary of State’s duty in section 1 of the 2021 Act to set a long-term target in respect of biodiversity.

(2) Regulation 11 specifies a target for the purposes of the Secretary of State’s duty in section 3 of the 2021 Act to set a target in respect of a matter relating to the abundance of species.

PART 2 Long-term biodiversity target: species’ extinction risk

Species’ extinction risk target

4.  The long-term biodiversity target for species’ extinction risk is to reduce the risk of species’ extinction by 2042, when compared to the risk of species’ extinction in 2022.

Measurement of species’ extinction risk target

5.—(1) The target in regulation 4 is met by 31st December 2042 if the extinction risk value for 2042 calculated in accordance with paragraph (2) has a greater value than the baseline value, with the extinction risk value for 2042 and the baseline value being expressed as values in a range from 1 to 0 where—

(a) a value of 1 would indicate that all baseline species were of Least Concern; and

(b) a value of 0 would indicate that all baseline species were Regionally Extinct.

(2) The Secretary of State must ensure that an extinction risk value for 2042 is calculated in 2042 using the same methodology that was used to calculate the baseline value(3), to indicate the aggregate risk of extinction for all baseline species at the time of its calculation.

(3) In this regulation—

“baseline species” means a species listed in the 2022 Red List Index for England;

“the baseline value” means the value of 0.9070, being the value set out in the 2022 Red List Index for England to indicate the aggregate risk of extinction for all baseline species.

(4) In this regulation—

(a) a species is considered to be of Least Concern when it is classified as such for the purposes of calculating the 2022 Red List Index for England;

(b) a species is Regionally Extinct when it is classified as such for the purposes of calculating the 2022 Red List Index for England.

Reporting date for the species’ extinction risk target

6.  For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act (environmental targets: reporting duties), the reporting date for the target in regulation 4 is 1st July 2043.

PART 3 Long-term biodiversity target: wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation

Wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation target

7.  The long-term biodiversity target for the restoration or creation of wildlife-rich habitat is that on or after the day these Regulations come into force, in excess of 500,000 hectares of a range of wildlife-rich habitats are to be restored or created by 31st December 2042.

Measurement of the habitat restoration or creation target

8.—(1) In order to measure the area of wildlife-rich habitat which is restored or created, the Secretary of State must obtain information about action that has been or is being undertaken in order to restore or create the wildlife-rich habitat on or after the day on which these Regulations come into force, including information about—

(a) the location of the action;

(b) the size of the area intended to become wildlife-rich habitat;

(c) the type of wildlife-rich habitat that is being restored or created.

(2) The Secretary of State must keep a record of the information obtained under paragraph (1).

(3) For the purposes of this Part, habitat is restored or will be restored when appropriate action has been or is being taken to improve the condition of relict or degraded habitat which might reasonably be expected to lead to an expansion of the wildlife-rich habitat there, but excluding such action taken—

(a) on protected sites; or

(b) for the purpose of replacing habitat that has been lost on or after the day these Regulations come into force.

(4) For the purposes of this Part, habitat is created or will be created when appropriate action has been or is being taken to establish wildlife-rich habitat on land, or water, excluding such action taken—

(a) on protected sites; or

(b) for the purpose of replacing habitat that has been lost on or after the day these Regulations come into force.

(5) In paragraphs (3) and (4) “appropriate action” includes action—

(a) to develop one or more specific wildlife-rich habitat types; or

(b) to allow a dynamic mosaic of wildlife-rich habitats to develop through the restoration of natural processes and ecosystems.

Reporting date for the wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation target

9.  For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 7 is 1st December 2043.

Interpretation of Part 3

10.  In this Part—

“baseline” means the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured;

“European site” has the meaning given in regulation 8 of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017(4) (European sites and European marine sites);

“marine conservation zone” means an area designated as a marine conservation zone under section 116(1) of the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009(5) (marine conservation zones);

“nautical mile” means an international nautical mile of 1,852 metres;

a “protected site” means a site which is—

(a)

a European site;

(b)

a site of special scientific interest; or

(c)

a marine conservation zone,

on or before the day these Regulations come into force, to the extent that the site is situated wholly or partly in England or in its waters;

“site of special scientific interest” means an area notified under section 28(1) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981(6) (sites of special scientific interest);

“territorial sea” means such of the territorial sea of the United Kingdom that is adjacent to England;

“water” and “waters”, in relation to England only, means all waters, including, in the case of the sea, the area of the sea and the seabed below that area of the sea which is on the landward side of a line every point of which is at a distance of one nautical mile on the seaward side from the nearest point of the baseline;

“wildlife-rich habitat” means a habitat that is one of the following types of habitat and which is of sufficient quality that it is, or will be, capable of supporting flora and fauna which are typically found in the habitat in question—

(a)

a habitat type of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity listed by the Secretary of State under section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006(7) (biodiversity lists and action (England));

(b)

another habitat type listed in Schedule 1.

PART 4 Targets relating to the abundance of species

CHAPTER 1 2030 Species abundance target

2030 species abundance target

11.—(1) The 2030 species abundance target is that the overall relative species abundance index on the specified date indicates that the decline in the abundance of species has been halted.

(2) The specified date for the 2030 species abundance target described in paragraph (1) is 31st December 2030.

Measurement of 2030 species abundance target

12.—(1) The 2030 species abundance target is to be measured by calculating the difference between the overall relative species abundance index for the years 2029 and 2030 in order to establish whether the overall relative species abundance index for the year 2030 is the same as, or higher than, the overall relative species abundance index for the year 2029.

(2) The overall relative species abundance index for a year is derived from the calculation of the geometric mean of the relative species abundance indices for every species listed in Schedule 2 for that year, which is smoothed to reduce the impact of between-year fluctuations in data collected over time.

(3) The same methodology must be used to determine the overall relative species abundance index for each year.

(4) In this regulation—

“baseline index” means the index value of 100 for any species in the first year that it is included in that relative species abundance index;

“geometric mean” means a mathematical process where a series of numbers are multiplied together and then the “n”th root of the product is calculated, where “n” is equal to the length of the series;

“relative species abundance index” for a species means an index which—

(a)

is an annual measure;

(b)

provides a standardised measure of abundance of that species across England; and

(c)

is expressed as a value relative to 100, where—

(i)

100 is the baseline index for each species in the first year that it is measured in that relative species abundance index; and

(ii)

0 means no sightings of that species were recorded in a year(8).

(5) Where a species listed in Schedule 2 appears in more than one dataset that meets the criteria referred to in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) of the definition of “relative species abundance index” in paragraph (4), the relative species abundance index for that species is calculated—

(a) in the case of a species listed in Schedule 2 that is a plant, from the average value of species abundance for that species derived from all the species abundance datasets in which it appears;

(b) in the case of a species listed in Schedule 2 that is an animal, from the species abundance dataset that the Secretary of State considers best provides—

(i) an annual measure; and

(ii) a standardised measure of abundance of that species with the widest coverage across England.

(6) For the purposes of paragraph (4), an index is only to be used if it is calculated using the same methodology each year.

Reporting date for the 2030 species abundance target

13.  For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 11 is 15th April 2032.

CHAPTER 2 Species abundance: long-term target

Long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance

14.  The long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is that the overall relative species abundance index by 31st December 2042 is—

(a) higher than the overall relative species abundance index for 31st December 2022; and

(b) at least 10% higher than the overall relative species abundance index for 31st December 2030 (the specified date for the 2030 species abundance target).

Measurement of the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance

15.—(1) The long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is to be measured by calculating the overall relative species abundance index for the following dates—

(a) 31st December 2022;

(b) 31st December 2030; and

(c) 31st December 2042.

(2) Regulation 12(2) to (6) applies in relation to the measurement of the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance as it applies to the measurement of the 2030 species abundance target described in regulation 11.

Reporting date for the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance

16.  For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 14 is 15th April 2044.

Trudy Harrison

Parliamentary Under Secretary of State

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

29th January 2023

Regulation 10

SCHEDULE 1 Types of wildlife-rich habitat

Broad habitat	Wildlife-rich habitat other than a habitat type of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity listed by the Secretary of State under section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006
Acid grassland	Lowland acid grassland
Acid grassland	Upland acid grassland
Boundary and linear features	Line of trees (ecologically valuable – such that the line includes at least one tree per 30m length of ancient or veteran quality)
Boundary and linear features	Line of trees (ecologically valuable – such that the line includes at least one tree per 30m length of ancient or veteran quality) – with bank or ditch
Boundary and linear features	Native hedgerow with trees
Boundary and linear features	Native hedgerow – associated with bank or ditch
Boundary and linear features	Native hedgerow with trees – associated with bank or ditch
Boundary and linear features	Native species-rich hedgerow
Boundary and linear features	Native species-rich hedgerow – associated with bank or ditch
Boundary and linear features	Native species-rich hedgerow with trees
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland	Blackthorn scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland	Bramble scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland	Gorse scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland	Hawthorn scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland	Hazel scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland	Mixed scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland	Mixed woodland: mainly native broadleaved (with a minimum requirement of 70% native broadleaved species)
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland	Native woodland: broadleaved
Fen, marsh and swamp	Floodplain wetland mosaic
Inland rock	Inland rock and scree
Littoral rock	Features of littoral rock
Littoral rock	High energy littoral rock
Littoral rock	Low energy littoral rock
Littoral rock	Moderate energy littoral rock
Littoral sediment	Coastal saltmarsh and saline reedbeds
Littoral sediment	Features of littoral sediment
Littoral sediment	Littoral coarse sediment
Littoral sediment	Littoral mixed sediments
Littoral sediment	Littoral muddy sand
Littoral sediment	Littoral sand
Neutral grassland	Neutral grassland
Rivers and streams	Rivers and streams
Standing open waters	Ponds
Sublittoral rock	Circalittoral rock
Sublittoral rock	Infralittoral rock
Sublittoral rock	Subtidal stony reef
Sublittoral sediment	Native oyster (Ostrea edulis) beds
Sublittoral sediment	Subtidal coarse sediment
Sublittoral sediment	Subtidal mixed sediments
Sublittoral sediment	Subtidal mud
Sublittoral sediment	Subtidal sand
Sublittoral sediment	Subtidal seagrass beds

Regulation 12

SCHEDULE 2 Species for the targets relating to the abundance of species

Scientific name	Common name(9)
Birds
Acanthis cabaret	Lesser redpoll
Accipiter gentilis	Northern goshawk
Accipiter nisus	Sparrowhawk
Acrocephalus palustris	Marsh warbler
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus	Sedge warbler
Acrocephalus scirpaceus	Reed warbler
Actitis hypoleucos	Common sandpiper
Aegithalos caudatus	Long-tailed tit
Alauda arvensis	Skylark
Alcedo atthis	Kingfisher
Anas acuta	Pintail
Anas crecca	Teal
Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard
Anser albifrons	European white-fronted goose
Anser anser	Greylag goose
Anser brachyrhynchus	Pink-footed goose
Anthus pratensis	Meadow pipit
Anthus trivialis	Tree pipit
Apus apus	Swift
Ardea cinerea	Grey heron
Arenaria interpres	Turnstone
Aythya ferina	Common pochard
Aythya fuligula	Tufted duck
Aythya marila	Scaup
Botaurus stellaris	Eurasian bittern
Branta bernicla	Brent goose
Bucephala clangula	Common goldeneye
Burhinus oedicnemus	Stone-curlew
Buteo buteo	Buzzard
Calidris alba	Sanderling
Calidris alpina	Dunlin
Calidris canutus	Knot
Calidris maritima	Purple sandpiper
Calidris pugnax	Ruff
Caprimulgus europaeus	Nightjar
Carduelis carduelis	Goldfinch
Certhia familiaris	Treecreeper
Cettia cetti	Cetti’s warbler
Charadrius hiaticula	Ringed plover
Chloris chloris	Greenfinch
Chroicocephalus ridibundus	Black-headed gull
Cinclus cinclus	Dipper
Circus aeruginosus	Marsh harrier
Circus cyaneus	Hen harrier
Circus pygargus	Montagu’s harrier
Coloeus monedula	Jackdaw
Columba oenas	Stock dove
Columba palumbus	Woodpigeon
Corvus corax	Raven
Corvus corone	Carrion crow
Corvus frugilegus	Rook
Coturnix coturnix	Common quail
Crex crex	Corncrake
Cuculus canorus	Cuckoo
Curruca communis	Whitethroat
Curruca undata	Dartford warbler
Cyanistes caeruleus	Blue tit
Cygnus columbianus	Bewick’s swan
Cygnus cygnus	Whooper swan
Cygnus olor	Mute swan
Delichon urbicum	House martin
Dendrocopos major	Great spotted woodpecker
Dryobates minor	Lesser spotted woodpecker
Egretta garzetta	Little egret
Emberiza calandra	Corn bunting
Emberiza cirlus	Cirl bunting
Emberiza citrinella	Yellowhammer
Emberiza schoeniclus	Reed bunting
Erithacus rubecula	Robin
Falco columbarius	Merlin
Falco peregrinus	Peregrine
Falco subbuteo	Hobby
Falco tinnunculus	Kestrel
Fringilla coelebs	Chaffinch
Fulica atra	Common coot
Fulmarus glacialis	Northern fulmar
Gallinago gallinago	Snipe
Gallinula chloropus	Moorhen
Garrulus glandarius	Jay
Grus grus	Common crane
Haematopus ostralegus	Oystercatcher
Hirundo rustica	Swallow
Ichthyaetus melanocephalus	Mediterranean gull
Lagopus lagopus	Red grouse
Lanius collurio	Red-backed shrike
Larus argentatus	Herring gull
Limosa lapponica	Bar-tailed godwit
Limosa limosa	Black-tailed godwit
Linaria cannabina	Linnet
Linaria flavirostris	Twite
Locustella luscinioides	Savi’s warbler
Lullula arborea	Woodlark
Luscinia megarhynchos	Nightingale
Lyrurus tetrix	Black grouse
Mareca penelope	Wigeon
Mareca strepera	Gadwall
Mergus merganser	Goosander
Mergus serrator	Red-breasted merganser
Milvus milvus	Red kite
Morus bassanus	Northern gannet
Motacilla alba	Pied wagtail
Motacilla cinerea	Grey wagtail
Motacilla flava	Yellow wagtail
Muscicapa striata	Spotted flycatcher
Numenius arquata	Curlew
Oenanthe oenanthe	Wheatear
Oriolus oriolus	Golden oriole
Pandion haliaetus	Osprey
Panurus biarmicus	Bearded tit
Parus major	Great tit
Passer domesticus	House sparrow
Passer montanus	Tree sparrow
Perdix perdix	Grey partridge
Periparus ater	Coal tit
Pernis apivorus	Honey-buzzard
Phalacrocorax aristotelis	European shag
Phalacrocorax carbo	Great cormorant
Phoenicurus ochruros	Black redstart
Phoenicurus phoenicurus	Redstart
Phylloscopus collybita	Chiffchaff
Phylloscopus sibilatrix	Wood warbler
Phylloscopus trochilus	Willow warbler
Pica pica	Magpie
Picus viridis	Green woodpecker
Platalea leucorodia	Eurasian spoonbill
Pluvialis apricaria	Golden plover
Pluvialis squatarola	Grey plover
Podiceps cristatus	Great crested grebe
Podiceps nigricollis	Black-necked grebe
Poecile montanus	Willow tit
Poecile palustris	Marsh tit
Porzana porzana	Spotted crake
Prunella modularis	Dunnock
Pyrrhula pyrrhula	Bullfinch
Recurvirostra avosetta	Avocet
Regulus ignicapilla	Firecrest
Regulus regulus	Goldcrest
Riparia riparia	Sand martin
Rissa tridactyla	Black-legged kittiwake
Saxicola rubetra	Whinchat
Saxicola rubicola	Stonechat
Sitta europaea	Nuthatch
Somateria mollissima	Eider
Spatula clypeata	Shoveler
Spatula querquedula	Garganey
Spinus spinus	Siskin
Sterna dougallii	Roseate tern
Sterna hirundo	Common tern
Sterna paradisaea	Arctic tern
Sternula albifrons	Little tern
Streptopelia decaocto	Collared dove
Streptopelia turtur	Turtle dove
Strix aluco	Tawny owl
Sturnus vulgaris	Starling
Sylvia atricapilla	Blackcap
Sylvia borin	Garden warbler
Sylvia curruca	Lesser whitethroat
Tachybaptus ruficollis	Little grebe
Tadorna tadorna	Shelduck
Thalasseus sandvicensis	Sandwich tern
Tringa totanus	Redshank
Troglodytes troglodytes	Wren
Turdus merula	Blackbird
Turdus philomelos	Song thrush
Turdus torquatus	Ring ouzel
Turdus viscivorus	Mistle thrush
Uria aalge	Guillemot
Vanellus vanellus	Lapwing
Bumblebees
Bombus pascuorum	Common carder bee
Bombus lapidarius	Red-tailed bumblebee
Bombus pratorum	Early bumblebee
Bombus hypnorum	Tree bumblebee
Bombus hortorum	Garden bumblebee
Bombus lucorum / terrestris	White-tailed / buff-tailed bumblebee
Bombus vestalis	Southern cuckoo bumblebee
Bombus sylvestris	Forest cuckoo bumblebee
Bombus campestris	Field cuckoo bumblebee
Bombus rupestris	Red-tailed cuckoo bumblebee
Bombus humilis	Brown-banded carder bee
Fish
Abramis brama	Common bream
Alburnus alburnus	Bleak
Ammodytes tobianus	Lesser sandeel
Anguilla anguilla	Eel
Atherina presbyter	Sand smelt
Barbatula barbatula	Stone loach
Barbus barbus	Barbel
Blicca bjoerkna	Silver bream
Carassius carassius	Crucian carp
Chelon labrosus	Thick lipped grey mullet
Clupea harengus	Herring
Cobitis taenia	Spined loach
Cottus gobio	Bullhead
Dicentrarchus labrax	Sea bass
Esox lucius	Pike
Gasterosteus aculeatus	Three spined stickleback
Gobio gobio	Gudgeon
Gymnocephalus cernuus	Ruffe
Leuciscus leuciscus	Dace
Liza aurata	Golden grey mullet
Liza ramada	Thin lipped grey mullet
Osmerus eperlanus	Smelt
Perca fluviatilis	Perch
Phoxinus phoxinus	Minnow
Platichthys flesus	Flounder
Pleuronectes platessa	Plaice
Pomatoschistus microps	Common goby
Pomatoschistus minutus	Sand goby
Pungitius pungitius	Ten spined stickleback
Rutilus rutilus	Roach
Salmo salar	Atlantic salmon
Salmo trutta	Brown trout
Scardinius erythrophthalmus	Rudd
Sprattus sprattus	Sprat
Squalius cephalus	Chub
Syngnathus acus	Greater pipefish
Thymallus thymallus	Grayling
Tinca tinca	Tench
Freshwater invertebrates
Acroloxus lacustris	Lake limpet
Adicella reducta
Aeshna spp.	Hawkers
Agabus spp.	Agabus (beetle)
Agapetus spp.
Agraylea multipunctata	Salt and pepper microcaddis
Alboglossiphonia heteroclita	White leech
Ameletus inopinatus	Upland summer mayfly
Amphinemura spp.	Spring stoneflies
Ampullaceana balthica	Wandering snail
Anabolia nervosa
Anacaena globulus
Anacaena limbata
Ancylus fluviatilis	River limpet
Anisus leucostoma	White-lipped ramshorn
Anisus vortex	Whirlpool ramshorn
Antocha vitripennis
Aphelocheirus aestivalis
Asellus aquaticus	Pond slater / Water louse
Atherix ibis	Yellow-legged water-snipefly
Athripsodes spp.
Austropotamobius pallipes	White-clawed crayfish
Baetis buceratus	Scarce olive
Baetis muticus	Iron blue
Baetis rhodani	Large dark olive
Baetis scambus group	Small dark olive
Baetis vernus	Medium olive
Bathyomphalus contortus	Twisted ramshorn
Beraea maurus
Beraea pullata
Beraeodes minutus
Beris spp.	Green soldier flies
Bithynia leachii
Bithynia tentaculata	Faucet snail
Brachycentrus subnubilus
Brachyptera risi
Brychius elevatus
Caenis horaria
Caenis luctuosa group	Angler’s curse
Caenis pusilla
Caenis rivulorum
Caenis robusta
Callicorixa praeusta	Water boatman
Calopteryx spp.	Damselflies
Capnia spp.	Small winter stoneflies
Centroptilum luteolum	Small spurwing
Ceraclea spp.	Long-horned caddisflies
Chaetopteryx villosa
Cheumatopsyche lepida
Chloroperla tripunctata
Cloeon dipterum	Pond olive
Coenagrion spp.	Eurasian bluets damselflies
Cordulegaster boltonii	Golden-ringed dragonfly
Crenobia alpina	Alpine flatworm
Crunoecia irrorata
Cyrnus flavidus
Cyrnus trimaculatus
Dendrocoelum lacteum	Aquatic flatworm
Dicranota spp.
Dinocras cephalotes
Diplectrona felix
Dixa nebulosa
Dixa puberula
Drusus annulatus
Dryops spp.
Dugesia polychroa group
Dytiscus spp.
Ecclisopteryx dalecarlica
Ecdyonurus spp.
Electrogena spp.
Elmis aenea
Elodes spp.
Eloeophila spp.
Enallagma cyathigerum	Common blue damselfly
Ephemera spp.
Erpobdella spp.
Erythromma najas	Red-eyed damselfly
Esolus parallelepipedus
Galba truncatula	Dwarf pond snail
Gammarus pulex group	Common freshwater shrimp
Gammarus zaddachi
Gerris spp.
Glossiphonia complanata
Glossiphonia verrucata
Glossosoma spp.
Glyphotaelius pellucidus
Goera pilosa
Graptodytes pictus
Gyraulus albus	White ramshorn
Gyraulus crista	Nautilus ramshorn
Gyraulus laevis	Smooth ramshorn
Gyrinus substriatus
Gyrinus urinator
Habrophlebia fusca	Ditch dun
Halesus spp.
Haliplus confinis
Haliplus lineatocollis
Haliplus ruficollis group
Helobdella stagnalis
Helophorus brevipalpis
Hemiclepsis marginata
Heptagenia spp.
Hesperocorixa sahlbergi	Lesser waterboatman
Hippeutis complanatus	Flat ramshorn
Hydraena gracilis
Hydraena riparia
Hydrobius fuscipes
Hydroporus palustris
Hydropsyche angustipennis
Hydropsyche contubernalis
Hydropsyche instabilis
Hydropsyche pellucidula
Hydropsyche siltalai
Hydroptila spp.
Hyphydrus ovatus
Ibisia marginata	Black-legged water-snipefly
Ilybius spp.
Ilyocoris cimicoides	Saucer bug
Ischnura elegans	Blue-tailed damselfly
Isoperla grammatica	Common yellow sally
Ithytrichia spp.
Laccobius spp.
Laccophilus hyalinus
Lepidostoma basale
Lepidostoma hirtum
Leptophlebia spp.
Leuctra spp.
Limnephilus extricatus
Limnephilus flavicornis
Limnephilus lunatus	Cinnamon sedge
Limnephilus marmoratus
Limnephilus rhombicus
Limnius volckmari
Lymnaea stagnalis	Great pond snail
Lype spp.
Melampophylax mucoreus
Micronecta spp.
Micropterna lateralis
Micropterna sequax
Molanna angustata
Mystacides spp.
Nebrioporus depressus group
Nemoura spp.
Nemurella pictetii
Nepa cinerea	Water scorpion
Neureclipsis bimaculata
Nigrobaetis spp.
Noterus clavicornis	Larger noterus
Notonecta glauca	Common backswimmer
Notonecta maculata
Notonecta viridis
Ochthebius spp.
Odontocerum albicorne
Oecetis spp.
Orectochilus villosus
Oreodytes sanmarkii
Oulimnius spp.
Oxycera spp.
Oxyethira spp.
Paraleptophlebia spp.
Pedicia spp.
Perla bipunctata
Perlodes mortoni	Orange-striped stonefly
Phagocata vitta
Philopotamus montanus	Yellow spotted sedge
Phryganea bipunctata
Physa fontinalis	Common bladder snail
Pilaria spp.
Piscicola geometra	Common fish leech
Pisidium spp.
Planorbarius corneus	Great ramshorn
Planorbis spp.
Platambus maculatus
Platycnemis pennipes	White-legged damselfly
Plea minutissima
Plectrocnemia spp.
Polycelis spp.
Polycentropus spp.
Potamanthus luteus	Yellow mayfly
Potamophylax cingulatus
Potamophylax latipennis
Potamophylax rotundipennis
Proasellus meridianus	One-spotted waterlouse
Procloeon pennulatum
Prosimulium spp.
Protonemura spp.
Psychomyia pusilla
Ptychoptera spp.
Pyrrhosoma nymphula	Large red damselfly
Radix auricularia	Ear pond snail
Rhithrogena spp.
Rhyacophila dorsalis	Sandfly
Rhyacophila fasciata
Rhyacophila munda
Rhyacophila obliterata
Riolus spp.
Sericostoma personatum
Serratella ignita	Blue-winged olive
Sialis fuliginosa
Sialis lutaria	Common alderfly
Sigara dorsalis
Sigara falleni
Sigara fossarum
Silo nigricornis
Silo pallipes
Simulium (Wilhemia) spp.
Simulium angustitarse group
Simulium argyreatum group
Simulium aureum group
Simulium costatum
Simulium cryophilum-vernum group
Simulium erythrocephalum
Simulium noelleri
Simulium ornatum group
Simulium reptans
Simulium tuberosum complex	Twinn’s black fly
Siphlonurus spp.
Siphonoperla torrentium	Small yellow sally
Sisyra spp.
Sphaerium spp.
Stagnicola spp.
Stictotarsus duodecimpustulatus
Taeniopteryx nebulosa	February red
Theodoxus fluviatilis	River nerite
Theromyzon tessulatum	Duck leech
Tinodes unicolor
Tinodes waeneri
Tipula spp.
Triaenodes bicolor
Trocheta spp.
Valvata cristata	Flat valve snail
Valvata piscinalis	European valve snail
Velia spp.
Viviparus viviparus	Common river snail
Wormaldia spp.
Lepidoptera (Butterfly)
Aglais io	Peacock
Aglais urticae	Small tortoiseshell
Anthocharis cardamines	Orange-tip
Apatura iris	Purple emperor
Aphantopus hyperantus	Ringlet
Argynnis adippe	High brown fritillary
Argynnis paphia	Silver-washed fritillary
Aricia agestis	Brown argus
Aricia artaxerxes	Northern brown argus
Boloria euphrosyne	Pearl-bordered fritillary
Boloria selene	Small pearl-bordered fritillary
Callophrys rubi	Green hairstreak
Celastrina argiolus	Holly blue
Coenonympha pamphilus	Small heath
Colias croceus	Clouded yellow
Cupido minimus	Small blue
Erebia aethiops	Scotch argus
Erynnis tages	Dingy skipper
Euphydryas aurinia	Marsh fritillary
Favonius quercus	Purple hairstreak
Gonepteryx rhamni	Brimstone
Hamearis lucina	Duke of burgundy
Hesperia comma	Silver-spotted skipper
Hipparchia semele	Grayling
Lasiommata megera	Wall
Leptidea sinapis	Wood white
Limenitis camilla	White admiral
Lycaena phlaeas	Small copper
Maculinea arion	Large blue
Maniola jurtina	Meadow brown
Melanargia galathea	Marbled white
Melitaea athalia	Heath fritillary
Melitaea cinxia	Glanville fritillary
Ochlodes sylvanus	Large skipper
Papilio machaon	Swallowtail
Pararge aegeria	Speckled wood
Pieris brassicae	Large white
Pieris napi	Green-veined white
Pieris rapae	Small white
Plebejus argus	Silver-studded blue
Polygonia c-album	Comma
Polyommatus bellargus	Adonis blue
Polyommatus coridon	Chalk hill blue
Polyommatus icarus	Common blue
Pyrgus malvae	Grizzled skipper
Pyronia tithonus	Gatekeeper
Satyrium pruni	Black hairstreak
Satyrium w-album	White-letter hairstreak
Speyeria aglaja	Dark green fritillary
Thecla betulae	Brown hairstreak
Thymelicus acteon	Lulworth skipper
Thymelicus lineola	Essex skipper
Thymelicus sylvestris	Small skipper
Vanessa atalanta	Red admiral
Vanessa cardui	Painted lady
Lepidoptera (Moths)
Abraxas grossulariata	The magpie
Abraxas sylvata	Clouded magpie
Abrostola tripartita	The spectacle
Abrostola triplasia	Dark spectacle
Acasis viretata	Yellow-barred brindle
Achlya flavicornis	Yellow horned
Acronicta psi	Grey dagger
Acronicta rumicis	Knot grass
Acronicta tridens	Dark dagger
Aethalura punctulata	Grey birch
Agriopis aurantiaria	Scarce umber
Agriopis leucophaearia	Spring usher
Agriopis marginaria	Dotted border
Agrochola helvola	Flounced chestnut
Agrochola litura	Brown-spot pinion
Agrochola lota	Red-line quaker
Agrochola macilenta	Yellow-line quaker
Agrochola circellaris	The brick
Agrochola lychnidis	Beaded chestnut
Agrotis clavis	Heart & club
Agrotis exclamationis	Heart & dart
Agrotis ipsilon	Dark sword-grass
Agrotis puta	Shuttle-shaped dart
Agrotis segetum	Turnip moth
Agrotis vestigialis	Archer’s dart
Alcis jubata	Dotted carpet
Alcis repandata	Mottled beauty
Allophyes oxyacanthae	Green-brindled crescent
Alsophila aescularia	March moth
Amphipoea lucens	Large ear
Amphipoea oculea	Ear moth
Amphipyra berbera	Svensson’s copper underwing
Amphipyra pyramidea	Copper underwing
Amphipyra tragopoginis	Mouse moth
Anaplectoides prasina	Green arches
Anarta trifolii	Nutmeg
Anorthoa munda	Twin-spotted quaker
Anticlea derivata	The streamer
Antitype chi	Grey chi
Apamea anceps	Large nutmeg
Apamea crenata	Clouded-bordered brindle
Apamea epomidion	Clouded brindle
Apamea lithoxylaea	Light arches
Apamea monoglypha	Dark arches
Apamea remissa	Dusky brocade
Apamea scolopacina	Slender brindle
Apamea sordens	Rustic shoulder-knot
Apamea unanimis	Small clouded brindle
Apeira syringaria	Lilac beauty
Aplocera efformata	Lesser treble-bar
Aplocera plagiata	Treble-bar
Apocheima hispidaria	Small brindled beauty
Aporophyla lutulenta	Deep-brown dart
Aporophyla nigra	Black rustic
Apterogenum ypsillon	Dingy shears
Arctia caja	Garden tiger
Aspitates gilvaria	Straw belle
Aspitates ochrearia	Yellow belle
Asteroscopus sphinx	The sprawler
Asthena albulata	Small white wave
Atethmia centrago	Centre-barred sallow
Athetis pallustris	Marsh moth
Autographa bractea	Gold spangle
Autographa gamma	Silver Y
Autographa jota	Plain golden Y
Autographa pulchrina	Beautiful golden Y
Axylia putris	The flame
Biston betularia	Peppered moth
Biston strataria	Oak beauty
Brachylomia viminalis	Minor shoulder-knot
Bryophila domestica	Marbled beauty
Bupalus piniaria	Bordered white
Cabera exanthemata	Common wave
Cabera pusaria	Common white wave
Calliteara pudibunda	Pale tussock
Campaea margaritaria	Light emerald
Camptogramma bilineata	Yellow shell
Caradrina clavipalpis	Pale mottled willow moth
Caradrina morpheus	Mottled rustic
Catarhoe rubidata	Ruddy carpet
Catocala nupta	Red underwing
Celaena haworthii	Haworth’s minor
Cerapteryx graminis	Antler moth
Cerastis rubricosa	Red chestnut
Ceramica pisi	Broom moth
Charanyca trigrammica	Treble lines
Chesias legatella	The streak
Chesias rufata	Broom-tip
Chiasmia clathrata	Latticed heath
Chloroclysta miata	Autumn green carpet
Chloroclysta siterata	Red-green carpet
Chloroclystis v-ata	The V-pug
Cidaria fulvata	Barred yellow
Cilix glaucata	Chinese character
Cirrhia gilvago	Dusky-lemon sallow
Cirrhia icteritia	Sallow
Cleorodes lichenaria	Brussels lace
Clostera curtula	Chocolate-tip
Coenobia rufa	Small rufous
Coenotephria salicata	Striped twin-spot carpet
Coleophora vibicella
Colocasia coryli	Nut-tree tussock
Colostygia multistrigaria	Mottled grey
Colostygia pectinataria	Green carpet
Colotois pennaria	Feathered thorn
Comibaena bajularia	Blotched emerald
Conistra ligula	Dark chestnut
Conistra rubiginea	Dotted chestnut
Conistra vaccinii	The chestnut
Cosmia affinis	Lesser-spotted pinion
Cosmia pyralina	Lunar-spotted pinion
Cosmia trapezina	The dun-bar
Cosmorhoe ocellata	Purple bar
Craniophora ligustri	The coronet
Crocallis elinguaria	Scalloped oak
Cucullia umbratica	The shark
Cybosia mesomella	Four-dotted footman
Cyclophora albipunctata	Birch mocha
Cyclophora linearia	Clay triple-lines
Cyclophora punctaria	Maiden’s blush
Cymatophorina diluta	Oak lutestring
Deilephila elpenor	Elephant hawk-moth
Deileptenia ribeata	Satin beauty
Deltote pygarga	Marbled white spot
Denticucullus pygmina	Small wainscot
Diachrysia chrysitis	Burnished brass
Diacrisia sannio	Clouded buff
Diaphora mendica	Muslin moth
Diarsia brunnea	Purple clay
Diarsia dahlii	Barred chestnut
Diarsia mendica	Ingrailed clay
Diarsia rubi	Small square-spot
Diloba caeruleocephala	Figure of eight
Drepana falcataria	Pebble hook-tip
Drymonia dodonaea	Marbled brown
Drymonia ruficornis	Lunar marbled brown
Dryobotodes eremita	Brindled green
Dypterygia scabriuscula	Bird’s wing
Dysstroma citrata	Dark marbled carpet
Dysstroma truncata	Common marbled carpet
Earophila badiata	Shoulder-stripe
Ecliptopera silaceata	Small phoenix
Ectropis crepuscularia	The engrailed
Eilema complana	Scarce footman
Eilema depressa	Buff footman
Eilema griseola	Dingy footman
Eilema lurideola	Common footman
Eilema sororcula	Orange footman
Electrophaes corylata	Broken-barred carpet
Ennomos alniaria	Canary-shouldered thorn
Ennomos autumnaria	Large thorn
Ennomos erosaria	September thorn
Ennomos fuscantaria	Dusky thorn
Ennomos quercinaria	August thorn
Entephria caesiata	Grey mountain carpet
Epione repandaria	Bordered beauty
Epirrhoe alternata	Common carpet
Epirrhoe galiata	Galium carpet
Epirrhoe rivata	Wood carpet
Epirrita autumnata	Autumnal moth
Epirrita christyi	Pale November moth
Epirrita dilutata	November moth
Epirrita filigrammaria	Small autumnal moth
Erannis defoliaria	Mottled umber
Eremobia ochroleuca	Dusky sallow
Euchoeca nebulata	Dingy shell
Eugnorisma glareosa	Autumnal rustic
Eulithis mellinata	The spinach
Eulithis populata	Northern spinach
Eulithis prunata	The phoenix
Eulithis testata	The chevron
Euphyia biangulata	Cloaked carpet
Euphyia unangulata	Sharp-angled carpet
Eupithecia abbreviata	Brindled pug
Eupithecia absinthiata	Wormwood pug
Eupithecia assimilata	Currant pug
Eupithecia centaureata	Lime-speck pug
Eupithecia dodoneata	Oak-tree pug
Eupithecia exiguata	Mottled pug
Eupithecia haworthiata	Haworth’s pug
Eupithecia icterata	Tawny speckled pug
Eupithecia indigata	Ochreous pug
Eupithecia innotata	Angle-barred pug
Eupithecia intricata	Freyer’s pug
Eupithecia inturbata	Maple pug
Eupithecia lariciata	Larch pug
Eupithecia linariata	Toadflax pug
Eupithecia nanata	Narrow-winged pug
Eupithecia phoeniceata	Cypress pug
Eupithecia pulchellata	Foxglove pug
Eupithecia pusillata	Juniper pug
Eupithecia satyrata	Satyr pug
Eupithecia simpliciata	Plain pug
Eupithecia subfuscata	Grey pug
Eupithecia succenturiata	Bordered pug
Eupithecia tantillaria	Dwarf pug
Eupithecia tenuiata	Slender pug
Eupithecia tripunctaria	White-spotted pug
Eupithecia venosata	Netted pug
Eupithecia virgaureata	Golden-rod pug
Eupithecia vulgata	Common pug
Euplexia lucipara	Small angle shades
Euproctis chrysorrhoea	Brown-tail
Euproctis similis	Yellow-tail
Eupsilia transversa	The satellite
Eustroma reticulata	Netted carpet moth
Euthrix potatoria	The drinker
Euxoa nigricans	Garden dart
Euxoa tritici	White-line dart
Falcaria lacertinaria	Scalloped hook-tip
Furcula furcula	Sallow kitten
Gandaritis pyraliata	Barred straw
Gastropacha quercifolia	The lappet
Geometra papilionaria	Large emerald
Gortyna flavago	Frosted orange
Graphiphora augur	Double dart
Griposia aprilina	Merveille du jour
Gymnoscelis rufifasciata	Double-striped pug
Habrosyne pyritoides	Buff arches
Hada plebeja	The shears
Hadena bicruris	The lychnis
Hadena confusa	Marbled coronet
Hadena perplexa	Tawny shears
Hecatera bicolorata	Broad-barred white
Helotropha leucostigma	Crescent
Hemistola chrysoprasaria	Small emerald
Hemithea aestivaria	Common emerald
Hepialus humuli	Ghost moth
Herminia grisealis	Small fan-foot
Herminia tarsipennalis	The fan-foot
Hoplodrina ambigua	Vine’s rustic
Hoplodrina blanda	The rustic
Hoplodrina octogenaria	Uncertain
Horisme tersata	The fern
Horisme vitalbata	Small waved umber
Hydraecia micacea	Rosy rustic
Hydraecia osseola	Marsh mallow moth
Hydrelia flammeolaria	Small yellow wave
Hydria cervinalis	Scarce tissue
Hydria undulata	Scallop shell
Hydriomena furcata	July highflyer
Hydriomena impluviata	May highflyer
Hylaea fasciaria	Barred red
Hypena crassalis	Beautiful snout
Hypena proboscidalis	The snout
Hypomecis punctinalis	Pale oak beauty
Hypomecis roboraria	Great oak beauty
Idaea aversata	Riband wave
Idaea biselata	Small fanfooted wave
Idaea dimidiata	Single-dotted wave
Idaea emarginata	Small scallop
Idaea fuscovenosa	Dwarf cream wave
Idaea ochrata	Bright wave moth
Idaea rusticata	Least carpet
Idaea seriata	Small dusty wave
Idaea straminata	Plain wave
Idaea subsericeata	Satin wave
Idaea trigeminata	Treble brown spot
Ipimorpha subtusa	The olive
Jodis lactearia	Little emerald
Korscheltellus fusconebulosa	Map-winged swift
Korscheltellus lupulina	Common swift
Lacanobia oleracea	Bright-line brown-eye
Lacanobia suasa	Dog’s tooth
Lacanobia thalassina	Pale-shouldered brocade
Lampropteryx otregiata	Devon carpet
Lampropteryx suffumata	Water carpet
Laothoe populi	Poplar hawk-moth
Larentia clavaria	The mallow
Lasiocampa quercus	Oak eggar
Laspeyria flexula	Beautiful hook-tip
Lateroligia ophiogramma	Double lobed
Leucania comma	Shoulder-striped wainscot
Ligdia adustata	Scorched carpet
Litoligia literosa	Rosy minor
Lithophane leautieri	Blair’s shoulder-knot
Lithophane ornitopus	Grey shoulder-knot
Lithophane socia	Pale pinion
Lobophora halterata	The seraphim
Lomaspilis marginata	Clouded border
Lomographa bimaculata	White-pinion spotted
Lomographa temerata	Clouded silver
Luperina testacea	Flounced rustic
Lycia hirtaria	Brindled beauty
Lycia zonaria	Belted beauty
Lycophotia porphyrea	True lover’s knot
Lygephila pastinum	The blackneck
Lymantria monacha	Black arches
Macaria alternata	Sharp-angled peacock
Macaria liturata	Tawny-barred angle
Macaria notata	Peacock moth
Macaria wauaria	The V-moth
Macrothylacia rubi	Fox moth
Malacosoma neustria	The lackey
Mamestra brassicae	Cabbage moth
Melanchra persicariae	Dot moth
Melanthia procellata	Pretty chalk carpet
Menophra abruptaria	Waved umber
Mesapamea secalis / didyma
Mesoleuca albicillata	Beautiful carpet
Mesoligia furuncula	Cloaked minor
Mesotype didymata	Twin-spot carpet
Miltochrista miniata	Rosy footman
Mniotype adusta	Dark brocade
Mythimna albipuncta	White-point
Mythimna ferrago	The clay
Mythimna conigera	Brown-line bright-eye
Mythimna impura	Smoky wainscot
Mythimna pallens	Common wainscot
Naenia typica	The gothic
Noctua comes	Lesser yellow underwing
Noctua fimbriata	Broad-bordered yellow underwing
Noctua interjecta	Least yellow underwing
Noctua janthe	Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing
Noctua pronuba	Large yellow underwing
Nola confusalis	Least black arches
Nola cucullatella	Short-cloaked moth
Nomophila noctuella	Rush veneer
Notodonta dromedarius	Iron prominent
Notodonta ziczac	Pebble prominent
Nudaria mundana	Muslin footman
Nycteola revayana	Oak nycteoline
Ochropacha duplaris	Common lutestring
Ochropleura plecta	Flame shoulder
Odontopera bidentata	Scalloped hazel
Odontosia carmelita	Scarce prominent
Oligia fasciuncula	Middle-barred minor
Oligia latruncula	Tawny marbled minor
Oligia strigilis	Marbled minor
Oligia versicolor	Rufous minor
Omphaloscelis lunosa	Lunar underwing
Operophtera brumata	Winter moth
Operophtera fagata	Northern winter moth
Opisthograptis luteolata	Brimstone moth
Orgyia antiqua	The vapourer
Orthonama vittata	Oblique carpet
Orthosia cerasi	Common quaker
Orthosia cruda	Small quaker
Orthosia gothica	Hebrew character
Orthosia gracilis	Powdered quaker
Orthosia incerta	Clouded drab
Orthosia populeti	Lead-coloured drab
Ourapteryx sambucaria	Swallow-tailed moth
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria	Horse chestnut
Panolis flammea	Pine beauty
Parascotia fuliginaria	Waved black
Parectropis similaria	Brindled white-spot
Pasiphila rectangulata	Green pug
Pelurga comitata	Dark spinach
Pennithera firmata	Pine carpet
Peribatodes rhomboidaria	Willow beauty
Peridea anceps	Great prominent
Perizoma affinitata	The rivulet
Perizoma albulata	Grass rivulet
Perizoma alchemillata	Small rivulet
Perizoma bifaciata	Barred rivulet
Perizoma flavofasciata	Sandy carpet
Petrophora chlorosata	Brown silver-line
Phalera bucephala	Buff-tip
Pheosia gnoma	Lesser swallow prominent
Pheosia tremula	Swallow prominent
Phigalia pilosaria	Pale brindled beauty
Philereme transversata	Dark umber
Philereme vetulata	Brown scallop
Phlogophora meticulosa	Angle shades
Photedes fluxa	Mere wainscot
Photedes minima	Small dotted buff
Phragmatobia fuliginosa	Ruby tiger
Phymatopus hecta	Gold swift
Plagodis dolabraria	Scorched wing
Plagodis pulveraria	Barred umber
Plemyria rubiginata	Blue-bordered carpet
Plusia festucae	Gold spot
Plutella xylostella	Diamond-back moth
Poecilocampa populi	December moth
Polia nebulosa	Grey arches
Polychrysia moneta	Golden plusia
Polymixis flavicincta	Large ranunculus
Polymixis lichenea	Feathered ranunculus
Polyploca ridens	Frosted green
Pseudoips prasinana	Green silver-lines
Pseudoterpna pruinata	Grass emerald
Pterapherapteryx sexalata	Small seraphim
Pterostoma palpina	Pale prominent
Ptilodon capucina	Coxcomb prominent
Pyropteron chrysidiformis	Fiery clearwing
Rhizedra lutosa	Large wainscot
Rhodometra sacraria	The vestal
Rivula sericealis	Straw dot
Rusina ferruginea	Brown rustic
Saturnia pavonia	Emperor moth
Schrankia costaestrigalis	Pinion-streaked snout
Scoliopteryx libatrix	The herald
Scopula floslactata	Cream wave
Scopula imitaria	Small blood-vein
Scopula immutata	Lesser cream wave
Scopula marginepunctata	Mullein wave
Scotopteryx chenopodiata	Shaded broad-bar
Scotopteryx luridata	July belle
Scotopteryx mucronata	Lead belle
Scythris siccella
Selenia dentaria	Early thorn
Selenia lunularia	Lunar thorn
Selenia tetralunaria	Purple thorn
Sideridis rivularis	Campion
Siona lineata	Black-veined moth
Spaelotis ravida	Stout dart
Spilosoma lubricipeda	White ermine
Spilosoma lutea	Buff ermine
Stauropus fagi	Lobster moth
Stilbia anomala	The anomalous
Subacronicta megacephala	Poplar grey
Tethea ocularis	Figure of eighty
Thalera fimbrialis	Sussex emerald
Thalpophila matura	Straw underwing
Thera Britannica	Spruce carpet
Thera juniperata	Juniper carpet
Thera obeliscata	Grey pine carpet
Theria primaria	Early moth
Tholera cespitis	Hedge rustic
Tholera decimalis	Feathered gothic
Thumatha senex	Round-winged muslin
Thyatira batis	Peach blossom
Tiliacea aurago	Barred sallow
Tiliacea citrago	Orange sallow
Timandra comae	Blood-vein
Trichiura crataegi	Pale eggar
Trichopteryx carpinata	Early tooth-striped
Triodia sylvina	Orange swift
Triphosa dubitata	The tissue
Tyria jacobaeae	The cinnabar
Udea ferrugalis	Rusty dot pearl
Venusia cambrica	Welsh wave
Watsonalla binaria	Oak hook-tip
Watsonalla cultraria	Barred hook-tip
Xanthia togata	Pink-barred sallow
Xanthorhoe decoloraria	Red carpet
Xanthorhoe designata	Flame carpet
Xanthorhoe ferrugata	Dark-barred twin-spot carpet
Xanthorhoe fluctuata	Garden carpet
Xanthorhoe montanata	Silver-ground carpet
Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata	Large twin-spot carpet
Xanthorhoe spadicearia	Red twin-spot carpet
Xestia agathina	Heath rustic
Xestia baja	Dotted clay
Xestia castanea	Neglected rustic
Xestia c-nigrum	Setaceous Hebrew character
Xestia ditrapezium	Triple-spotted clay
Xestia sexstrigata	Six-striped rustic
Xestia triangulum	Double square-spot
Xestia xanthographa	Square-spot rustic
Xylocampa areola	Early grey
Mammals
Arvicola amphibius	Water vole
Capreolus capreolus	Roe deer
Dama dama	Fallow deer
Eptesicus serotinus	Serotine bat
Lepus europaeus	Brown hare
Muscardinus avellanarius	Dormouse
Myotis daubentonii	Daubenton’s bat
Myotis mystacinus/Myotis brandtii	Whiskered bat/Brandt’s bat
Myotis nattereri	Natterer’s bat
Nyctalus noctula	Noctule bat
Oryctolagus cuniculus	Rabbit
Pipistrellus pipistrellus	Common pipistrelle bat
Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Soprano pipistrelle bat
Plecotus auritus	Brown long-eared bat
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum	Greater horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus hipposideros	Lesser horseshoe bat
Vulpes vulpes	Red fox
Vascular Plants
Achillea millefolium	Yarrow
Aethusa cynapium	Fool’s parsley
Agrimonia eupatoria	Agrimony
Ajuga reptans	Bugle
Alisma plantago-aquatica	Water-plantain
Allium ursinum	Ramsons
Alnus glutinosa	Alder
Alopecurus geniculatus	Marsh foxtail
Ammophila arenaria	Marram
Anagallis arvensis	Scarlet pimpernel
Anthemis cotula	Stinking chamomile
Anthoxanthum odoratum	Sweet vernal-grass
Anthyllis vulneraria	Kidney vetch
Apium nodiflorum	Fool’s-water-cress
Arctium minus/nemorosum
Armeria maritima	Thrift
Arum maculatum	Lords-and-ladies
Asplenium trichomanes	Maidenhair spleenwort
Aster tripolium	Sea aster
Atriplex portulacoides	Sea-purslane
Atriplex spp.
Bellis perennis	Daisy
Berula erecta	Lesser-water-parsnip
Beta vulgaris	Beet
Blackstonia perfoliata	Yellow-wort
Blechnum spicant	Hard-fern
Briza media	Quaking-grass
Bromopsis erecta	Upright brome
Calluna vulgaris	Heather
Caltha palustris	Marsh-marigold
Calystegia sepium	Hedge bindweed
Campanula glomerata	Clustered bellflower
Campanula rotundifolia	Harebell
Campanula trachelium	Nettle-leaved bellflower
Capsella bursa-pastoris	Shepherd’s-purse
Cardamine pratensis	Cuckooflower
Carduus nutans	Musk thistle
Carex echinata	Star sedge
Carex nigra	Common sedge
Carex otrubae	False fox-sedge
Carex pendula	Pendulous sedge
Carex remota	Remote sedge
Carex sylvatica	Wood-sedge
Cerastium arvense	Field mouse-ear
Cerastium fontanum	Common mouse-ear
Cerastium glomeratum	Sticky mouse-ear
Ceratocapnos claviculata	Climbing corydalis
Chaerophyllum temulum	Rough chervil
Chenopodium album	Fat-hen
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium	Opposite-leaved golden-saxifrage
Circaea lutetiana	Enchanter’s-nightshade
Cirsium acaule	Dwarf thistle
Cirsium palustre	Marsh thistle
Clematis vitalba	Traveller’s-joy
Cochlearia	Scurveygrass
Conopodium majus	Pignut
Cornus sanguinea	Dogwood
Corylus avellana	Hazel
Crataegus monogyna	Hawthorn
Cruciata laevipes	Crosswort
Cynosurus cristatus	Crested dog’s-tail
Dactylorhiza fuchsii	Common spotted-orchid
Daucus carota	Carrots
Deschampsia cespitosa	Tufted hair-grass
Deschampsia flexuosa	Wavy hair-grass
Digitalis purpurea	Foxglove
Dioscorea communis	Black bryony
Dipsacus fullonum	Wild teasel
Drosera rotundifolia	Round-leaved sundew
Elytrigia atherica	Sea couch
Empetrum nigrum	Crowberry
Epilobium hirsutum	Great willowherb
Equisetum fluviatile	Water horsetail
Erica cinerea	Bell heather
Erica tetralix	Cross-leaved heath
Eriophorum angustifolium	Common cottongrass
Eriophorum vaginatum	Hare’s-tail cottongrass
Euonymus europaeus	Spindle
Euphorbia amygdaloides	Wood spurge
Euphorbia exigua	Dwarf spurge
Euphorbia helioscopia	Sun spurge
Filipendula ulmaria	Meadowsweet
Filipendula vulgaris	Dropwort
Fumaria	Fumitories
Galium mollugo	Hedge bedstraw
Galium odoratum	Woodruff
Galium palustre	Marsh-bedstraw
Galium saxatile	Heath bedstraw
Galium verum	Lady’s bedstraw
Geranium robertianum	Herb-robert
Geum urbanum	Wood avens
Glaucium flavum	Yellow horned-poppy
Glechoma hederacea	Ground-ivy
Hedera helix	Common ivy
Helictotrichon pratense	Meadow oat-grass
Heracleum sphondylium	Hogweed
Hippocrepis comosa	Horseshoe vetch
Hippuris vulgaris	Mare’s-tail
Holcus lanatus	Yorkshire-fog
Hordeum secalinum	Meadow barley
Huperzia selago
Hyacinthoides non-scripta	Bluebell
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae	Frogbit
Hydrocotyle vulgaris	Marsh pennywort
Hypericum tetrapterum	Square-stalked St John’s-wort
Hypochaeris radicata	Cat’s-ear
Ilex aquifolium	Holly
Iris pseudacorus	Yellow iris
Juncus gerardii	Saltmarsh rush
Juncus squarrosus	Heath rush
Kickxia elatine	Sharp-leaved fluellen
Kickxia spuria	Round-leaved fluellen
Knautia arvensis	Field scabious
Lamium amplexicaule	Henbit dead-nettle
Lathyrus pratensis	Meadow vetchling
Lemna trisulca	Ivy-leaved duckweed
Leucanthemum vulgare	Oxeye daisy
Limonium spp.
Linum catharticum	Fairy flax
Lonicera periclymenum	Honeysuckle
Lotus corniculatus	Common bird’s-foot-trefoil
Lotus pedunculatus	Greater bird’s-foot-trefoil
Luzula multiflora	Heath wood-rush
Lycopus europaeus	Gypsywort
Lysimachia nemorum	Yellow pimpernel
Lysimachia vulgaris	Yellow loosestrife
Lythrum salicaria	Purple-loosestrife
Matricaria chamomilla	Scented mayweed
Medicago lupulina	Black medick
Melica uniflora	Wood melick
Mentha aquatica	Water mint
Mercurialis perennis	Dog’s mercury
Milium effusum	Wood millet
Moehringia trinervia	Three-nerved sandwort
Molinia caerulea	Purple moor-grass
Mycelis muralis	Wall lettuce
Nardus stricta	Mat-grass
Narthecium ossifragum	Bog asphodel
Nuphar lutea	Yellow water-lily
Nymphaea alba	White water-lily
Origanum vulgare	Wild marjoram
Ornithopus perpusillus	Bird’s-foot
Osmunda regalis	Royal fern
Pastinaca sativa	Parsnip species
Persicaria amphibia	Amphibious bistort
Persicaria lapathifolia	Pale persicaria
Petasites hybridus	Butterbur
Phalaris arundinacea	Reed canary-grass
Phyllitis scolopendrium	Hart’s-tongue
Picris echioides	Bristly oxtongue
Pilosella officinarum	Mouse-ear-hawkweed
Plantago coronopus	Buck’s-horn plantain
Plantago lanceolata	Ribwort plantain
Plantago maritima	Sea plantain
Plantago media	Hoary plantain
Polygala serpyllifolia/vulgaris
Potamogeton polygonifolius	Bog pondweed
Potentilla anserina	Silverweed
Potentilla erecta	Tormentil
Potentilla sterilis	Barren strawberry
Poterium sanguisorba	Salad burnet
Primula veris	Cowslip
Prunus spinosa	Blackthorn
Puccinellia maritima	Common saltmarsh-grass
Ranunculus acris	Meadow buttercup
Ranunculus bulbosus	Bulbous buttercup
Ranunculus repens	Creeping buttercup
Ranunculus sceleratus	Celery-leaved buttercup
Ranunculus spp.	Water-crowfoots
Rhamnus cathartica	Buckthorn
Rhinanthus minor	Yellow-rattle
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum	Water-cress
Rubus chamaemorus
Rumex acetosa	Common sorrel
Rumex acetosella	Sheep’s sorrel
Rumex hydrolapathum	Water dock
Sagittaria sagittifolia	Arrowhead
Sanguisorba officinalis	Great burnet
Sanicula europaea	Sanicle
Scabiosa columbaria	Small scabious
Schoenoplectus lacustris	Common club-rush
Sherardia arvensis	Field madder
Silene dioica	Red campion
Silene flos-cuculi	Ragged-robin
Silene latifolia	White campion
Solanum dulcamara	Bittersweet
Sonchus arvensis	Perennial sow-thistle
Sonchus oleraceus	Smooth sow-thistle
Sparganium erectum	Branched bur-reed
Spirodela polyrhiza	Greater duckweed
Stachys officinalis	Betony
Stachys palustris	Marsh woundwort
Stellaria graminea	Lesser stitchwort
Stellaria holostea	Greater stitchwort
Suaeda maritima	Annual sea-blite
Succisa pratensis	Devil’s-bit scabious
Symphytum officinale	Common comfrey
Teucrium scorodonia	Wood sage
Thymus polytrichus/pulegioides
Torilis japonica	Upright hedge-parsley
Trifolium campestre	Hop trefoil
Trifolium dubium	Lesser trefoil
Trifolium pratense	Red clover
Trifolium repens	White clover
Triglochin maritimum
Tripleurospermum inodorum	Scentless mayweed
Typha latifolia	Bulrush
Ulex gallii/minor
Vaccinium myrtillus	Bilberry
Vaccinium vitis-idaea	Cowberry
Veronica arvensis	Wall speedwell
Veronica beccabunga	Brooklime
Veronica montana	Wood speedwell
Veronica officinalis	Heath speedwell
Vicia cracca	Tufted vetch
Vicia hirsuta	Hairy tare
Viola arvensis	Field pansy
Viola palustris	Marsh violet
Viola reichenbachiana/riviniana

EXPLANATORY NOTE

(This note is not part of the Regulations)

These Regulations set long-term targets in respect of three matters within the priority area of biodiversity under section 1 of the Environment Act 2021 (c. 30). These Regulations also set a target in relation to the abundance of species in accordance with section 3 of the Environment Act 2021. The Regulations specify the standard to be achieved in respect of each target and the date by which it must be achieved.

Part 2 makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to reduce the risk of species’ extinction by 2042, when compared to the risk of species’ extinction in 2022 (regulation 4). Regulation 5 makes provision in relation to how that target is to be measured. Regulation 6 provides that the reporting date for the species’ extinction risk target is 1st July 2043.

Part 3 makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to ensure that in excess of 500,000 hectares of a range of wildlife-rich habitats are to be restored or created by 31st December 2042 (regulation 7). Regulation 8 makes provision in relation to how that target is to be measured. Regulation 9 provides that the reporting date for that target is 1st December 2043. Regulation 10 defines terms used in Part 3 including “wildlife-rich habitat”. Schedule 1 makes further provision in relation to the definition of “wildlife-rich habitat”.

Part 4 makes provision in respect of the 2030 species abundance target to ensure that by 31st December 2030 (the specified date) the decline in the abundance of species has been halted (regulation 11). Regulation 12 makes provision in relation to how the 2030 species abundance target is to be measured. Schedule 2 provides a list of species for which data are included in the relative species abundance indices. Regulation 13 provides that the reporting date for that target is 15th April 2032.

Part 4 also makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance to ensure that the overall species abundance is higher by 31st December 2042 than for 31st December 2022, and at least 10% higher than for 31st December 2030 (regulation 14). Regulation 15 makes provision in relation to how the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is to be measured. Regulation 16 provides that the reporting date for that target is 15th April 2044.

A full impact assessment of the effect that this instrument will have on the costs of business, the voluntary sector and the public sector is available from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Seacole Building, 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF, and is published with an Explanatory Memorandum alongside these Regulations on www.legislation.gov.uk.

(1)

2021 c. 30.

(2)

The 2022 Red List Index for England may be found at http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6315201438941184 . A printed copy of the 2022 Red List Index for England may be obtained from Natural England, County Hall, Spetchley Road, Worcester WR5 2NP.

(3)

An explanation of how the 2022 Red List Index for England is calculated can be found in the document named “Outcome Indicator Framework for England’s 25 Year Environment Plan: D5 Conservation status of our native species – Technical background document for D5 Conservation status of our native species” published in October 2022, which can be found online at http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6315201438941184 . A printed copy of this document may be obtained from Natural England, County Hall, Spetchley Road, Worcester WR5 2NP.

(4)

S.I. 2017/1012, as amended by S.I. 2019/579.

(5)

2009 c. 23. There are amendments of section 116, but none is relevant.

(6)

1981 c. 69. Section 28(1) was amended by section 105(1) of, and paragraph 79 of Schedule 11 to, the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (c. 16) and by section 148 of, and paragraph 2(1) and (2) of Schedule 13 to, the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (c. 23).

(7)

2006 c.16. Section 41 is amended by section 102(8) of the 2021 Act. The list published by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 41 can be found in the document entitled “List of habitats and species of principal importance in England” published on 8th September 2022 and updated on 29th November 2022. This document can be found online at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/habitats-and-species-of-principal-importance-in-england . A printed copy of this document may be obtained from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Seacole Building, 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF.

(8)

If the value of the relative species abundance index is 50, this means that the abundance of that species has decreased by 50% compared to the first year of measurement. If the value of the relative species abundance index is 200, this means that the abundance of that species has doubled compared to the first year of measurement.

(9)

The common name or names given in the second column of this Schedule are included by way of guidance only.